View source for Institut Laue–Langevin

{{Short description|Internationally financed scientific facility}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
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[[File:ILL Grenoble soleil.jpg|thumb|right|Institut Laue-Langevin]]
The '''Institut Laue–Langevin''' ('''ILL''') is an internationally financed scientific facility, situated on the [[Polygone Scientifique]] in [[Grenoble]], France. It is one of the world centres for research using [[neutron]]s. Founded in 1967 and honouring the [[physicist]]s [[Max von Laue]] and [[Paul Langevin]], the ILL provides one of the most intense neutron sources in the world and the most intense continuous neutron flux in the world in the moderator region: 1.5×10<sup>15</sup> neutrons per second per cm<sup>2</sup>, with a thermal power of typically 58.3&nbsp;MW.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The ILL neutron scattering facilities allow the analysis of the structure of conducting and magnetic materials for future electronic devices, the measurement of stresses in mechanical materials.  It also allows investigations into [[macromolecular assemblies]], particularly [[protein dynamics]] and [[biomolecular structure]]. It is a world-renowned centre for [[Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]] science.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

== History ==
[[File:ILL Drac P1730943.jpg|thumb|Water input for ESRF, CNRS and ILL on the river Drac]]
[[File:Institut Laue Langevin inside reactor hall.jpg|thumb|right|Inside the reactor hall]]
The institute was founded by France and Germany, with the United Kingdom becoming the third major partner in 1973. These partner states provide, through [[UK Research Councils|Research Councils]], the bulk of its funding. Ten other countries have since become partners. Scientists of institutions in the member states may apply to use the ILL facilities, and may invite scientists from other countries to participate. Experimental time is allocated by a scientific council involving ILL users. The use of the facility and travel costs for researchers are paid for by the institute. Commercial use, for which a fee is charged, is not subject to the scientific council review process. Over 750 experiments are completed every year, in fields including [[magnetism]], [[superconductivity]], [[materials engineering]], and the study of [[liquid]]s, [[colloid]]s and biological substances such as [[proteins]]. {{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

The high-flux [[research reactor]] produces neutrons through fission in a compact-core fuel element.  [[Neutron moderators]] cool the neutrons to wavelengths usable experimentally. Neutrons are then directed at a suite of instruments to probe the structure and behaviour of many forms of matter by elastic and [[inelastic neutron scattering]], and to probe the fundamental physical properties of the [[neutron]].   [[Fission products]] and [[gamma rays]] produced by nuclear reactions in the reactor core are also used by the instrument suite.

In 2000 began the introduction of new instruments and instrument upgrades. The first phase has already resulted in a 17-fold gains in performance. The second phase started in 2008: it comprises the building of 5 new instruments, the upgrade of 4 others, and the installation of 3 new neutron guides.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

== EPN Science Campus ==
{{Science with neutrons}}
The ILL shares its site, the '''epn science campus''' [sic] ('''European Photon & Neutron''' ('''EPN''') '''Science Campus'''),<ref>[http://www.epn-campus.eu/ epn-campus.eu]</ref> with other institutions including the [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]] (ESRF) and the [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]] (EMBL) and the [[Unit for Viral Host Cell Interactions]] (UVHCI). The French  Institut de Biologie Structural (IBS) joined the campus in 2013.

== Participants ==
[[File:Institut Laue Langevin Map.png|thumb|Institut Laue Langevin Map]]
The ILL is governed by its Associates.<ref>{{cite web|title=An international partnership for science|url=http://www.ill.eu/about/what-is-the-ill/an-international-partnership/|access-date=2014-01-26|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122200019/http://www.ill.eu/about/what-is-the-ill/an-international-partnership/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Associate status and "Scientific Membership" <ref>{{cite web|title=An international partnership for science|url=https://www.ill.eu/about-the-ill/documentation/a-bit-of-history}}</ref>
! Country !! Time !! Status
|-
| France || 1967- || Associate
|-
| Germany || 1967- || Associate
|-
| United Kingdom || 1974- || Associate
|-
| Spain || 1987- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Switzerland || 1988- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Austria || 1990- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Italy || 1997- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Czechia || 1999- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Sweden || 2005- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Hungary || 2005-2013 || Scientific Membership
|-
| Belgium || 2006- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Poland || 2006- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Denmark || 2009- || Scientific Membership
|-
| Slovakia || 2009- || Scientific Membership
|-
| India || 2011-2014 || Scientific Membership
|-
| Slovenia || 2020- || Scientific Membership
|}

== Applications research ==
{{expand section|date=February 2019}}
In 2019, researchers unravelled information about a protein causing progressive diseases. <ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41467-019-08609-z | year=2019 | volume=10 | issue=1 | last1=Yee | first1=Ai Woon | last2=Aldeghi | first2=Matteo | last3=Blakeley | first3=Matthew P. | last4=Ostermann | first4=Andreas | last5=Mas | first5=Philippe J. | last6=Moulin | first6=Martine | last7=de Sanctis | first7=Daniele | last8=Bowler | first8=Matthew W. | last9=Mueller-Dieckmann | first9=Christoph | last10=Mitchell | first10=Edward P. | last11=Haertlein | first11=Michael | last12=de Groot | first12=Bert L. | last13=Boeri Erba | first13=Elisabetta | last14=Forsyth | first14=V. Trevor | title=A molecular mechanism for transthyretin amyloidogenesis | journal=Nature Communications | page=925 | pmid=30804345 | pmc=6390107 | bibcode=2019NatCo..10..925Y }}</ref>

In summer 2016 the Institut Laue–Langevin demonstrated that a molecule called [[ectoine]] is used by [[Halomonas titanicae]] near the wreck of [[RMS Titanic]] to survive the osmotic pressure that salt water causes on their membranes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2016/09/extremophile-bacteria-will-eat-away-wreck-titanic-2030 |title=laboratoryequipment.com, September 6, 2016, Extremophile Bacteria' Will Eat Away Wreck of the Titanic by 2030. |access-date=September 30, 2016 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163238/https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2016/09/extremophile-bacteria-will-eat-away-wreck-titanic-2030 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
The physicist [[Duncan Haldane]] who worked at the institute from 1977 to 1981 received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2016 with [[Michael Kosterlitz]] and [[David J. Thouless]] for their work on the transitions of topological phases in the material.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/science/nobel-prize-physics-topology.html nytimes October 4, 2016, 3 Who Studied Unusual States of Matter Win Nobel Prize in Physics.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ill.eu/fr/presse-et-infos/infos/congratulations-to-the-2016-nobel-prize-laureates/ |title=ill.eu October 4, 2016, Congratulations to the 2016 Physics Nobel Prize laureates ! |access-date=October 6, 2016 |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022100106/https://www.ill.eu/fr/presse-et-infos/infos/congratulations-to-the-2016-nobel-prize-laureates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Rudolf Mössbauer]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961, succeeded [[Heinz Maier-Leibnitz]] in 1972 as the director of the institute.

The physicist [[Philippe Nozières]], who worked at the institute from 1972 until his retirement, received the [[Wolf Prize]] in 1985, together with [[Conyers Herring]], for their major contributions to the fundamental theory of solids, especially the behaviour of electrons in metals.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2814704 | doi=10.1063/1.2814704 | year=1985 | volume=38 | issue=9 | journal=Physics Today | title=Herring, Nozières and Marcus Receive Wolf Awards | pages=87–88 | bibcode=1985PhT....38i..87. | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Techniques ==
*[[Neutron diffraction]]
**[[Small angle neutron scattering]]
**[[Neutron reflectometry]]
*[[Inelastic neutron scattering]]
**[[Neutron triple-axis spectrometry]]
**[[Neutron time-of-flight scattering]]
**[[Neutron backscattering]]
**[[Neutron spin echo]]
*[[Neutron imaging]]

==See also==
* [[Inorganic Crystal Structure Database]] (ICSD)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[https://www.ill.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/ILL/1_About_ILL/Documentation/Annual_report/AR-17/mobile/index.html The 2017 ILL annual report]
*[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/ces-laboratoires-qui-illuminent-leurope Le Journal du CNRS, printemps 2019: Ces laboratoires qui illuminent l'Europe]
*[http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-04-alzheimer-disease-markers-protein-mobility.html medicalxpress.com Alzheimer's disease markers could be identified through protein water mobility]

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
* [http://www.ill.fr Institut Laue-Langevin]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8KBCREOiOs ILL general presentation film]

{{Nuclear power in France}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Institut Laue-Langevin}}
[[Category:Neutron facilities]]
[[Category:Physics research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in France]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Grenoble]]