View source for International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

{{short description|Treaty adopted by United Nations General Assembly in 1965}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name                = International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
| image               = ICCPR-members2.PNG
| image_width         = 250px
| caption             = Parties and signatories of the ICCPR
<div style="text-align:left">{{legend|#008000|State party}}
{{legend|#00ff00|Signatory that has not ratified}}
{{legend|#FF7F27|State party that attempted to withdraw
{{legend|#b9b9b9|Non-party; non-signatory}}</div>}}
| type                = [[United Nations General Assembly resolution]]
| date_drafted        = 1954
| date_signed         = 16 December 1966<ref name=reservations/>
| location_signed     = [[United Nations Headquarters]], [[New York City]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 23 March 1976<ref name=reservations/>
| condition_effective = 
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         = 74<ref name=reservations/>
| parties             = 174<ref name=reservations/>
| depositor           = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| languages           = French, English, Russian, Chinese and Spanish (authentic texts pursuant to Article 53 of the Covenant),<ref name=res2200_en>{{cite web|title=General Assembly Resolution 2200 (XXI)|url=https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/2200(XXI)|access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> as well as Arabic (official text adopted by the UN General Assembly)<ref name=res2200_ar>{{cite web|title=General Assembly Resolution 2200 (XXI) in Arabic|url=https://docs.un.org/ar/A/RES/2200(XXI)|access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>
| wikisource1         = International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
| citations           = 
}}
The '''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''' ('''ICCPR''') is a multilateral [[treaty]] that commits nations to respect the [[civil and political rights]] of individuals, including the [[right to life]], [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of assembly]], electoral rights and rights to [[due process]] and a fair trial.<ref>''[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]'' Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights</ref> It was adopted by [[United Nations General Assembly]] Resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976 after its thirty-fifth ratification or accession.{{efn-ua|Article 49 allowed that the covenant would enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or accession}} {{as of|2024|06}}, the Covenant has 174 parties and six more signatories without ratification, most notably [[China]] and [[Cuba]];<ref name="reservations">{{cite web|title=UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en|quote=Status of ratification}}</ref> [[North Korea]] is the only state that has tried to withdraw.

The ICCPR is considered a seminal document in the history of international law and human rights, forming part of the [[International Bill of Human Rights]], along with the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (ICESCR) and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR).<ref name=ohchr-fs2>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs2.htm |title=Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights |access-date=2008-06-02 |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=June 1996 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080313093428/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs2.htm |archive-date = 13 March 2008}}</ref>

Compliance with the ICCPR is monitored by the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]],{{efn-ua|Not to be confused with the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]].}} which reviews regular reports of states parties on how the rights are being implemented. States must report one year after acceding to the Covenant and then whenever the Committee requests (usually every four years). The Committee normally meets at the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|UN Office at Geneva, Switzerland]] and typically holds three sessions per year.

==History==
[[File:International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.pdf|thumb|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]

The ICCPR (International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights) has its roots in the same process that led to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.geschichte-menschenrechte.de/schluesseltexte/william-h-fitzpatricks-editorials-on-human-rights-1949/  |title=William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights (1949)|author=Christopher N.J.Roberts |publisher=Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte |access-date=4 November 2017 }}</ref> A "Declaration on the Essential Rights of Man" had been proposed at the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|1945 San Francisco Conference]] which led to the founding of the United Nations, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] was given the task of drafting it.<ref name=ohchr-fs2/> Early on in the process, the document was split into a declaration setting forth general principles of human rights, and a convention or covenant containing binding commitments. The former evolved into the UDHR and was adopted on 10 December 1948.<ref name=ohchr-fs2/>

Drafting continued on the convention, but there remained significant differences between UN members on the relative importance of [[negative right|negative]] Civil and Political versus [[positive right|positive]] Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.<ref>{{cite book |title= The International Law of Human Rights|last=Sieghart |first=Paul |year=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=25 }}</ref> These eventually caused the convention to be split into two separate covenants, "one to contain civil and political rights and the other to contain economic, social and cultural rights".<ref name=unga-r543>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 543, 5 February 1952.</ref> The two covenants were to contain as many similar provisions as possible, and be opened for signature simultaneously.<ref name=unga-r543/> Each would also contain an article on the right of all peoples to self-determination.<ref>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 545, 5 February 1952.</ref>

The first document became the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the second the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]. The drafts were presented to the UN General Assembly for discussion in 1954 and adopted in 1966.<ref>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200, 16 December 1966.</ref> As a result of diplomatic negotiations the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted shortly before the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Together, the UDHR and the two Covenants are considered to be the foundational human rights texts in the contemporary international system of human rights.<ref name="auto"/>

==Articles of the Covenant==
The Covenant follows the structure of the UDHR and ICESCR, with a preamble and fifty-three articles, divided into six parts.<ref>The following section summarises the text of the Covenant.</ref>

'''Part 1''' (Article 1) recognizes the right of all peoples to [[self-determination]], including the right to "freely determine their political status",<ref>ICCPR, Article 1.1.</ref> pursue their economic, social and cultural goals, and manage and dispose of their own resources. It recognises a [[negative right]] of a people not to be deprived of its means of subsistence,<ref>ICCPR, Article 1.2.</ref> and imposes an obligation on those parties still responsible for non-self governing and trust territories (colonies) to encourage and respect their self-determination.<ref>ICCPR, Article 1.3.</ref>

'''Part 2''' (Articles 2 – 5) obliges parties to legislate where necessary to give effect to the rights recognised in the Covenant, and to provide an effective [[legal remedy]] for any violation of those rights.<ref>ICCPR, Article 2.2, 2.3.</ref> It also requires the rights be recognised "without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,"<ref>ICCPR, Article 2.1.</ref> and to ensure that they are enjoyed equally by women.<ref name=Art3>ICCPR, Article 3.</ref> The rights can only be limited "in time of [[state of emergency|public emergency]] which threatens the life of the nation,"<ref name=Art4.1>ICCPR, Article 4.1.</ref> and even then no derogation is permitted from the rights to life, freedom from [[torture]] and [[slavery]], the freedom from [[Ex post facto law|retrospective law]], the right to [[personhood]], and [[freedom of thought]], [[freedom of conscience|conscience]], [[freedom of religion|religion]] and freedom from medical or scientific experimentation without consent.<ref name=Art4.2>ICCPR, Article 4.2.</ref>

'''Part 3''' (Articles 6 – 27) lists the rights themselves. These include rights to:

* physical integrity, in the form of the right to life and freedom from torture and slavery (Articles 6, 7, and 8);
* liberty and security of the person, in the form of freedom from [[arbitrary arrest and detention]] and the right to ''[[habeas corpus]]'' (Articles 9 – 11);
* procedural fairness in law, in the form of rights to due process, a [[Right to a fair trial|fair and impartial trial]], the [[presumption of innocence]], and recognition as a person before the law (Articles 14, 15, and 16);
* individual liberty, in the form of the freedoms of movement, thought, conscience and religion, speech, association and assembly, family rights, the right to a nationality, and the [[right to privacy]] (Articles 12, 13, 17 – 24);
* prohibition by law of any [[propaganda]] for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes [[incitement]] to discrimination, hostility or violence (Article 20);
* political participation, including the right to the [[right to vote]] (Article 25);
* Non-discrimination, [[minority rights]] and [[equality before the law]] (Articles 26 and 27).

Many of these rights include specific actions which must be undertaken to realize them.

'''Part 4''' (Articles 28 – 45) governs the establishment and operation of the [[Human Rights Committee]] and the reporting and monitoring of the Covenant. It also allows parties to recognize the competence of the committee to resolve disputes between parties on the implementation of the Covenant (Articles 41 and 42).

'''Part 5''' (Articles 46 – 47) clarifies that the Covenant shall not be interpreted as interfering with the operation of the United Nations or "the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources".<ref>ICCPR, Article 47.</ref>

'''Part 6''' (Articles 48–53) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Covenant.

===Rights to physical integrity===
{{Main|Right to life|Torture|Slavery}}
'''Article 6''' of the Covenant recognises the individual's "inherent right to life" and requires it to be protected by law.<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.1.</ref> It is a "supreme right" from which no derogation can be permitted, and must be interpreted widely.<ref name=gc6>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/84ab9690ccd81fc7c12563ed0046fae3?Opendocument |title=CCPR General Comment No. 6: The right to life |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=30 April 1982 |access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref> It therefore requires parties to take positive measures to reduce [[infant mortality]] and increase [[life expectancy]], as well as forbidding arbitrary killings by security forces.<ref name=gc6/>

While Article 6 does not prohibit the death penalty, it restricts its application to the "most serious crimes"<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.2.</ref> and forbids it to be used on children and pregnant women<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.5.</ref> or in a manner contrary to the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]].<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.3.</ref> The UN Human Rights Committee interprets the Article as "strongly suggest[ing] that abolition is desirable",<ref name=gc6/> and regards any progress towards abolition of the death penalty as advancing this right.<ref name=gc6/> The [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|Second Optional Protocol]] commits its signatories to the abolition of the death penalty within their borders.

'''Article 7''' prohibits [[torture]], [[cruel and unusual punishment|cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment]] and non-consensual medical or scientific experimentation.<ref name=Art7>ICCPR, Article 7.</ref> As with Article 6, it cannot be derogated from under any circumstances.<ref name=Art4.2/> The article is now interpreted to impose similar obligations to those required by the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]], including not just prohibition of torture, but active measures to prevent its use and a prohibition on [[refoulement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/6924291970754969c12563ed004c8ae5?Opendocument |title=CCPR General Comment No. 20: Replaces general comment 7 concerning prohibition of torture and cruel treatment or punishment |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=10 March 1992 |access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref> In response to [[Nazi human experimentation]] during WW2 this article explicitly includes a prohibition on medical and scientific experimentation without consent.<ref name=Art7/>

'''Article 8''' prohibits [[slavery]] and enforced servitude in all situations.<ref>ICCPR, Articles 8.1, 8.2.</ref> The article also prohibits [[forced labour]], with exceptions for criminal punishment, military service and civil obligations.<ref>ICCPR, Article 8.3.</ref>

===Liberty and security of person===
{{Main|Habeas corpus}}
'''Article 9''' recognises the rights to liberty and security of the person. It prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, requires any deprivation of liberty to be according to law,<ref name=Art9.1>ICCPR, Article 9.1.</ref> and obliges parties to allow those deprived of their liberty to challenge their imprisonment through the courts.<ref name=Art9.4>ICCPR, Article 9.4.</ref> These provisions apply not just to those imprisoned as part of the criminal process, but also to those detained due to mental illness, drug addiction, or for educational or immigration purposes.<ref name=gc8>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/f4253f9572cd4700c12563ed00483bec?Opendocument |title=CCPR General Comment No. 08: Right to liberty and security of persons |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=30 June 1982 |access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref>

'''Articles 9.3 and 9.4''' impose procedural safeguards around arrest, requiring anyone arrested to be promptly informed of the charges against them, and to be brought promptly before a judge.<ref>ICCPR, Articles 9.2, 9.3.</ref> It also restricts the use of pre-trial detention,<ref name=Art9.3>ICCPR, Article 9.3.</ref> requiring that it not be 'the general rule'.<ref name=gc8/>

'''Article 10''' requires anyone deprived of liberty to be treated with dignity and humanity.<ref name=Art10.1>ICCPR, Article 10.1.</ref> This applies not just to prisoners, but also to those detained for immigration purposes or psychiatric care.<ref name=gc21>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/3327552b9511fb98c12563ed004cbe59?Opendocument |title=General Comment No. 21: Replaces general comment 9 concerning humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=10 April 1992 |access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref> The right complements the Article 7 prohibition on torture and cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment]].<ref name=gc21/> The article also imposes specific obligations around criminal justice, requiring prisoners in pretrial detention to be separated from convicted prisoners, and children to be separated from adults.<ref name=Art10.2>ICCPR, Article 10.2.</ref> It requires prisons to be focused on reform and rehabilitation rather than punishment.<ref name=Art10.3>ICCPR, Article 10.3.</ref>

'''Article 11''' prohibits the use of imprisonment as a punishment for breach of contract.<ref name=Art11>ICCPR, Article 11.</ref>

===Procedural fairness and rights of the accused===
{{Main|Rights of the accused|Right to a fair trial}}
'''Article 14''' recognizes and protects a right to justice and a fair trial.  '''Article 14.1''' establishes the ground rules: everyone must be equal before the courts, and any hearing must take place in [[Public trial|open court]] before a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, with any judgment or ruling made public.<ref name=Art14.1>ICCPR, Article 14.1.</ref> Closed hearings are only permitted for reasons of privacy, justice, or national security, and judgments may only be suppressed in divorce cases or to protect the interests of children.<ref name=Art14.1/> These obligations apply to both criminal and civil hearings, and to all courts and tribunals.<ref name=gc13>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/bb722416a295f264c12563ed0049dfbd?Opendocument |title=General Comment No. 13: Equality before the courts and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent court established by law |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=13 April 1984 |access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref> '''Article 14.3''' mandates that litigants must be informed promptly and in detail in a language which they understand.<ref name="Art14.1"/>

The rest of the article imposes specific and detailed obligations around the process of criminal trials in order to protect the [[rights of the accused]] and the [[right to a fair trial]]. It establishes the [[Presumption of innocence]]<ref name=Art14.2>ICCPR, Article 14.2.</ref> and forbids [[double jeopardy]].<ref name=Art14.7>ICCPR, Article 14.7.</ref> It requires that those convicted of a crime be allowed to appeal to a higher tribunal,<ref name=Art14.5>ICCPR, Article 14.5.</ref> and requires victims of a [[Miscarriage of justice]] to be compensated.<ref name=Art14.6>ICCPR, Article 14.6.</ref> It establishes rights to a [[speedy trial]], to [[Right to counsel|counsel]], against [[self-incrimination]], and for the accused to be present and [[Confrontation Clause|call and examine witnesses]].<ref name=Art14.3>ICCPR, Article 14.3.</ref>

'''Article 15''' prohibits prosecutions under ''[[ex post facto law]]'' and the imposition of [[Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali|retrospective criminal penalties]], and requires the imposition of the lesser penalty where criminal sentences have changed between the offence and conviction.<ref name=Art15>ICCPR, Article 15.</ref> One exception is criminal proceedings held for violations of [[peremptory norm]]s ({{lang|la|jus cogens}}) under [[customary international law]],<ref name=Art15.2>ICCPR, Article 15.2.</ref> such as genocide, slavery, torture, and wars of aggression.

'''Article 16''' requires states to [[legal recognition|recognize everyone as a person before the law]].<ref name=Art16>ICCPR, Article 16.</ref>

===Individual liberties===
{{Main|Freedom of movement|Freedom of religion|Freedom of thought|Freedom of speech|Freedom of assembly|Freedom of association|Right of Return}}
'''Article 12''' guarantees [[freedom of movement]], including the right of persons to choose their residence, to leave and return to a country.<ref name="Art12">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> These rights apply to legal aliens as well as citizens of a state,<ref name=gc27>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/45139c394.html |title=CCPR: General Comment No. 27: Freedom of movement |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=2 November 1999 |access-date=2010-10-10}}</ref> and can be restricted only where necessary to protect national security, public order or health, and the rights and freedoms of others.<ref>ICCPR, Article 12.3.</ref> The article also recognises a right of people to enter their own country: the [[right of return]].<ref>ICCPR, Article 12.4.</ref> The [[Human Rights Committee]] interprets this right broadly as applying not just to citizens, but also to those stripped of or denied their nationality.<ref name=gc27/> They also regard it as near-absolute; "there are few, if any, circumstances in which deprivation of the right to enter one's own country could be reasonable".<ref name=gc27/>

'''Article 13''' forbids the arbitrary expulsion of resident aliens and requires such decisions to be able to be appealed and reviewed.<ref name=Art13>ICCPR, Article 13.</ref>

'''Article 17''' mandates the [[right to privacy|right of privacy]].<ref name=Art17>ICCPR, Article 17.</ref> This provision, specifically article 17(1), protects private adult consensual sexual activity, thereby nullifying prohibitions on homosexual behaviour,<ref name=Toonen1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/html/vws488.htm |title=Toonen v Australia Communication No. 488/1992 (1994) U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 at [8.1–8.6]}}</ref> however, the wording of this covenant's marriage right (Article 23) excludes the extrapolation of a same-sex marriage right from this provision.<ref name=Joslin1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/902-1999.html |title=Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [Appendix (My Lallah & Mr Scheinen)]}}</ref>
Article 17 also protects people against unlawful attacks to their honor and reputation. Article 17 (2) grants the protection of the law against such attacks.<ref name=Art17/>

'''Article 18''' mandates [[freedom of religion]] or [[freedom of thought|belief]].<ref name=Art18>ICCPR, Article 18.</ref>

'''Article 19''' mandates [[freedom of expression]].<ref name=Art19>ICCPR, Article 19.</ref>

'''Article 20''' mandates sanctions against inciting war and hatred.<ref>ICCPR, Article 20.</ref>

'''Article 21''' mandates [[freedom of assembly]] and '''22''' mandates [[freedom of association]]. These provisions guarantee the right to freedom of association, the right to trade unions and also defines the [[International Labour Organization]].<ref>ICCPR, Article 21.</ref><ref name=Art22>ICCPR, Article 22.</ref>

'''Article 23''' mandates the right of marriage.<ref name=Art23>ICCPR, Article 23.</ref> The wording of this provision neither requires nor prohibits [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name=Joslin2>Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [8.2–9.0(majority)] & [1(Lallah & Scheinen JJ] {{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/902-1999.html |title=Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002)}}</ref>

'''Article 24''' mandates special protection, the right to a name, and the right to a nationality for every child.<ref name=Art24>ICCPR, Article 24.</ref>

'''Article 27''' mandates the rights of [[ethnic group|ethnic]], [[religious minorities|religious]] and [[minority language|linguistic minority]] to enjoy their own culture, to profess their own religion, and [[linguistic rights|to use their own language]].<ref name=Art27>ICCPR, Ariticle 27.</ref>

===Political rights===
'''Article 2 and Article 3''' provides an accessory non-discrimination principle. Accessory in the way that it cannot be used independently and can only be relied upon in relation to another right protected by the ICCPR.

In contrast, '''Article 26''' contains a revolutionary norm by providing an autonomous equality principle which is not dependent upon another right under the convention being infringed. This has the effect of widening the scope of the non-discrimination principle beyond the scope of ICCPR.

==Optional protocols==
There are two Optional Protocols to the Covenant. The [[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|First Optional Protocol]] establishes an individual complaints mechanism, allowing individuals to complain to the Human Rights Committee about violations of the Covenant.<ref>OP1-ICCPR, Article 1.</ref> This has led to the creation of a complex jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Covenant.  {{as of|2019|09}}, the First Optional Protocol has 116 parties.<ref name="OHCHR Dashboard">{{cite web|url=https://indicators.ohchr.org/|title=OHCHR Dashboard|publisher=United Nations|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>

The [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|Second Optional Protocol]] abolishes the death penalty; however, countries were permitted to make a reservation allowing for use of death penalty for the most serious crimes of a military nature, committed during wartime.<ref>OP2-ICCPR, Article 2.1</ref> {{as of|2022|06}}, the Second Optional Protocol had 90 parties.<ref name="OHCHR Dashboard"/>

==Reservations==
{{Expand section|date=June 2010}}
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A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|website=un.org}}</ref>

'''Argentina''' will apply the fair trial rights guaranteed in its [[Constitution of Argentina|constitution]] to the prosecution of those accused of violating the general law of nations.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Australia''' reserves the right to progressively implement the prison standards of Article 10, to compensate for miscarriages of justice by administrative means rather than through the courts, and interprets the prohibition on racial incitement as being subject to the freedoms of expression, association and assembly. It also declares that its implementation will be effected at each level of its federal system.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Austria''' reserves the right to continue to exile members of the [[House of Habsburg]], and limits the rights of the accused and the right to a fair trial to those already existing in its legal system.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Bahamas''', due to problems with implementation, reserves the right not to compensate for miscarriages of justice.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Bahrain''' interprets Articles 3 (no sexual discrimination), 18 (freedom of religion) and 23 (family rights) within the context of Islamic Sharia law.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Bangladesh''' reserves the right to try people ''in absentia'' where they are fugitives from justice and declares that resource constraints mean that it cannot necessarily segregate prisons or provide counsel for accused persons.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Barbados''' reserves the right not to provide free counsel for accused persons due to resource constraints.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Belgium''' interprets the freedoms of speech, assembly and association in a manner consistent with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. It does not consider itself obliged to ban war propaganda as required by Article 20, and interprets that article in light of the freedom of expression in the UDHR.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Belize''' reserves the right not to compensate for miscarriages of justice, due to problems with implementation, and does not plan to provide free legal counsel for the same reasons as above. It also refuses to ensure the right to free travel at any time, due to a law requiring those travelling abroad to provide tax clearance certificates.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Congo''', as per the Congolese [[Code of Civil, Commercial, Administrative and Financial Procedure]], in matters of private law, decisions or orders emanating from conciliation proceedings may be enforced through imprisonment for debt.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Denmark''' reserves the right to exclude the press and the public from trials as per its own laws. Reservation is further made to Article 20, paragraph 1. This reservation is in accordance with the vote cast by Denmark in the XVI General Assembly of the United Nations in 1961 when the Danish Delegation, referring to the preceding article concerning freedom of expression, voted against the prohibition against propaganda for war.<ref name=reservations/>

'''The Gambia''', as per its constitution, will provide free legal assistance for accused persons charged with capital offences only.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Pakistan''', has made several reservations to the articles in the convention;  "the provisions of Articles 3, 6, 7, 18 and 19 shall be so applied to the extent that they are not repugnant to the Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan and the Sharia laws", "the provisions of Article 12 shall be so applied as to be in conformity with the Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan", "With respect to Article 13, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan reserves its right to apply its law relating to foreigners", "the provisions of Article 25 shall be so applied to the extent that they are not repugnant to the Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan" and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan "does not recognize the competence of the Committee provided for in Article 40 of the Covenant".

The '''United States''' has made reservations that none of the articles should restrict the right of [[free speech]] and [[Freedom of association|association]]; that the US government may impose capital punishment on any person other than a pregnant woman, including persons below the age of 18; that "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment" refers to those treatments or punishments prohibited by one or more of the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|fifth]], [[Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution|eighth]], and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|fourteenth]] amendments to the US Constitution; that the third clause of Paragraph 1, Article 15 will not apply; and that, notwithstanding paragraphs 2(b) and 3 of Article 10 and paragraph 4 of Article 14, the US government may treat juveniles as adults, and accept volunteers to the military prior to the age of 18. The United States also submitted five "understandings", and four "declarations".<ref name="umn-hrlibrary"/>

==Implementation and effects==
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has 167 states parties, 67 by signature and ratification, and the remainder by accession or succession. Another five states have signed but have yet to ratify the treaty.<ref name=reservations/>

According to a 2013 study, the ICCPR has significantly improved human rights practices on matters where evidence-production costs and standards of proof are low, but has had a limited impact for issue areas where legally admissible evidence is costly to produce and standards of proof are high. This means that the ICCPR has "significantly improved governments' respect for the freedoms of speech, association, assembly, and religion" but has had insignificant effects on respect to personal integrity rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lupu |first=Yonatan |date=2013 |title=Best Evidence: The Role of Information in Domestic Judicial Enforcement of International Human Rights Agreements |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/best-evidence-the-role-of-information-in-domestic-judicial-enforcement-of-international-human-rights-agreements/29C2E5E327321D6CA3202351D555F756 |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=469–503 |doi=10.1017/S002081831300012X |s2cid=15372366 |issn=0020-8183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820121909/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/best-evidence-the-role-of-information-in-domestic-judicial-enforcement-of-international-human-rights-agreements/29C2E5E327321D6CA3202351D555F756 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Australia===
The Covenant is not directly enforceable in Australia, but its provisions support a number of domestic laws, which confer enforceable rights on individuals. For example, Article 17 of the convention has been implemented by the Australian [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013C00482 Privacy Act 1988]. Likewise, the Covenant's equality and anti-discrimination provisions support the federal  [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2014C00013 Disability Discrimination Act 1992]. Finally, the Covenant is one of the major sources of 'human rights' listed in the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011.<ref>{{wikicite|ref="Act No. 186 of 2011"|reference=[http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012C00726 Act No. 186 of 2011  : Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011], ComLaw}}</ref> This law requires most new legislation and administrative instruments (such as delegated/subordinate legislation) to be tabled in parliament with a statement outlining the proposed law's compatibility with the listed human rights<ref>[[#Act No. 186 of 2011|Act No. 186 of 2011]], Part 3.</ref> A Joint Committee on Human Rights scrutinises all new legislation and statements of compatibility.<ref>[[#Act No. 186 of 2011|Act No. 186 of 2011]], Part 2</ref> The findings of the Joint Committee are not legally binding.

Legislation also establishes the Australian Human Rights Commission<ref name=AHRC1>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ahrca1986373|Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986}}.</ref> which allows the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] (AHRC) to examine enacted legislation<ref name=AHRC2>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ahrca1986373|Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986|11}}(e).</ref> (to suggest remedial enactments<ref name=AHRC3>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ahrca1986373|Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986|11}}(j).</ref>), its administration<ref name=AHRC4>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ahrca1986373|Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986|11}}(f)(i) – Conciliation & (ii) – Reporting.</ref> (to suggest avoidance of practices<ref name=AHRC5>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ahrca1986373|Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986|11}}(n).</ref>) and general compliance<ref name=AHRC6>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ahrca1986373|Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986|11}}(k) & (m).</ref> with the covenant which is scheduled to the AHRC legislation.<ref name=ACRH7>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/sch2.html |title=Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth), schedule 2}}</ref>

In Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory, the convention can be used by a plaintiff or defendant who invokes those jurisdiction's human rights charters.<ref>Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic); Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).</ref> While the Convention cannot be used to overturn a Victorian or ACT law, a Court can issue a 'declaration of incompatibility' that requires the relevant Attorney-General to respond in Parliament within a set time period.{{refn|For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).<ref name=HR2004 />}} Courts in Victoria and the ACT are also directed by the legislation to interpret the law in a way to give effect to a human right,<ref name=HR2004>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2004-5/current/pdf/2004-5.pdf|title=Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT)|website=legislation.act.gov.au}}</ref> and new legislation and subordinate legislation must be accompanied by a statement of compatibility.{{refn|For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).<ref name=HR2004 />}} Efforts to implement a similar Charter at the national level have been frustrated and Australia's Constitution may prevent conferring the 'declaration' power on federal judges.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vines|first1=Timothy|last2=Faunce|first2=Thomas Alured|date=2012|title=A Bad Trip for Health-Related Human Rights: Implications of Momcilovic v the Queen (2011) 85 ALJR 957|journal=Journal of Law and Medicine|volume=19|issue=4|pages=685–98|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2257114|pmid=22908613}}</ref>

===Ireland===
Ireland's use of [[Special Criminal Court]]s where juries are replaced by judges and other special procedures apply has been found to not violate the treaty: "In the Committee's view, trial before courts other than the ordinary courts is not necessarily, per se, a violation of the entitlement to a fair hearing and the facts of the present case do not show that there has been such a violation."<ref name="Kavanagh">Joseph Kavanagh v. Ireland, [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] Communication No. 819/1998, [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/819-1998.html U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/71/D/819/1998 (2001)].</ref>

===New Zealand===
New Zealand took measures to give effect to many of the rights contained within it by passing the [[New Zealand Bill of Rights Act]] in 1990, and formally incorporated the status of protected person into law through the passing of the Immigration Act 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2009/0051/latest/DLM1440774.html?search=ta_act_I_ac@ainf@anif_an@bn@rn_25_a&p=1|title=Immigration Act 2009 No 51 (as at 06 May 2016), Public Act Part 5 Refugee and protection status determinations – New Zealand Legislation}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
Sri Lankan author [[Shakthika Sathkumara]] was arrested on 1 April 2019 for inciting religious violence, following a publication of a short story about homosexuality and [[child abuse]] at a Buddhist temple in Sri Lanka. The author had been adjudged the best [[Sinhala language]] short story writer in Sri Lanka's National Youth Literary Festivals of 2010 and 2014, and was twice the recipient of the north western provincial state literary award. A group of Buddhist monks had stormed the author's workplace demanding punitive action against him after the story first appeared on [[Facebook]]; the ICCPR prohibits "advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence". Human rights organizations [[Civicus]] and the [[Asian Human Rights Commission]] (AHRC) have asserted that the charges are spurious and a clear violation of the author's right to [[freedom of expression]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/media/873-sri-lanka-un-treaty-invoked-to-imprison-award-winning-write|title=Sri Lanka: UN treaty invoked to imprison award winning writer|website=www.jdslanka.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=28640|title=Sri Lanka: Withdraw the charges against Shakthika Sathkumara, Protect Free Expression|date=10 April 2019|publisher=Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development}}</ref>

===United States===

====Reservations, understandings, and declarations====
The [[United States Senate]] ratified the ICCPR in 1992, with five [[reservation (law)|reservations]], five understandings, and four declarations.<ref name="umn-hrlibrary">{{cite web|url=https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/usdocs/civilres.html|title=U.S. reservations, declarations, and understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. S4781-01|date=1992-04-02|publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|location=Minnesota|access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref> Some have noted that with so many reservations, its implementation has little domestic effect,<ref>{{cite web |title=Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |work=The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers |publisher=Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site |location=Hyde Park, New York |editor1-first=Allinda |editor1-last=Black |editor2-first=June |editor2-last=Hopkins |year=2003 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/cov-civilpol-rights.cfm |access-date=21 February 2009}}</ref> although it has been argued that the reason behind the Senate reservations is that Article 20(2) (regarding [[hate speech]]) of the ICCPR may be unconstitutional according to Supreme Court precedent.<ref>{{cite book | title= The Content and Context of Hate Speech: Rethinking Regulation and Responses | editor1-first= Michael | editor1-last= Herz | editor2-first= Péter | editor2-last= Molnár | chapter= Hate Speech and the Demos | first= Jamal | last= Greene | page= 95 | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn= 978-0-521-19109-8 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEuPBAL8EoC&pg=PA95| date= 9 April 2012 }}</ref> Included in the Senate's ratification was the declaration that "the provisions of Article 1 through 27 of the Covenant are not self-executing",<ref>138 Cong. Rec. S4781-84 (1992)</ref> and a [[Senate Executive Report]] stated that the declaration was meant to "clarify that the Covenant will not create a private cause of action in U.S. Courts".<ref>S. Exec. Rep. No. 102-23 (1992)</ref>

Where a treaty or covenant is not self-executing, and where Congress has not acted to implement the agreement with legislation, no private right of action within the US judicial system is created by ratification.<ref>''Sei Fujii v. State'' 38 Cal.2d 718, 242 P.2d 617 (1952); also see ''Buell v. Mitchell'' [http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/274/274.F3d.337.99-4271.html 274 F.3d 337] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517165209/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/274/274.F3d.337.99-4271.html |date=17 May 2010 }} (6th Cir., 2001) (discussing ICCPR's relationship to death penalty cases, citing to other ICCPR cases)</ref> However, a reservation that is "incompatible with the object and purpose" of a treaty is void as a matter of the [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]] and international law,<ref>Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 19, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980) (specifying conditions under which signatory States can offer "reservations")</ref> and there is question as to whether the non-self-execution declaration is even constitutional<ref>{{cite journal|title=Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding|first=John C.|last=Yoo|author-link=John Yoo|journal=[[Columbia Law Review|Colum. L. Rev.]]|volume=99|issue=8|year=1999|pages=1955–2094|url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1762/|doi=10.2307/1123607|jstor=1123607|url-access=subscription}} At p. 1959.</ref> under the [[Supremacy Clause]] (Prof. [[Louis Henkin]] argues that it is not<ref>Louis Henkin, U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties: The Ghost of Senator Bricker, 89 Am. J. Int'l L. 341, 346 (1995)</ref>). Prof. Jordan Paust criticizes the United States' ratification subject to the non-self-execution declaration as being an abuse of the treaty.<ref>Jordan J. Paust, International Law As Law of the United States 375 (2d ed. 2003)</ref>

==Parties to the Covenant==
There are a total of 174 parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.<ref name="UNTS">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en |access-date=2024-02-28 |publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series|United Nations Treaty Collection]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State party
! Signed
! Ratified or acceded
! Entry into force
|-
| {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 January 1983}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Albania}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 October 1991}}
| {{Dts|4 January 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 September 1989}}
| {{Dts|12 December 1989}}
|-
| {{Flag|Andorra}}
| {{Dts|5 August 2002}}
| {{Dts|22 September 2006}}
| {{Dts|22 December 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Angola}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 January 1992}}
| {{Dts|10 April 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| —
| {{Dts|3 July 2019}}
| {{Dts|3 November 2019}}
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| {{Dts|18 February 1968}}
| {{Dts|8 August 1986}}
| {{Dts|8 November 1986}} 
|-
| {{Flag|Armenia}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 June 1993}}
| {{Dts|23 September 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| {{Dts|18 December 1972}}
| {{Dts|13 August 1980}}
| {{Dts|13 November 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1973}}
| {{Dts|10 September 1978}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| —
| {{Dts|13 August 1992}}
| {{Dts|13 November 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bahamas, The}}
| {{Dts|4 December 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 March 2009}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| —
| {{Dts|20 September 2006}}
| {{Dts|20 December 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|6 December 2000}}
|-
| {{Flag|Barbados}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 January 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| {{Dts|19 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 April 1983}}
| {{Dts|12 July 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belize}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 June 1996}}
| {{Dts|10 September 1996}}
|-
| {{Flag|Benin}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 1992}}
| {{Dts|12 June 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 August 1982}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1982}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia|{{Flag|Yugoslavia}} signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971; it entered into force for Yugoslavia on 23 March 1976. Following the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], the following states located in the former Yugoslavia made declarations regarding that status of the Covenant with regard to themselves:
* {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}&nbsp;– On 1 September 1993, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 6 March 1992.
* {{Flag|Serbia and Montenegro|name=Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}&nbsp;– On 12 March 2001, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 27 April 1992. On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro, and on 3 June 2006 {{Flag|Serbia}} succeeded Serbia and Montenegro. Therefore, for Serbia, the Covenant has retroactively been in force since 27 April 1992.
* {{Flag|Republic of Macedonia}}&nbsp;– On 18 January 1994, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 17 September 1991.
* {{Flag|Montenegro}}&nbsp;– On 23 October 2006, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 3 June 2006.}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 September 1993}}
| {{Dts|6 March 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Botswana}}
| {{Dts|8 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|8 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|8 December 2000}}
|-
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 January 1992}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| {{Dts|8 October 1968}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1970}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 January 1999}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Burundi}}
| —
| {{Dts|8 May 1990}}
| {{Dts|8 August 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cambodia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Cambodia signed the Covenant when it was known as Democratic Kampuchea, it filed an instrument of accession, not ratification, on 26 May 1992.}}
| {{Dts|17 October 1980}}
| {{Dts|26 May 1992}}
| {{Dts|26 August 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cameroon}}
| —
| {{Dts|27 January 1984}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| —
| {{Dts|19 May 1976}}
| {{Dts|19 August 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cape Verde}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 August 1993}}
| {{Dts|6 November 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
| —
| {{Dts|8 May 1981}}
| {{Dts|8 August 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Chad}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 June 1995}}
| {{Dts|9 September 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Chile}}
| {{Dts|16 September 1969}}
| {{Dts|10 February 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| {{Dts|21 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|29 October 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 November 1976}}
| {{Dts|1 February 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Congo, Republic of the}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 October 1983}}
| {{Dts|5 January 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|29 November 1968}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Sort|Cote d'Ivoire|{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}}}
| —
| {{Dts|26 March 1992}}
| {{Dts|26 June 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Croatia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 October 1992}}
| {{Dts|12 January 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|2 April 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Czechoslovakia|{{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} signed the Covenant on 7 October 1968 and ratified it on 23 December 1975; it entered into force for Czechoslovakia on 23 March 1976. Following the [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia]], the {{Flag|Czech Republic}} declared on 22 February 1993 that the Covenant was in force for it since 1 January 1993 and {{Flag|Slovakia}} declared on 28 May 1993 that the Covenant was also in force for it since 1 January 1993.}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 February 1993}}
| {{Dts|1 January 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}}
| {{Dts|20 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|6 January 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Djibouti}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 November 2002}}
| {{Dts|5 February 2003}}
|-
| {{Flag|Dominica}}
| —
| {{Dts|17 June 1993}}
| {{Dts|17 September 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 January 1978}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|East Timor}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 September 2003}}
| {{Dts|18 December 2003}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1968}}
| {{Dts|6 March 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| {{Dts|4 August 1967}}
| {{Dts|14 January 1982}}
| {{Dts|14 April 1982}}
|-
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1967}}
| {{Dts|30 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|29 February 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| —
| {{Dts|25 September 1987}}
| {{Dts|25 December 1987}}
|-
| {{Flag|Eritrea}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 January 2002}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2002}}
|-
| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 October 1991}}
| {{Dts|21 January 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
| —
| {{Dts|11 June 1993}}
| {{Dts|11 September 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Fiji}}
| —
| {{Dts|16 August 2018}}
| {{Dts|16 November 2018}}
|-
| {{Flag|Finland}}
| {{Dts|11 October 1967}}
| {{Dts|19 August 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 November 1980}}
| {{Dts|4 February 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Gabon}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 January 1983}}
| {{Dts|21 April 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Gambia, The}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 March 1979}}
| {{Dts|22 June 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| —
| {{Dts|3 May 1994}}
| {{Dts|3 August 1994}}
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|{{Flag|East Germany}} signed the Covenant on 23 March 1973 and ratified it on 8 November 1973; it entered into force for East Germany on 23 March 1976. Following the [[German reunification|reunification of Germany]] on 3 October 1990, East Germany ceased to exist.}}
| {{Dts|9 October 1968}}
| {{Dts|17 December 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| {{Dts|7 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|7 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2000}}
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 May 1997}}
| {{Dts|5 August 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Grenada}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 September 1991}}
| {{Dts|6 December 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 May 1992}}
| {{Dts|5 August 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guinea}}
| {{Dts|28 February 1967}}
| {{Dts|24 January 1978}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| {{Dts|12 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|1 November 2010}}
| {{Dts|1 February 2011}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guyana}}
| {{Dts|22 August 1968}}
| {{Dts|15 February 1977}}
| {{Dts|15 May 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Haiti}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 February 1991}}
| {{Dts|6 May 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|25 August 1997}}
| {{Dts|25 November 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| {{Dts|25 March 1969}}
| {{Dts|17 January 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| {{Dts|30 December 1968}}
| {{Dts|22 August 1979}}
| {{Dts|22 November 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 April 1979}}
| {{Dts|10 July 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 February 2006}}
| {{Dts|23 May 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iran}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1968}}
| {{Dts|24 June 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iraq}}
| {{Dts|18 February 1969}}
| {{Dts|25 January 1971}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| {{Dts|1 October 1973}}
| {{Dts|8 December 1989}}
| {{Dts|8 March 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|3 October 1991}}
| {{Dts|3 January 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| {{Dts|18 January 1967}}
| {{Dts|15 September 1978}}
| {{Dts|15 December 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|3 October 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| {{Dts|30 May 1978}}
| {{Dts|21 June 1979}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Jordan}}
| {{Dts|30 June 1972}}
| {{Dts|28 May 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{Dts|2 December 2003}}
| {{Dts|24 January 2006}}
| {{Dts|24 April 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 May 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Korea, North}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|On 25 August 1997, North Korea notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that it was withdrawing from the Covenant. However, the Secretary-General still considers North Korea a state party to the Covenant because the Covenant does not allow for withdrawal and therefore withdrawal would only be possible if all other states parties allowed it, which has not occurred.}}
| —
| {{Dts|14 September 1981}}
| {{Dts|14 December 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Korea, South}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 April 1990}}
| {{Dts|10 July 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 May 1996}}
| {{Dts|21 August 1996}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| —
| {{Dts|7 October 1994}}
| {{Dts|7 January 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Laos}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2000}}
| {{Dts|25 September 2009}}
| {{Dts|25 December 2009}}
|-
| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| —
| {{Dts|14 April 1992}}
| {{Dts|14 July 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| —
| {{Dts|3 November 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lesotho}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 September 1992}}
| {{Dts|9 December 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Liberia}}
| {{Dts|18 April 1967}}
| {{Dts|22 September 2004}}
| {{Dts|22 December 2004}}
|-
| {{Flag|Libya}}
| —
| {{Dts|15 May 1970}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 December 1998}}
| {{Dts|10 March 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| —
| {{Dts|20 November 1991}}
| {{Dts|10 February 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| {{Dts|26 November 1974}}
| {{Dts|18 August 1983}}
| {{Dts|18 November 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Macedonia|name=North Macedonia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 January 1994}}
| {{Dts|17 September 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Madagascar}}
| {{Dts|17 September 1969}}
| {{Dts|21 June 1971}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malawi}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 December 1993}}
| {{Dts|22 March 1994}}
|-
| {{Flag|Maldives}}
| —
| {{Dts|19 September 2006}}
| {{Dts|19 December 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mali}}
| —
| {{Dts|16 July 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malta}}
| —
| {{Dts|13 September 1990}}
| {{Dts|13 December 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 2018}}
| {{Dts|12 June 2018}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mauritania}}
| —
| {{Dts|17 November 2004}}
| {{Dts|17 February 2005}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mauritius}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 December 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 March 1981}}
| {{Dts|23 June 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| —
| {{Dts|26 January 1993}}
| {{Dts|26 April 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Monaco}}
| {{Dts|26 June 1997}}
| {{Dts|28 August 1997}}
| {{Dts|28 November 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mongolia}}
| {{Dts|5 June 1968}}
| {{Dts|18 November 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Montenegro}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 October 2006}}
| {{Dts|3 June 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| {{Dts|19 January 1977}}
| {{Dts|3 May 1979}}
| {{Dts|3 August 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mozambique}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 July 1993}}
| {{Dts|21 October 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Namibia}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 November 1994}}
| {{Dts|28 February 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| —
| {{Dts|14 May 1991}}
| {{Dts|14 August 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}
| {{Dts|25 June 1969}}
| {{Dts|11 December 1978}}
| {{Dts|11 March 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1968}}
| {{Dts|28 December 1978}}
| {{Dts|28 March 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 1980}}
| {{Dts|12 June 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Niger}}
| —
| {{Dts|7 March 1986}}
| {{Dts|7 June 1986}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| —
| {{Dts|29 July 1993}}
| {{Dts|29 October 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| {{Dts|20 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|13 September 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| {{Dts|17 April 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 June 2010}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2010}}
|-
| {{Flag|Palestine}}
| —
| {{Dts|2 April 2014}}
| {{Dts|2 July 2014}}
|-
| {{Flag|Panama}}
| {{Dts|27 July 1976}}
| {{Dts|8 March 1977}}
| {{Dts|8 June 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 July 2008}}
| {{Dts|21 October 2008}}
|-
| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 June 1992}}
| {{Dts|10 September 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Peru}}
| {{Dts|11 August 1977}}
| {{Dts|28 April 1978}}
| {{Dts|28 July 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|23 October 1986}}
| {{Dts|23 January 1987}}
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| {{Dts|2 March 1967}}
| {{Dts|18 March 1977}}
| {{Dts|18 June 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Macau|Portugal extended the territorial application of the Covenant to Macau on 27 April 1993. On 3 December 1999, China notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that the Covenant would still be in force for [[Macau]] following the [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|transfer of sovereignty]] on 20 December 1999.}}
| {{Dts|7 October 1976}}
| {{Dts|15 June 1978}}
| {{Dts|15 September 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Qatar}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 May 2018}}
| {{Dts|21 August 2018}}
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}}
| {{Dts|27 June 1968}}
| {{Dts|9 December 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Dts|18 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|16 October 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Rwanda}}
| —
| {{Dts|16 April 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 November 1981}}
| {{Dts|9 February 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Samoa}}
| —
| {{Dts|15 February 2008}}
| {{Dts|15 May 2008}}
|-
| {{Flag|San Marino}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 October 1985}}
| {{Dts|18 January 1986}}
|-
| {{Sort|Sao Tome and Principe|{{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}}}
| {{Dts|31 October 1995}}
| {{Dts|10 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|10 April 2017}}
|-
| {{Flag|Senegal}}
| {{Dts|6 July 1970}}
| {{Dts|13 February 1978}}
| {{Dts|13 May 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Serbia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 2001}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 May 1992}}
| {{Dts|5 August 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 August 1996}}
| {{Dts|23 November 1996}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Czechoslovakia}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 May 1993}}
| {{Dts|1 January 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 July 1992}}
| {{Dts|6 October 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Somalia}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 January 1990}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| {{Dts|3 October 1994}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1998}}
| {{Dts|10 March 1999}}
|-
|{{Flag|South Sudan}}
|—
| {{Dts|5 February 2024}}
| {{Dts|5 May 2024}}
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| {{Dts|28 September 1976}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1977}}
| {{Dts|27 July 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| —
| {{Dts|11 June 1980}}
| {{Dts|11 September 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sudan}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 March 1986}}
| {{Dts|18 June 1986}}
|-
| {{Flag|Suriname}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 December 1976}}
| {{Dts|28 March 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Swaziland}}
| —
| {{Dts|26 March 2004}}
| {{Dts|26 June 2004}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| {{Dts|29 September 1967}}
| {{Dts|6 December 1971}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 June 1992}}
| {{Dts|18 September 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Syria}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 April 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 January 1999}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| —
| {{Dts|11 June 1976}}
| {{Dts|11 September 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| —
| {{Dts|29 October 1996}}
| {{Dts|29 January 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Togo}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 May 1984}}
| {{Dts|24 August 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 December 1978}}
| {{Dts|21 March 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| {{Dts|30 April 1968}}
| {{Dts|18 March 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| {{Dts|15 August 2000}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2003}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2003}}
|-
| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 May 1997}}
| {{Dts|1 August 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 June 1995}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| {{Dts|20 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Hong Kong|Both China and the United Kingdom notified the Secretary-General that the Covenant would continue to remain in force for [[Hong Kong]] upon [[Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty]] on 1 July 1997.}}
| {{Dts|16 September 1968}}
| {{Dts|20 May 1976}}
| {{Dts|20 August 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|United States}}
| {{Dts|5 October 1977}}
| {{Dts|8 June 1992}}
| {{Dts|8 September 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| {{Dts|21 February 1967}}
| {{Dts|21 May 1967}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 September 1995}}
| {{Dts|28 December 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Vanuatu}}
| {{Dts|29 November 2007}}
| {{Dts|21 November 2008}}
| {{Dts|21 February 2009}}
|-
| {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| {{Dts|24 June 1969}}
| {{Dts|10 May 1978}}
| {{Dts|10 August 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 September 1982}}
| {{Dts|24 December 1982}}
|-
| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 February 1987}}
| {{Dts|9 May 1987}}
|-
| {{Flag|Zambia}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 April 1984}}
| {{Dts|10 July 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| —
| {{Dts|13 May 1991}}
| {{Dts|13 August 1991}}
|}

==States not party to the Covenant==
Most states in the world are parties to the ICCPR. As of 2024, the following 24 states have not become party to it, while six states have signed the Covenant but not ratified it.<ref name="UNTS"/>

===Signatories that have signed and not ratified===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State
! Signed
|-
| {{Flag|China}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Macau}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Hong Kong}}
| {{Dts|1998|October|5|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Comoros}}
| {{Dts|2008|September|25|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cuba}}
| {{Dts|2008|February|28|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nauru}}
| {{Dts|2001|November|12|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Palau}}
| {{Dts|2011|September|20|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| {{Dts|2011|September|22|format=dmy}}
|}

===States which are neither signatories nor parties===

# {{Flag|Bhutan}}
# {{Flag|Brunei}}
# {{Flag|Kiribati}}
# {{Flag|Malaysia}}
# {{Flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}
# {{Flag|Myanmar}}
# {{Flag|Oman}}
# {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
# {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
# {{Flag|Singapore}}
# {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
# {{Flag|Tonga}}
# {{Flag|Tuvalu}}
# {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}

===Nonmembers of the UN===
# {{Flag|Cook Islands}}
# {{Flag|Niue}}
# {{Flag|Taiwan}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha| The Republic of China signed the Covenant on 5 October 1967 but did not ratify it at the time. On 25 October 1971, it lost its United Nations membership. On 31 March 2009, the [[Legislative Yuan]] of the Republic of China ratified it along with the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], but the deposit was rejected by the UN.}}
# {{Flag|Vatican City}} (through the [[Holy See]]){{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The Vatican is not a member of the United Nations but holds observer status.}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics}}
* [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]]
* [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]
* [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]
* [[s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 (I)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=upper-alpha|close}}

==References==
{{Reflist |2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx Text of the Covenant]
* [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en List of signatories and parties]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020323100412/http://www.article2.org/ article 2] Bimonthly publication highlighting article 2 of the ICCPR
* [https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/iccpr/iccpr.html Introductory note] by [[Christian Tomuschat]], [https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/iccpr/iccpr.html procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' in the [https://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Wedgwood_HR.html Lecture] by [[Ruth Wedgwood]] entitled ''The Work of the United Nations Human Rights Committee: Enforcing the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' in the [https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* Christopher N.J. Roberts: [https://www.geschichte-menschenrechte.de/schluesseltexte/william-h-fitzpatricks-editorials-on-human-rights-1949/ William H. Fitzpatrick’s Editorials on Human Rights (1949)], published by Arbeitskreis Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert, published at "Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte"

{{International human rights legal instruments}}
{{United Nations}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Civil And Political Rights Covenant}}
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