View source for Interpleader

{{Short description|US civil court procedural device}}
{{distinguish|Impleader}}
{{Civil procedure (United States)}}
'''Interpleader''' is a [[civil procedure]] device that allows a [[plaintiff]] or a defendant to initiate a [[lawsuit]] in order to compel two or more other parties to [[litigate]] a dispute. An interpleader action originates when the plaintiff holds property on behalf of another, but does not know to whom the property should be transferred. It is often used to resolve disputes arising under [[insurance]] contracts, such as when a plaintiff with a personal injury claim has a dispute with medical providers over the payment out of a settlement for medical services provided to treat the plaintiff's injuries.

==Terminology and overview==
In an interpleader action, the party initiating the litigation, normally the plaintiff, is termed the ''[[Stakeholder (law)|stakeholder]]''. The money or other property in controversy is called the ''res'' (a [[Latin]] word meaning object or thing). All defendants having a possible interest in the subject matter of the case are called ''claimants''.  In some jurisdictions, the plaintiff is referred to as the ''plaintiff-in-interpleader'' and each claimant a ''claimant-in-interpleader''.

An interpleader proceeding has two stages. The first stage determines if the stakeholder is entitled to an interpleader and if he should be discharged from liability. The second stage is like an action at law to determine which of the claimants is entitled to the res.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Chafee Jr.|author2=Zechariah|title=Broadening the Second Stage of Interpleader|journal=Harvard Law Review|date=June 1946|volume=54|issue=4|pages=541–562|jstor=1334420}}</ref>

==Application==
Suppose a person dies with a valid [[life insurance]] policy in effect.  The insurance company is ready, willing, and able to pay the policy proceeds in specified percentages to named beneficiaries as last directed by the policyholder, but becomes aware of a dispute among them and/or third parties as to who are the proper beneficiaries or the proper distribution of proceeds among the beneficiaries.  Such a dispute commonly arises from interpersonal friction among the policyholder's survivors.  One specific situation commonly seen in the reported cases is where the policyholder was allegedly murdered by a beneficiary (which would disqualify that beneficiary from receiving any proceeds).<ref>Actual examples of this scenario include ''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1805459992462288004 Davis v. Aetna Life Insurance Company],'' 279 F.2d 304 (9th Cir. 1960) and ''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8772954373913748476 Prudential Insurance Company of America v. Tull],'' 690 F.2d 848 (4th Cir. 1982).</ref> 

To resolve such a dispute, the insurance company can file an interpleader action. The insurance company is the stakeholder, the claimants are the persons who might be beneficiaries under the policy, and the cash value of the policy benefit is the ''res''. Under the proceeding as originally developed, the stakeholder would deposit the ''res'' with the court, and then the defendants would have their claims adjudicated by the court. Statutory modifications to the procedure, which vary by jurisdiction, sometimes allow the stakeholder to retain the ''res'' pending final disposition of the case.  Typically, once the stakeholder deposits the ''res'' into the court (for example, the face value of the insurance policy), the stakeholder is released from the action and the claimants proceed against each other to determine which of them is legally entitled to the ''res''.  A disinterested stakeholder is entitled to [[costs (English law)|costs]] including [[attorney's fee]]s. Except for the denominations of the parties, the action proceeds for the most part as other civil lawsuits in the same jurisdiction.

In some jurisdictions, the ''res'' will earn interest at the legal rate until disbursed.  The successful claimant is entitled to the interest as well as the principal.

==History==
===Origins in common law and equity===
Interpleader had its origins as a civil procedure at [[common law]], which was later adopted and expanded by the [[Court of Chancery]] in its [[Equity (law)|equitable]] [[jurisprudence]]. The common law procedure became obsolete over time and fell into disuse, but it remained active in the courts of equity.{{sfn|Maclennan|1901|pp=5-6}}

It originally applied to [[bailee]]s subject to multiple actions of [[detinue]],{{sfn|Maclennan|1901|p=6}} and [[privity]] was required either between the parties or in detinue, in order for the defendant to be able to sue for [[garnishment]].{{sfn|Maclennan|1901|p=7}}

In contrast, the equitable bill of interpleader required that:

# The same thing, debt, or duty must be the ''res'' claimed by all the claimants;
# All the adverse titles or claims must be dependent or derived from a common source;
# The stakeholder must not have or claim any interest it the ''res'', 
# The stakeholder must have incurred no independent liability to any claimant, i.e. he must be perfectly indifferent between them.{{sfn|Maclennan|1901|p=11}}

===Subsequent development in England and Wales===
In 1831 [[Parliament]] passed the [[Interpleader Act 1831]]<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title  =An Act to enable Courts of Law to give Relief against adverse Claims made upon Persons having no Interest in the Subject of such Claims|abbr =|year =1831|chapter =58|link=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.67298951?urlappend=%3Bseq=125}}</ref> that authorized a bill of interpleader to be brought in the common law courts (such as the [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|Court of Common Pleas]]) by:

:*[[sheriff]]s who have executed on goods or chattels that a third party makes a claim to, and defendants in actions of [[assumpsit]], debt, [[detinue]] or [[trover]], who:
::* do not claim any interest in the subject of the subject matter of the suit, but the right to them is claimed or supposed to belong to a third party who has sued or expect to sue for the subject matter of the suit;
::* has not colluded in any matter with such third party
::* is ready to bring into court or pay or depose of the subject matter of the action in such manner as the court directs.

Statutory interpleader was extended by [[Common Law Procedure Act 1860]],<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title=Common Law Procedure Act, 1860 |abbr =|year =1860|chapter =126|section=12 ''et seq.''|link=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hl4dsd?urlappend=%3Bseq=241}}</ref> which allowed a defendant to interplead claimants even if the title of the claimants to the ''res'' have no common origin, but are adverse to and independent of one another.

The statutory rules governing interpleader proceedings were replaced by rules of court that came into force upon the passage of the [[Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873]] (as amended by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875), which came to be known as Order 17 of the [[Rules of the Supreme Court]]. A similar provision was enacted in the [[County Court Rules]], known as Order 33 in the Rules of 1981.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type = si|year = 1981|number = 1687|si = The County Court Rules 1981}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|+Circumstances where interpleader proceedings could be brought (1873-2014)
|-
!In the High Court (Order 17)
!In the County Court (Order 33)
|- valign="top"
|
* a person is under a liability in respect of a debt or in respect of any money, goods or chattels and he is, or expects to be, sued for or in respect of that debt or money or those goods or chattels by two or more persons making adverse claims thereto;<ref>RSC Order 17 Rule 1(1)(a)</ref> or
* a sheriff or a person expected to be sued by two or more persons as claims  made to any money, goods, or chattels taken or intended to be taken by a sheriff in execution under any process, or to the proceeds or value of any such goods or chattels, by a person other than the person against whom the process is issued,<ref>RSC 17 Rule 1(1)(b)]</ref>
|
* a person is making a claim to or in respect of goods seized in execution of the County Court or the proceeds or value thereof <ref>CCR Rule 33 Part I</ref>
* a person is under a liability in respect of a debt or any money or goods and he is, or expects to be, sued for or in respect of the debt, money or goods by two or more persons making adverse claims thereto.<ref>CCR Rule 33 Part II</ref>
|}

In cases where a person was subject to multiple claims, the applicant had to show that he:

:* claimed no interest in the subject-matter in dispute other than for charges or [[Costs in English law|costs]];
:* did not collude with any of the claimants to that subject-matter; and
:* was willing to pay or transfer that subject-matter into court or to dispose of it as the court may direct.<ref>RSC Order 17 Rule 3 (4) and CCR Order 33 Rule 6 (4)</ref>

As a result of the coming into force of Part 3 and Schedule 12 of the [[Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007]]<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type = act|year = 2007|chapter = 15|act = Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007}}</ref> on 6 April 2014,<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type = si|year = 2014|number = 768|si = The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2014}}</ref> Order 17  and Order 33 were replaced by the new Parts 83-86 of the [[Civil Procedure Rules]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type = si|year = 2014|number = 407|si = The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2014|section=36}}, supplemented by [https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-83-writs-and-warrants-general-provisions/37-practice-direction-83-writs-and-warrants-general-provisions Practice Direction 83 - Writs and Warrants - General Provisions] and [https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-84enforcement-by-taking-control-of-goods/practice-direction-84-enforcement-by-taking-control-of-goods Practice Direction 84 - Enforcement by taking control of goods]</ref> This replaced the interpleader proceedings previously governed by the court rules by the procedure of "enforcement by taking control of goods" under newly passed regulations.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type = si|year = 2013|number = 1894|si = The Taking Control of Goods Regulations 2013}}</ref> In addition, s. 65 of the 2007 Act declared:

{{quote|
(1)This Chapter replaces the common law rules about the exercise of the powers which under it become powers to use the procedure in Schedule 12.

(2)The rules replaced include—
:(a) rules distinguishing between an illegal, an irregular and an excessive exercise of a power;
:(b) rules that would entitle a person to bring proceedings of a kind for which paragraph 66 of Schedule 12 provides (remedies available to the debtor);
:(c) rules of [[replevin]];
:(d) rules about rescuing goods.
}}

Procedures are in effect for claims where:<ref>CPR 85.1(2)</ref>

:(a) a person makes an application to the court claiming that goods of which control has been taken belong to that person and not to the debtor;
:(b) a person makes an application to the court claiming that goods, money or chattels taken or intended to be taken under a [[writ of execution]] or the proceeds or value of such goods or chattels belong to that person and not to the debtor; and
:(c) a debtor, whose goods have been made subject to an enforcement power under an enactment, [[fieri facias|writ or warrant of control]] or have been taken or are intended to be taken under a writ of execution, claims that such goods or any of them are exempt goods.

The 2014 amendments have proved to be problematic, in that they now fail to cover a situation where:

:* a third party has given notice that they believe they are entitled to the goods under Rule 85.4(1),
:* a counter-notice is duly given by the creditor under Rule 85.4(3), but
:* the third party then fails to commence the application to the court which is required under Rule 85.5, and
:* the provisions of Rule 85.5 impose no time limit by which the application under that Rule must be made by the creditor or other party claiming an interest.<ref>[2018] EWHC 219 (QB), par. 8-9</ref>

In February 2018, several [[High Court enforcement officer]]s asked the [[High Court of Justice#Queen's Bench Division|Queen's Bench Division]] for directions as to how to proceed in such circumstances, and the [[Master (judiciary)|Master]] ruled that the repeal of Rule 17 had the effect of reviving the equitable form of interpleader proceedings, as the 2007 Act did not expressly abolish the interpleader action itself, and "interpleader statutes are not at all to limit or affect the equitable jurisdiction of the court to entertain an interpleader suit or action."<ref>[2018] EWHC 219 (QB), par. 31</ref>{{sfn|Maclennan|1901|p=17}}

===In the United States===
Formerly a plaintiff had to disavow any claim to the ''res'' in order to avail himself of the interpleader remedy, but this requirement has also been relaxed or abolished in most jurisdictions by there being a [http://definitions.uslegal.com/b/bill-in-the-nature-of-interpleader/ Bill in the Nature of Interpleader] rather than a [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersd0000merr/page/51 <!-- quote=strict interpleader. --> strict bill of interpleader].<ref>2 Story, Equity Jurispruedence § 824 (1st ed. 1836).</ref>  A plaintiff may now argue that neither of the claimants has a right to the property at issue.  For example, a person dies with a life insurance policy that excludes coverage for suicide.  Two people come forward claiming to be the beneficiary named in the policy.  The insurance company believes that the deceased committed suicide, but the claimants believe the death was by accident.  The insurance company could interplead the two claimants and simultaneously deny the claims.

The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled in ''[[New York Life v. Dunlevy]]'' {{ussc|241|518}}, that for a claimant to be bound by an interpleader that party must be served process in a way that obtains [[personal jurisdiction]].  In 1922 the United States Supreme Court in ''[[Liberty Oil Co. v. Condon Nat. Bank]]'' {{ussc|260|235}} sustained that a defensive interpeader in an action at law in federal court could be taken under Judicial Code section 274b added by {{USStat|38|956}} that authorized the interposing of equitable defenses in actions at law.

The [[Federal Interpleader Act of 1917]] {{usstat|39|929}} was enacted by the [[64th United States Congress]] approved February 22, 1917 to overcome the problem with an interpleader when the claimants live in different states raised in ''New York Life v. Dunlevy''. The Federal Interpleader Act of 1917 allowed an [[insurance company]], or [[Friendly society|fraternal benefit society]] subject to multiple claims on the same [[Insurance policy|policy]] to file a suit in [[equity (law)|equity]] by a bill of interpleader in [[United States district court]]s and providing nationwide [[service of process]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cleary | first1 = James T.| title = Federal Interpleader and Some Recent Cases| journal = Georgetown Law Journal| volume = 26 | pages = 1017| url =http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/glj26&div=70&id=&page=
}}</ref>  The policy must have a value of at least $500 claimed were claimed or may be claimed by adverse claimants; which is less than the [[amount in controversy]] of $3,000 in [[Judicial Code of 1911|Judicial Code]] §48(1) then required for general [[diversity jurisdiction]] and two or more of the beneficiaries must live in different states. In 1926 it was repealed and replaced by, {{usstat|44|416}} approved May 8, 1926, which added  to those who can bring suit [[Casualty insurance|casualty]] company and [[surety]] company, empowered the court to enjoin claimant from proceeding in any state or other federal court on the same liability, adding provisions as to the proper venue for the interpleader in certain cases but required that there must be actual claims by eliminating the words "may claim" that were in the 1917 act. In 1936 the Federal Interpeader Act was again repealed and replaced by the [[Federal Interpleader Act of 1936]], {{USStat|49|1096}}, approved Jan. 20, 1936, drafted by [[Zechariah Chafee]] which codified it in as [[Judicial Code of 1911|United States Judicial Code]] §41(26), and established the modern [[#Statutory Interpleader|statutory interpleader]] allowing suit to be brought by any person, firm, corporation, association or society having custody of money or property or insurance policy or instrument valued at $500 or more which there are two or more adverse claimant who are citizens of different states, whether or not the claims have common origins, identical, adverse or independent of each other, and allowed it to be an [[:Category:equitable defenses|equitable defense]] in actions at [[Common law#3. Law as opposed to equity|law]], Judicial Code §274b.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chafee|first=Zecheriah|title=Federal Interpleader Act of 1936: I|journal=Yale Law Journal|date=April 1936|volume=45|issue=6|pages=963–990|doi=10.2307/792068|jstor=792068|url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/20.500.13051/12648/2/47_45YaleLJ963_1935_1936_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chafee|first=Zecheriah|title=Federal Interpleader Act of 1936: II|journal=Yale Law Journal|date=May 1936|volume=45|issue=7|pages=1161–1180|doi=10.2307/792010|jstor=792010}}</ref> When  the United States Judicial Code was enacted into [[United States Code]] as [[positive law]] in 1948, {{usstat|62|931}} approved June 25, 1948, it was reconstituted as {{UnitedStatesCode|28|1335}}, {{usc|28|1397|pipe=1397}}, and {{usc|28|2361|pipe=2361}}.

Federal courts have held that because of the deposit of the ''res'' with the court an interpleader action is an action to determine the validity of competing claims to identified property that served may be under {{usc|28|1655}} which authorize other forms of service to obtain ''[[in rem jurisdiction]]'' over absent defendants.<ref>[http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/441/1082/209688/ ''Estate of Swan v. O'Gilvy'', 441 F.2d 1082] (5th Cir. 1971), [http://leagle.com/decision/19701257429F2d828_11022/GUY%20v.%20CITIZENS%20FIDELITY%20BANK%20AND%20TRUST%20COMPANY ''Guy v. Citizens Fidelity Bank and Trust Co.'', 429 F.2d 828] (6th Cir. 1970), 
[http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?page=1&xmldoc=19811201519FSupp682_11119.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985&SizeDisp=7 ''Bache Halsey Stuart Shields, Inc. v. Garmaise'' 519 F.Supp. 682] (S.D.N.Y. 1881).</ref>

==Different types of interpleader in U.S. federal practice==
There are two specific types of interpleader actions in the [[United States federal courts]]. Statutory Interpleader governed by {{UnitedStatesCode|28|1335}}, and Rule Interpleader established by [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]] {{frcp|22}}.

=== Statutory interpleader===
* {{UnitedStatesCode|28|1335}} allows an individual with a stake which is, or may be, claimed by two or more adverse claimants, to interplead those claimants and bring them into a singular action.
* '''Jurisdiction''': Under {{UnitedStatesCode|28|2361}}, a person anywhere within the United States may be served by the stakeholder
* '''Diversity''': [[Diversity jurisdiction]] is satisfied as long as there are two claimants of different states {{USCSub|28|1335|a|1}}. For example, if you have three claimants, two of which are residents of Florida, and one from California, diversity would be satisfied. The diversity of the stakeholder, however, is irrelevant to the rule. This is known as minimal diversity and was held to be permissible under [[Article III of the United States Constitution#Section 2: Judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury|Article III, § 2]] of the [[United States Constitution]], ''[[State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v. Tashire]]'' {{ussc|386|523|1967|pin=530}}
* '''Amount in controversy''': The stake in the claim ([[amount in controversy]]) must be ''greater than or equal'' to $500 in value {{USCSub|28|1335|a}}, opposed to the Rule Interpleader requirement of any amount ''exceeding'' $75,000 in diversity based actions {{USCSub|28|1332|b}}. 
* '''Venue''': The venue for a Statutory Interpleader is in the Judicial District in which one of the claimants resides, {{usc|28|1397}}.
* '''Deposit''': A Statutory Interpleader action is commenced by the stakeholder who must initially deposit with the court, the [[amount in controversy]], or post a specific bond with the court, {{USCSub|28|1335|a|2}}. The stakeholder may, however, at trial claim they don't owe money to the claimants at all, since the action can be in the nature of interpleader.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chafee|first=Zecheriah|title=Federal Interpleader Act of 1936|journal=Yale Law Journal|date=April 1936|volume=45|issue=6|pages=963–990|doi=10.2307/792068|jstor=792068|url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/20.500.13051/12648/2/47_45YaleLJ963_1935_1936_.pdf}}</ref> 
Such an action may be entertained although the titles or claims of the conflicting claimants do not have a common origin, or are not identical, but are adverse to and independent of one another. {{USCSub|28|1335|b}}.
 
* '''Injunction''': Once the statutory interpleader action is commenced, the court may restrict all claimants from starting or continuing any action which would affect the stake, make such injunction permanent, and discharge the stakeholder from liability. {{UnitedStatesCode|28|2361}}. Such [[injunction]] is not governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule {{frcp|65}}.

The may claim language added in 1948 codification to [[Title 28 of the United States Code]] in the definitions of claim allow interpleader for unliquidated claims, such as multiple claimant to a [[liability insurance]] policy  injured in  an accident before they are reduced to judgment or settled, however the injunction may only restrain the claimants from suits making claims against the ''res'' not suits to liquidate the claim or against third parties.<ref>''State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v. Tashire'' {{ussc|386|523|1967|pin=530}}</ref> The procedures for a Statutory Interpleader action are governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 22(b).

=== Rule interpleader ===
<small>(Current as of December 1, 2011)</small>

Interpleader is also allowed by the [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]] {{frcp|22}}. Rule 22 is known as rule interpleader. Rule interpleader provides a remedy for any person who is, or may be exposed to double or multiple liabilities. The stakeholder may invoke Rule 22 as a plaintiff, or by counter-claiming in an action already started against him by one, or more claimants. There are specific differences between Statutory Interpleader, and Rule Interpleader:
* '''Jurisdiction''': Rule Interpleader does not provide a basis for jurisdiction in the [[United States District Court]]; there must be an independent basis of jurisdiction under [[Title 28 of the United States Code]], i.e., [[diversity jurisdiction]]   {{USCSub|28|1332|a}} which requires that the claimants have complete diversity between the stakeholder, and all claimants; but not between the claimants, or [[federal question jurisdiction]] {{usc|28|1331}} i.e., when a claim is based on federal law;<ref>[http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/999/581/308917/ Commercial Union Insurance Co. v. U.S. {{west|F|999|2|581|1993|DC Cir.| }}]</ref> or there is a specific statute authorizing interpleader i.e., {{usc|38|1984}} or {{uscsub|49|80110|e}}.
* '''Service''': There is no nationwide service of process as in a statutory interpleader action. Service must be carried out within the state where the court sits, or according to the [[long-arm statute]] of the state, Rule [https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_4 4(k)(1)].
* '''Amount in Controversy''': The amount in controversy must exceed $75,000 if based on diversity jurisdiction meeting the requirements of {{USCSub|28|1332|b}}.
* '''Deposit''': There is no deposit required to be made with the court for a Rule 22 interpleader action. The stakeholder may claim that they are not liable in whole, or part, to any or all the claimants, Rule 22(a)(1)(B). However for the stakeholder to be discharged he must deposit the money or property with the court pursuant to Rule {{frcp|67}}.

==== Bankruptcy ====
In [[bankruptcy court]] interpleader under [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]] {{frcp|22}} may be maintained as an [[adversary proceeding]] under [[Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure]] {{frbp|7022}}.

====Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 22 ====

{{quote|(a) Grounds for an Interpleader Action

:(1) By a Plaintiff.  Persons with claims that may expose a [[plaintiff]] to double or multiple liability may be joined as defendants and required to interplead.  Joinder for interpleader is proper even though:
::(A) the claims of the several claimants, or the titles on which their claims depend, lack a common origin or are adverse and independent rather than identical; or
::(B) the plaintiff denies liability in whole or in part to any or all of the claimants.
:(2) By a Defendant.  A [[defendant]] exposed to similar liability may seek interpleader through a [[crossclaim]] or [[counterclaim]].

(b) Relation to Other Rules and Statutes.

This rule supplements{{spaced ndash}}and does not limit{{spaced ndash}} the [[joinder]] of parties allowed by Rule {{frcp|20}}.  The remedy this rule provides is in addition to{{spaced ndash}}and does not supersede or limit{{spaced ndash}}the remedy provided by {{usc|28|1335}}, {{usc|28|1397|pipe=1397}}, and {{usc|28|2361|pipe=2361}}.  An action under those statutes must be conducted under [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure|these rules]].}}

==Interpleader in U.S. State practice==
The [[Uniform Commercial Code]] [https://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/7/7-603 §7-603] adopted in all 50 of the states of the United States provides that a [[bailee]] may bring an interpleader as an original action or as a defense to a suit for nondelivery when more than one person claims title to or possession of the goods under document of title ([[warehouse receipt]] or [[bill of lading]]).

In [[Louisiana]] interpleader is called concursus.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sarpy | first1 = Leon| title = Concursus: Interpleader in Louisiana| journal = Tulane Law Review| volume = 35 | pages = 531| url =http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tulr35&div=39&id=&page=
}}</ref> In most states there are statutes or court rules that provide for interpleader similar to the federal rules.

== See also ==
* [[Multiplepoinding]], a similar form of action in [[Scots law]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Simon|first= Henry Andrews|date= 1850|edition=Second|title= A Practical Treatise of The Law of Interpleader|location= London|publisher= Shaw and Sons|hdl= 2027/chi.67298951}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Hazard|first1= Geoffrey C. Jr.|last2= Moskovitz|first2= Myron|date= 1964|title= An Historical and Critical Analysis of Interpleader|url= http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1069|journal= [[California Law Review]]|volume=52|issue= 4|pages=706–763|doi= 10.2307/3479049|jstor= 3479049|url-access= subscription}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last= Maclennan|first= Roderick James|date= 1901|title= The Law of Interpleader as administered by the English, Irish, American, Canadian and Australian Courts|url= https://archive.org/stream/cihm_73060#page/n7/mode/1up|location= Toronto|publisher= [[Carswell (publisher)|Carswell]]|isbn= 978-0-665-73060-3}}

==External links==
* {{cite BAILII|litigants=Celador Radio Ltd v Rancho Steak House Ltd (Equitable Interpleader - Enforcement)|link=|court=EWHC|division=QB|year=2018|num=219|parallelcite=|date=16 February 2018}}

[[Category:Civil procedure]]
[[Category:Equity (law)]]
[[Category:Equitable defenses]]