View source for Invasion of the Dinosaurs

{{short description|1974 Doctor Who television serial}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Doctor Who episode
| number             = 071
| serial_name        = Invasion of the Dinosaurs
| show               = DW
| type               = serial
| image              = [[Image:Invasion of the Dinosaurs.PNG|250px]]
| caption            = The [[Tyrannosaurus|T-Rex]] appears in London. The model dinosaurs were poorly received, with many critics (and the producer) feeling that they let the story down.
| doctor             = [[Jon Pertwee]] – [[Third Doctor]]
| companion          = [[Elisabeth Sladen]] – [[Sarah Jane Smith]]
| guests             = 
*[[Nicholas Courtney]] – [[Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart]] 
*[[Richard Franklin (actor)|Richard Franklin]] – [[Mike Yates|Captain Mike Yates]]
*[[John Levene]] – [[Sergeant Benton]]
*[[Noel Johnson]] – Sir Charles Grover
*[[Peter Miles (English actor)|Peter Miles]] – Professor Whitaker
*[[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]] – Butler
*[[John Bennett (actor)|John Bennett]] – General Finch
*[[Terence Wilton]] – Mark
*[[Carmen Silvera]] – Ruth
*[[Brian Badcoe]] – Adam
*[[Ben Aris]] – Lieutenant Shears
*[[Dave Carter (actor)|Dave Carter]] – Sgt Duffy
*[[Martin Taylor (actor)|Martin Taylor]] – Corporal Norton
*[[George Bryson (actor)|George Bryson]] – Private Ogden
*[[John Caesar (actor)|John Caesar]] – R/T Soldier
*[[Pat Gorman]] – UNIT Corporal
*[[Colin Bell (actor)|Colin Bell]] – Private Bryson
*[[Timothy Craven]] – Robinson
*[[Trevor Lawrence (actor)|Trevor Lawrence]] – Lodge
*[[Terry Walsh (actor)|Terry Walsh]] – Looter
*[[Gordon Reid (actor)|Gordon Reid]] – Phillips
*[[James Marcus (English actor)|James Marcus]] – Peasant
| director           = [[Paddy Russell]]
| writer             = [[Malcolm Hulke]]
| script_editor      = [[Terrance Dicks]]<br />[[Robert Holmes (scriptwriter)|Robert Holmes]], uncredited
| producer           = [[Barry Letts]]
| executive_producer = None
| composer           = [[Dudley Simpson]]
| production_code    = WWW
| series             = [[Doctor Who season 11|Season 11]]
| length             = 6 episodes, 25 minutes each
| started            = {{start date|1974|1|12|df=y}}
| ended              = {{end date|1974|2|16|df=y}}
| preceding          = ''[[The Time Warrior]]''
| following          = ''[[Death to the Daleks]]''
}}

'''''Invasion of the Dinosaurs''''', simply titled '''''Invasion''''' in Part One, is the second serial of the [[Doctor Who season 11|11th season]] of the British [[science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', which was first broadcast in six weekly parts on [[BBC1]]<!--- name format at the time ---> from 12 January to 16 February 1974.

Set in London, the serial involves [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) Sir Charles Grover ([[Noel Johnson]]) and General Finch ([[John Bennett (actor)|John Bennett]]) conspiring to roll the [[Earth]] back in time to the "golden age" when it was untouched by humanity. This is the last story from the Pertwee era to contain an episode that was colourised from a black-and-white telerecording after the original colour version was irretrievably lost.

==Plot==
The [[Third Doctor]] and [[Sarah Jane Smith]] arrive in a deserted London, where they discover that [[dinosaur]]s are inexplicably appearing all over the city, causing havoc, but no one can account for their sudden appearances and disappearances.

The Doctor suspects that someone is deliberately tampering with time and with the help of his colleagues at UNIT, he starts to formulate a plan. They are introduced to Sir Charles Grover MP, and General Finch. In a hidden laboratory, Professor Whitaker is operating secret Timescoop technology. The dinosaurs are being used to compel the authorities to evacuate the city. It turns out that Whitaker is being aided by the disillusioned Captain Yates, of UNIT.

Sarah conducts her own investigations, but is captured by Grover, who is in league with Whitaker. She awakens and is astounded to find herself on a vast spaceship. The crew explain that they are en route to a distant Earth-like planet, explaining that Mankind can begin again on "New Earth", closer to nature and without the overpopulation and pollution of Earth. When Sarah tries to explain that they are still on Earth, they condemn Sarah to be re-educated into thinking the way they do.

Operation Golden Age is revealed to be a broad conspiracy, including Yates, with Whitaker, Grover and Finch as its coordinators. They have emptied London, so that the chosen people on the "spacecraft" (a dummy ship hidden in a bunker under London) will be the only people within range of the Timescoop when it is activated. Whitaker has discovered how to reverse time, so that only the chosen elite will ever have existed.

Meanwhile, Sarah escapes from the bunker, but is apprehended by Finch. Her escape alerts some of the passengers to the deception. Yates reveals their plans to the Doctor, Benton and the Brigadier. Yates is overpowered, and when Finch tries to stop the Doctor's and the Brigadier's efforts, Benton incapacitates him in a struggle.

The Doctor and the Brigadier confront Grover and Whitaker, just as the duped environmentalists from the fake ship arrive and demand an explanation. The Timescoop is activated, but, as the Doctor is a Time Lord, the machine's effect on him is limited, allowing him to switch the device off. Grover tries to use the machine again – but, as the Doctor has reversed its polarity, it sends only itself, Whitaker and Grover into the past. In the aftermath, Finch is arrested and [[court martial]]led, while Yates is put on [[sick leave]] and allowed to resign quietly.

==Production==
Working titles for this story included ''Bridgehead from Space'' and ''Timescoop''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedigitalfix.com/film/dvd_review/doctor-who-u-n-i-t-files/ |title=Doctor Who: U.N.I.T Files Review &#124; the Digital Fix |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914222448/https://www.thedigitalfix.com/film/dvd_review/doctor-who-u-n-i-t-files/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The story title of the first episode was contracted to ''Invasion'' in the opening title sequence, in an attempt to conceal the central plot device of dinosaurs. However, this was undermined by the BBC listings magazine ''[[Radio Times]]'', which carried a picture of a dinosaur in the listing for episode one.<ref name="Radio Times"/>

Malcolm Hulke protested against the use of the title ''Invasion of the Dinosaurs'', preferring the original working title of ''Timescoop'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedigitalfix.com/film/content/74976/page/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921074836/https://www.thedigitalfix.com/film/content/74976/page/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2019 |title=The Digital Fix &#124; Film, Music, Video Games, Television & Geek Culture}}</ref> and felt the contraction for the first episode was silly, especially because the ''Radio Times'' gave the game away. In a response letter after transmission, script editor [[Terrance Dicks]] pointed out that all the titles used for the project had originated in the ''Doctor Who'' production office. He agreed that the contraction to ''Invasion'' was a decision he now regretted but noted that "''Radio Times'' are a law unto themselves".<ref name="Radio Times"/>

In the novelisation, adapted by Malcolm Hulke from his own scripts, no reference is made to the "Whomobile" (which was a prop contributed to the production at a late stage by actor Jon Pertwee). In the novel, the Doctor uses a military motorbike with electronic scanning equipment attached, as in the original scripts.

Locations used in London included [[Moorgate station|Moorgate underground station]], [[Smithfield Market]], [[Westminster Bridge]], [[Whitehall]], [[Trafalgar Square]], [[Haymarket (London)|Haymarket]], [[Covent Garden]], [[Southall]] and [[Wimbledon Common]].<ref>Bignell, Richard. ''Doctor Who On Location'', Reynolds & Hearn, 2001</ref> Location filming took place in September 1973, with studio recording commencing in October and November.<ref name="Radio Times"/>

The producer of the series, [[Barry Letts]], was very disappointed with the realisation of the dinosaurs, and stated in an interview in 2004 that this was the story he would most like to remake with modern technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/s4/features/interviews/interview_barry_letts |title=An Interview with Barry Letts |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

===Missing episodes and archive===
All episodes of this story except Part One exist on original format [[PAL]] colour master tapes, with the first episode only existing as a monochrome 16mm film print, but has since been [[recolourised]].<ref name="DWNcol"/><ref name="DVDcol"/> It was returned to the BBC by [[Ian Levine]] in June 1983 after being retained by him for two years for use as a bargaining chip, in case another, more valuable, missing episode showed up.<ref>{{cite book |last=Molesworth |first=Richard |title=Wiped! Doctor Who's missing episodes |publisher=[[Telos Publishing]] |location=Canterbury, UK |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84583-080-9 |pages=209}}</ref> A short clip from the end of Episode One, depicting the Doctor and Sarah Jane in the back of a Land Rover to be taken to the detention centre when the Land Rover encounters a tyrannosaurus rex, still survives in its original 625-line format, having been used as reprise at the beginning of Episode Two.<ref>https://www.pagefillers.com/dwrg/invasionofd.htm</ref><ref>https://missingepisodes.proboards.com/thread/9703/invasion-dinosaurs-1</ref>

There is a long-standing fan myth that the tape of Part One was erased by mistake, having been confused with an episode of the Patrick Troughton serial ''[[The Invasion (Doctor Who)|The Invasion]]''.<ref name="bbc ep page">{{cite web |title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – Invasion of the Dinosaurs – Details |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/invasiondinosaurs/detail.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509191410/https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/invasiondinosaurs/detail.shtml |archive-date=2019-05-09 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In fact, BBC Enterprises issued specific instructions to wipe all six episodes of ''Invasion of the Dinosaurs'', named as such, in August 1974, just six months after the story's transmission; for reasons unknown, however, only Part One was actually wiped. Stickers on the cans for the remaining episodes 2–6 indicate that they were returned from BBC Wales, which was transmitting Season 11 in a different timeslot on Sunday. As far as the BBC was concerned, the story had been wiped in its entirety; researchers for the 1977 BBC documentary ''Whose Doctor Who'' found that none of the episodes were listed as existing in the BBC Film Library, despite the fact that episodes 2–6 were actually at the possession of the BBC engineering department (they would be merged together into the BBC Film and Videotape Library in 1978).<ref>Molesworth, Richard. ''Wiped! Doctor Who's Missing Episodes'', Telos Publishing Ltd, September 2010</ref>

A black-and-white film print exists of the filmed sequences for Part One. This includes one scene of a scared scavenger stealing money from a dead milkman's satchel that was omitted from the broadcast version; this would have formed part of the deserted London montage. Black-and-white prints were used for practice by BBC film editors, in deciding where to make cuts, before cutting the master colour negatives. The surviving film recording of Episode 1 is the only tele-recording of a Season 11 episode held in the archives; this is probably due to the longstanding practice within BBC Enterprises of making a film print for overseas sales purposes prior to wiping any master tape. Colour 35mm film sequences from Part Five also exist, as does the initial edit of Part Three, without sound effects or incidental music on the soundtrack (known within the BBC as a "71 edit").

===Cast notes===
John Bennett later returned to ''Doctor Who'' as Li H'sen Chang in ''[[The Talons of Weng-Chiang]]'' (1977).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/talonswengchiang/detail.shtml |title=BBC One – Doctor Who}}</ref> Peter Miles also appeared in ''Doctor Who'' in other roles in ''[[Doctor Who and the Silurians]]'' (1970) and ''[[Genesis of the Daleks]]'' (1975), and in the radio serial ''Paradise of Death''. Martin Jarvis had earlier appeared as Hilio in ''[[The Web Planet]]'' (1965)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/webplanet/detail.shtml |title=BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – the Web Planet – Details}}</ref> and later appeared as the Governor of Varos in ''[[Vengeance on Varos]]'' (1985).<ref name="bbc ep page" /> Carmen Silvera had previously appeared in ''[[The Celestial Toymaker]]'' (1966).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2009-03-13/the-celestial-toymaker/ |title=The Celestial Toymaker ★★★★}}</ref>

==Broadcast and reception==
{{Episode table
 |background =
 |series = 6 |title = 20 | aux1=6 | airdate = 10 | viewers = 6 | aux4 = 16 | country = UK
 |seriesT    = Episode
 |aux1T      = Run time
 |aux4T      = Archive
 |aux4R      = <ref name="ArchiveStatus" />
 |viewersR   = <ref name="AllRatings" />
 |episodes   = 
{{Episode list/sublist|Invasion of the Dinosaurs
 |EpisodeNumber      = 1
 |Title              = Part One 
 |RTitle             = {{color|white|}}(titled "Invasion")
 |OriginalAirDate    = {{Start date|1974|1|12|df=y}}
 |Viewers            = 11.0
 |Aux1               = 25:29
 |Aux4               = Chroma dot colour recovery and Manual recolourisation hybrid
 |LineColor          = 
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Invasion of the Dinosaurs
 |EpisodeNumber      = 2
 |Title              = Part Two
 |RTitle             = 
 |OriginalAirDate    = {{Start date|1974|1|19|df=y}}
 |Viewers            = 10.1
 |Aux1               = 24:43
 |Aux4               = PAL 2" colour videotape
 |LineColor          = 
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Invasion of the Dinosaurs
 |EpisodeNumber      = 3
 |Title              = Part Three
 |RTitle             = 
 |OriginalAirDate    = {{Start date|1974|1|26|df=y}}
 |Viewers            = 11.0
 |Aux1               = 23:26
 |Aux4               = PAL 2" colour videotape
 |LineColor          = 
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Invasion of the Dinosaurs
 |EpisodeNumber      = 4
 |Title              = Part Four
 |RTitle             = 
 |OriginalAirDate    = {{Start date|1974|2|2|df=y}}
 |Viewers            = 9.0
 |Aux1               = 23:33
 |Aux4               = PAL 2" colour videotape
 |LineColor          = 
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Invasion of the Dinosaurs
 |EpisodeNumber      = 5
 |Title              = Part Five
 |RTitle             = 
 |OriginalAirDate    = {{Start date|1974|2|9|df=y}}
 |Viewers            = 9.0
 |Aux1               = 24:30
 |Aux4               = PAL 2" colour videotape
 |LineColor          = 
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Invasion of the Dinosaurs
 |EpisodeNumber      = 6
 |Title              = Part Six
 |RTitle             = 
 |OriginalAirDate    = {{Start date|1974|2|16|df=y}}
 |Viewers            = 7.5
 |Aux1               = 25:34
 |Aux4               = PAL 2" colour videotape
 |LineColor          = 
}}
}}
After the episodes were broadcast, many younger viewers of the show complained that the ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' was actually an ''[[Allosaurus]]''.<ref>"Doctor Who in the BBC"</ref>

The story was repeated in 1999 on [[BBC Choice]] as part of a series of programmes themed around [[dinosaur]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title=BBC Programme Index | date=12 January 1974 | url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/p00v7b6q }}</ref>

In ''The Discontinuity Guide'' (1995), [[Paul Cornell]], [[Martin Day (writer)|Martin Day]], and [[Keith Topping]] noted that "the special effects are woeful" and there was some padding, but the story "has many redeeming features, most notably the sombre location footage in the first episode".<ref name="discontinuity">{{cite book |title=[[The Discontinuity Guide]] |last1=Cornell |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Cornell |last2=Day |first2=Martin |author-link2=Martin Day (writer) |last3=Topping |first3=Keith |author-link3=Keith Topping |year=1995 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |location=London |isbn=0-426-20442-5 |chapter=Invasion of the Dinosaurs |chapter-url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/invasiondinosaurs/detail.shtml}}</ref> [[David J. Howe]] and [[Stephen James Walker]], in their analysis in ''Doctor Who: The Television Companion'', felt that unfortunately the "awfulness of the dinosaur scenes tends to overshadow the excellence of Paddy Russell's direction of the rest of the story and the high quality of the performances by the assembled cast". Though they were favourable towards the plot, they noted that "the story is poorly paced and contains a tremendous amount of padding".<ref name="television companion">{{cite book |first1=David J. |last1=Howe |author-link1=David J. Howe |first2=Stephen James |last2=Walker |author-link2=Stephen James Walker |title=Doctor Who: The Television Companion |year=1998 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/invasiondinosaurs/detail.shtml/detail.shtml |edition=1st |location=London |publisher=[[BBC Books]] |isbn=978-0-563-40588-7}}</ref>

In 2010, Mark Braxton of ''[[Radio Times]]'' awarded it three stars out of five, describing it as "a roaringly good script" and he also praised the casting, but he criticised the dinosaurs as "dire" and questioned the "grand plan" which "raises all sorts of questions about how the new, jump-suited generation of mankind was smuggled aboard the fake spaceship, or how a big, nuclear-generator-powered underground base could be built unnoticed".<ref name="Radio Times">{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Braxton|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2010-03-07/invasion-of-the-dinosaurs|title=Invasion of the Dinosaurs|work=[[Radio Times]]|date=7 March 2010|access-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> [[DVD Talk]]'s John Sinnott gave the story four out of five stars. Aside from the dinosaurs, he felt that the rest was "very good" with "a good amount of suspense, some nice twists", and also highlighted how the villains were "people who basically had the right ideas but that they took it way too far".<ref name="DVD Talk">{{cite web|first=John|last=Sinnott|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/53110/doctor-who-invasion-of-the-dinosaurs/|title=Doctor Who: Invasion of the Dinosaurs|publisher=[[DVD Talk]]|date=20 January 2012|access-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> ''[[SFX (magazine)|SFX]]'' reviewer Ian Berriman wrote that the serial was "crammed with unlikely plot turns ... but that just makes it all the more entertaining". He noted that it was problematic to have several cliffhangers rely on the appearance of the dinosaurs due to their poor realisation, but praised Sarah's competence and involvement with the plot.<ref name="SFX review">{{cite web|first=Ian|last=Berriman|url=http://www.sfx.co.uk/2012/01/06/doctor-who-unit-files-dvd-review/|title=Doctor Who: UNIT Files DVD Review|work=[[SFX (magazine)|SFX]]|date=6 January 2012|access-date=11 March 2013}}</ref>

==Commercial releases==

===In print===
{{Infobox book
| name              = Doctor Who and the Dinosaur Invasion
| image             = Doctor Who and the Dinosaur Invasion.jpg
| border            = yes
| caption           = 
| author            = [[Malcolm Hulke]]
| cover_artist      = [[Chris Achilleos]]
| series            = ''[[Doctor Who]]'' book:<br />[[List of Doctor Who novelisations|Target novelisations]]
| release_number    = 22
| release_date      = 19 February 1976
| publisher         = [[Target Books]]
| pages             = 
| isbn              = 0-426-10874-4
| exclude_cover     = yes
}}

A novelisation of this serial, written by [[Malcolm Hulke]], was published by [[Target Books]] in February 1976 as ''Doctor Who and the Dinosaur Invasion''. In 1993 it was reprinted with the title ''Doctor Who – Invasion of the Dinosaurs'', and different cover art. The novelisation features a prologue about the dinosaurs and ends with the Doctor consulting the [[Book of Ezekiel]] to determine the final fate of the Golden Age time travellers.  An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor [[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]] was released on CD in November 2007 by BBC Audiobooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-and-the-dinosaur-invasion-580|title=Doctor Who and the Dinosaur Invasion|publisher=[[Big Finish Productions]]|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>

===Home media===
This was the final complete story to be released by [[BBC Worldwide]] on [[VHS]], in 2003.

The story was released on DVD in the UK on 9 January 2012 alongside the 1975 Tom Baker story ''[[The Android Invasion]]'', together forming the U.N.I.T Files box set.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbcshop.com/doctor-who/doctor-who-unit-files-box-set-dvd/invt/bbcdvd3376/ |title=Doctor Who: U.N.I.T Files Box Set (DVD) |access-date=29 December 2011}}</ref> The DVD features a restored black-and-white version of Episode 1 as the default and also a 'best-endeavours' attempt at colour recovery of this episode as a branched-extra feature.<ref name="DWNcol">{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2011/08/dwn010911000112-double-invasion-due-in.html |title=Double Invasion due in January – Updated |publisher=Doctor Who News |access-date=2013-10-09}}</ref> This serial was also released as part of the [[Doctor Who DVD Files]] in Issue 121 on 21 August 2013.

In contrast to other wiped colour episodes from the Pertwee era where the missing colour information had been inadvertently recorded on the surviving black and white film copies as a sequence of visual artefacts/dots or [[chroma dots]], in the case of Part One of this story this information was found to be incomplete, and only the red and green colour signal information was recoverable, requiring the missing blue signal information to be obtained via other means.

The new colour version of Part One featured on the DVD thus employs approximated blue colour information, and although the outcome is not up to normal DVD quality, it gives an impression of what the episode would have looked like when originally broadcast.<ref name="DVDcol">{{cite web |url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Doctor-Invasion-of-the-Dinosaurs-and-Android-Invasion/15889 |title=Doctor Who DVD news: Update About Doctor Who – Story #071: Invasion of the Dinosaurs |publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com |access-date=2013-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007004157/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Doctor-Invasion-of-the-Dinosaurs-and-Android-Invasion/15889 |archive-date=2013-10-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ArchiveStatus">{{cite web |last=Lyon |first=Shaun |url=http://gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=www |title=Invasion of the Dinosaurs |publisher=Outpost Gallifrey |date=2007-03-31 |access-date=2008-08-30 |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104080042/http://gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=www |archive-date=4 November 2004}}</ref>
<ref name="AllRatings">{{cite web |title=Ratings Guide |url=http://guide.doctorwhonews.net/info.php?detail=ratings&type=date |website=Doctor Who News |access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Doctor Who|Television}}
{{Wikiquote|Third Doctor}}
*{{BBCCDW | id=invasiondinosaurs | title=Invasion of the Dinosaurs}}

===Target novelisation===
*{{Isfdb title|id=10598|title=Doctor Who and the Dinosaur Invasion}}
*[https://archive.today/20121223023548/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~ecl6nb/OnTarget/1976/dinosaur/76dinosa.htm On Target — ''Doctor Who and the Invasion of the Dinosaurs'']

{{Doctor Who episodes|C11}}
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[[Category:Doctor Who serials novelised by Malcolm Hulke]]
[[Category:Third Doctor serials]]
[[Category:Television series about dinosaurs]]
[[Category:1974 British television episodes]]
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[[Category:Television episodes set in London]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in the 20th century]]