View source for Ionic Greek

{{Short description|Ancient Greek dialect}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ionic Greek
| nativename       = 
| pronunciation    = 
| region           = Circum-[[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], [[Magna Graecia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Ionians]]
| era              = {{circa|1000–300 BC}}
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]
| fam3             = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| fam4             = [[Attic Greek|Attic]]–Ionic
| linglist         = grc-ion
| script           = [[Greek alphabet]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Greek]]
| map              = {{Ancient Greek dialects|border=infobox}}
| mapcaption       = 
| isoexception     = dialect
| glotto           = ioni1244
| glottorefname    = Ionic
}}
'''Ionic''' or '''Ionian Greek''' ({{langx|grc|Ἰωνική|Iōnikḗ}}) was a [[subdialect]] of the Eastern or [[Attic Greek|Attic]]–Ionic [[Ancient Greek dialects|dialect group]] of [[Ancient Greek]]. The Ionic group traditionally comprises three dialectal varieties that were spoken in [[Euboea]] (West Ionic), the northern [[Cyclades]] (Central Ionic), and from {{Circa|1000}}{{nbsp}}BC onward in [[Ionia|Asiatic Ionia]] (East Ionic), where [[Ionians|Ionian]] [[Greek colonisation|colonists]] from [[Athens]] founded their cities.<ref name=":0" /> Ionic was the base of several literary language forms of the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece|Classical]] periods, both in poetry and prose.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barrio |first=María Luisa del |title=Ionic |date=2013-09-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-ancient-greek-language-and-linguistics/ionic-COM_00000194 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics |access-date=2023-11-29 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> The works of [[Homer]] and [[Hesiod]] are among the most popular [[Ancient Greek literature#Epic poetry|poetic works]] that were written in a literary form of the Ionic dialect, known as Epic or [[Homeric Greek]]. The oldest [[Ancient Greek literature#Historiography|Greek prose]], including that of [[Heraclitus]], [[Herodotus]], [[Democritus]], and [[Hippocrates]], was also written in Ionic. By the end of the 5th century BC, Ionic was supplanted by Attic, which had become the dominant dialect of the Greek world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ionic dialect {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ionic-dialect |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The Ionic dialect appears to have originally spread from the Greek mainland across the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] around the 11th century BC, during the early [[Greek Dark Ages]]. According to tradition, the ancestors of Ionians first set out from Athens, in a series of migrations, to establish their colonies on the coast of Asia Minor and the islands of the Cyclades, around the beginning of the [[Protogeometric style|Protogeometric period]] (1075/1050{{nbsp}}BC).{{Sfn|Miller|2013|p=139}} Between the 11th and 9th century BC, the Ionians continued to spread around those areas. The linguistic affinity of [[Attic Greek|Attic]] and Ionic is evident in several unique features, like the early loss of /w/, or the merger of /ā/ and /ē/, as seen in both dialects.{{Sfn|Miller|2013|p=139}}

By the end of [[Archaic Greece]] and early [[Classical Greece]] in the 5th century BC, the central west coast of [[Asia Minor]], along with the islands of [[Chios]] and [[Samos Island|Samos]], formed the heartland of [[Ionia]] proper.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Ionic dialect was also spoken on islands across the central Aegean and on the large island of [[Euboea]] north of Athens. The dialect was soon spread by Ionian colonization to areas in the northern Aegean, the [[Black Sea]], and the western Mediterranean, including [[Magna Graecia]] in [[Sicily]] and [[Italy]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The Ionic dialect is generally divided into two major time periods, Old Ionic (or Old Ionian) and New Ionic (or New Ionian). The transition between the two is not clearly defined, but 600{{nbsp}}BC is a good approximation.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The works of [[Homeric|Homer]] (''[[The Iliad]]'', ''[[The Odyssey]]'', and the [[Homeric Hymns]]) and of [[Hesiod]] were written in a literary dialect called [[Homeric Greek]] or [[Epic Greek]], which largely comprises Old Ionic, but with some admixture from the neighboring [[Aeolic]] dialect to the north,{{Sfn|Horrocks|2009|p=44}} as well as with some [[Mycenaean Greek|Mycenaean]] elements as a result of a long pre-Homeric epic tradition.<ref name=":0" /> This Epic Ionic was used in all later hexametric and [[elegiac]] poetry, not only by Ionians, but also by foreigners such as the [[Boeotia]]n [[Hesiod]].<ref name=":0" /> Ionic would become the conventional dialect used for specific poetical and literary genres. Ιt was used by many authors, regardless of their origin; like the Dorian [[Tyrtaeus]], composing elegies in a form of Ionic.{{Sfn|Derks|Roymans|2009|p=45}} This ability of poets to switch between dialects would eventually temper regional differences, while contributing to the awareness of the Greekness that all dialects had in common.{{Sfn|Derks|Roymans|2009|p=45}} The poet [[Archilochus]] wrote in late Old Ionic.

The most famous New Ionic authors are [[Anacreon]], [[Theognis of Megara|Theognis]], [[Herodotus]], [[Hippocrates]], and, in Roman times, [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia|Aretaeus]], [[Arrian]], and the [[Lucian]]ic or Pseudo-Lucianic ''[[On the Syrian Goddess]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Ionic acquired prestige among Greek speakers because of its association with the language used by both Homer and [[Herodotus]] and the close linguistic relationship with the [[Attic dialect]] as spoken in Athens.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} This was further enhanced by the writing reform implemented in Athens in 403{{nbsp}}BC, whereby the old Attic alphabet was replaced by the Ionic alphabet, as used by the city of [[Miletus]]. This alphabet eventually became the standard Greek alphabet, its use becoming uniform during the [[Koine]] era. It was also the alphabet used in the Christian [[Gospel]]s and the book of [[Acts]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Ionic subdialects ==

[[File:MapIonicGreek.png|360px|thumb|Map of the Ionian Greek dialects]]On the basis of inscriptions, three subdialects of Ionic may be discerned:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thumb |first1=Albert |last2=Scherer |first2=A. |title=Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte |date=1959 |publisher=Carl Winter |location=Heidelberg |page=II, 247 |edition=2}}</ref>

1. Western Ionic, the dialect of [[Euboea]] and parts of [[Attica]], like [[Oropos]];

2. Central or Cycladic Ionic, the dialect of the [[Cyclades|Cycladic Islands]];

3. Eastern Ionic, the dialect of [[Samos]], [[Chios]], and the [[Ionia|west coast]] of [[Asia Minor]].{{Sfn|Derks|Roymans|2009|p=44}}

Eastern Ionic stands apart from both other dialects because it lost at a very early time the /h/ sound ([[psilosis]]) ([[Herodotus|Herodotos]] should therefore properly be called Erodotos). The /w/ sound ([[digamma]]) is also completely absent from Eastern Ionic, but was sometimes retained in Western and Cycladic Ionic. Also pronouns that begin with /hop-/ in Western and Cycladic Ionic (ὅπου ''where'', ὅπως ''how''), begin with ok- (conventionally written hok-) in Eastern Ionic (ὅκου/ὄκου, ὅκως/ὄκως).

Western Ionic differs from Cycladic and Eastern Ionic by the sounds -tt- and -rr- where the other two have -ss- and -rs- (τέτταρες vs. τέσσαρες, ''four''; θάρρος vs. θάρσος, ''bravery''). Western Ionic also stands apart by using the form ξένος (xenos, ''foreigner, guest''), where the other two use ξεῖνος (xeinos).<ref>Thumb & Scherer (1959), pp. 247, 264-265.</ref>

Cycladic Ionic may be further subdivided: [[Kea (island)|Keos]], [[Naxos]], and [[Amorgos]] retained a difference between two /æ/ sounds, namely original /æ/ (written as Ε), and /æ/ evolved from /ā/ (written as Η); for example ΜΗΤΕΡ = μήτηρ < μάτηρ, ''mother''. On the other Cycladic Islands this distinction was not made, Η and Ε were used there interchangeably.<ref>Thumb & Scherer (1959), pp. 251-252.</ref>

Within Eastern Ionic, Herodotus recognized four subgroups (''Histories'', I.142), three of them apparently influenced by a neighbouring language:

a. The dialect of [[Miletus]], [[Myus]], and [[Priene]], and their colonies, influenced by [[Carian language|Carian]];

b. The Ionic of [[Ephesus|Ephesos]], [[Colophon (city)|Kolophon]], [[Lebedus|Lebedos]], [[Teos]], [[Klazomenai]], and [[Phocaea|Phokaia]], and their colonies, influenced by [[Lydian language|Lydian]];

c. The dialect of [[Chios]] and [[Erythrae|Erythrai]] and their colonies, influenced by [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]] Greek;

d. The dialect of [[Samos]] and its colonies.

Differences between these four groups are not clearly visible from inscriptions, probably because inscriptions were usually ordered by a high social group that everywhere spoke the same kind of "civilized Ionic". However, local speech by the "man in the street" must have shown differences. An inkling of this may be witnessed in the language of Ephesian "beggar poet" [[Hipponax]], who often used local slang (νικύρτας, σάβαυνις: terms of abuse; χλούνης, ''thief''; κασωρικός, ''whorish'') and Lydian loanwords (πάλμυς, ''king'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=O. |last2=Scherer |first2=A. |title=Geschichte der griechischen Sprache |date=1969 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter & Co. |location=Berlin |page=I, 55}}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] ''ā'' > Ionic ''ē''; in [[Doric Greek|Doric]], [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]], ''ā'' remains; in [[Attic Greek|Attic]], ''ā'' after ''e, i, r'', but ''ē'' elsewhere.<ref>[[Herbert Weir Smyth|Smyth]], par. 30 and note, 31: long a in Attic and other dialects</ref>
* Attic νε'''ᾱ'''νί'''ᾱ'''ς ''ne'''ā'''ní'''ā'''s'', Ionic νε'''η'''νί'''η'''ς ''ne'''ē'''ní'''ē'''s'' "young man"
* original and Doric '''ἁ''' (ᾱ) ''h'''ā''''' > Attic-Ionic '''ἡ''' ''h'''ē''''' "the" (feminine nominative singular)
* original and Doric μ'''ᾱ́'''τηρ ''m'''ā'''tēr'' > Attic-Ionic μ'''ή'''τηρ ''m'''ḗ'''tēr'' "mother"

Proto-Greek ''e, o'' > East/Central Ionic ''[[spurious diphthong|ei, ou]]'':<ref group="note">Among Greek dialects, Ionic was the fondest of long vowels and was thus considered especially suited to solo singing; the more austere, broad-sounding Doric was preferred in choral singing.</ref> [[compensatory lengthening]] after loss of ''w'' in the sequences ''enw-, erw-, onw-, orw-''. In Attic and West Ionic, ''e, o'' are not lengthened.<ref>Smyth, par. 37 note: Ionic compensatory lengthening after loss of w</ref>
* Proto-Greek ''*k'''órw'''ā''<ref>{{LSJ|ko/rh|κόρη|ref}}.</ref> > Attic κ'''όρ'''η ''k'''ór'''ē'', East Ionic κ'''ούρ'''η ''k'''oúr'''ē''  "girl"
* ''*'''órw'''os'' > '''ὄρ'''ος '''''ór'''os'', '''οὖρ'''ος '''''oúr'''os'' "mountain"
* ''*ks'''énw'''os'' > ξ'''έν'''ος ''x'''én'''os'', ξ'''εῖν'''ος ''x'''eĩn'''os'' "guest, stranger"

East Ionic generally removes initial aspiration (Proto-Greek h[[vowel|V]]- > Ionic V-).<ref>Smyth, par. 9 note: early loss of rough breathing in Ionic of Asia Minor</ref>
* Proto-Greek ''*'''h'''āwélios'' > Attic '''''h'''ēlios'', Homeric (early East Ionic) ''ēélios'' "sun"

Ionic contracts less often than Attic.<ref>Smyth, par. 59 note: contraction in dialects</ref>
* Ionic γέν'''εα''' ''gén'''ea''''', Attic γέν'''η''' ''gén'''ē''''' "family" (neuter nominative plural)

===Consonants===
Proto-Greek ''*kʷ'' before ''o'' > Attic, West/Central Ionic ''p'', some East Ionic ''k''.
* Proto-Greek ''*hó'''kʷ'''ōs'' > East Ionic ὅ'''κ'''ως ''hó'''k'''ōs'', Attic ὅ'''π'''ως ''hó'''p'''ōs'' "in whatever way, in which way"

Proto-Greek ''*ťť'' > East/Central Ionic ''ss'', West Ionic, Attic ''tt''.<ref>Smyth, par. 112, 78: ky, khy > tt; = ss in non-Attic dialects</ref> This feature of East and Central Ionic made it into Koine Greek.
* Proto-Greek ''*táťťō'' > Ionic τά'''σσ'''ω ''tá'''ss'''ō'', Attic τά'''ττ'''ω ''tá'''tt'''ō'' "I arrange"

==Glossary==
{{External links|Glossary|date=September 2024}}
*'''{{lang|grc|ἄβδης}}'''  ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371 ábdês]''  scourge ( [[Hipponax]] .98)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἄεθλον}}'''  ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232032 áethlon]''  (Attic {{lang|grc|ἆθλον}} athlon prize)
*'''{{lang|grc|[[Aeinautae|ἀειναῦται]]}}'''  ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231630 aeinaûtai]'' [[archon]]tes in [[Miletus]] and [[Chalcis]] (''aeí'' always + ''naûtai'' sailors)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἀλγείη}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233891 algeíē]'' illness  (Cf.Attic {{lang|grc|ἀλγηδών}} algēdṓn pain) [[Algophobia]]
*'''{{lang|grc|ἄμπωτις}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235551 ámpōtis]'' [[wikt:Special:Search/ebb|ebb]], being sucked back, i.e. of sea (Attic anápōtis, verb anapínō) (Koine, Modern Greek ampotis)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἄνου}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%239324 anou]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἄνω}} ánō, up)
*'''{{lang|grc|Απατούρια}}''' [[Apatoúria]] Pan-ionic festival ( see also [[Panionium]] )
*'''{{lang|grc|ἀππαλλάζειν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314382 appallázein]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησιάζειν}} ekklesiázein gather together, decide)                (Doric ἀπελλαζειν [[apella]]zein)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἀχάντιον}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318646 achántion]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἀκάνθιον}} akánthion small thorn [[Acanthus (plant)|acanthus]])
*'''{{lang|grc|βάθρακοι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319009 báthrakoi]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|βάτραχοι}} bátrachoi, frogs) in [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] βαβακοι [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318958 babakoi]
*'''{{lang|grc|βροῦκος}}'''  ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321068 broûkos]''   species of [[locust]] (Attic akrís) ([[Arcadocypriot Greek|Cypriots]] call the green locust  {{lang|grc|βρούκα}} broúka)
*'''{{lang|grc|βυσσός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2321267;loc=bu%2Fssos2 byssós]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|βυθός}} bythós depth, bottom, chaos)
*'''{{lang|grc|γάννος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321599 gánnos]''  [[Ephesus|Ephesian]] (Attic [[hyena|huaina]] (glanos [[Aristotle]].HA594a31.) ([[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] and [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] ganos
*'''{{lang|grc|εἴδη}}''' eídē   (Attic {{lang|grc|ὕλη}} hýle forest) ([[Aeolic Greek]] εἴδη eídē also) (Greek Eidos)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἐνθαῦτα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2336166 enthaûta]'' here (ἐντοῦθα ''entoutha'' also) (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐνταῦθα}} entaûtha) ([[Elean]] {{lang|grc|ἐνταῦτα}} entaûta)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἐργύλος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342224 ergýlos]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐργάτης}}[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342186 ergátēs] worker)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἑστιᾶχος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2343000 hestiâchos]''  ionic epithet for Zeus, related to [[Hestia]] (οἰκουρός oikourós, housekeeper, {{lang|grc|οἰκῶναξ}} ''oikônax'')
*'''{{lang|grc|ἠγός}}''' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346639 ēgós]  (Attic {{lang|grc|εὐδαίμων}} eudaímon happy) (Hesychius s.v. {{lang|grc|εὐηγεσίη}})  (τ 114)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἠέλιος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346893 êélios]'' (Attic [[Helios|hḗlios]] sun) (Cretan abelios)
*'''{{lang|grc|Ἰαστί}}''' Iastí, "the ionic way" ( {{lang|grc|Ἰάονες}}, ''Iáones'', Ionians; {{lang|grc|Ἰάς}}, ''Iás'', old name of Attica, [[Strabo]] IX, 1.5 )
*'''{{lang|grc|ἴδη}}''' ídē forested mountain (Attic {{lang|grc|δρυμῶν ὄρος}} drymôn óros) ([[Herodotus]] 4,109,2) ([[Mount Ida]])
*'''{{lang|grc|ἰητρός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2349762 iētrós, iētēr]'' (Attic ιἀτρος, ιἀτηρ iatrós, iatēr doctor)
*'''{{lang|grc|ἴκκος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350268 íkkos]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἵππος}} híppos, horse) ([[Mycenaean Greek|Mycenaean]] i-qo )
*'''{{lang|grc|κάρη}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353249 kárē]'' head (Common κάρα kára)          (Poetic κράς  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359656 kras])
*'''{{lang|grc|κιθών}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357364 kithṓn]'' (Attic  {{lang|grc|χιτών}} [[Chiton (costume)|chitṓn]])
*'''{{lang|grc|κοεῖν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358297 koeîn]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|νοεῖν}} noeîn to think) [[wikt:noesis|noesis]]
*'''{{lang|grc|κοῖος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2384364 koîos]''  (Attic {{lang|grc|ποῖος}} poîos who?)
*'''{{lang|grc|κύθρη}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23115119 kýthrē]''  (Attic {{lang|grc|χύτρα}} chýtra  cooking pot)
*'''{{lang|grc|μύτταξ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369501 mýttax]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|πώγων}} pṓgōn beard)
*'''{{lang|grc|Ξουθίδαι}}''' Xouthidai  Ionians from [[Xuthus]]
*'''{{lang|grc|ὀδμή}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372035 odmḗ]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ὀσμή}} ''osmḗ'' scent, smell)
*'''{{lang|grc|πηλός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382955 pēlós]''  thick wine, [[Lees (fermentation)|lees]]  (Attic πηλός pelós mud, [[silt]]) ([[proverbial phrase]] ''mê dein ton [[Oeneus|Oinea]] [[Peleus|Pêlea]] poiein'', don't make wine into lees, Ath.9.383c, cf. Demetr.Eloc.171)
*'''{{lang|grc|ῥηχίη}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392237 rhêchíê]'' flood-tide, loanword to Attic as {{lang|grc|ῥαχία}} ''rhachía'' (Homeric, Koine, Modern Greek {{lang|grc|πλημμυρίς}} plêmmurís -ída)
*'''{{lang|grc|σαβακός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392980 sabakís]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|σαθρός}} sathrís decayed)  [[Chios|Chian]]
*'''{{lang|grc|σάρμοι}}''' ''sármoi'' [[lupin]]s (Attic {{lang|grc|θέρμοι}}[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348481 thermoi]} [[Carystus|Carystian]]
*'''{{lang|grc|σκορπίζω}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395161 skorpízô]'' scatter, disperse (probably from skorpios [[scorpion]] and an obsolete verb [https://archive.today/20130221130507/http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/skorpios.html skerpô], penetrate)
*'''{{lang|grc|ταῦροι}}'''<ref>Athenaeus Deipnosophists [http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus10.html 10 425c]</ref> ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23102590 taûroi]'' (Attic ταυροι {{Transliteration|grc|tauroi}} bulls)             ([[Ephesian]] word, the youths who acted as cupbearers at the local festival of [[Poseidon]])
*'''{{lang|grc|φοινικήια}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23111951 phoinikḗia] grámmata''  [[Lydians]] and Ionians called so the [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]]
*'''{{lang|grc|χλοσσός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23114196 chlossós]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἰχθύς}} ichthús fish)
*'''{{lang|grc|ὦ οἰοῖ}}'''  ô oioî exclamation of discontent  {{lang|grc|ἐπιφώνημα σχετλιαστικὸν παρ' Ἴωσι}}

==See also==
{{Wiktionary category 2|Ionic Greek}}
*[[Ionians]]
*[[Yona]]
*[[Dayuan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Christides |first=Anastasios-Phoivos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC |title=A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0521833073 |location=UK}}
* {{Cite book |last=Giannakis |first=Georgios K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joJkAQAACAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=9789004225978}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=D. Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vPnBQAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors, Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2013|isbn=9781614512950 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fisk |first=Benjamin Franklin |title=A Grammar of the Greek Language |publisher=Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins |year=1830 |chapter=Ionic |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/agrammargreekla00fiskgoog/page/216/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horrocks |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwHPKIUXKGsC |title=Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2009 |isbn=978-1444318920}}
* {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Leonard Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJywQgAACAAJ |title=The Greek Language |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1996 |isbn=0806128445}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Derks |first1=Ton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fM_cmuhmSbIC |title=Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, The Role of Power and Tradition |last2=Roymans |first2=Nico |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2009|isbn=9789089640789 }}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Ionic Greek
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. ''A companion to the Ancient Greek language.'' Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. ''A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Horrocks, Geoffrey C. 1987. "The Ionian epic tradition: Was there an Aeolic phase in its development?" ''Minos'' 20–22: 269–94.
*Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. ''The Greek language.'' London: Faber & Faber.
*West, Martin L. 1974. ''Studies in Greek elegy and iambus.'' Berlin: de Gruyter.

{{Ancient Greece topics}}
{{Greek language}}
{{Greek language periods}}

[[Category:Ionic Greek| ]]
[[Category:Ionia]]
[[Category:Languages of ancient Macedonia]]
[[Category:Languages of ancient Thrace]]
[[Category:Languages of ancient Anatolia|Greek]]
[[Category:Languages of ancient Italy|Greek]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 11th century BC]]
[[Category:11th-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC disestablishments]]