View source for Iseult

{{Short description|Character in fiction and legend}}
{{other uses|Isolde (given name)}}

[[File:William Morris 001.jpg|thumb|''La Belle Iseult'' by [[William Morris]] (1858)]]

'''Iseult''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|l|t|,_|ɪ|ˈ|z|uː|l|t}} {{respell|iss|OOLT|,_|iz|-}}), alternatively '''Isolde''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|z|oʊ|l|d|(|ə|)|,_|ɪ|ˈ|s|oʊ|l|d|(|ə|)}} {{respell|iz|OHLD(|ə)|,_|iss|-}}) and other spellings, is the name of several characters in the legend of [[Tristan and Iseult]]. The most prominent is '''Iseult the Blonde''', or Iseult of [[Celtic Ireland|Ireland]], the wife of [[Mark of Cornwall]] and the lover of [[Tristan]]. Her mother, the queen of Ireland, is also named Iseult. The third is '''Iseult of the White Hands''', or Iseult of [[Brittany]], the daughter of [[Hoel]] and the sister of [[Kahedin]].

==Name==
Her name is variably given as most commonly either Iseult or Isolde, but also may appear as '''Yseult''', '''Ysolt''', '''Isolt''', '''Isode''', '''Isoude''', '''Iseut''', '''Isaut''' (Old French), '''Iosóid''' (Irish), '''Esyllt''' (Welsh),  '''Ysella'''  (Cornish), '''Isolda''' (Portuguese, Spanish), '''Izolda''' (Serbian) and '''Isotta''' (Italian), among other forms. The oldest source, [[Béroul]]'s 12th-century romance, spells her name as ''Yseut'' or ''Iseut''. The etymology is uncertain, with most sources linking it to the [[Old High German]] words ''īs'' ("[[ice]]") and ''hiltja'' ("[[battle]]").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oENmAAAAMAAJ&q=Iseult++hiltja|title=Das grosse Buch der Vornamen: Herkunft, Ableitungen und Verbreitung, Koseformen, berühmte Namensträger, Gedenk- und Namenstage, verklungene Vornamen|first=Lutz|last=Mackensen|date=June 27, 1988|publisher=Ullstein|isbn=9783548344256|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSuJDAAAQBAJ&q=isolde+hiltja&pg=PT250|title=Lexikon der Vornamen: Herkunft, Bedeutung und Gebrauch von über 8 000 Vornamen|first1=Rosa|last1=Kohlheim|first2=Volker|last2=Kohlheim|date=March 1, 2016|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut GmbH|isbn=9783411911790|via=Google Books}}</ref> Other writers derive it from a [[Common Brittonic|Brythonic]] *''Adsiltia'', "she who is gazed upon."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2muBwAAQBAJ&q=adsiltia+iseult&pg=PT586|title=Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain|first=Rachel|last=Bromwich|date=November 15, 2014|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=9781783161478|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRgFAQAAIAAJ&q=adsiltia+|title=Celtic Women: Women in Celtic Society and Literature|first=Peter Berresford|last=Ellis|date=June 27, 1996|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub.|isbn=9780802838087|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Iseult the Blonde==<!-- This section is linked from [[Idylls of the King]] -->

[[File:Gaston Brussiere23.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Isolde: la princesse Celte'' by [[Gaston Bussière]] (1911)]]

An Irish princess Iseult, in a later tradition known as Iseult the Blonde, is the daughter of King [[Anguish of Ireland]] and Queen Iseult the Elder. She is a main character in the ''Tristan'' poems of [[Béroul]], [[Thomas of Britain]], and [[Gottfried von Strassburg]] and in the opera ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'' by [[Richard Wagner]].

Iseult is first seen as a young princess who heals [[Tristan]] from wounds he received fighting her uncle, [[Morholt]]. When his identity is revealed, Tristan flees back to his own land. Later, Tristan returns to Ireland to gain Iseult's hand in marriage for his uncle, [[King Mark]] of [[Cornwall]]. She is betrothed to an evil steward who claims to have killed a dragon and displays its head, but when Tristan proves he killed the dragon by showing that he already took its tongue, Iseult's parents agree to let him take her to Mark. On the journey back to Cornwall, Iseult and Tristan accidentally drink a [[love potion]] prepared for her and Mark by Iseult and guarded by [[Brangaine]], Iseult's [[lady-in-waiting]]. The two fall hopelessly in love, and begin an affair that ends when Mark banishes Tristan from Cornwall.

In the verse tradition, the lovers do not meet again until Tristan is on his death bed (see below), but in the later [[Prose Tristan|Prose ''Tristan'']] and works based upon it, Tristan returns from [[Brittany]] and they resume their affair. Mark is much less sympathetic in these versions, and the lovers eventually flee from his wrath. [[Lancelot]] gives them refuge in his estate [[Joyous Gard]]e, and they engage in many further adventures.

In the prose versions, the lovers' end comes when Mark finds them as Tristan plays the harp for Iseult beneath a tree. The cruel king stabs his nephew in the back, and Tristan, at Iseult's request, fatally crushes his beloved in a tight embrace as his final act. One of her rumored burial sites is [[Chapelizod]] in Dublin, Ireland.

==Iseult of the White Hands==<!-- This section is linked from [[Idylls of the King]] -->
[[File:Isolde - illustration by Percy Anderson for Costume Fanciful, Historical and Theatrical, 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|''Isolde'' by [[Percy Anderson (designer)|Percy Anderson]] (1906)]]

After King Mark learns of the secret love affair between Tristan and Iseult, he banishes Tristan to Brittany, never to return to Cornwall. There, Tristan is placed in the care of [[Hoel]] of Brittany after receiving a wound. He meets and marries Hoel's daughter, Iseult ''Blanchmains'' (Iseult of the White Hands), because she shares the name of his former lover. They never consummate the marriage because of Tristan's love for Iseult of Ireland.

During one adventure in Brittany, Tristan suffers a poisoned wound that only Iseult of Ireland, the world's most skilled physician, can cure. He sends a ship for her, asking that its crew fly white sails on the return if Iseult is aboard, and black if she is not. Iseult agrees to go, and the ship races home, white sails high. However, Tristan is too weak to look out his window to see the signal, so he asks his wife to check for him. In a moment of jealousy, Iseult of the White Hands tells him the sails are black, and Tristan expires immediately of despair. When the Irish Iseult arrives to find her lover dead, grief overcomes her, and she passes away at his side.

This death sequence does not appear in the Prose ''Tristan''. In fact, while Iseult of the White Hands figures into some of the new episodes, she is never mentioned again after Tristan returns to Cornwall, although her brother [[Kahedin]] remains a prominent character. The plot element of the fatal misunderstanding of the white and black sails is similar to—and might have been derived from—[[Aegeus#Theseus and the Minotaur|the story of Aegeus and Theseus]] in Greek mythology.

==Modern portrayals==
*German composer [[Richard Wagner]] composed the opera ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'' based upon ''Tristan'', a tale of chivalrous romance from the Middle Ages by [[Gottfried von Strassburg]].
* In [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Tennyson]]'s ''[[Idylls of the King|''The Last Tournament'']]'' Isolt is depicted much less favorably. "She is petulant and demanding, disdainful of Mark, and prideful towards Tristram, loving and hating irrationally and unevenly."<ref>[https://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/theme/tristanisolt Heckel, N.M., "Tristan and Isolt", The Camelot Project, University of Rochester]</ref>
* [[Matthew Arnold]], in his 1852 poem ''[[Tristram and Iseult]]'', focuses on Iseult of Brittany in the context of the Victorian cult of domesticity.<ref>[https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA203482055&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00425206&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=nysl_oweb&isGeoAuthType=true Ranum, Ingrid. "A woman's castle is her home: Matthew Arnold's Tristram and Iseult as domestic fairy tale", '' Victorian Poetry'', vol. 47, no. 2, 2009, p. 403+]</ref> 
*Iseult of Ireland (as Isolde) was played by [[Sophia Myles]] in the 2006 film adaptation, ''[[Tristan & Isolde (film)|Tristan & Isolde]]''.
*Isolde is confused with [[Minerva]] in the 1960 film by [[Jean Cocteau]], ''[[The Testament of Orpheus]]''.
*Author, scholar and historian [[Rosalind Miles (author)|Rosalind Miles]] wrote a trilogy of fiction novels based upon the romance of Iseult, beginning with ''Isolde: Queen of the Western Isle''  (2002), followed by ''The Maid of the White Hands'' (2005), and concluding with ''The Lady of the Sea'' (2005). 
*Iseult was played by Irish actress [[Charlie Murphy (actress)|Charlie Murphy]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Last Kingdom – Queen Iseult|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4sTNByRdNWYYZnDyVXgyc5z/queen-iseult|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> in ''[[The Last Kingdom (TV series)|The Last Kingdom]]'', a British historical fiction [[Television show|television series]] based on [[Bernard Cornwell]]'s ''[[The Saxon Stories]]'' series of novels where Iseult hails from Kernow or Cornwalum (modern Cornwall).<ref>{{Cite web|title='The Last Kingdom' Beautifully Blends Fact with Fiction (SPOILERS)|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/is-the-last-kingdom-based-on-real-events|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Distractify|date=6 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* A character in the video game ''[[Reverse: 1999]]'' is named Isolde and shares parallels with Iseult.
* A fictional clothing brand from the video game ''[[The Finals]]'' called Iesul-t.

==See also==
*[[211 Isolda]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Ronan Coghlan ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Arthurian Legends'', New York, 1993.
*Norris J. Lacy (editor) ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', New York: Garland, 1996.

==External links==
{{commons category|Tristan and Iseult}}
* [https://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/theme/tristanisolt.html Tristan and Isolt] at The Camelot Project

{{Tristan and Iseult}}
{{Arthurian Legend}}

[[Category:Arthurian characters]]
[[Category:Breton mythology and folklore]]
[[Category:Mythological queens]]
[[Category:Mythological princesses]]
[[Category:Tristan and Iseult|*Iseult]]
[[Category:Welsh mythology]]