View source for Isle Royale

{{About|the island in Lake Superior|the 18th-century French colony|Île-Royale (New France)}}
{{Short description|Island in Lake Superior in Michigan, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox islands
| name             = Isle Royale
| image_name       = Isle Royale shipwrecks Lake Superior.jpg
| image_caption    = Map of Isle Royale
| image_size       = 248px
| map = Michigan
| map_caption = 
| native_name      =
| native_name_link =
| nickname         =
| location         = [[Lake Superior]]
| coordinates      = {{Coord|48|0|N|88|55|W|scale:500000|display=inline}}
| archipelago      =
| total_islands    =
| major_islands    =
| area_sqmi        = 206.73
| length_mi        = 45
| width_mi         = 9
| highest_mount    = [[Mount Desor]]
| elevation_ft     = 1394
| country          = United States
| country_admin_divisions_title     = State
| country_admin_divisions           = [[Michigan]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1   = County
| country_admin_divisions_1         = [[Keweenaw County, Michigan|Keweenaw County]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2   = Townships
| country_admin_divisions_2         = [[Eagle Harbor Township, Michigan|Eagle Harbor]] / [[Houghton Township, Michigan|Houghton]]
| country_largest_city              =
| country_largest_city_population   =
| population       = 0
| population_as_of = 2000
| density_sqmi     =
| ethnic_groups    =
| additional_info  =
}}

'''Isle Royale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɔɪ|əl}}, {{respell|ROY|əl}})<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title = Isle Royale |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |url = http://www.britannica.com/dictionary?va=Isle+Royale&query=Isle+Royale |access-date = April 4, 2007 }}</ref> is an [[Islands of the Great Lakes|island of the Great Lakes]] located in the northwest of [[Lake Superior]] and part of the U.S. state of [[Michigan]]. The island and the 450 surrounding smaller islands and waters make up [[Isle Royale National Park]].

Isle Royale is {{convert|45|mi|km|}} long and {{convert|9|mi|km|}} wide, with an area of {{convert|206.73|sqmi|km2|}}, making it the [[Lake island#Naturally occurring lake islands, by area|fourth-largest lake island]] in the world. In addition, it is the largest natural island in Lake Superior, the second-largest island in the [[Great Lakes]] (after [[Manitoulin Island]]), the third-largest in the [[contiguous United States]] (after [[Long Island]] and [[Padre Island]]), the largest in the contiguous U.S. with no road link to the mainland, and the [[List of islands of the United States by area|33rd-largest island in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |title = Islands of The World |work = World Atlas |access-date = February 22, 2019 }}</ref>

Isle Royale is defined by the [[United States Census Bureau]] as [[census tract|Census Tract]] 9603 of [[Keweenaw County, Michigan]] (a county found in the state's [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]]). As of the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]] there was no permanent population on Isle Royale.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov |title = Detailed Tables |work = [[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date = August 25, 2010 }}</ref> After the island was made a national park, some existing residents were allowed to stay,<ref name="families">{{cite web |last = Barnum |first = David C. |title = About Us |publisher = Isle Royale Families and Friends Association |url = http://www.isleroyalefamilies.org/aboutus.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040805111714/http://www.isleroyalefamilies.org/aboutus.htm |url-status = usurped |archive-date = August 5, 2004 |date = April 2002 |access-date = December 9, 2007 }}</ref> and a few leases are still in effect.

==Geography==
In 1875, Isle Royale was set off from [[Keweenaw County, Michigan|Keweenaw County]], as a separate county, '''Isle Royale County'''. In 1897, the county was dissolved, and the island was reincorporated into Keweenaw County. The highest point on the island is [[Mount Desor]] at {{convert|1394|ft|m|0}}, or about {{convert|800|ft|m|-1}} above lake level.

Isle Royale is within about {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from the shore of the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of Ontario (near the city of [[Thunder Bay]]), and adjacently, the state of Minnesota and is {{convert|56|mi|km|0}} from the Michigan shore, on the [[Keweenaw Peninsula]], itself part of Upper Peninsula. There are no roads on the island, and wheeled vehicles or devices, other than wheelchairs, are not permitted.<ref>{{cite web |title = Isle Royale FAQ |url = https://www.nps.gov/isro/faqs.htm |publisher = National Park Service |access-date = April 8, 2007 }}</ref> Rock Harbor has wheeled carts available to move personal belongings from the Rock Harbor marina to the cabins and hotel. Also, the National Park Service employs tractors and utility terrain vehicles to move items around the developed areas at Windigo, Rock Harbor, and Mott Island.

Topsoil tends to be thin, which favors trees that have horizontal root patterns such as [[balsam fir]], [[white spruce]], and [[black spruce]].

===Interior lakes===
[[Siskiwit Lake (Isle Royale)|Siskiwit Lake]] is the largest lake on the island. It has cold, clear water which is relatively low in nutrients.  Siskiwit Lake contains several islands, including Ryan Island, the largest.

*Chicken Bone Lake
*Lake Desor
*Feldtmann Lake
*Intermediate Lake (Isle Royale)
*Lake Ritchie
*Sargent Lake

==Climate==

Source climate data for Isle Royale is lacking, particularly for the winter season, though general summaries of seasonal variations are available and data from nearby areas have been used to derive deductions for purposes of scientific study.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.glisaclimate.org/projects/671/page/917 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160730022422/http://www.glisaclimate.org/projects/671/page/917 |url-status = usurped |archive-date = July 30, 2016 |title = Isle Royale Climate Change Table - The Climate Workspace |website = www.glisaclimate.org |access-date = February 1, 2018 }}</ref> For example, see the monthly temperature and precipitation table on the [[Isle Royale National Park]] page.
==Geology==

[[File:Keweenaw structure.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Cross-section of the Lake Superior basin showing the tilted strata of volcanic rock that form Isle Royale]] The island is composed largely of ridges, running roughly southwest-to-northeast.  The main ridge, Greenstone Ridge, is over {{convert|1000|ft|m|-2}} in many places.  [[Greenstone belt]]s are exposed, with rounded stones of [[chlorastrolite]], also known as greenstone, near and in the lake.

[[File:Isle Royale National Park, Image of the Day DVIDS855436.jpg|thumb|MODIS image of Isle Royale]]
According to the [[National Park Service]], the north sides of the ridges tend to be steeper than the south sides.<ref name="NPS-Geology-and-Soils">{{cite web |title=Geology and Soils - Isle Royale National Park |url=https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/geology-and-soils.htm |website=U.S. National Park Service}}</ref>  Coastal areas were once submerged beneath prehistoric lake waters, and contain many tumbled boulders and other large rocks.

==History==
The island was a common hunting ground for native people from nearby Minnesota and Ontario.  A canoe voyage of thirteen miles is necessary to reach the island's west end from the mainland.

In prehistoric times, large quantities of copper were mined on Isle Royale and the nearby [[Keweenaw Peninsula]].  The region is scarred by ancient mine pits and trenches up to 70 feet (20 meters) deep.  [[Carbon-14]] testing of wood remains found in sockets of copper artifacts indicates that they are at least 6500 years old.<ref name="EOS-Rosen-2014">{{cite web |last1=Rosen |first1=Julia |title=Miners Left a Pollution Trail in the Great Lakes 6000 Years Ago |url=https://eos.org/articles/miners-left-pollution-trail-great-lakes-6000-years-ago |publisher=EOS |access-date=25 February 2021 |doi=10.1029/2014EO021147 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |date=24 Dec 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=David P Pompeani |display-authors=etal |title=Copper mining on Isle Royale 6500–5400 years ago identified using sediment geochemistry from McCargoe Cove, Lake Superior |journal=The Holocene |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=February 2015 |page=253 |doi=10.1177/0959683614557574|bibcode=2015Holoc..25..253P |s2cid=14686891 }}</ref>

In ''Prehistoric Copper Mining in the Lake Superior Region'', published in 1961, Drier and Du Temple estimated that over 750,000 tons of copper had been mined from the region.  However, David Johnson and Susan Martin contend that their estimate was based on exaggerated and inaccurate assumptions.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite web |last = Johnson |first = David |title = North America's First Metal Miners & Metal Artisans |work = The Old Copper Complex |date = November 9, 2009 |url = http://copperculture.homestead.com/ |access-date = November 17, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Susan R. Martin |title = The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan |journal = The Michigan Archaeologist |volume = 41 |issue = 2–3 |pages = 119–138 |year = 1995 }}</ref> In 1670, a [[Jesuit missionary]] named Dablon published an account of "an island called ''Menong'', celebrated for its copper."  ''Menong'', or ''Minong'', was the native term for the island, and is the basis for the name of the Minong Ridge on the island.

Isle Royale was given to the United States by the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|treaty with Great Britain]], but the British remained in control until after the [[War of 1812]], and the [[Ojibwa]] peoples considered the island to be their territory.  The Ojibwas ceded the island to the U.S. in the 1842 [[Treaty of La Pointe]], with the [[Grand Portage Band]] unaware that neither they nor Isle Royale were in British territory. With the clarification to the Ojibwas of the 1842 [[Webster–Ashburton Treaty]] that was signed before the Treaty of La Pointe, the Ojibwas re-affirmed the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe in the 1844 [[Isle Royale Agreement]], with the Grand Portage Band signing the agreement as an addendum to the 1842 treaty.

In the mid-1840s, a report by [[Douglass Houghton]], Michigan's first state [[geologist]], set off a copper boom in the state, and the first modern copper mines were opened on the island.<ref name="harris">{{cite book |author = Ann G. Harris |year = 2004 |title = Geology of National Parks (6th ed.) |page = 308 |publisher = Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co |isbn = 0-7872-9970-7 }}</ref>  Evidence of the earlier mining efforts was everywhere, in the form of many stone hammers, some copper artifacts, and places where copper had been partially worked out of the rock but left in place.  The ancient pits and trenches led to the discovery of many of the copper deposits that were mined in the 19th century.<ref name="Johnson"/>  The remoteness of the island, combined with the small veins of copper, caused most of the 19th-century mines to fail quickly.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}  Between the miners and commercial loggers, much of the island was deforested during the late 19th century.  Once the island became a national park in 1940, logging and other exploitive activities ended, and the forest began to regenerate.

In 1980 a [[canine parvovirus]] epidemic swept though the island killing 36 of the 50 wolves living there<ref>{{cite web | title=Pets - Isle Royale National Park (U.S. National Park Service) | url=https://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/pets.htm }}</ref>

The island was once the site of several [[lake trout]] and [[Coregonus|whitefish]] fisheries, as well as a few resorts.  Today, it has no permanent inhabitants; the small communities of Scandinavian fishermen were removed by the United States National Park Service (NPS) after the island became a national park in the 1940s. About 12 families have lifetime leases for their cabins and claim Isle Royale as their heritage, and several descendant fishermen fish the Isle Royale waters commercially.<ref name=families/>  The western tip of the island is home to several shipwrecks that are very popular with scuba divers, including the [[SS America (1898)|SS ''America'']].<ref>{{cite web |last = Merryman |first = Ken |title = SS America Shipwreck |url = http://www.superiortrips.com/America_Shipwreck.htm |publisher = Superior Trips |access-date = April 4, 2007 }}</ref> The NPS [[Submerged Resources Center]] mapped the 10 most famous of the [[List of shipwrecks of Isle Royale|shipwrecks in the park]], and published ''Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park; The Archeological Survey'',<ref>{{cite book |title = Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park: The archeological survey |author = Daniel Lenihan |publisher = Lake Superior Port Cities, Inc. |location = Duluth, MN |year = 1994 |isbn = 0-942235-18-5 }}</ref> which gives an overview of the maritime history of the area.

== The Survival of Angelique Mott ==
{{Main|Angelique Mott}}
In 1845, an [[Ojibwe]] woman named Angelique and her [[Voyageurs|voyageur]] husband Charlie Mott were left on Isle Royale, as hires for Cyrus Mendenhall<ref>{{Cite web|title=An interesting pioneer of the copper district|url=https://www.mininggazette.com/news/features/2018/04/an-interesting-pioneer-of-the-copper-district/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=mininggazette.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and the Lake Superior Copper Company. They were hired and carried to Isle Royale by Mendenhall's schooner, the "''Algonquin''", first to scout for copper. Angelique found a large mass of copper ore, upon which she and her husband were hired to stay and guard until a barge could come to retrieve it, promised in no more than 3 months' time. They were dropped off in July and were left stranded there until the following Spring. They were left with minimal provisions, which consisted of a half-barrel of flour, six pounds of butter, and some beans. A supply boat was promised to arrive after the first few weeks, but it was never sent out. 

Angelique and her husband were left to survive in the wilderness with limited supplies, on an island with scarce resources. They lost their canoe in a fall storm, and their fishing net was destroyed. By January 1846, Charlie went mad with hunger and even threatened to murder and eat Angelique. He returned to himself, loving and soft, but was weakening greatly, and eventually succumbed to his starvation, dying. Angelique was forced to leave the body in the cabin and created a brush shelter for herself to live in. She survived by eating poplar bark, bitter berries, and by pulling out her own hair, plaiting the strands, and creating snares with it, by which she caught rabbits on rare occasions. In the Spring of 1846, the ''Algonquin'' returned, and brought Angelique back to her mother. She died in 1874, in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

The full events were chronicled in a footnote as told by Angelique in the first printing of a book called [[Peter White (Michigan politician)|''The Honorable Peter White'']] by Ralph D. Williams in 1907;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/honorablepeterwh00willuoft/page/126/mode/2up?q=Angelique|title=The Honorable Peter White; a biographical sketch of the Lake Superior iron country|first=Ralph D.|last=Williams|date=May 6, 1905|pages=127–130|publisher=Cleveland, Penton|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Angelique's story was pulled from the subsequent printing, thus making it the only written record that survives. Humans haven't normally settled year-round on Isle Royale. For about three thousand years, Native Americans used the land for copper and fish. These Native Americans usually limited their visiting to the island in the summer. Americans in the nineteenth century did the same thing.

==National Park==
The island and the 450 surrounding smaller islands and waters make up [[Isle Royale National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://home.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/index.htm |work = Isle Royale National Park |title = Nature & Science |publisher = U.S. National Park Service |access-date = August 25, 2010 }}</ref>  It is the least visited national park in the lower 48 states.<ref name = reasonable/>

==Recreational activities==
[[File:Isle Royale - Beach Near Mouth of Washington Creek.JPG|thumb|Beach near mouth of Washington Creek]]
Recreational activity on Isle Royale includes [[hiking]], [[backpacking (travel)|backpacking]], [[fishing]], [[boating]], [[canoeing]], [[kayaking]], and observing nature.  Wheeled vehicles are not permitted on Isle Royale, such as bicycles or canoe portage devices; however, wheelchairs are allowed.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/isro/faqs.htm nps.gov] "Is there off-road biking on the Isle?" Retrieved May 10, 2014.</ref>

There are numerous campgrounds, many of which are only accessible by water.  There are two small settlements on the island proper:  Rock Harbor, which has a resort, a marina, and basic amenities, and Windigo, a smaller facility on the far western end of the island.  Both Rock Harbor and Windigo have paid showers and provisions available.

A typical National Park Service campground consists of a few shelters (cabin-like structures with one wall of [[mosquito]]-proof [[Window screen|screen]]), individual tent sites with picnic table, and group camping sites.  There are one or more [[pit toilet]]s at each facility.  Campgrounds along the shore have a boat dock and overnight boaters are a common sight at some campgrounds.  Waterfront locations also attract [[canoe]]ists and [[kayak]]ers.  No wells are available, thus all water is usually filtered or thoroughly boiled to prevent infection by [[Waterborne diseases|parasites and bacteria]].

[[File:Isle Royale - Huginnin Cove Beach.JPG|thumb|Beach at Huginnin Cove camp area]]
[[File:Isle Royale - View from the top of Mount Franklin.JPG|thumb|View from the top of Mount Franklin looking north]]

===Hiking===
The island offers approximately {{convert|170|mi|km}} of hiking trails for everything from day hikes to a two-week circumnavigation hike.<ref name="ScoutingMagSeptOct2010">
{{cite magazine |first = Larry |last = Rice |title = Explore the Wild Trails on Isle Royale National Park |url = https://scoutingmagazine.org/2010/09/trail-tips-walk-on-the-wild-side/ |magazine = Scouting |date = September–October 2010 |pages = 66–69 |access-date = November 15, 2019 |publisher = Boy Scouts of America }}</ref>  Some of the hiking trails are quite challenging, with steep grades.  "The most popular, best marked and longest single route ...is the 40-mile [[Greenstone Ridge Trail]] that extends down the island's backbone."<ref name = ScoutingMagSeptOct2010/> The trail leads to the peak of Mount Desor, at {{convert|1394|ft|m}}, the highest point on the island, and passes through northwoods wilderness, and by inland glacial lakes, swamps, bogs and scenic shorelines.<ref name = ScoutingMagSeptOct2010/> The most difficult trail is the Minong Ridge, which has a 13-mile hike from North Lake Desor to Windigo.{{cn|date=September 2024}} It passes through quick elevation changes, high plants, and miles upon miles of hiking on ridges overlooking Lake Superior.

==Ecology==
A number of habitats exist on the island, the primary being [[Taiga|boreal forest]], similar to neighboring Ontario and Minnesota.  Upland areas along some of the ridges are effectively "balds" with exposed bedrock and a few scrubby trees, blueberry bushes, and hardy grasses. Occasional marshes exist, which are typically the by-product of [[beaver]] activities.  There are also several lakes, often with wooded or marshy shores.  The climate, especially in lowland areas, is heavily influenced by the cold waters of [[Lake Superior]].

The island is well known among [[ecology|ecologists]] as the site of a long-term study of a [[predation|predator–prey system]], between [[moose]] and [[Eastern timber wolf|eastern timber wolves]]. [[L. David Mech]] began this study in 1958 as a graduate student at Purdue University.<ref name =TheFarReach>''The Far Reach: The lifework of a Minnesota biologist circles the world'' by Greg Breining  Pages 32-41 Minnesota Department of Resources Conservation Volunteer Magazine. January–February 2004</ref>   There is a cyclical relationship between the two animals: as the moose increase in population, so do the wolves.  Eventually, the wolves kill too many moose and begin to starve and lower their reproductive rates.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/isro/faqs.htm National Park Service.] Retrieved May 10, 2014.</ref>

{{See also|Wolves and moose on Isle Royale}}

Historically neither moose nor wolves inhabited Isle Royale. Just prior to becoming a national park, the largest mammals on Isle Royale were Canadian [[lynx]] and the [[boreal woodland caribou]]. Archeological evidence indicates both of these species were present on Isle Royale for 3,500 years prior to being removed by direct human actions (hunting, trapping, mining, logging, fires and possibly the introduction of invasive species). The last boreal woodland caribou documented on Isle Royale was in 1925. Though Canadian lynx were removed by the 1930s some have periodically crossed the ice bridge from neighboring [[Ontario]], Canada, the most recent being an individual sighting in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/upload/Mammals_ver7.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623132730/https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/upload/Mammals_ver7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Though lynx are no longer present on the island, their primary prey, [[snowshoe hare]]s, remain. Before the appearance of wolves, [[coyote]]s were also a predator on the island. Coyotes appeared around 1905 and disappeared shortly after wolves arrived in the 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} Four wolves were brought from Minnesota in 2018,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/10/13/isle-royale-wolf-relocation-project/1634106002/ |title = Isle Royale wolf project wraps up for the year, four relocated to island |work = Detroit Free Press |date = October 13, 2018 }}</ref> after some debate as to whether the introduction was an unnatural intervention.<ref name = reasonable>''A Reasonable Illusion'' by Conor Mihell Sierra Club magazine November/December 2018 issue  Pages 30-35</ref>

Other common mammals are [[red fox]]es, [[American beaver|beaver]]s, and [[American red squirrel|red squirrel]]s.  Some foxes are quite used to human contact, and can be seen prowling the campgrounds at dawn, looking for stray scraps left by unwary campers.  For its part, the [[eastern timber wolf|wolf]] is an elusive species which avoids human interaction.  Few documented cases of direct wolf/human contact exist. [[American ermine|Ermine]] have been periodically sighted around docks.  Other mammals that can be seen include [[American mink|mink]] (along the various lake shores) and [[muskrats]] (occasionally at beaver ponds). Several species of [[bat]] also exist on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nps.gov/archive/isro/NR_Profile_Internal/NR_pages/mammalslist.htm |title = Mammal List |work = Isle Royale National Park, Nature and Science |publisher = U. S. National Park Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221231627/https://www.nps.gov/archive/isro/nr_profile_internal/nr_pages/mammalslist.htm |archive-date=21 February 2007}}</ref> Reptiles include the [[eastern garter snake]], [[painted turtle]], and [[northern redbelly snake]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/reptiles.htm |title = Reptiles |work = Isle Royale National Park, Nature and Science |publisher = U.S. National Park Service |access-date = August 25, 2010 }}</ref> Six species of [[frogs]] and three species of [[salamander]] also live on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/isro/naturescience/amphibians.htm |work = Isle Royale National Park |title = Amphibians |publisher = U.S. National Park Service |access-date = August 25, 2010 }}</ref>

==Access==
[[File:Isle Royale Queen IV in Copper Harbor.JPG|thumb|right|''Isle Royale Queen IV'' at Copper Harbor]]
The island is accessible by private boat, seaplane,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isle Royal Seaplanes|url=https://isleroyaleseaplanes.com/|access-date=June 24, 2020|website=Isle Royal Seaplanes}}</ref> three private commercial ferries, and a National Park Service ferry.

Scheduled ferry service generally runs May through September:

* From [[Houghton, Michigan]], the ''[[Ranger III]]'', operated by the National Park Service, makes round trips to Rock Harbor two days a week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranger III Information|url=https://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/ranger-iii-info.htm|access-date=June 24, 2020|website=Natl Park Service}}</ref>

* From [[Copper Harbor, Michigan]], the ''[[Isle Royale Queen IV]]'' makes daily round trips to Rock Harbor.

=== Settlements and visitor services ===
*[[Rock Harbor (Michigan)|Rock Harbor]]
*[[Windigo Ranger Station|Windigo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |title = The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance |first = Rolf O. |last = Peterson |location = Ann Arbor |publisher = University of Michigan Press |year = 2007 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Isle Royale National Park}}
{{AmCyc Poster}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.025360,-88.825836&sll=47.120361,-88.395996&spn=0.844574,1.189270&sspn=6.756592,9.514160&t=k&hl=en Satellite Image of Isle Royale from Google]
* Donald Robert Hakala, [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d03641978v ''Isle Royale, Primeval Prince: A History'' (1955)], {{OCLC|773579551}}
* Norman King Huber, ''The geologic story of Isle Royale National Park'', [http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/usgs/b1309.htm United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1309 (1975)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050944/http://www.coppercountry.com/IsleRoyale.php/ Isle Royal Travel Info]
* [http://www.superiortrips.com/Isle_Royale_Shipwrecks.htm Isle Royale Shipwrecks] site for planning trips to Isle Royale
{{Coord|48|0|N|88|55|W|type:isle_scale:500000|display=title}}
* [http://www.northstarnerd.org/About-Lake-Superiors-Isle-Royale.pdf/ Life on Isle Royale in the 1930s, Dartmouth Professor J. Laurie Snell - deceased]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Isle Royale| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Keweenaw County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Michigan]]
[[Category:Islands of Lake Superior in Michigan]]
[[Category:Copper mining in the United States|Michigan]]
[[Category:Car-free zones in the United States]]