View source for Ivan Mazepa

{{short description|Hetman of Zaporozhian Cossacks from 1687 to 1708}}
{{Redirect|Mazepa|other uses|Mazeppa (disambiguation)}}
{{Hatnote|The spelling "Mazepa" refers to the historical person; the double-p "Mazeppa" is used for [[Cultural legacy of Mazeppa|the artistic and literary works]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Ivan Mazepa
| native_name_lang    = uk
| native_name         = {{nobold|{{lang|uk|Іван Мазепа|italic=no}}}}
| honorific_suffix    = [[Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host]]
| image               = Ivan Mazepa.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Engraving by [[Daniel Beyel]], 1704
| order               = [[Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host]]
| term_start          = 25 July 1687
| term_end            = 11 November 1708
| predecessor         = [[Ivan Samoylovych]]
| successor           = {{ubl | [[Ivan Skoropadsky]] | [[Pylyp Orlyk]] ''(hetman [[Government-in-exile|in exile]])''}}
| birth_date          = 30 March 1639 (NS)
| birth_place         = {{ill|Mazepyntsi|uk|Мазепинці}}, [[Kiev Voivodeship]], [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<br />(now [[Ukraine]])
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1709|10|2|1639|3|30}} (NS)
| death_place         = [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]] (Tighina), [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]]
| spouse              = Hanna Polovets (1642–1704)
<!-- |religion           = [[Eastern Orthodox]] -->| alma_mater          = [[NaUKMA|Kyiv Mohyla Academy]]
| signature           = Ivan Mazepa Signature.svg
| awards              = [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Одним із перших кавалерів ордена Білого Орла був гетьман Іван Мазепа|date=2023-04-07|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2023/04/7/162560/|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref><br/>[[Order of St. Andrew]]<br/>[[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire]]

}}

'''Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa'''{{efn|also spelled '''Mazeppa'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ivan Mazepa |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=4 September 2018 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Mazepa |access-date=5 January 2018 }}</ref>}} ([[Ruthenian language|Old Ukrainian]]: Іоан(ъ) / Іван(ъ) Мазепа;<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2006|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=2|isbn=966023872X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> {{langx|uk|Іван Степанович Мазепа}}; {{langx|pl|Jan Mazepa-Kołodyński}}; {{OldStyleDate|30 March|1639|20 March}}{{spaced ndash}}{{OldStyleDate|2 October|1709|21 September}})<ref name=vitaldates>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA361|author1=[[Ivan Katchanovski]]|first2=Zenon Eugene|last2=Kohut|first3=Bohdan Y.|last3=Nebesio|first4=Myroslav|last4=Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0810878457|date=2013}}</ref> was the [[Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host]] and the [[Left-bank Ukraine]] in 1687–1708. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired [[Cultural legacy of Mazeppa|many literary, artistic and musical works]]. He was famous as a [[patron of the arts]].

Mazepa played an important role in the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709), where after learning that Tsar [[Peter the Great|Peter I]] intended to relieve him as acting [[hetman]] of [[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporozhian Host]] and to replace him with [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]], he [[Defection|defected]] from his army and sided with King [[Charles XII of Sweden]]. The political consequences and interpretation of this defection have resonated in the national histories both of Russia and of Ukraine.

The [[Russian Orthodox Church]] laid an [[anathema]] (excommunication) on Mazepa's name in 1708 and still refuses to revoke it. The anathema was not recognized by the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], which considers it [[Canon law|uncanonical]] and imposed with political motives as a means of political and ideological repression, with no religious, theological or canonical reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title="Ukraine has always been the canonical territory of the Ecumenical Patriarchate"|url=https://www.ecupatria.org/2018/09/20/ukraine-has-always-been-the-canonical-territory-of-the-ecumenical-patriarchate/|website=ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE PERMANENT DELEGATION TO THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES|date=20 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>

Pro-independence and anti-Russian elements in Ukraine from the 18th century onwards were derogatorily referred to as ''Mazepintsy'' ({{langx|ru|Мазепинцы|lit=Mazepists}}).<ref>
{{cite book| last1 = Magocsi| first1 = Paul Robert| author-link1 = Paul Robert Magocsi| year = 1996| title = History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC| edition = 2| location = Toronto| publisher = University of Toronto Press| publication-date = 2010| isbn = 9781442698796| access-date = 21 March 2017| quote = The terms mazepintsi (Mazepaites) and mazepinstvo (Mazepaism) came to be used in imperial Russian, Soviet Marxist, and even post Communist Russian discourse as synonyms of treachery toward the state and opportunistic separatism.}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite news| last1 = Lew| first1 = Khristina| title = Ukraine's Navy, despite difficulties, forges ahead with media center| url = http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/1996/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1996-04.pdf| work = The Ukrainian Weekly| series = 4| volume = 64| location = Jersey City, New Jersey| publisher = Ukrainian National Association Inc.| date = 28 January 1996| page = 2| issn = 0273-9348| access-date = 21 March 2017| quote = '[...] Sevastopil TV and Radio are fond of running interviews with BSF seamen calling Ukrainian Navy personnel "nationalists, Banderites and Mazepivtsi."'| archive-date = 29 December 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171229010937/http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/1996/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1996-04.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> The alienation of Mazepa from Ukrainian historiography continued during [[Ukrainian SSR|the Soviet period]], but post-1991 in independent Ukraine Mazepa's image has been gradually rehabilitated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The [[Ukrainian corvette Hetman Ivan Mazepa|Ukrainian corvette ''Hetman Ivan Mazepa'']] of the [[Ukrainian Navy]] is named after him.<ref name="namedMazepa5862022"/>

==Early life==
[[File:Mazepa-chernihiv-2004-08-14.jpg|thumb|A plate showing Mazepa's coat of arms, once placed on the [[Chernihiv Collegium|Chernihiv college]].]]

=== Family home ===
Mazepa was probably born on 30 March 1639,<ref name=vitaldates/> in {{ill|Mazepyntsi|uk|Мазепинці}}, near [[Bila Tserkva]], then part of the [[Kiev Voivodeship]] in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (today in [[Bila Tserkva urban hromada]]), into a noble [[Mazepa family|Ruthenian family]]. His mother was Maryna Mokievska (1624–1707) (known from 1674 to 1675 by her monastic name Maria Magdalena),<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2012/11/21/100727/ На Печерську знайдено могилу матері Мазепи (At Pechersk is found a burial of Mazepa's mother)]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]</ref> and his father was Stefan Adam Mazepa (?-1666). Maryna Mokievska came from the family of a Cossack officer who fought alongside [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]. She gave birth to two children – Ivan and Oleksandra. Stefan Mazepa served as a Cossack [[Ataman]] of Bila Tserkva (1654).

=== In Polish service ===
In 1657, Stefan Mazepa became involved with Hetman [[Ivan Vyhovsky]], who pursued a pro-Polish policy. In 1659 Stefan Mazepa traveled to Warsaw to attend the Sejm and placed his son Ivan in service at the royal court of [[John II Casimir Vasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majewski |first=Wiesław |title=Adam Stefan Mazepa h. Kurcz |url=http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/adam-stefan-mazepa-h-kurcz-zm-1665-ataman-bialocerkiewski |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Before that Ivan Mazepa probably studied at the [[Kiev Academy]] from the age of 10 and graduated with a degree in rhetoric.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Majewski |first=Wiesław |title=Jan (Iwan) Mazepa h. Kurcz |url=http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jan-mazepa-zm-1709-hetman-kozacki-podczaszy-czernihowski |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> According to [[Samiilo Velychko]], Ivan was to complete his philosophy course at the Jesuit college in Warsaw.<ref name=":1" />

According to late tradition, King John Casimir sent Ivan Mazepa to study "gunnery" in [[Deventer]] ([[Dutch Republic]]) in 1656–1659, during which time he traveled across Western Europe.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\M\A\MazepaIvan.htm |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> From 1659 the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish]] king was sending him on numerous diplomatic missions to Ukraine.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> His service at the Polish royal court earned him a reputation as an alleged catholicized [[Lechites|"Lyakh"]]<ref>[[Mykhailo Hrushevsky|Hrushevsky, M.]], page 382.</ref> – later the Russian Imperial government would effectively use this slur to discredit Mazepa.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Mazeppa aux loups - Vernet, 1826.jpg|thumb|Painting ''[[Mazeppa and the Wolves]]'' by [[Horace Vernet]] (1826) showing a naked Mazepa tied to a horse.]]
During one of his missions, Mazepa met [[Jan Chryzostom Pasek]], whom he took to be a supporter of the anti-royal confederation. He led to Pasek's arrest and had him brought before the king, who was staying in [[Grodno]] at the time. According to Pasek's account, he managed to prove his innocence, the king rewarded him for the harm he suffered and Mazepa lost the royal trust.{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=415}} Further on in his memoirs, Pasek recounts the story of under what circumstances Mazepa left Poland in 1663. According to Pasek, Mazepa had an affair with Mrs. Falbowska, wife of his neighbour in [[Volhynia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Widacka |first=Hanna |title=Ukaranie Mazepy |url=https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/ukaranie_mazepy.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.wilanow-palac.pl}}</ref>{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=422-423}} When the neighbour discovered the affair, he tied Mazepa naked to a horse, head to tail, and fastened the horse. The horse carried Mazepa to his household, but he was so badly wounded that his own subjects were unable to recognize him.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=423}} Pasek's memoirs were written in 1690-1695, when Mazepa was already a Cossack hetman; it is possible that Pasek, who had a personal grudge against Mazepa, colored the story.{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=423}} However, this anecdote also appears in the anonymous ''Memoirs to the Reign of Augustus II'' and in the memoirs of [[Marquis de Bonnac]].{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=423-424}} The story was later recounted by Voltaire in his ''Histoire de Charles XII'' and became a [[Cultural legacy of Mazeppa|recurring motif]] in the literary works of such writers as [[Victor Hugo]], [[Lord Byron]], [[Alexander Pushkin]] or [[Juliusz Słowacki]], as well as in the paintings of such painters as [[Horace Vernet]], [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Théodore Chassériau]], [[Théodore Géricault]] and others.''<ref name=":2" /><ref name="encyclopedia" />{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=423-424}}'' The tale was probably widespread by then and referred to Mazepa's reputation as a womanizer.{{Sfn|Koropeckyj|1990|p=423-424}}

Despite Pasek's accounts, Mazepa still remained in royal service. In February 1663 he was sent to the Cossack Hetman [[Pavlo Teteria|Pavel Tetera]], to whom he brought the Hetman's mace, presented to Tetera by {{Ill|Tomasz Jan Karczewski|pl}}.<ref name=":1" /> Mazepa then took part in a royal campaign against Russia in left-bank Ukraine in years 1663-1664.<ref name=":1" /> Mazepa was certainly still at the royal court in 1665, probably until the abdication of John II Casimir in 1668.<ref name=":1" />

=== Under Hetman Doroshenko ===
After the death of his father (ca. 1665), he inherited the title of the [[Chernihiv]] [[cupbearer]].<ref name="encyclopedia" /> From 1669 to 1673 Mazepa served under [[Petro Doroshenko]] ([[Hetman]] of Right-Bank Ukraine from 1665 to 1672) as a [[squadron (army)|squadron]] commander in the [[Hetman Guard]], particularly during Doroshenko's 1672 campaign in [[Halychyna]], and as a chancellor on diplomatic missions to Poland, Crimea, and the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> From 1674 to 1681 Mazepa served as a "courtier" of Doroshenko's rival Hetman [[Ivan Samoylovych]] after Mazepa was captured on the way to [[Crimea]] by the [[Kosh Otaman]] [[Ivan Sirko]] in 1674.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> From 1677 to 1678 Mazepa participated in the Chyhyryn campaigns during which [[Yuri Khmelnytsky]], with the support from the [[Ottoman Empire]], tried to regain power in Ukraine.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> The young, educated Mazepa quickly rose through the [[Cossack]] ranks, and from 1682 to 1686 he served as an Aide-de-Camp General (Heneralny [[Osaul]]).{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Hetman==
[[File:Mazepa na gravure.jpg|thumb|A 1705 Baroque engraving commissioned by Mazepa, depicting the hetman standing above his personal coat of arms and wearing the Order of St. Andrew on his chest, surrounded by saints, allegorical figures and depictions of churches whose construction he had financed]]

===Rule===
In 1687 Ivan Mazepa accused Samoylovych of conspiring to secede from Russia, secured his ouster, and was elected the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetman]] of [[Left-bank Ukraine]] in [[Kolomak]],<ref name=dicoukrIM>Katchanovski, et al., p. 362</ref> with the support of [[Vasily Golitsyn (1643)|Vasily Galitzine]]. At the same time Ivan Mazepa signed the [[Kolomak Articles]], which were based on the [[Hlukhiv Articles]] of [[Demian Mnohohrishny]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} In 1689 Mazepa supported the deposition of [[Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia|Tsarevna Sophia]], who had served as de-facto regent of Tsar Peter I, which helped him ingratiate himself with the monarch, who valued the wide experience and education of the much older hetman. In words of a Russian historian, Mazepa "was like a father to Peter I in a sense".<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite web|url=https://archaeology.org/issues/september-october-2023/features/ukraine-baturyn-cossack-capital/|title=Ukraine's Lost Capital|last=Weiss|first=Daniel|magazine=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]|date=September–October 2023|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

As hetman, Mazepa used his knowledge in military matters to introduce a new successful strategy in the fight against the Tatars and their Ottoman overlords. This success relieved both Ukraine and Muscovy from the danger of devastating enemy raids and led Peter I to award the hetman with the [[Order of St. Andrew]], the Tsardom's highest honour. The order, as well as the title of honourable [[prince of the Holy Roman Empire]], awarded to the hetman by [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Joseph I]] in 1707 as recognition of his help in the fight against the Ottomans and Tatars, greatly contributed to Mazepa's status both in Ukraine and at the Moscow court.<ref name="Weiss"/>

With the personal agreement of Peter I, Mazepa managed to become an undisputed ruler of the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]], concentrating most power over Ukraine, including gathering of taxes, in hands of his own administration. As hetman, Mazepa became known as a patron of culture and arts. A multitude of churches were built all over Ukraine during his reign in the [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style. He founded schools and printing houses, and expanded the [[Kiev-Mohyla Academy]], the primary educational institution of Ukraine at the time. In many regards Mazepa greatly contributed to the establishment of the Russian Empire by supporting the policies of Peter I and providing the monarch with people needed to bring his reformist ideas into life. For example, the majority of religious figures who helped Peter I to reform the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] by bringing it under increased state control came from the Hetmanate, including Orthodox bishops [[Stefan Yavorsky]] and [[Theophan Prokopovich]].<ref name="Weiss"/>

Himself a highly educated person who could speak both Latin and German, Mazepa established his court in a Western manner, reflecting the influence of Baroque art and literature on Ukrainian lands during that period. Mazepa's personal residence was reported to house one of the most extensive libraries of its time, containing numerous books and illuminated manuscripts from around Europe.<ref name="Weiss"/>

===The Great Northern War===
{{see also|Campaign of Grodno}}
[[File:Hetman Ivan Mazepa 1690.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Ivan Mazepa in hetman's attire with military regalia, dated from 1690 and published by ethnographer Dominique de la Flise in mid-19th century]]
In 1700, as the [[Russian Empire]] entered the [[Great Northern War]] against the [[Swedish Empire]], Mazepa, despite having concerns about the Tsar's adventurous foreign policies, supported Peter I with troops and resources.<ref name="Weiss"/> In 1702, the Cossacks of [[Right-bank Ukraine]], under the leadership of colonel [[Semen Paliy]], began an [[Paliy Uprising|uprising]] against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], which after early successes was defeated. Mazepa convinced Russian Tsar [[Peter the Great|Peter I]] to allow him to intervene, which he successfully did, taking over major portions of Right-bank Ukraine, while Poland was weakened by an invasion of Swedish king [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]]. In 1704 Peter I allowed the hetman to incorporate the Right-bank territories into the Hetmanate, uniting Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper for the first time in decades.<ref name="Weiss"/>

At the same time, Peter I decided to reform the Russian army and to centralize control over his realm. In Mazepa's opinion, the strengthening of Russia's central power could put at risk the broad autonomy granted to the Cossack Hetmanate under the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]] in 1654. Attempts to assert control over the Zaporozhian Cossacks included demands of having them fight in any of the tsar's wars, instead of only defending their own land against regional enemies as was agreed to in previous treaties. Now Cossack forces were made to fight in distant wars in [[Livonia]] and [[Lithuania]], leaving their own homes unprotected from the [[Tatars]] and [[Polish people|Poles]]. Ill-equipped and not properly trained to fight on par with the tactics of modern European armies, Cossacks suffered heavy losses and low morale. The Hetman himself started to feel his post threatened in the face of increasing calls to replace him with one of the abundant generals of the Russian army.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Change of sides===
In 1707, after vanquishing the united forces of Peter's allies - [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Charles XII started [[Swedish invasion of Russia|a campaign against Moscow]]. Suffering from shortages of gunpowder and provision, the Swedes detoured to Ukraine in order to replenish their stocks. The tsar ignored Mazepa's appeals to defend the Hetmanate and ordered the hetman to [[scorched-earth policy|burn the territory]] in the Swedes' path. Unwilling to sacrifice his realm and displeased by Peter's treatment of himself as a simple subordinate, throughout 1708 Mazepa started secret talks with the Swedish side.<ref name="Weiss"/>

The last straw in the souring relations with Tsar Peter was his refusal to commit any significant force to defend Ukraine against the Polish King [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], an ally of [[Charles XII of Sweden]], who threatened to attack the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in 1708. Peter expected that king Charles of Sweden was going to attack and thought that he could spare no forces. In the opinion of Mazepa, this blatantly violated the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], since Russia refused to protect Ukraine's territory and left it to fare on its own. As the Swedish and Polish armies advanced towards Ukraine, Mazepa allied with them on 28 October 1708. However, only 3,000 Cossacks followed their Hetman, with the rest remaining loyal to the Tsar.

According to [[William Pokhlyobkin]], it was from that moment that [[King Charles XII of Sweden]] granted Mazepa the right to use the colors of the Swedish military bandera (yellow and blue) as the insignia of the Cossack detachments led by Mazepa. Later, these would be the colors of the [[Flag of Ukraine]].<ref>''Сост. [[Candidate of Sciences]] [[William Pokhlyobkin]]''. Словарь международной символики и эмблематики. М.: Междун. отношения. Изд. 3-е. 2001 г. Дополнения. № 12. Украинская символика. ISBN 5-7133-0869-3.</ref>{{dubious|date=February 2025}}

[[File:Baturyn - Fortress Mazepa house.JPG|thumb|Mazepa's residence in the citadel of Baturyn, reconstructed after the sacking of the city by forces of Peter I in 1708]]
Mazepa's call to arms was further weakened by the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Clergy]]'s allegiance to the Tsar. Learning of Mazepa's treason, the Russian army [[Sack of Baturyn|sacked and razed]] the Cossack Hetmanate's capital of [[Baturyn]], killing most of the defending garrison and many common people. Peter also had the hetman expelled from the Orthodox Church by declaring an [[anathema]] on his name.<ref name="Weiss"/>

Under the influence of the Sack of Baturyn, those Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected a new hetman, [[Ivan Skoropadsky]], on 11 November 1708.<ref name="Weiss"/> The fear of further reprisals and suspicion of Mazepa's newfound Swedish ally prevented most of Ukraine's population from siding with him.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} Surprisingly, the only significant support that he gathered came from the [[Zaporozhian Sich]], which, though at odds with the Hetman in the past, considered him and the nobility he represented a lesser evil compared with the Tsar. Inhumane massacres by Russia followed the Sich Cossacks support of Mazepa, as Peter the Great ordered the Sich to be razed in 1709 and a decree was issued to execute any active Zaporizhian Cossack. The Russian army was ordered to tie the dead Cossacks to crosses and float them down the [[Dnieper River]] to the [[Black Sea]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Decisive battle===
[[File:Karl XII and Ivan Mazepa after The Poltava Battle by Gustaf Cederström.jpg|thumb|[[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] and [[Mazepa]] at [[Dnieper]] after the [[Battle of Poltava]], painting by [[Gustaf Cederström]] (1880)]]

The Swedish and Russian armies spent the first half of 1709 maneuvering for advantage in the anticipated great battle, and trying to secure the support of the local populace. Finally in June the [[Battle of Poltava]] took place. It was won by Russia and Peter the Great, putting an end to Mazepa's hopes of transferring Ukraine into the control of Sweden, which in a treaty had promised independence to Ukraine. The hetman fled with [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] to the fortress of [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]] (Tighina), in the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s vassal [[Moldavia]], where Mazepa soon died at the age of 70.<ref name="Weiss"/>

Mazepa was initially interred in the village of [[Varnița, Anenii Noi|Varnița]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=МАЗЕПА Іван Степанович|url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Mazepa_I_S|access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref> and later reburied in [[Galați]] (now Romania), but his tomb was disturbed several times and eventually lost as a result of the Sfântul Gheorghe (St. George) Church demolition in 1962.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/galati/cine-fost-cazacul-mazepa-razboinicul-tulbura-europa-300-ani-moarte-rapus-pamant-romanesc-fost-ingropat-sase-ori-1_55df2afef5eaafab2cf9d431/index.html|title=Cine a fost cazacul Mazepa, războinicul care tulbură Europa chiar și după 300 de ani de la moarte. Răpus pe pământ românesc, a fost îngropat de șase ori|language=Romanian|last=Crângan|first=Costel|newspaper=[[Adevărul]]|date=28 August 2015|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

==Title and style==
Mazepa's styles and titles as [[hetman]] are contained in his acts and treaties in following variations:
[[File:Universal Mazepa.jpg|thumb|Text of a [[Universal (act)|universal]] issued by Mazepa]]
===Authentic sources===
* '''''Hetman of [Zaporozhian Host on/of] both sides of the [[Dnieper]]''''' (гетманъ обойхъ сторонъ Днепра;<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=63|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> Войска Запоро(ж/з)ского (c) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра гетман(ъ))<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|pages=150–178|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> - first mentioned in a pledge made by the newly elected hetman under the terms of Kolomak Treaty of 1687, signifying his claims to both Left- and Right-bank Ukraine; also present in latter documents.
* '''''Hetman with Their Illustrous Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host''''' (гетманъ з Войскомъ их царского пресвѣтлого величества Запоро(з/жс)ким(ъ))<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|pages=69–148|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> or '''''Hetman of Their [Most Illustrous and Sovereign Lords'] Illustrous Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host''''' ([Пресвѣтлѣйшихъ и державнѣйшихъ великихъ государей] ихъ царского пресвѣтлого величества Войска Запорозского гетманъ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=149|isbn=9667155617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=219|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> - used by Mazepa under the [[diarchy|joint rule]] of Peter I and [[Ivan V of Russia|Ivan V]] (1687-1696).
* '''''Hetman of His [Most Illustrous and Sovereign Lord's] Illustrous Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host''''' ([Пресвѣтлѣйшого и державнѣйшого великого государя] его царского пресвѣтлого величества Войска Запороз(с/жс)кого гетманъ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=187|isbn=9667155617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|pages=290–417|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> - under one-person rule of Peter I (after 1696).
* '''''Hetman of His [Illustrous and Most Sovereign Lord's] Illustrious Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Host and Knight [of the Glorious [[Order of St. Andrew|Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew]]]''''' ([Пресвѣтлѣйшого и державнѣйшого великого государя] его царского пресвѣтлого величества Войска Запорожского гетманъ и [славного чина святого апостола Андрея] кавалер(ъ))<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=417|isbn=9667155617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|pages=418–459|isbn=9667155617}}</ref> - after being awarded with the Order of St. Andrew in 1704.
* '''''Hetman of His Illustrous and Most Sovereign Lord's (and) Tsar's Majesty's Zaporozhian Hosts and Knight of the Glorious Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew and [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|White Eagle]]''''' (Пресвѣтлѣйшого и державнѣйшого великого государя его царского величества Войскъ Запорожскихъ гетманъ и славного чина святого апостола Андрея и Бѣлого Орла кавалер(ъ)) - after being awarded with the Order of the White Eagle and attaching Right-bank Ukraine to the Hetmanate in 1705.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=468|isbn=9667155617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|pages=471–503|isbn=9667155617}}</ref>

===Dubious sources===
* '''''Prince of Ukraine''''' (князь України) - supposedly contained in the 1708 treaty between Charles XII and the Cossack Hetmanate as claimed in a 1925 article by Ilko Borshchak.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Універсали Івана Мазепи (1687-1709)|date=2002|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society|НТШ]]|volume=1|page=66|isbn=9667155617}}</ref>

==Historical legacy==
Mazepa's decision to abandon his allegiance to the Russian Empire was considered treason by the Russian Tsar and a violation of the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]]. However, others argue that it was Imperial Russia who broke the treaty by not even trying to protect the Cossack homeland during busy fighting abroad, while Ukrainian peasants were complaining about the conduct of local [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovite]] troops. Many Cossacks had died while building [[Saint Petersburg]], and the Tsar planned to deploy Cossack troops far from their homeland.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&pg=PA244 A History of Ukraine], [[Paul Robert Magocsi]], [[University of Toronto Press]], 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7820-9}}, page 244</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/160 Ukraine: A History] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto Press]], 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8390-6}}, page 164</ref> 

According to Russian historian Tatiana Tairova-Yakovleva, Mazepa had little chance of remaining in power if he had not risen up against Peter I, as the tsar's imperial ambitions envisioned the destruction of Ukrainian Cossack autonomy. In the aftermath of the Battle of Poltava, the Hetmanate was deprived of much of its independence, although it formally remained an autonomous entity. Its final demise took place in 1764, under the rule of [[Catherine the Great]], who transformed the territory formerly ruled by hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks into the [[Little Russia Governorate]].<ref name="Weiss"/>

The French historian {{ill|Claude Nordmann|fr}} argues that Mazepa's decision to side with Charles XII ultimately doomed Ukraine by weakening its autonomy and further solidifying Russia's control.{{Sfn|Nordmann|1958|pp=61-63}}

The image of Mazepa as a disgraceful traitor persisted throughout Russian and Soviet history. The [[Russian Orthodox Church]] [[anathema]]ised and [[excommunication|excommunicated]] Mazepa for political reasons. Until 1869, his name was even added to the list of traitors publicly cursed in Russian churches during the [[Feast of Orthodoxy]] service, along with [[Pugachev]], [[Stenka Razin|Razin]] and [[False Dmitry I]]. The term ''Mazepintsi'' came to be used in Russia and the Soviet Union as a reference for people promoting disloyalty to authorities and [[separatism]].{{sfn|Magocsi|1996|page=239}}
[[File:Mazepas palaty.jpg|thumb|Abandoned residence of Mazepa in Ivanovskoye, [[Rylsky District]]]]
===Russian and Soviet historiography===
Historians of the Russian imperial era, including [[Dmitri Bantysh-Kamensky]], [[Sergey Solovyov (historian)|Sergey Solovyov]] and [[Vasily Klyuchevsky]] considered Mazepa to be a traitor for his alliance with Charles XII of Sweden.{{sfn|Magocsi|1996|page=238}} However, some Russian historians of [[émigré]] background later changed that view, seeing Mazepa's decision as justified by the wish to preserve his country's autonomy.{{sfn|Magocsi|1996|page=239}}

A positive view of Mazepa was taboo in the [[Soviet Union]] and considered as a sign of "Ukrainian [[bourgeois nationalism]]". In the 1971 ''Soviet Encyclopedia on the History of Ukraine'' Mazepa was characterized as a "traitor of the Ukrainian people", and the 1979 ''History of the [[Ukrainian SSR]]'' referred to his name as a "symbol of treachery and betrayal".{{sfn|Magocsi|1996|page=239}} During the years of [[Perestroika]], however, many historical works saw light that viewed Mazepa differently.

===Ukrainian historiography===
[[File:Історія України-Русі. 1912. Гетьман Іван Мазепа.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Mazepa from the ''History of Ukraine-Rus'' by [[Mykola Arkas]], 1912]]
Ukrainian historians initially had a predominantly unfavourable view on Mazepa, considering his policies and decisions to have been influenced by interests of the [[Cossack starshyna|Cossack elite]], and not of the nation as a whole. Among those Ukrainian authors who saw Mazepa as a traitor were [[Mykola Kostomarov]], [[Panteleimon Kulish]], [[Oleksandr Lazarevskyi]] and [[Volodymyr Antonovych]]. However, starting from the late 19th century, a new generation of students of Ukrainian history started reassessing Mazepa's figure. [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky|Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]], [[Vyacheslav Lypynsky|Viacheslav Lypynskyi]], [[Dmytro Doroshenko]], [[Oleksander Ohloblyn]] and some others recognized the hetman as a patriot of Ukraine, who attempted to obtain for his country independence from Moscow's rule. In the 20th century Mazepa was elevated by some historians and publicists, most prominently [[Dmytro Dontsov]] and [[Natalia Polonska-Vasylenko]], as a symbol of struggle for Ukraine's independence.{{sfn|Magocsi|1996|page=239}}

===Independent Ukraine===
After [[Ukraine]]'s independence in 1991, Mazepa was proclaimed a national hero in Ukraine's official historiography and mainstream media,{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} as he was the first post-[[Pereyaslav Treaty]] hetman to take a stand against the Tsar, who failed to abide by the Treaty. This view however was disputed by pro-Russian factions.<ref name=unian>[http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/11991 Events by themes: The mass meeting as token of objecting against celebration in Ukraine of 370th anniversary from the day of birth of Ivan Mazepa], [[UNIAN]]-photo service (20 March 2009)</ref><ref name=interfax>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/10367/ Opponents to marking 370th birthday of Mazepa rally in Simferopol], [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (20 March 2009)</ref><ref name=local>[http://www.thelocal.se/20302/20090626/ Swedish king feted in Ukraine 300 years after landmark battle], [[The Local]] (26 June 2009)</ref> Russia has repeatedly condemned Ukraine for honoring the figure of Ivan Mazepa.<ref name=MIM/> In an April 2009 survey by the [[Research & Branding Group]], 30 percent of the population of Ukraine viewed Mazepa as "a man who fought for the independence of Ukraine", while 28 percent viewed him "as a [[turncoat]] who joined the enemy's ranks".<ref name=local/>
[[File:10-Hryvnia-2005-front.jpg|thumb|₴10 banknote depicting Ivan Mazepa]]
During an event in [[Mazepyntsi]] to mark the 370th birthday (20 March 2009) of Hetman Mazepa, President [[Viktor Yushchenko]] called for the myth about the alleged treason of Mazepa to be dispelled. According to Yushchenko, the hetman wanted to create an independent Ukraine, and [[Ukrainian architecture|architecture]] thrived in Ukraine over the years of Mazepa's rule: "Ukraine was reviving as the country of [[Culture of Europe|European cultural traditions]]".<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/10291/ Yuschenko calls for myth of Hetman Mazepa's treason to be dispelled], [[Interfax]]-Ukraine (20 March 2009)</ref> The same day, around 100 people held a protest in [[Simferopol]] against the marking of the 370th birthday of Mazepa.<ref name=unian/><ref name=interfax/> In May 2009 the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian foreign ministry]] stated in an answer to Ukraine's preparations to mark the 300th anniversary of the [[battle of Poltava]] and plans to erect a monument to Mazepa that those were attempts at an "artificial, far-fetched confrontation with Russia".<ref name=local/>

In August 2009, a monument to the hetman, the work of the sculptor [[Giennadij Jerszow]],<ref>[http://www.newsru.ua/ukraine/22aug2009/pamatnik.html У Чернігові відкрили перший в Україні пам'ятник Мазепі] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707042130/http://www.newsru.ua/ukraine/22aug2009/pamatnik.html |date=7 липень 2015 }} // повідомл. за 22 August 2009 року на [http://www.newsru.ua/ ''www.newsru.ua'' («Новини України і світу»)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209114407/http://www.newsru.ua/ |date=9 грудень 2016 }}</ref> was unveiled at [[Dytynets Park]] in [[Chernihiv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orpheusandlyra.tripod.com/id6.html |title=Cultural Life/from 'Web site about Ukraine' |publisher=Orpheusandlyra.tripod.com |access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> The opening was accompanied by clashes between the police and opponents of Mazepa.<ref name=MIM/>

After researching his genealogy in 2009, [[President of Ukraine|Ukrainian President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] did not rule out that his family is connected with the family of Mazepa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-350793.html |title=Yushchenko researches his genealogy and connects it with family of Ivan Mazepa|work= [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency|UNIAN]] |date=7 December 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Відкриття пам'ятника гетьману Івану Мазепі.jpg|thumb|Unveiling of a monument to hetman Ivan Mazepa in Poltava by Ukrainian president [[Petro Poroshenko]] in 2016]]
In August 2009, Yushchenko decreed the resuming of a halted construction of an Ivan Mazepa monument in Poltava.<ref>[http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/14764.html President demands resuming halted construction of Ivan Mazepa monument in Poltava] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222070452/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/14764.html |date=22 February 2012 }}, Press office of President Victor Yushchenko (25 August 2009)</ref> A monument to Mazepa was to be erected on [[Slava Square]] in [[Kyiv]] in 2010 to fulfill a decree of Yushchenko.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/25489/ Monument to Ivan Mazepa to be erected on Slava Square in Kiev], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 November 2009)</ref> In May 2010 Kyiv city civil servants stated the city was ready to establish a monument as soon as the [[Government of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ukraine]] would fund this project.<ref name=MIM/> According to them the situation was similar to other unrealised monuments such as the "Unification Monument" and a monument to [[Pylyp Orlyk]] who in 2010 were conceived in 2002 and 2003 but still not built in 2010.<ref name=MIM>{{in lang|uk}} [http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/v-kiyevi-ne-bude-statuyi-mazepi.html В Києві не буде пам’ятника Мазепі ''The city government is ready to establish a monument, but for this there is neither funding nor of the order of the government''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919100722/http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/v-kiyevi-ne-bude-statuyi-mazepi.html |date=19 September 2020 }}, [[TSN.ua]] (11 May 2010)</ref>{{#tag:ref|The monument to Orlyk was unveiled in June 2011.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://korrespondent.net/Kiev/1232684-v-kieve-ustanovili-pamyatnik-pilipu-orliku In Kiev, a monument to Philip Orlik], [[Korrespondent]] (24 June 2011)</ref> On 14 October 2015 the Mazepa monument was transported and put on display in Poltava.<ref name=mmfgtp>[http://m.day.kiev.ua/en/article/day-after-day/poltava-battle-memory Poltava: a battle for memory]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Den (newspaper)|Den]], (17 March 2016)</ref>}} The Poltava City Council on 25 February 2016 voted in favor of the monument.<ref name=mmfgtp/> On 6 May 2016 President [[Petro Poroshenko]] unveiled the Mazepa monument in Poltava.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7107793/ In Poltava, unveiled a monument to Mazepa], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (7 May 2016)</ref>

The name of the part of Ivan Mazepa Street in Kyiv, which runs past the [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra|Pechersk Lavra]], was changed to Lavrska Street in July 2010.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.kreschatic.kiev.ua/file/6540.pdf РІШЕННЯ КИЇВСЬКОЇ МІСЬКОЇ РАДИ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307123716/http://www.kreschatic.kiev.ua/file/6540.pdf |date=7 March 2022 }}, Khreshchatyk (10 September 2010)</ref> The move was met with protests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photo.ukrinform.ua/eng/current/photo.php?id=337126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831013213/http://photo.ukrinform.ua/eng/current/photo.php?id=337126 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2022 |title=Kievers oppose Ivan Mazepa Street's renaming |publisher=Photo.ukrinform.ua |access-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> An exhibition dedicated to Mazepa is active in the Hetmanship Museum in Kyiv.<ref>{{Cite web|title=АНОНС: Столичний Музей гетьманства запрошує на День відкритих дверей|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2023/09/28/163180/|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>

Mazepa's portrait is found on the [[Ukrainian hryvnia|₴]]10 (Ukrainian currency) bill.<ref name=local/> [[Mazepynka]], a type of military headwear worn by soldiers of the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]], [[Ukrainian Galician Army|Galician Army]], [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] and modern-day [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] (since 2015) was named after hetman Ivan Mazepa.

A church bell originally ordered by Mazepa for a church in his capital Baturyn was discovered in 2015 at the Saint Nicholas Cathedral in the Russian city of [[Orenburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=В РОСІЇ ЗНАЙШОВСЯ ДЗВІН МАЗЕПИ З БАТУРИНА. Фото|date=2015-11-17|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2015/11/17/148719/|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref> In 2018 a representative of the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] proclaimed the anathema on Mazepa to be [[canonical law|uncanonical]], as it had been laid out of political grounds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Російська анафема Мазепи є неканонічною – Константинополь|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/09/18/152937/|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> During his visit to Mazepa's former capital of Baturyn in 2019, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko compared the hetman to [[George Washington]], [[Simon Bolivar]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Порошенко: Мазепа — це український Вашингтон|date=2019-03-14|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2019/03/14/153822/|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref> A major exhibition dedicated to Mazepa and his era opened in 2025 in [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=АНОНС: Відкриття виставки "Мазепа. Стратегія європейської України"|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2025/05/22/165002/|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>

===In other countries===
In [[Galați]] (Romania), Mazepa is remembered in the name of two central neighbourhoods (Mazepa I and II) and with a statue in a park on Basarabiei street.<ref name=":0" />

==Cultural legacy==
{{Main|Cultural legacy of Mazeppa}}
[[File:Jensen-Mazepa-216-Mazepas bandura.jpg|thumb|100px|A [[bandura]] reportedly owned by Mazepa and later exhibited in a Chernihiv museum]]
===Literary works attributed to Mazepa===
In a addition to being a politician a statesman, Mazepa is also known to have created works of [[poetry]]. His "[[duma (epic)|Duma]]" represents an important document of Ukrainian political thought of his era. Created during the late 17th century (according to [[Oleksander Ohloblyn]], circa 1698), the poem was preserved in the notes from the 1708 trial of [[Vasyl Kochubey]], who used it to prove his accusation of treason against the hetman. The author of the "Duma" laments the state of Ukrainian lands during the [[Ruin (Ukrainian history)|Ruin]], which led to the country's division between Poland, Moscow and the Ottomans, and calls on his compatriots to unite and fight against common enemies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Гетьман Іван Мазепа та його доба|author=Оглоблин Олександер|date=2001|isbn=1879070138}}</ref>

Further writings attributed to Mazepa are his letters to Motria, the daughter of Vasyl Kochubey, as well as a short verse in a mix of [[Ruthenian language|Old Ukrainian]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] signed with the hetman's name, which was reportedly found in a [[prayer book]] stored at a monastery near [[Putyvl]] in 1770. Additionally, the text of a popular [[Ukrainian folk music|Ukrainian folk song]] is traditionally ascribed to Mazepa, although it is doubtful that its present form could have been composed by the hetman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Українське літературне бароко|author=[[Dmytro Chyzhevsky|Чижевський, Дмитро]]|date=2003|publisher=Обереги|pages=479–481|isbn=966513051X}}</ref>

===Works of art dedicated to Mazepa===
[[File:Jean Louis Théodore Géricault 005.jpg|thumb|"Mazeppa" by [[Théodore Géricault]], based on an episode in Byron's poem when the young Mazeppa is punished by being tied to a wild horse.]]
The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary and musical works:

* [[Lord Byron]] – ''[[Mazeppa (Byron)|Mazeppa]]'', poem (1818)
* [[Alexander Pushkin]] – ''[[Poltava (poem)|Poltava]]'', poem (1828–1829)
* [[Victor Hugo]] – ''Mazeppa'', poem (1829)
* [[Juliusz Słowacki]] – ''Mazeppa'', drama (1840)
* [[Franz Liszt]] – ''[[Mazeppa (symphonic poem)|Mazeppa]]'', symphonic poem (1851); [[Transcendental Étude No. 4 (Liszt)|Transcendental Étude No. 4]].
* [[Clémence de Grandval|Marie Grandval]] – ''[[scores:Mazeppa (Grandval, Clémence de)|Mazeppa]],'' opera (1892)
* [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] – ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazeppa]]'', opera (1881–1883)
* [[Michael William Balfe]] – ''The Page'', cantata (1861)
* [[Taras Shevchenko]]
* [[Kondraty Ryleyev]]
* A Ukrainian-language film by [[Yuri Ilyenko]], loosely based on historical facts and called ''[[A Prayer for Hetman Mazepa (film)|Молитва за гетьмана Мазепу]]'' (''Prayer for Hetman Mazepa''), was released in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0323279/|title=Molitva za getmana Mazepu|date=15 February 2002|accessdate=10 May 2022|via=IMDb}}</ref>
* The Italian composer [[Carlo Pedrotti]] wrote a tragic opera titled Mazeppa in 1861, with libretto by Achille de Lauzieres.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 2009 the [[President of Ukraine]], [[Viktor Yushchenko]], instituted the [[Cross of Ivan Mazepa]] as an award for cultural achievement and service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/derzhavni-nahorody-viyna/32096752.html|title=Isn't it time to establish state wartime awards in Ukraine?|newspaper=Радіо Свобода |date=23 October 2022|access-date=4 October 2023|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]|language=Ukrainian |last1=Кралюк |first1=Петро }}</ref>

In 2020 President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] gave the [[54th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|54th Mechanized Brigade]] of the [[Ukrainian Ground Forces|Ukrainian Army]] the honorary title of "Ivan Mazepa".<ref name="Mazepa54th1682020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1682020-33569|title=Указ Президента України № 168/2020|work=Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |accessdate=6 May 2020|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303112544/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1682020-33569}}</ref> In 2022 Zelenskyy named a [[Ukrainian Navy]] [[Ada-class corvette|Ada-class]] [[Ukrainian corvette Hetman Ivan Mazepa|corvette after Mazepa]].<ref name="namedMazepa5862022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/5862022-43657|title=Про присвоєння імені гетьмана Івана Мазепи корвету класу "Ada" Військово-Морських Сил Збройних Сил України|website=[[Office of the President of Ukraine]]|first=Volodymyr|last=Zelenskyi|date=2022-08-18|accessdate=2022-08-18|archive-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818104237/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/5862022-43657|language=uk|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ivan Mazepa's Hetman's Banner]]
* [[Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks]]
* [[Mazepa family]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*  {{Cite journal |last=Koropeckyj |first=Roman |date=1990 |title=The Slap, the Feral Child, and the Steed: Pasek Settles Accounts with Mazepa |url=https://slavic.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Roman3.pdf |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |volume=14 |issue=3/4 |pages=415–426}}
*  Tatiana Tairova-Yakovleva, ''Ivan Mazepa and the Russian Empire.'' [[McGill–Queen's University Press]]. 2020. {{ISBN|978-0-2280-0174-4}}
* [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], ''Illustrated history of Ukraine.'' "BAO". Donetsk, 2003. {{ISBN|966-548-571-7}}
* Orest Subtelny, ''The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century'' (1981).
* Thomas M. Prymak, "Voltaire on Mazepa and Early Eighteenth Century Ukraine," ''[[Canadian Journal of History]]'', XLVII, 2 (2012), 259–83.
* Thomas M. Prymak, "The Cossack Hetman: Ivan Mazepa in History and Legend from Peter to Pushkin," ''The Historian'', LXXVI, 2 (2014), 237–77.
* Thomas M. Prymak, “Who Betrayed Whom? Or, Who remained Loyal to What? Tsar Peter vs. Hetman Mazepa,” ''[[Eighteenth-Century Studies]]'', LV, 3 (2022), 359-76.
* {{Cite book |last=Nordmann |first=Claude |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Charles_XII_et_l_Ukraine_de_Mazepa/bJUKAQAAIAAJ |title=Charles XII et l'Ukraine de Mazepa |date=1958 |publisher=Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence |language=fr |trans-title=Charles XII and Mazepa's Ukraine}}

==External links==
{{external links|date=June 2021}}
{{commons category|Ivan Mazepa}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mazepa-Koledinsky, Ivan Stepanovich | volume= 17 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 942 |short= 1 }}
*[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\M\A\MazepaIvan.htm Mazepa] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] by [[Oleksander Ohloblyn]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812185026/http://bokov.net.ua/index.php?pages=1&act=3&id=12748 Ivan Mazepa]
*[http://www.mazepa.name/ The Name of Ivan Mazepa] (in Ukrainian)
*[http://www.mazepa.name/biograph/mazepa14.html List of churches and monasteries in building of which invested Ivan Mazepa]
* Orest Subtelny,"Mazepa, Peter I and the Question of Treason,"         {[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/41035779.pdf?acceptTC=true}]
*[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=566919&group_id=7718 Re-Fighting the Northern War: The Celebration of the Battle of Poltava in Russia. Tatiana Tairova-Yakovleva, Professor, Department of History, St. Petersburg State University. Author: Joseph Dresen (Kennan Institute)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620182244/http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=566919&group_id=7718 |date=20 June 2010 }}
* Velychenko, S. ''[http://historians.in.ua/index.php/doslidzhennya/326-stephen-velychenko-the-battle-of-poltava-and-the-decline-of-cossack-ukraine-in-light-of-russian-and-english-methods-of-rule-in-their-borderlands-1707-1914 The Battle of Poltava and the Decline of Cossack-Ukraine in light of Russian and English methods of rule in their Borderlands (1707–1914)]''. historians.in.ua. 5 July 2012.

{|  cellpadding="4" style="clear:both; background-color: white; border-style: solid; border-color:blue; border-width:2px; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%; margin-top:3px"
|-
| width="25%" | Predecessor<br/>[[Ivan Samoylovych]]
| width="10%" | [[File:Herb Viyska Zaporozkogo (Alex K).svg|50px]]
| width="20%" | '''[[Hetman of Zaporizhian Host]]'''<br/>1687–1709
| width="10%" | [[File:Herb Viyska Zaporozkogo (Alex K).svg|50px]]
| width="25%" | Successor<br/>[[Ivan Skoropadsky]] <small>''(in Hetmanate)''</small><br/>[[Pylyp Orlyk]] <small>''(in exile)''</small>
|}

{{Hetmans of Ukraine}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazepa, Ivan}}
[[Category:Ivan Mazepa| ]]
[[Category:1639 births]]
[[Category:1709 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bila Tserkva Raion]]
[[Category:People from Kiev Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Hetmans of Zaporizhian Host]]
[[Category:Mazepa family|Ivan]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Ukrainian diplomats]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Ruthenian nobility]]
[[Category:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:People of the Great Northern War]]
[[Category:17th-century politicians from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century politicians from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Ukrainian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Ukrainian people]]
[[Category:17th-century diplomats]]
[[Category:18th-century diplomats]]
[[Category:Patrons of the arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]