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{{short description|Cyrillic letter}}
{{Distinguish|V|Labiodental flap}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|letter    = Ѵ ѵ
|script    = [[Cyrillic]]
|type      = [[Alphabet]]
|typedesc  = ic
|name      = Izhitsa
|image     = File:Izhitsa.svg
|image2    = File:Cyrillic letter Izhitsa with double grave accent.svg
|imagesize = 140px
|imagealt  = 
|phonemes  = {{IPA|[v]}} or {{IPA|[i]}}
|number    = 400 ([[Cyrillic numerals]])
|fam1      = [[Upsilon|Υ&nbsp;υ]]
}}

'''Izhitsa''' (Ѵ, ѵ Ѷ ѷ; italics: {{serif|''Ѵ&nbsp;ѵ''}}; {{langx|cu|ѷжица}}, {{langx|Ru|ижица}}, {{langx|UK|іжиця}}) is a letter of the [[early Cyrillic alphabet]] and several later alphabets, usually the last in the row. It originates from the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[upsilon]] (Y, υ) and was used in words and names derived from or via the [[Greek language]], such as кѵрилъ (''kürilǔ'', "Cyril", from Greek {{lang|el|Κύριλλος}}) or флаѵии (''flavii'', "Flavius", from Greek {{lang|el|Φλάυιος}}). It represented the sounds {{IPAslink|i}} or {{IPAslink|v}} as normal letters и and в, respectively. The [[Glagolitic alphabet]] has a corresponding letter with the name ''izhitsa'' as well (Ⱛ, ⱛ). Also, izhitsa in its standard form or, most often, in a tailed variant (similar to Latin "y") was part of a [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] оѵ/оу representing the sound {{IPAslink|u}}. The digraph is known as Cyrillic "[[Uk (Cyrillic)|uk]]", and today's Cyrillic [[U (Cyrillic)|У]] originates from its simplified form.

The letter's traditional name, ''izhitsa'' (ижица), is explained as a [[diminutive]] either of the word иго (''igo'', "yoke"), due to the letter's shape, or of иже (''izhe'', "which"), the name of the main Cyrillic and Glagolitic letters for the same sound, {{IPAslink|i}}.
 
The numeral value of Cyrillic izhitsa is 400. Glagolitic izhitsa has no numeral value. Church Slavonic editions printed in Russia use a tailed variant of the letter for the numeral purpose, whereas editions from Serbia or Romania (including books in the [[Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]]), as well as early printed books from Ukraine, prefer a basic form of the letter without the tail.

== Russian ==
In the [[Russian language]], the use of izhitsa became progressively rarer during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the beginning of the 20th century, the only two words still spelled with the letter izhitsa in common use were {{lang|ru-petr1708|мѵро}} ({{transliteration|ru|müro}}, {{IPA|[ˈmʲirə]}}, '[[chrism]]') and {{lang|ru-petr1708|сѵнодъ}} ({{transliteration|ru|sünod}}, {{IPA|[sʲɪˈnot]}}, 'synod'). {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР от 23.12.1917 года о введении нового правописания|Decree of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR of 12/23/1917 on the introduction of a new spelling}} {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР, СНК РСФСР от 10.10.1918 «О введении новой орфографии»|Decree of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR dated 10/10/1918 "On the introduction of a new spelling"}}
In the documents of the spelling reform of 1917–1918, izhitsa is not mentioned at all,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР от 23.12.1917 года о введении нового правописания — Викитека|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_23.12.1917_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F|access-date=2020-11-19|website=ru.wikisource.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР, СНК РСФСР от 10.10.1918 «О введении новой орфографии» — Викитека|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0,_%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9A_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_10.10.1918_%C2%AB%D0%9E_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB|access-date=2020-11-19|website=ru.wikisource.org}}</ref> although the statement that it was canceled at that time, along with [[Dotted I (Cyrillic)|decimal i]], [[yat]] and [[fita]], is not only widespread, but also reflected in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Большая Советская Энциклопедия. 3-е издание. В 30 томах. Том 22. Ремень — Сафи|url=http://www.encyclopedia.ru/cat/books/book/11354/?sphrase_id=2763474|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.encyclopedia.ru}}</ref> In fact, Ѵ fell out of use in the civil alphabet gradually, under the influence not only of the general direction of changes in the spelling of the Russian language, but also of the displacement of words and texts on religious topics from the civil press.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} At the same time, steam locomotives of [[Russian locomotive class Izhitsa|class Izhitsa (Ѵ)]] were produced until 1931 and were in operation until they were decommissioned in the 1950s.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Serbian ==
The traditional spelling of [[Serbian language|Serbian]] was more conservative; it preserved all etymologically motivated izhitsas in words of Greek origin. [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] had reformed the [[Serbian alphabet]] in the beginning of the nineteenth century and eliminated the letter, but the old spelling was used in some places as late as the 1880s.

== Church Slavonic ==
Izhitsa is still in use in the [[Church Slavonic language]]. Like Greek upsilon, it can be pronounced as {{IPA|/i/}} (like и), or as {{IPA|/v/}} (like в). The basic distinction rule is simple: izhitsa with stress and/or aspiration marks is a vowel and therefore pronounced {{IPA|/i/}}; izhitsa without diacritical marks is a consonant and pronounced {{IPA|/v/}}. Unstressed, {{IPA|/i/}}-sounding izhitsas are marked with a special diacritical mark, the so-called ''kendema'' or ''kendima'' (from the Greek word κέντημα {{IPA|el|ˈcendima|}}). The shape of kendema over izhitsa may vary: in books of Russian origin, it typically looks like a double [[grave accent]] or sometimes like a double [[acute accent]]. In older Serbian books, kendema most often looked like two dots ([[Trema (diacritic)|trema]]) or might even be replaced by a surrogate combination of aspiration and acute. These shape distinctions (with the exception of the aspiration-acute combination) have no orthographical meaning and must be considered as just font style variations, thus the [[Unicode]] name "<small>IZHITSA WITH DOUBLE GRAVE</small>" is slightly misleading. Izhitsa with kendema ([[majuscule]]: Ѷ, [[Lower case|minuscule]]: ѷ) is not a separate letter of the alphabet, but it may have personal position in computer encodings (e.g., Unicode). Historically, izhitsa with kendema corresponds to the Greek upsilon with trema (or διαλυτικά: Ϋ, ϋ). While in modern editions of ancient and modern Greek the trema is used only to prevent a [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] (as {{angbr|ευ}} {{IPA|el|ev, ef|}} versus {{angbr|εϋ}} {{IPA|el|ei|}}), Slavonic usage of kendema still continues that of many [[medieval Greek]] manuscripts, in which the "[[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]]" sign was often used simply to mark an upsilon or iota as such, irrespective of any other vowels (e.g. δϊαλϋτϊκά, which would not be correct by today's conventions).

== Romanian ==
{{Further information|Romanian Cyrillic alphabet}}
Traditional orthography of the [[Romanian language]] used izhitsa in the same manner as Church Slavonic, with all the above-mentioned peculiarities. This writing system was used until about 1860 in [[Romania]] and until 1920s in church books in [[Bessarabia Governorate|Russian-ruled Bessarabia]].<ref>Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică, ''Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924'', pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest: [[Editura Academiei]], 1987</ref>

== Aleut ==
The Cyrillic letter izhitsa was also used historically in certain loanwords in the Cyrillic script version of [[Aleut language|Aleut]].{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

== Abkhaz ==
Izhitsa was used in the 1909-1926 [[Abkhaz alphabet]] of Chochua.

== Izhitsa as a replacement of a different character ==
In Russian typography, the capital form of izhitsa has traditionally been used instead of the Roman numeral V; this tradition survived several decades longer than izhitsa as a letter of the alphabet.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

The izhitsa is sometimes used in place of the new [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol for the [[labiodental flap]] (ⱱ) because the signs are similar.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

{{anchor|Code positions}}

==Computing codes==

{{charmap
|0474|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter Izhitsa
|0475|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter Izhitsa
|0476|name3=Cyrillic Capital Letter<br />Izhitsa with Double Grave Accent
|0477|name4=Cyrillic Small Letter<br />Izhitsa with Double Grave Accent
}}

The tailed variant of izhitsa has no individual position in Unicode; instead, the characters {{Unichar|0423|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U}} and {{Unichar|0443|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U}} are supposed to represent it.<ref>{{cite web| title=Cyrillic – Unicode 6.2| url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf| access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2018}}

== See also ==
* Ү ү : [[Ue (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter ue]], used in various languages as a [[close front rounded vowel]] (/y/)
* Ӱ ӱ : [[U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter u with diaeresis]], used in several languages as a [[close front rounded vowel]] (/y/)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308180930/http://www.uni-giessen.de/partosch/eurotex99/berdnikov2.pdf A Berdnikov and O Lapko, "Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic in TEX and Unicode", EuroTEX ’99 Proceedings], September 1999 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])
* F Lauritzen, Michael the Grammarian's irony about hypsilon: a step towards reconstructing Byzantine pronunciation, Byzantinoslavica 67 (2009) 231–240

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[[Category:Cyrillic letters]]