View source for Izumi Province

{{short description|Former province of Japan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
:''The characters ''泉州'' are also used for the name of the Chinese city of [[Quanzhou]]''.
[[File:Provinces of Japan-Izumi.svg|thumb|right|Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Izumi Province highlighted]]

{{Nihongo|'''Izumi Province'''|和泉国|Izumi no Kuni|{{IPA|ja|iꜜ.(d)zɯ.mʲi (no kɯ.ɲi)}}<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典|publisher=NHK Publishing|editor=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|date=24 May 2016|lang=ja}}</ref>}} was a [[Provinces of Japan|province of Japan]] in the area of southern [[Osaka Prefecture]].<ref>[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2005). "''Izumi''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 411|page=411}}.</ref>  It bordered on [[Kii Province|Kii]] to the south, [[Yamato Province|Yamato]] and [[Kawachi Province|Kawachi]] to the east, and [[Settsu Province|Settsu]] to the north. Its abbreviated form name was {{Nihongo3||泉州|'''Senshū'''}}.  In terms of the [[Gokishichidō]] system, Izumi was one of the provinces of the [[Kinai]] circuit. Under the ''[[Engishiki]]'' classification system, Izumi was ranked as one of the "inferior countries" (下国) in terms of importance.  The provincial capital was located in the Fuchi neighborhood of what is now the city of [[Izumi, Osaka|Izumi]]. The ''[[ichinomiya]]'' of the province is the [[Ōtori taisha]] also located in [[Sakai]].

[[File:NDL-DC 1308305-Utagawa Hiroshige-六十余州名所図会 和泉 高師のはま-嘉永6-crd.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hiroshige]] ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' "Izumi" in "The Famous Scenes of the Sixty States" (六十余州名所図会), depicting Takaishi beach]]

==History==

===Early history===
According to the ''[[Shoku Nihongi]]'', the [[Izumi District|Izumi]] and [[Hine District]]s were separated from [[Kawachi Province]] on 23 April 716; moreover, on 8 May that same year, the [[Ōtori District]] was also separated from Kawachi, and the three districts were made into a province named {{Nihongo3||和泉監|''Izumi-gen''}}. The name "Izumi" means {{Nihongo|"fountain" or "spring"|[[wikt:泉|泉]]}}, but is written with two characters, the character for {{Nihongo|"peace"|[[wikt:和|和]]}} being prepended due to an imperial edict in 713. This character does not play into the reading. An imperial villa, {{Nihongo|Chinu Palace|茅渟宮|Chinu no Miya|also known as "Izumi Palace"}} was in the area, and it seems that this has something to do with the unusual classification of {{Nihongo3||[[wikt:監|監]]|''gen''}}: [[Yoshino Province|''Yoshino-gen'']] was the only other province with this designation. Afterwards, on 15 September 740, Izumi was abolished and merged back into Kawachi province. On 30 May 757, it was re-established with a normal province designation {{Nihongo||[[wikt:国|国]]|kuni}}.

According to the ''[[Nihon Kiryaku]]'', on 21 April 825, four counties from [[Settsu Province]]: [[Higashinari District, Osaka|Higashinari]], [[Nishinari Districtt, Osaka|Nishinari]], [[Kudara Districtt, Osaka|Kudara]], and [[Sumiyoshi Districtt, Osaka|Sumiyoshi]] were incorporated into Izumi Province, but the local residents were opposed to this change, so the area was restored to Settsu on 8 August the same year.

The [[Kokufu|provincial capital]] of Izumi was located in what is now the Fuchu neighborhood of the city of [[Izumi, Osaka]]. {{Coord|34|29|7.97|N|135|25|45.16|E|region:JP-27_type:landmark|name=和泉国府跡：府中遺跡}}) The site has been [[archaeological excavation|excavated]] and is marked with a stone monument. The [[kokubun-ji|provincial temple]] of Izumi, the [[Izumi Kokubun-ji]] was also located in the city of Izumi. There is no record of a provincial nunnery.

The ''[[Engishiki]]'' record of 927 AD lists one major and 52 minor [[Shinto shrine]]s in the province. The major shrine is the [[Ōtori taisha]], located in what is now [[Nishi-ku, Sakai]]. This was also the ''[[ichinomiya]]'' of the province. During the [[Heian period]], Izumi was dominated by ''[[shōen]]'' landed estates, the largest of which was the [[Hine-no-shō|Hine shōen]], which was controlled by the aristocratic [[Kujō family]].

During the [[Muromachi period]], the [[Ashikaga clan]] appointed the [[Hosokawa clan]] as ''[[shugo]]'' of Izumi Province. In the early 15th century, the [[Miyoshi clan]] (from [[Awa Province (Tokushima)|Awa Province]] in [[Shikoku]]) invaded and defeated the Hosokawa clan and their proxies, and became rulers over a large portion of the [[Kansai region]]. [[Miyoshi Yoshikata]] (1527-1562), the younger brother of [[Miyoshi Nagayoshi]] made [[Kishiwada Castle]] his base and extensively rebuilt its fortifications. The Miyoshi also developed [[Sakai]] into an international port and profited greatly from trade. Miyoshi rule proved to be short-lived and by the 1560s the clan was in eclipse and Izumi Province had collapsed into a patchwork of local strongmen. It became a battleground between the forces of [[Oda Nobunaga]] and the followers of the ''[[Saiga Ikki]]'', local followers of the ''[[Ikkō-ikki]]'' movement, who sought to overthrow the feudal system and establish a theocratic republic, and later under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] was the base for his conquest of Kii Province. During this period, Sakai was ruled by a councilor oligarchs, and became very rich on trade with China and the Europeans. It was also a center for [[Tanegashima (gun)|matchlock rifle]] production.

===Edo Period===
Under the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], the port of Sakai came under the rule of the ''[[Osaka machi-bugyō]]'', and the province itself was divided into a patchwork of holdings directly by the shogunate (''[[tenryō]]'') or various ''[[daimyō]]''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Bakumatsu period domains
|-
! Name !! Clan !! Type !! ''[[kokudaka]]''
|-
| [[File:Hidari mitsudomoe.svg|25px]] [[Kishiwada Domain|Kishiwada]] || [[Okabe clan]] || ''Fudai'' || 53,000 ''koku''
|-
| [[File:Japanese Crest Watanabe Hosi.svg|25px]] [[Hakata Domain|Hakata]] || [[Watanabe clan]] || ''Fudai'' || 13,500 ''koku''
|-
|}

==Meiji period==
Following the [[Meiji restoration]], Sakai became "Sakai Prefecture" in 1868 and gradually absorbed all of the ''tenryō'' and holdings of the various ''daimyō'' from other areas. The northern border the province with Settsu was adjusted in 1870 with part of the area of Sumiyoshi District of Settsu Province added into Ōtori District. The border was changed from roads of Ōshōji and Nagao Kaidō in Sakai to the [[Yamato River]]. Also in 1870, [[Mikami Domain]] in [[Ōmi Province]] relocated its seat to Yoshimi in Izumi, and was renamed "Yoshimi Domain" briefly before the [[abolition of the han system]] several months later in 1871. Yoshimi, Kishiwada and Hakata all became prefectures, which were then merged into {{nihongo|Sakai Prefecture|堺県|Sakai ken}}. Sakai Prefecture was merged into [[Nara Prefecture]] on April 18, 1876, but was subsequently transferred to [[Osaka Prefecture]] on February 21, 1881<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780 "Provinces and prefectures"] at p. 780.</ref> Per the early [[Meiji period]] {{nihongo|''Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō''|旧高旧領取調帳|}}, an official government assessment of the nation’s resources, the province had 352 villages with a total ''[[kokudaka]]'' of 170,885 ''[[koku]]''. Izumi Province consisted of:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Districts of Izumi  Province
|-
! District !! ''kokudaka'' !! Controlled by || at present
|-
| {{nihongo| [[Ōtori District, Osaka|Ōtori]] |大鳥郡||}} || 51,595 ''koku'' || ''Tenryō''  (1 town, 62 villages)<br/>[[Sekiyado Domain|Sekiyado]] (13 villages) <br/>Hakata (12 villages)<br/>Kishiwada (3 villages) || most of Sakai, [[Takaishi, Osaka|Takaishi]]
|-
| {{nihongo| [[Izumi District, Osaka|Izumi]] |和泉郡||}} || 30,993 ''koku'' ||  ''Tenryō'' (47 villages)<br/> ''Tenryō''  (1 town, 27 villages)<br/>[[Sekiyado Domain|Sekiyado]] (15 villages)  <br/>Yoshimi (8 villages)<br/>Hakata (4 villages)<br/>[[Koizumi Domain|Koizumi]] (4 villages)<br/>[[Yodo Domain|Yodo]] (4 villages)<br/>Kishiwada (2 villages)<br/>joint ''Tenryō''/Sekiyado (1 village) || Izumi, most of [[Izumiōtsu]], part of [[Kishiwada, Osaka|Kishiwada]], [[Tadaoka, Osaka|Tadaoka]]
|-
| {{nihongo| [[Minami District, Osaka|Minami]]|南郡||}} || 32,759 ''koku'' || ''Tenryō'' (1 town, 14 villages)<br/>Kishiwada (2 towns, 54 villages)<br/>Yodo (2 villages) || most of Kishiwada, [[Kaizuka, Osaka|Kaizuka]]
|-
| {{nihongo|[[Hine District, Osaka|Hine]] |日根郡|||}} || 55,538 ''koku'' || ''Tenryō'' (21 villages)<br/>Kishiwada (40 villages)<br/>[[Tsuchiura Domain|Tsuchiura]] (11 villages)<br/>[[Mikami Domain|Mikami]] (4 villages)<br/>Yodo (1 village)<br/> || [[Izumisano, Osaka|Izumisano]], [[Sennan, Osaka|Sennan]],  [[Hannan, Osaka|Hannan]], [[Kumatori, Osaka|Kumatori]], [[Tajiri, Osaka|Tajiri]],  [[Misaki, Osaka|Misaki]], part of Kaizuka
|-
|}

The districts were reduced from four to two on April 1, 1896:
* [[Senboku District, Osaka|Senboku District]] (泉北郡) – merger of Ōtori and Izumi Districts; creating a district that covered the former northern part of Izumi Province
* [[Sennan District, Osaka|Sennan District]] (泉南郡) – merger of Minami and Hine Districts; creating a district that covered the former southern part of Izumi Province

<gallery>
File:Izumi provincial government ruins.jpg|Site of the Izumi ''kokufu''
File:Izumi Kokubunji, entrance.jpg|Izumi Kokubun-ji
File:Ōtori-taisha, Worship Hall 001.jpg|Ōtori Taisha
File:2019 Danjiri festival at Otori Shrine008.jpg|Danjiri matsuri at Ōtori Taisha
File:Kishiwada Castle Kishiwada Osaka pref Japan28n.jpg|Kishiwada Castle
</gallery>

==Shugo==

=== Kamakura shogunate ===
* 1196–1203 – [[Sahara Yoshitsura]]
* 1207–1221 – [[Emperor Go-Toba]]
* 1221–1248 – [[Henmi clan]]
* 1249–1261 – [[Hōjō Shigetoki (born 1198)|Hōjō Shigetoki]]
* 1279–1300 – [[Hōjō Tokimura]]
* 1313–1315 – [[Hōjō Hiroaki]]
* 1315–1333 – [[Hōjō Shigetoki (II)|Hōjō Shigetoki]]

===Muromachi shogunate===
* 1336–1337 – [[Hatakeyama Kunikiyo]]
* 1337–1347 – [[Hosokawa Akiuji]]
* 1347–1349 – [[Kō no Moroyasu]]
* 1349–1351 – Hatakeyama Kunikiyo
* 1351–1352 – Hosokawa Akiuji
* 1352–1359 – [[Hosokawa Nariuji]]
* 1359–1360 – Hatakeyama Kunikiyo
* 1360–1361 – Hosokawa Nariuji
* 1369–1378 – [[Kusunoki Masanori]]
* 1378–1391 – [[Yamana Ujikiyo]]
* 1392–1399 – [[Ōuchi Yoshihiro]]
* 1400–1403 – [[Nishiki Yoshikazu]]
* 1407–1408 – [[Oku clan]]
* 1408–1411 – [[Hosokawa Yorinaga]]
* 1408–1448 – [[Hosokawa Motoyuki]]
* 1411–1438 – [[Hosokawa Mochiari]]
* 1438–1450 – [[Hosokawa Kiyoharu]]
* 1448–1483 – [[Hosokawa Mochihisa]]
* 1450–1480 – [[Hosokawa Tsuneari]]
* 1480–1500 – [[Hosokawa Motoari]]
* 1487–1495 – [[Hosokawa Katsunobu]]
* 1500–1508 – [[Hosokawa Mototsune]] / [[Hosokawa Masahisa]]
* 1513–1523 – The [[Hosokawa clan]]
* 1523–1531 – [[Hosokawa Kurō]]
* 1523–? – [[Hosokawa Gorō]]
* 1536–1554 – Hosokawa Mototsune

==''Izumi-no-kami'' ==
* [[Tachibana no Michisada]]
* [[Kakizaki Kageie]]
* [[Tōdō Takatora]] – First generation ''daimyō'' of [[Tsu Domain]] in [[Ise Province]].
* [[Tōdō Takatsugu]] – Second generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takahisa]] – Third generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takachika]] – Fourth generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takatoshi]] – Fifth generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takahora]] – Seventh generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takanaga]] – Eighth generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takasato]] – Ninth generation''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takasawa]] – Tenth generation ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain in Ise Province.
* [[Tōdō Takayuki]] – Eleventh generation ''daimyō'' of [[Tsu Domain]] in [[Ise Province]].
* [[Matsudaira Ienori]] – ''daimyō'' of [[Iwamura Domain]] in [[Mino Province]].
* [[Matsudaira Norinaga]] – ''daimyō'' of [[Iwamura Domain]] in Mino Province, [[Hamamatsu Domain]] in [[Tōtōmi Province]], and [[Tatebayashi Domain]] in [[Kōzuke Province]]; [[Rōjū]].
* [[Matsudaira Norihisa]] – ''daimyō'' of [[Tatebayashi Domain]] in [[Kōzuke Province]] and first generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of [[Karatsu Domain]] in [[Hizen Province]].
* [[Matsudaira Noriharu]] – Second generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of [[Karatsu Domain]] in [[Hizen Province]].
* [[Matsudaira Norisato]] – Third generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of [[Karatsu Domain]] in [[Hizen Province]]. ''daimyō'' of [[Toba Domain]] in [[Shima Province]], [[Ise-Kameyama Domain|Kameyama Domain]] in [[Ise Province]], [[Yodo Domain]] in [[Yamashiro Province]], and [[Sakura Domain]] in [[Shimōsa Province]]. [[Rōjū]].
* [[Matsudaira Norisuke]] – ''daimyō'' of [[Sakura Domain]] in [[Shimōsa Province]], [[Yamagata Domain]] in [[Dewa Province]], and first generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of [[Nishio Domain]] in [[Mikawa Province]].
* [[Matsudaira Norisada]] – Second generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of Nishio Domain in Mikawa Province.
* [[Matsudaira Norihiro]] – Third generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of Nishio Domain in Mikawa Province.
* [[Matsudaira Noriyasu]] – Fourth generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of Nishio Domain in Mikawa Province and [[Rōjū]].
* [[Matsudaira Noritsune]] – Fifth generation Ōgyū Matsudaira ''daimyō'' of Nishio Domain in Mikawa Province.
* [[Tōyama Tomomasa]] – Fourth generation ''daimyō'' of [[Naeki Domain]] in Mino Province.
* [[Tōyama Tomonaka]] – Seventh generation ''daimyō'' of [[Naeki Domain]] in Mino Province.
* [[Tōyama Tomokiyo]] – Ninth generation ''daimyō'' of [[Naeki Domain]] in Mino Province.
* [[Enomoto Takeaki]]

== See also ==
*[[Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883)|Japanese cruiser ''Izumi'']], warship formerly named ''Esmeralda''

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]] and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition  OCLC 58053128]

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Izumi Province}}
* [http://www.maproom.org/00/05/sub1/1.html  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903]

{{Japan Old Province}}
{{Gokishichidō}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Izumi Province| ]]
[[Category:Former provinces of Japan]]