View source for Jaap de Hoop Scheffer

{{Short description|11th Secretary General of NATO}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Dutch|de Hoop Scheffer|Scheffer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name                = Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
| image               = Hoop Scheffer I (crop).jpg
| caption             = De Hoop Scheffer in 2005
| office              = 11th [[Secretary General of NATO]]
| term_start          = 1 January 2004
| term_end            = 1 August 2009
| predecessor         = [[Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo]] (acting)
| successor           = [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]
| office1             = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start1         = 22 July 2002
| term_end1           = 3 December 2003
| primeminister1      = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
| predecessor1        = [[Jozias van Aartsen]]
| successor1          = [[Ben Bot]]
| office2             = [[Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal]]
| term_start2         = 27 March 1997
| term_end2           = 1 October 2001
| predecessor2        = [[Enneüs Heerma]]
| successor2          = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
| office3             = [[Parliamentary leader|Leader]] of the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] <br /> in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start3         = 27 March 1997
| term_end3           = 1 October 2001
| predecessor3        = [[Enneüs Heerma]]
| successor3          = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]
| office4             = [[Member of parliament|Member]] of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start4         = 3 June 1986
| term_end4           = 23 May 2002
| birthname           = Jakob Gijsbert de Hoop Scheffer
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1948|04|03|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (since 1982)
| otherparty          = [[Democrats 66]] (1979–1982)
| spouse              = {{marriage|Jeannine van Oorschot|1979}}
| children            = 2 daughters
| residence           = [[The Hague]]
| alma_mater          = [[Leiden University]] <br /> ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]], [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]])
| occupation          = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[diplomat]]|[[civil service|civil servant]]|[[jurist]]|[[board of directors|corporate director]]|[[nonprofit organization|nonprofit director]]|[[lobbying|lobbyist]]|[[professor]]}}
| signature           = 
| allegiance          = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| branch              = {{air force|Netherlands}}
| serviceyears        = 1974–1976 ([[Conscription]]) <br /> 1976–1978 ([[Military reserve force|Reserve]])
| rank                = [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1b.svg|15px]] [[Second lieutenant]]
| unit                = 
| commands            = 
| battles             = [[Cold War]]
| awards              = 
}}

'''Jakob Gijsbert''' "'''Jaap'''" '''de Hoop Scheffer''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈjaːb də ɦoːp ˈsxɛfər|lang|nl-Jaap de Hoop Scheffer.ogg}};{{efn|''Jaap'' word in isolation: {{IPA|nl|ˈjaːp|}}.}} born 3 April 1948) is a Dutch retired politician, jurist and diplomat who served as the eleventh [[Secretary General of NATO]] from January 2004 to August 2009.<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/who_is_who_7329.htm? NATO - Biography Jaap de Hoop Scheffer]</ref> A member of the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA), which he led from March 1997 to October 2001, he served as [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from July 2002 until December 2003 under Prime Minister [[Jan Peter Balkenende]].

De Hoop Scheffer studied [[law]] at [[Leiden University]] obtaining a [[Master of Laws]] degree before he worked as a civil servant and diplomat for the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] and the [[diplomatic service]] from October 1976 until June 1986. In the [[1986 Dutch general election|1986 general election]] he was elected as a member of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]], where he served a [[frontbencher]] and spokesperson for foreign and [[European Union|European affairs]]. After [[Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal|party leader]] and [[parliamentary leader]] [[Enneüs Heerma]] stepped down De Hoop Scheffer was selected as his successor on 27 March 1997; he was the party's [[lead candidate]] for the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998 general election]]. Following an internal power struggle with party chairman [[Marnix van Rij]] before an upcoming [[2002 Dutch general election|general election]] De Hoop Scheffer announced that he was stepping down as leader and would not stand at the election.

De Hoop Scheffer continued to be active in politics and was appointed as [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] in the [[First Balkenende cabinet|Balkenende I cabinet]] taking office on 22 July 2002. The cabinet fell just 87 days into its term. After the [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general election]] De Hoop Scheffer continued his office in the [[Second Balkenende cabinet|Balkenende II cabinet]]. In September 2003 De Hoop Scheffer was nominated as the next [[Secretary General of NATO]] serving from 1 January 2004 until 1 August 2009.

De Hoop Scheffer retired from active politics at 61 and became active in the private and public sectors as a corporate and non-profit director served on several [[:nl:Staatscommissie|state commissions]] and councils and as a occasional diplomat and lobbyist for several economic delegations on behalf of the government, he also worked as a distinguished professor of [[International relations]], [[Diplomacy|Diplomatic Practice]] and Governmental Studies at his alma mater Leiden University from September 2009 until September 2014. He is still involved with his alma mater as a Distinguished Fellow at [[Leiden University College The Hague]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Fellows |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/governance-and-global-affairs/leiden-university-college-the-hague/staff/distinguished-fellows |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Leiden University |language=en}}</ref>

Following his retirement, De Hoop Scheffer continues to be active as an advocate and lobbyist for more [[European integration]] and improved [[Transatlantic relations]]. De Hoop Scheffer is known for his abilities as an effective negotiator and skilful manager. De Hoop Scheffer was granted the honorary title of [[Minister of State (Netherlands)|Minister of State]] on 22 June 2018 and as of {{Currentyear}} continues to comment on political affairs as a statesman.

== Early life ==
[[File:Dehoopschefferpowell1.jpg|thumb|left|Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] during a press conference at the [[Harry S Truman Building]] on 10 November 2004]]
[[File:Msc 2005-Saturday, 09.00 -11.00-014 HoopScheffer Annan Konferenz Moerk.jpg|thumb|left|Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Kofi Annan]] during the [[Munich Security Conference|Munich Security Conference of 2005]] on 12 February 2005]] 
[[File:Msc 2006-Saturday, 11.00 - 13.00 -Hoop Scheffer Merkel.jpg|thumb|left|Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Angela Merkel]] during a meeting at the [[Munich Security Conference|Munich Security Conference of 2006]] on 4 February 2006]]
[[File:George W. Bush welcomes Jaap de Hoop Scheffer.jpg|thumb|left|Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and [[President of the United States]] [[George W. Bush]] during a meeting in the [[Oval Office]] in the [[White House]] on 27 October 2006]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin 4 April 2008-2.jpg|thumb|left|Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] during a meeting at the [[2008 Bucharest summit]] in [[Bucharest]] on 4 April 2008]]
[[File:Barack Obama & Jaap de Hoop Scheffer in the Oval Office 3-25-09.JPG|thumb|left|Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and [[President of the United States]] [[Barack Obama]] during a meeting in the [[Oval Office]] in the [[White House]] on 25 March 2009]]
De Hoop Scheffer attended the [[Ignatius Gymnasium]] in [[Amsterdam]] from March 1961 until April 1966 and applied at the [[Leiden University]] in June 1968 [[Major (academic)|majoring]] in [[Law]] and obtaining a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in June 1970 before graduating with a [[Master of Laws]] degree in July 1974. De Hoop Scheffer was [[Conscription|conscripted]] in the [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] serving as a [[Second lieutenant]] from August 1974 until September 1976. De Hoop Scheffer worked as a civil servant for the Diplomatic service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from October 1976 until June 1986 as an [[Attaché]] in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] from October 1976 until April 1978 and in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] for the [[NATO]] delegation from April 1978 until December 1980 and as secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs from December 1980 until June 1986.

== Political career ==
=== Member of the House of Representatives ===
De Hoop Scheffer was a member of the social liberal [[Democrats 66]] (D66) party from 1979 until 1982 until he became a member of the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA). In the [[1986 Dutch general election|1986 general election]] De Hoop Scheffer was elected to the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] on 3 June 1986 and served as a frontbencher chairing the [[Parliamentary committee of the Dutch parliament|parliamentary committees]] for Development Cooperation and for Foreign Affairs and was spokesperson for foreign affairs, European affairs, [[NATO]], development cooperation and [[development aid]].

=== Leader of Christian Democratic Appeal (1997–2001) ===
After the [[Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal]] and Parliamentary leader of the CDA in the House of Representatives [[Enneüs Heerma]] announced that he was stepping down as leader and parliamentary leader following increasing criticism on his leadership, the CDA leadership approached De Hoop Scheffer as a candidate to succeed him. De Hoop Scheffer accepted and became leader and parliamentary leader on 27 March 1997.

For the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998 general election]] De Hoop Scheffer served as [[lead candidate]] and the CDA suffered a loss, losing 5 seats and now had 29 seats in the House of Representatives. On 1 October 2001 De Hoop Scheffer announced that he was stepping down as leader and parliamentary leader following an internal power struggle with the [[List of party chairs of the Christian Democratic Appeal|party chairman]] [[Marnix van Rij]] and that he would not stand for the election of 2002.

=== Dutch Foreign Minister ===
The CDA won in the [[2002 Dutch general election|2002 general elections]] and played the leading role in the formation of a new coalition government. The new Prime Minister [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] appointed De Hoop Scheffer as foreign minister in his short-lived [[First Balkenende cabinet|first cabinet]], a position he retained in the [[second Balkenende cabinet]] after the [[2003 Dutch general election|elections of 22 January 2003]].

In 2003, the foreign policy of the Netherlands was largely determined by De Hoop Scheffer and Balkenende. Its main foreign policy decision was to contribute to [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]], although its formulation ("political" but not "military" support) gave it an ambivalent character. However, [[Royal Netherlands Army#Iraq|1,100 Dutch servicemen]] were deployed as part of the [[Stabilisation Force Iraq]] in the southern province of [[Al Muthanna]] from 2003 till 2005, and [[Casualties of the Iraq War|two of them were killed in action]].

In 2003 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer was also the Chairman-in-Office of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]].

=== NATO Secretary General (2004–2009) ===
He became the 11th [[Secretary General of NATO]] on 5 January 2004, succeeding [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|Lord Robertson]], who held the post from 1999 until 2003. The announcement was made on 22 September 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/01-january/e0105a.htm|title=New Secretary General takes up office|publisher=NATO|date=7 January 2004}}</ref> As Secretary General, De Hoop Scheffer urged NATO members to contribute more to NATO operations such as the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3820979.stm|title=Nato boss pleads for Afghan focus|publisher=BBC|date=19 June 2004}}</ref> He "informed a NATO conference that 'NATO troops have to guard pipelines that transport oil and gas that is directed for the West,' and more generally to protect sea routes used by tankers and other 'crucial infrastructure' of the energy system".<ref>[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]] (2011-04-21) [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/04/21/global_empire_united_states_iraq_noam_chomsky Is the world too big to fail?], ''[[Salon.com]]''</ref>

On 21 June 2007, De Hoop Scheffer attended an economic conference in [[Montreal]] where he encouraged Canada to continue its military mission in [[Afghanistan]] past its 2009 withdrawal date. He said, "I think more time is necessary to create those conditions for reconstruction and development to go on."<ref name=cbcdhs>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/canada-should-stay-in-afghanistan-past-2009-nato-chief-says-1.634640?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=Canada should stay in Afghanistan past 2009, NATO chief says | date=21 June 2007}}</ref> His visit coincided with the death of three more Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan. "I know how dramatic it is if Canadian soldiers pay the highest price, but I still say, you are there for a good cause."<ref name=acbc>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/canada-should-stay-in-afghanistan-past-2009-nato-chief-says-1.634640?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=Canada should stay in Afghanistan past 2009, NATO chief says | date=21 June 2007}}</ref> De Hoop Scheffer's comments were made as the [[Harper government]] was under pressure by opposition politicians to define the length of Canada's commitment to the mission in Afghanistan.

It has been alleged by [[Iran]] that Jaap de Hoop Scheffer met [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] leader [[Abdolmalek Rigi]] while he was visiting [[Afghanistan]] in 2008 amid Iranian accusations that the [[CIA]] was backing the terrorist group. This accusation was later denied by NATO.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/7300767/Iran-arrests-most-wanted-man-after-police-board-civilian-flight.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Iran arrests most wanted man after police board civilian flight | first1=Richard | last1=Spencer | first2=Andrew | last2=Osborn | first3=Bruno | last3=Waterfield | date=23 February 2010}}</ref>

On 21 July 2009 De Hoop Scheffer suffered a [[heart attack]]. He underwent [[angioplasty]] after which he was reported to be in stable condition.<ref name=adnl>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ad.nl/binnenland/3384865/De_Hoop_Scheffer_gedotterd_na_hartaanval.html|title=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/algemeen/2046357/de-hoop-scheffer-gaat-goed-vooruit.html|title = De Hoop Scheffer gaat goed vooruit|date = 22 July 2009}}</ref>

His successor, [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], took office on 1 August 2009.

== Post-political career ==
On 1 September 2009 De Hoop Scheffer was appointed to the [[Pieter Kooijmans]] Chair for Peace, Law and Security at [[Leiden University]]. The appointment is part-time, and the holder of this chair is appointed for a maximum of three years.

In addition, De Hoop Scheffer has held a variety of paid and unpaid positions, including: 
* [[Air France–KLM]], Independent Member of the Board of Directors<ref>[https://www.airfranceklm.com/en/board-directors Board of Directors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033630/https://www.airfranceklm.com/en/board-directors |date=2018-09-24 }} [[Air France–KLM]].</ref>
* [[Derasat|Bahrain Center for Strategic, International and Energy Studies (DERASAT)]], Member of the International Advisory Board<ref>[http://www.derasat.org.bh/leadership/international-advisory-board/ International Advisory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921102928/http://www.derasat.org.bh/leadership/international-advisory-board/ |date=2016-09-21 }} Bahrain Center for Strategic, International and Energy Studies (DERASAT), Manama.</ref>
* Friends of Europe, Member of the Board of Trustees<ref>[https://friendsofeurope.org/network?page=0&tab=board_of_trustees&title= Board of Trustees]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Friends of Europe.</ref>
* Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group<ref>[http://trilateral.org/download/files/membership/TC_list_3_23.pdf Trilateral Commission membership list of March 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201191206/http://trilateral.org/download/files/membership/TC_list_3_23.pdf |date=2019-02-01 }}, "Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, former Secretary General of NATO and Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Hague"</ref>
* Ethics counselor to the [[cabinet of the Netherlands]] (starting March 2024)<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://nos.nl/artikel/2512881-oud-ministers-sorgdrager-en-de-hoop-scheffer-vertrouwensfunctionarissen-kabinetsleden |date = 15 March 2024 |access-date = 16 March 2024 |language = nl |website = [[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |title = Oud-ministers Sorgdrager en De Hoop Scheffer vertrouwensfunctionarissen kabinetsleden |trans-title = Former ministers Sorgdrager and De Hoop Scheffer counselor to government members }}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
* [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight.svg|60px]] Knight of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] (Netherlands, 22 May 2002)
* [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg|60px]] Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands, 12 December 2003)
* [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|60px]] Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands, 6 July 2009, for his services as Secretary General of NATO)<ref>[http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/article1254542.ece/Hoge_onderscheiding_voor_De_Hoop_Scheffer Hoge onderscheiding voor De Hoop Scheffer] - online [[de Volkskrant]] ''(Dutch)''</ref><ref>[http://www.minaz.nl/Actueel/Toespraken/2009/Juli/Ridder_Grootkruis_in_de_Orde_van_Oranje_Nassau_voor_De_Hoop_Scheffer Ridder Grootkruis in de Orde van Oranje Nassau voor De Hoop Scheffer] Website [[Ministry of General Affairs]] ''(Dutch)''</ref>
* [[File:BUL Order Stara planina ribbon.svg|60px]] Member 1st Class of the [[Order of Stara Planina|Order of the Balkan Mountains]] ([[Bulgaria]], 2009)
* [[File:Ribbon of an order of king Tomislav.png|60px]] Recipient of the [[Grand Order of King Tomislav]] ([[Croatia]], 5 February 2009, "for outstanding contribution to strengthening the international position of the Republic of Croatia and the promotion of cooperation between NATO and the Republic of Croatia")
* [[File:EST Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - 1st Class BAR.svg|60px]] Member 1st Class of the [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]] ([[Estonia]], 6 July 2009)<ref>[https://president.ee/et/ametitegevus/otsused/38603-520-j-g-de-hoop-schefferile-riikliku-autasu-andmine J. G. de Hoop Schefferile riikliku autasu andmin] - website of the [[President of Estonia]]</ref>
* [[File:ITA OMRI 2001 GC BAR.svg|60px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] ([[Italy]], 16 February 2009)
* [[File:LVA Order of the Three Stars - Commander BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Three Stars]] ([[Latvia]], November 2004, for his commitment to a United Europe)
* [[File:LTU Order of Vytautas the Great - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Vytautas the Great]] ([[Lithuania]], 26 June 2009)<ref>[http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p40.html Lithuanian Presidency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419212238/http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p40.html |date=2014-04-19 }}, Lithuanian Orders searching form</ref>
* [[File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] ([[Poland]], 12 March 2009)
* [[File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]] ([[Romania]], 10 May 2004)<ref>[http://www.legestart.ro/Decretul-301-2004-conferirea-Ordinului-national-Steaua-Romaniei-grad-Mare-Cruce-(NjgzMDc-).htm Decretul 301 din 10 mai 2004 (Decretul 301/2004)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122013418/http://www.legestart.ro/Decretul-301-2004-conferirea-Ordinului-national-Steaua-Romaniei-grad-Mare-Cruce-(NjgzMDc-).htm |date=2010-01-22 }} - Decree from the Romanian president to award Jaap de Hoop Scheffer</ref>
* [[File:SVK Rad Bieleho Dvojkriza 1 triedy BAR.svg|60px]] Member 1st Class of the [[Order of the White Double Cross]] ([[Slovakia]], 2009)<ref>Slovak republic website, [http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/ State honours] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413004835/http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/ |date=2016-04-13 }} : 1st Class in 2009 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table)</ref>
* [[File:Order for Exceptional Merits (Slovenia).svg|60px]] Recipient of the [[Order for Exceptional Merits (Slovenia)|Order for Exceptional Merits]] ([[Slovenia]], 2009)<ref>[http://foto.sta.si/#!a/9614/131224 stafoto]</ref>
* [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|60px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] ([[United Kingdom]], 10 February 2010, for his services to NATO)<ref>[http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2181670/hoge-britse-ridderorde-hoop-scheffer.html Hoge Britse ridderorde voor De Hoop Scheffer] - Website www.nu.nl ''(Dutch)''</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_138052.htm NATO Declassified - Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (biography)

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{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]|years=1997–2002}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2002–2003}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary General of NATO]]|years=2004–2009}}
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{{s-end}}

{{Ministers of State of the Netherlands}}
{{NATOSecGens}}
{{Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands}}
{{Second Balkenende cabinet}}
{{First Balkenende cabinet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoop Scheffer, Jaap de}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
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[[Category:Governmental studies academics]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Dutch international relations scholars]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Christian Democratic Appeal]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]]
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[[Category:Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class]]
[[Category:Royal Netherlands Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Scholars of diplomacy]]
[[Category:Secretaries general of NATO]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch civil servants]]
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