View source for Jacques Marquette

{{Short description|17th-century French Jesuit missionary and explorer in North America}}
{{redirect|Pere Marquette}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = [[The Reverend]]
| name               = Jacques Marquette
| honorific_suffix   = [[Jesuits|SJ]]
| image              = Pere Marquette close-up.jpg
| caption            = 1869 portrait of Marquette
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1637|6|1}}
| birth_place        = [[Laon]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1675|5|18|1637|6|1}}
| death_place        = near [[Ludington, Michigan]]
| other_names        = Pere Marquette
| signature          = Signature of Jacques Marquette (1637–1675).png
}}

'''Jacques Marquette''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Jesuits|SJ]]}} ({{IPA|fr|ʒak maʁkɛt}}; June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051070/Jacques-Marquette|title=Jacques Marquette|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> sometimes known as '''Père  Marquette''' or '''James Marquette''',<ref>{{cite CE1913 |wstitle=Archdiocese of Chicago |first=John Webster |last=Melody |volume=3}}</ref> was a French [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[missionary]] who founded [[Michigan]]'s first European settlement, [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Sainte Marie]], and later founded [[St. Ignace, Michigan|Saint Ignace]]. In 1673, Marquette, with [[Louis Jolliet]], an explorer born near [[Quebec City]], was the first European to explore and map the northern portion of the [[Mississippi River]] Valley.

==Early life==
Jacques Marquette was born in [[Laon]], [[Kingdom of France]], on June 1, 1637. He was the third of six children for Rose de la Salle and Nicolas Marquette. The de la Salles were a wealthy merchant family. The Marquette family had been well-respected  for many years, as numerous members had served in the military and taken civil posts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donnelly |first=Joseph P. |date=March 1969 |title=Father Jacques Marquette and the Indians of Upper Michigan |journal=[[The Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |page=40 |jstor=44210720}}</ref>

Jacques Marquette was sent to study at the Jesuit College in Reims at age 9. He remained there until he joined the [[Society of Jesus]] at age 17.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/history-culture/jacques-marquette |title=Jacques Marquette |work=biography.com |date=August 2, 2023}}</ref> Marquette taught for a year at [[Auxerre]], then studied philosophy at [[Pont-à-Mousson|Ponta Mousson]] until 1659. He taught at Ponta Mousson, [[Reims Cathedral|Reims]], Charleville, and [[Langres Cathedral|Langres]] until 1665.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|p=41}}

Throughout this time, Marquette sent multiple requests to be sent on missionary work. The superior of the Jesuit mission in [[New France]], Father [[Jérôme Lalemant]], needed missionaries to work with the [[Five Nations Iroquois|Five Nations]]. Marquette was ordained on the Feast of Saint Thomas of Aquinas in [[Toul]] on March 7, 1666. Months later, on September 20, he arrived in Quebec.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|p=42}}

== Missionary work ==
Marquette was first sent to the mission of Saint Michel at [[Sillery, Quebec City|Sillery]]. Because this mission served peaceful and friendly indigenous people from different tribes, it was considered an ideal place for training new missionaries. Marquette studied the languages and customs of the [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]], [[Abenaki]], and [[Iroquois]] people that he often tended to at Sillery.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donnelly |first=Joseph |title=Jacques Marquette, S.J., 1637–1675 |publisher=Loyola University Press |year=1968 |location=Chicago |page=85 |url=https://archive.org/details/jacquesmarquette0000donn_w0e3}}</ref>

From there, he was assigned to [[Trois-Rivières]] on the [[Saint Lawrence River]], where he assisted [[Gabriel Druillettes]].<ref name="Spaulding">{{cite CE1913 |wstitle=Jacques Marquette, S.J. |first=Henry S. |last=Spaulding |volume=9}}</ref> This mission was located in a river town that had permanent shops and taverns. A large number of French soldiers were stationed in the town, as there were frequent attacks from the Five Nations.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|page=97}} During his two years at this mission, Marquette devoted himself to the study of the local languages and became fluent in six different dialects.<ref name="Spaulding" />{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|pp=42-43}}

In 1668, Marquette was moved by his superiors to missions farther up the Saint Lawrence River, then into the western [[Great Lakes]] region. That year, he helped Druillettes, Brother Louis Broeme, and Father [[Claude-Jean Allouez]] found the mission at [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]] in present-day Michigan.<ref>{{Cite DCB |url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/marquette_jacques_1E.html |last=Monet |first=J. |title="Marquette, Jacques |volume=1}}</ref>{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|p=43}}{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|page=112}} The missionaries planted crops, then built a chapel and barns. They established friendly relationships with the [[Odawa|Ottawa]] and [[Ojibwe|Chippewa]] that were inhabiting that area, and were allowed to baptize most of the infants and people who were dying.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|page=122}} Marquette noted that the Chippewa were great businessmen and exceptionally skilled at catching whitefish from the rapids in the [[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River.]]{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|p=43}}

People from many tribes would travel to purchase the whitefish. Marquette and the other missionaries would explain their faith to the visiting [[Sioux]], [[Cree]], [[Miami people|Miami]], [[Potawatomi]], [[Illinois (people)|Illinois]], and [[Menominee]]. They hoped that these visitors would be interested in getting their own Jesuit missionary, or "Black Robe," as they were called by the indigenous people.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|page=117}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chmielewski |first=Laura |title=Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet: Exploration, Encounter, and the French New World |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |location=New York |page=1 |isbn=978-1-317-60105-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kuw9DwAAQBAJ}}</ref> In 1669, Marquette was assigned to replace Allouez at the [[La Pointe, Wisconsin|La Pointe]] du Saint Esprit mission. Father [[Claude Dablon]] arrived to continue and expand the missionary work at Sault Ste. Marie.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|pages=129–130}}

Marquette began the {{convert|500|mi|adj=on}} journey to his new assignment in August, travelling by [[canoe]] along the south shore of [[Lake Superior]]. The party soon encountered wintry conditions on the lake and were often unable to light a fire when they went ashore at night. The party reached their destination on September 13, and were greeted by the Petun Huron.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|pages=131–133}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walczynski |first=Mark |title=Jolliet and Marquette: A New History of the 1673 Expedition |publisher=3 Fields Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780252045219 |location=Champaign |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVXKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> Excited to have a Black Robe again, they quickly assembled a banquet.

In addition to the Petun Huron, Marquette was tasked with missionary work for three bands of Ottawa: the Keinouche, Sinagaux, and Kiskakon. Marquette visited and attended to all four settlements. Since he felt the Kiskakon were the most ready to accept Christianity, he spent more time working with them and even lived with the families in their village.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|pages=140–142}}

During his time at La Pointe, Marquette encountered members of the [[Illiniwek|Illinois]] tribes, who told him about the important trading route of the Mississippi River. They invited him to come to their village and teach their people, whose settlements were mostly farther south.<ref name="bio" /> Marquette was eager to explore this river and asked for permission to take a leave from missionary work, but he first had to attend to an urgent matter.

The [[Wyandot people|Hurons]] and Ottawa at La Pointe had begun fighting with the neighboring [[Lakota people]]. Because he feared an attack by the Lakota, Marquette felt it was necessary to find a new place for the mission.<ref name="bio" />{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|page=158}} Dablon agreed that a new mission was necessary and offered to find a location. Some of the men wanted to stay and fight. Marquette attempted to discourage the imminent war, but most of the men maintained their position. He promised those who wanted to avoid the war that he would take them to a new mission and told them to prepare to move east.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|page=164}}

In the spring of 1671, Marquette and his party began their journey to the new [[St. Ignace Mission]]. The canoes were loaded with men, women, children, animals, and personal belongings. They travelled through Lake Superior and down to the [[Straits of Mackinac]] The mission that Dablon had established for them was located on [[Mackinac Island]]. The group would be welcomed by a small group of Ottawa who already inhabited the island.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|pages=171–172}} Shortly after the new residents arrived on the island, they became worried about the possibility of winter starvation. They had noticed that game was scarce and no corn had grown. A group of elders approached Marquette with these concerns, and Marquette agreed. In the fall, the mission was moved to the mainland at [[St. Ignace, Michigan]].{{sfnp|Donnelly|1968|pages=176, 179}}

==Explorations==
[[File:Pere Marquette.JPG|thumb|''Pere Marquette and the Indians'' [at the Mississippi River], oil painting (1869) by Wilhelm Lamprecht (1838–1906), at [[Marquette University]]<ref>The painting was rendered as an engraving on a US commemorative postage stamp, 1898 ([[:File:Trans Miss 1898-1c.jpg|Illustration]])</ref>]]
Marquette's request to take a leave from missionary work to explore the  great river was granted in 1673. Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer. They departed from Saint Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five [[voyageurs]] of [[Metis in the United States|French-Indian ancestry]].<ref name=bio/> Four of these are known to be: Jacques Largillier, Jean Plattier, Pierre Moreau, and Jean Tiberge.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=76}} They travelled through [[Lake Huron]] and [[Lake Michigan]] and into [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]].{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=81}}<ref name="Catton">{{cite book |last=Catton |first=Bruce |date=1984 |title=Michigan: A History |page=14 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co. |isbn=0-393-30175-3}}</ref>

This is where the party made their first encounter with indigenous people. They met the [[Menominee]], who were known as the "wild rice" people.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=81}} Marquette told them of his mission to spread religion to the people along the river. The Menominee tried to discourage Marquette and the others, warning them about the perils of the river and the people inhabiting the land along it.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=81}}{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|pp=40-41}}The group of explorers next went up the [[Fox River (Green Bay tributary)|Fox River]], nearly to its headwaters.<ref name="Catton" /> They came upon a village inhabited by [[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]], and [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo.]] They allowed Marquette to teach them about Christianity, and listened attentively. He was especially impressed by the Miami. Marquette noted that they were pleasant in appearance and temperament, despite their reputation as warriors. When Marquette's party left the village, they were accompanied by two Miami that would assist them in finding their way to the [[Wisconsin River]].{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|pp=82–84}} From the Fox River, the Miami directed, and likely assisted, the men in portaging their canoes for almost two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River,<ref name="Catton" />{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=84}}{{sfnp|Walczynski|2023|p=101}} Many years later, the town of [[Portage, Wisconsin|Portage]], [[Wisconsin]] was built and named for the ancient path between the two rivers. They ventured forth from the portage and entered the Mississippi near present-day [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] on June 17.<ref name="Catton" />

Eight days later, the travelers found footprints near the Des Moines River and went to investigate. They were enthusiastically greeted by the [[Peoria people]] who lived nearby in three small villages. Marquette and the others were welcomed by the elders, who offered accommodations and had a banquet prepared.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|pp=88–89}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilodeau |first=Christopher |title=They Honor Our Lord Among Themselves in Their Own Way: Colonial Christianity and the Illinois Indians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1185857 |journal=[[American Indian Quarterly]] |volume=25 |issue=3 |date=Summer 2001 |page=364|doi=10.1353/aiq.2001.0045 |jstor=1185857}}</ref> The men were offered many gifts by the Peoria. Since Marquette and the men were traveling, they had to decline the most of what was offered. Marquette did accept a [[ceremonial pipe|calumet]] that was gifted to him by the chief. The chief explained that it was a symbol of peace and advised Marquette to display it as an indication of his amicable intentions. As the men left the village, the  Peoria chief cautioned them against going too much farther south.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|pp=90-92}}

As the party continued south, Marquette hoped to find the Chanouananons. They were known to be friendly to French, and Marquette felt they may be interested in Christianity. They did not find the Chanouananons, but Marquette did notice iron in the Wabash area.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|pp=95-96}} Once the summer heat and mosquitoes began to cause great discomfort, the men stopped going ashore at night. They slept in the canoes, using the sails as protection from mosquitoes.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=96}} This attracted the attention of some Native Americans, who pointed guns at the travelers. Marquette held the calumet over his head. He attempted to communicate by speaking Huron, but was unsuccessful. He felt they may have misunderstood the intentions of the men with guns, and that they may have been inviting them to their village. Marquette was correct. He and the other men followed them to their village, where they were fed beef and white plums.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=96}}{{sfnp|Walczynski|2023|p=118}}

At the mouth of the [[Saint Francis River]], the men spotted a village. They heard war cries and saw men jumping into the river, trying to get to them. Marquette held the [[ceremonial pipe|calumet]] over his head. The elders standing on shore saw this, and called off the attack.{{sfnp|Walczynski|2023|p=120}} The men were invited to the village of the [[Michigamea]]. One of the Michigamea was able to speak to Marquette in the Miami Illinois language, but most of the communication was done through gestures.{{sfnp|Walczynski|2023|p=121}} The men were fed fish and corn stew, then given a place to sleep for the night.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=101}}

In the morning, Michigamea warriors in dugout canoes escorted them to the [[Akansea]].{{sfnp|Walczynski|2023|p=121}} They were greeted by a group of men in canoes who held up their own calumet. Marquette and the others were invited to the village. Many residents came out to see the Frenchmen.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=101}} A chief led them to a room where elders and other chiefs had gathered. Marquette used an interpreter to ask about what was south of them. He was told that it was extremely dangerous. The people were hostile, well-armed, and would attack anyone who could interfere with their trading arrangements.{{sfnp|Walczynski|2023|p=122}}

[[File:Carte de la decouverte faite l'an 1673 dans l'Amerique Septentrionale.jpg|thumb|Map of the discovery made in the year 1673 in North America]]
The Jolliet-Marquette expedition had traveled to within {{convert|435|mi}} of the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="Catton" /> Marquette  and the other men began to consider whether the danger was worth the risk.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=105}}  By this point, they had encountered several natives carrying European trinkets, and they feared an encounter with explorers or colonists from [[Spain]].<ref name="Catton" /> The explorers had mapped the areas where they had been, including their flora, wildlife, and resources. After staying with the Akansea for two nights, the party decided to end the exploration.{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=105}}

On July 17, they turned back at the mouth of the [[Arkansas River]]. They followed the Mississippi back to the mouth of the [[Illinois River]], which they had learned from local natives provided a shorter route back to the Great Lakes. They reached Lake Michigan near the site of modern-day [[Chicago]], by way of the [[Chicago Portage]].<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=T.J. |chapter=James Marquette |title=Pioneer priests of North America, 1642–1710 |publisher=Fordham University Press |date=1910 |pages=165–183 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/pioneerpriests03campuoft?ref=ol#page/164/mode/2up}}</ref>{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=109}} The party encountered a village of [[Kaskaskia]], who invited Marquette to return and establish a mission. When the explorers left the village, some of the Kaskaskia  got in their own canoes and traveled with them to Saint Francis Xavier mission in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]].{{sfnp|Chmielewski|2018|p=109}}<ref name="Campbell" /> Jolliet returned to Quebec to relate the news of their discoveries.<ref name="Campbell"/>

[[File:2009-0618-StIgnace-JacquesMarquetteGrave.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of Jacques Marquette in Saint Ignace, Michigan]]
Marquette and his party returned to the Illinois territory in late 1674, becoming the first Europeans to winter in what would become the city of Chicago. As welcomed guests of the [[Illinois Confederation]], the explorers were feasted ''en route'' and fed ceremonial foods such as [[sagamite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/001583.asp|title=Odd Wisconsin Archive: Beer and Sweet Corn|work=wisconsinhistory.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053840/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/001583.asp|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> As Marquette had promised, he established The Immaculate Conception mission for the Kaskaskia.{{sfnp|Donnelly|1969|p=44}}{{sfnp|Bilodeau|2001|p=355}}

==Death==
In the spring of 1675, Marquette traveled westward and celebrated a public [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] at the [[Grand Village of the Illinois]] near [[Starved Rock State Park|Starved Rock]]. A bout of [[dysentery]] he had contracted during the Mississippi expedition sapped his health. On the return trip to Saint Ignace, he died at 37 years of age near the modern-day town of [[Ludington, Michigan]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> His companions, Pierre Porteret and Jacques Largillier, buried his body at a spot that Marquette had chosen. They marked his burial site with a large cross. Porteret and Lagrillier continued on to St. Ignace, so they could inform those at the mission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dixon |first=David |date=1985 |title=New Findings About the Marquette Deathsite |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42952126 |journal=Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society |volume=8 |pages=23–24 |jstor=42952126}}</ref>

Two years later, Kiskakon Ottawa from the Saint Ignace mission found Marquette's gravesite. They cleaned his bones in preparation for their journey. Ottawa and Huron, in about thirty canoes, accompanied them back to the mission. Marquette's remains were presented to Fathers Nouvel and Piercon. They led funeral services before burying his bones in the chapel at [[St. Ignace Mission|Mission Saint-Ignace]] on June 9, 1677.{{sfnp|Dixon|1985|pp=23-24}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2013-11-03|title=Marquette, Jacques 1637–1675|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2376&keyword=marquette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095054/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2376&keyword=marquette |archive-date=2013-11-03  |access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Holzknecht |first=J. |date=1895 |title=The Relics of Pere Marouette |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44373868 |journal=[[The American Catholic Historical Researches]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |jstor=44373868 |issn=2155-5273}}</ref>

In 2018, residents of St. Ignace, some of them descendants of those led by Marquette to the mission, became aware that an ounce of Marquette's bones was located at [[Marquette University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyra |first=Emily |date=August 31, 2023 |title=The Epic Return of Father Marquette's Remains to the Straits of Mackinac |url=https://mynorth.com/2023/08/the-epic-return-of-father-marquettes-remains-to-the-straits-of-mackinac/#:~:text=Father%20Marquette%20was%20beloved%20by,whistles%20floated%20over%20Moran%20Bay. |access-date=April 23, 2024 |work=MyNorth.com}}</ref> Talks between the residents and the university began. The Museum of Ojibwe Culture sent a formal request for the return of the bones. This request was accepted by Marquette University. Two Native American men, one an [[Anishinaabe]] elder, arrived at the university in March 2022. They were presented with Marquette's bones, which they placed in a birch box for the return to St. Ignace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnuson |first=Jon |date=June 15, 2022 |title=The Bones of Jacques Marquette |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/features/bones-jacques-marquette |access-date=April 24, 2024 |website=ChristianCentury.org}}</ref> Following a ceremony, the bones retrieved from the university were reburied with the rest of Marquette's bones on June 18, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2022 |title=The Return |url=https://cedartreeinstitute.org/project/the-return |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=Cedar Tree Institute}}</ref>

A Michigan Historical Marker in Ludington, MI reads:
{{cquote|Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along the Lake Michigan shore on May 18, 1675. He had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace, which he had left in 1673, to go exploring in the Mississippi country. The exact location of his death has long been a subject of controversy. A spot close to the southeast slope of this hill, near the ancient outlet of the [[Pere Marquette River]], corresponds with the death site as located by early French accounts and maps and a constant tradition of the past. Marquette's remains were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0278.htm|title=Michigan Historical Markers|work=michmarkers.com|access-date=2008-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331074158/http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0278.htm|archive-date=2009-03-31|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
}}

Adjacent to gravesite of Marquette on State Street in downtown Saint Ignace, a building was constructed that now houses the Museum of [[Ojibwa]] Culture.

However, a Michigan Historical Marker in Frankfort, MI reads: 
{{cquote| Marquette's Death: On May 18, 1675, Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along the [[Lake Michigan]] shore of the Lower Peninsula. Marquette had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace, which he had left in 1673 to go on an exploring trip to the Mississippi and the Illinois country. The exact location of Marquette's death has long been a subject of controversy. Evidence presented in the 1960s indicates that this site, near the natural outlet of the Betsie River, at the northeast corner of a hill which was here until 1900, is the Marquette death site and that the Betsie is the Rivière du Père Marquette of early French accounts and maps. Marquette's bones were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michmarkers.com/default?page=S0272|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022061513/http://michmarkers.com/default?page=S0272|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 22, 2020|title=Marquette's Death}}</ref>
}}

==Legacy==
In the early 20th century Marquette was widely celebrated as a Catholic founding father of the region.<ref>{{cite book |first=Katherine D. |last=Moran |title=The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-5017-4882-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOOuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA01}}</ref>

===Places===
* [[Marquette County, Michigan]];<ref name="clarke">{{cite web |url=http://clarke.cmich.edu/resource_tab/bibliographies_of_clarke_library_material/michigan_local_history/county_material/marquette.html |publisher=[[Clarke Historical Library]], [[Central Michigan University]] |title=Bibliography on Marquette County|access-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> [[Marquette County, Wisconsin]]
* Several communities, including: [[Marquette, Michigan]]; [[Marquette, Wisconsin]]; [[Marquette, Iowa]]; [[Marquette, Illinois]]; [[Marquette Heights, Illinois]]; [[Pere Marquette Charter Township, Michigan]];<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z8NRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6666%2C2546788 | title=Focus on our history: How county was named | work=Ludington Daily News | date=October 3, 1987 | access-date=30 April 2015 | pages=2}}</ref> and [[Marquette, Manitoba]]
* [[Marquette University]] and Marquette University High School in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] 
* [[Marquette Island]] in [[Lake Huron]]
* [[Lake Marquette]] in [[Minnesota]]; [[Marquette Lake]] in [[Quebec]]
* [[Pere Marquette River]] and Pere Marquette Lake, which drain into [[Lake Michigan]] at [[Ludington, Michigan]]
* [[Marquette River]] in [[Quebec]]
* Pere Marquette Park in [[Milwaukee, WI]]
* [[Pere Marquette State Park]] near [[Grafton, Illinois]]
* [[Marquette Catholic High School (Alton, Illinois)|Marquette Catholic High School]], Alton, IL
* [[Marquette Academy|Marquette Academy Catholic High School]], Ottawa, IL
* École Père-Marquette, a high school in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
* [[Marquette Park (Chicago)|Marquette Park]], Chicago, Illinois
* [[Peoria Marriott Pere Marquette|Hotel Pere Marquette]], Peoria, Illinois
* [[Marquette Park (Gary)|Marquette Park]], Gary, Indiana
* [[Marquette Park (Mackinac Island)|Marquette Park]], Mackinac Island, Michigan
* [[Marquette Park (St. Louis)|Marquette Park]], St. Louis, Missouri
* [[Pere Marquette Beach]], a public beach in [[Muskegon, Michigan]]
* [[Pere Marquette State Forest]], in Michigan
* The [[Pere Marquette Railway]]
* [[Marquette Catholic High School (Indiana)|Marquette Catholic Highschool]], in [[Michigan City, Indiana]]
* "Cité Marquette," former US-City-Base (1956–1966) built by Americans based on the NATO Air Force Base in [[Couvron]] ([[38th Bombardment Wing]]), [[Laon, France]] (his birthplace).
* [[Marquette Transportation Company]], a [[towboat]] company using a silhouette of the Pere in his canoe as their emblem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marquettetrans.com/ |title=Home {{!}} Marquette Transportation Company |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |website=marquettetrans.com |publisher=Marquette Transportation Company LLC. |access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Marquette Building (Chicago)|Marquette Building]] in [[Chicago]]; [[Marquette Building (Detroit)|Marquette Building]] in [[Detroit]]; [[Marquette Building (St. Louis)|Marquette Building]] in [[St. Louis|Saint Louis, Missouri]]; [[Pere Marquette Hotel]] in [[Peoria, Illinois]]
*Marquette Avenue, a large street in [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]].

===Monuments===
Marquette is memorialized by various statues, monuments, and historical markers:
* [[Father Marquette National Memorial]] near Saint Ignace, Michigan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2376&keyword=marquette|title=Term: Marquette, Jacques 1637–1675|work=wisconsinhistory.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095054/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2376&keyword=marquette|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[Chicago Portage National Historic Site]], along with Louis Jolliet, near [[Lyons, Illinois]]
* Statues have been erected to Marquette various locations, including at Detroit, Michigan; Fort Mackinac, Michigan; Marquette, Michigan; Milwaukee, at [[Marquette University]]; Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, Utica, Illinois; Laon, France; the [[National Statuary Hall]] of the [[United States Capitol]]; the [[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Quebec Parliament Building]]
*The Legler Branch of the [[Chicago Public Library]] displays "Wilderness, Winter River Scene," a restored mural by Midwestern artist R. Fayerweather Babcock. The mural depicts Marquette and Native Americans trading by a river. Commissioned for Legler Branch in 1934, the mural was funded by the [[Works Projects Administration]].<ref>Chicago Public Library. [https://www.chipublib.org/about-legler-branch/ About Legler Branch].</ref>

Marquette has been honored twice on [[postage stamp]]s issued by the United States:
* A one-cent stamp in 1898, part of  [[Trans-Mississippi Issue]], which shows him on the Mississippi River;<ref>Haimann, Alexander T., "[https://arago.si.edu/category_2028274.html Arago: people, postage & the post. 1-cent Marquette on the Mississippi]". National Postal Museum. Accessed May 2, 2017.</ref> This is the first time a [[Catholic priest]] is honored by the U.S. Postal Department.
* A 6-cent stamp issued September 20, 1968, marking the 300th anniversary of his establishment of the Jesuit mission at Sault Ste. Marie.<ref>Tessa Sabol. "[https://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/pdfs/Sabol-Trans-Mississippi.pdf Trans-Mississippi Exposition Commemorative Stamp Issue and National Identity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721230944/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/pdfs/Sabol-Trans-Mississippi.pdf |date=July 21, 2016}}." National Postal Museum. Accessed May 2, 2017.</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |first = Joseph P. |last = Donnelly |title = Jacques Marquette, S.J. (1637–1675) |location = Chicago |publisher =  Loyola University Press | year = 1985}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Marquette.jpg|Sketch of Marquette
File:Marquette and jolliet map 1681.jpg|Ca. 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet's 1673 expedition
File:Stamp US 1898 1c Trans-Miss.jpg|"Marquette on the Mississippi", 1898 issue
File:Marquette 1968 Issue-6c.jpg|"Marquette explorer", 1968 issue
File:Marquette's Death - Michigan Historical Marker.jpg|Michigan Historical Marker: "Marquette's Death"
File:Jacques Marquette Memorial in Laon France 2007-12-01.JPG|Memorial to Marquette in his birthplace of [[Laon, France]]
File:Marquette NSHC.jpg|[[Gaetano Trentanove]]'s [[Jacques Marquette (Trentanove)|Marquette statue]] at the [[United States Capitol]]
File:Jacques Marquette.jpg|[[Alfred Laliberté]]'s Marquette sculpture at [[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Quebec Parliament Building]]
File:JMMarquette.jpg|Statue of Marquette in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]
File:Pere Marquette Mackinac 2007.jpg|Statue of Marquette at [[Fort Mackinac]]
File:PereMarquetteMarquetteMI.jpg|Statue of Marquette in [[Marquette, Michigan]]
File:FrMarquetteStatue.jpg|Statue of Marquette in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]]
File:Marquette Winter Monument Chicago.JPG|Marker commemorating Marquette's wintering location in 1674–75, today in [[Chicago]]
File:Pere Marquette Memorial - Utica, IL.jpg| Pere Marquette Memorial in [[Utica, Illinois]]
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism|France|North America|History}}
* [[Jacques Marquette (Knepper)|''Jacques Marquette'' (sculpture)]], a 2005 public art work by artist Ronald Knepper
* [[Pere Jacques Marquette (Queoff)|''Pere Jacques Marquette'' (Queoff)]], a 1987 public art work by Tom Queoff
* [[Sagamite]]
* [[Marquette (disambiguation)]] for other places, buildings and geographic objects named after Marquette
* [[Chicago Portage]]
* [[Chicago Portage National Historic Site]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{catholic|wstitle=Jacques Marquette, S.J.}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://rd.uqam.ca/Marquette/ ''Iconographic sources of jesuit father Jacques Marquette fictitious portraits''], Web Robert Derome, Professeur honoraire d'histoire de l'art, Université du Québec à Montréal.
* [http://moses.creighton.edu/kripke/jesuitrelations/ ''The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents 1610 to 1791'', including Marquette's journal (Chapters CXXXVI–CXXXVIII)]
* [[Reuben Gold Thwaites|Thwaites, Reuben G.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=eVsOAAAAYAAJ&q=father+marquette+reuben+G.+thwaites ''Father Marquette''] New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1902.

{{Explorers of New France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marquette, Jacques}}
[[Category:Jacques Marquette| ]]
[[Category:1637 births]]
[[Category:1675 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century French Jesuits]]
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]
[[Category:Explorers of Canada]]
[[Category:Explorers of the United States]]
[[Category:French explorers of North America]]
[[Category:People from Laon]]
[[Category:People of Louisiana (New France)]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]