View source for Jade Bight

{{Short description|Bay on Germany's North Sea coast}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name               = Jade Bight
| other_name         = Jade Bay
| image              = Jade-weser-muendung map de.png
| alt                =
| caption            = Map showing Jade [[Bay]] (''Jadebusen'') at lower center
| image_bathymetry   = 
| alt_bathymetry     =
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location           = [[North Sea]]
| length             =
| width              = {{Cvt|16|km}}
| area               = {{convert|190|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| depth              = {{Cvt|18.5|m|ft}}
| max-depth          = 
| frozen             =
| islands            =
| coords             = {{Coord|53|28|N|8|14|E|region:DE_type:waterbody_scale:500000|display=inline,title|name=Jade Bight}}
| rivers             = [[:de:Maade|Maade]], [[Jade (river)|Jade]]
| oceans             = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| countries          = [[Germany]]
| settlements        = 
| references         =
}}

[[File:JadeWeser.png|thumb|360px|Development of the Jade Bight and the interim Weser delta:<br/>• blue areas = advancement of waterbodies<br/>• green areas = growth of land<br/>• grayish pale blue areas = sometimes flooded<br/>• grayish lilac areas = newly gained land lost again<br/>• grayish pink areas = regained land lost again<br/>• brown to red lines = dikes<br/>• bold intensive light blue line = today's coastline<br/>• light blue lines = today's limit of mudflats<br/>• bold pale blue lines = limit of mudflats c. 1810<br/>• dirty lilac lines = limit of mudflats c. 1645<br/>• light pink to light lilac, ocre and light green lines = geological soil borders.<br/>Greenish coloured areas (except the few bluish green ones) represent new won land. Regaining of losses mostly is marked only by the dikes.<br>→ This map for reading: • [[:Commons:Jadebusen+Unterweser33%|33 % (216 dpi)]], • [[:Commons:Jadebusen+Unterweser50%|50 % (144 dpi)]]]]

The '''Jade Bight'''<ref>Elkins, T H (1972). ''Germany'' (3rd ed.). London: Chatto & Windus, 1972, p. 281. {{ASIN|B0011Z9KJA}}.</ref><ref>Holden, Joseph (ed.) (2008), ''An Introduction to Physical Geography and the Environment'', 2nd ed., Pearson, Harlow, 2008, p. 483. {{ISBN|978-0-13-175304-4}}.</ref> (also known as ''Jade Bay'';<ref>Britannica Online Encyclopedia: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299196/Jade-Bay ''Jade Bay'']</ref> {{langx|de|Jadebusen}}, {{IPA|de|ˈjaːdəˌbuːzn̩|pron|De-Jadebusen.ogg}}) is a [[bight (geography)|bight]] or [[bay]] on the [[North Sea]] coast of Germany. It was formerly known simply as (the) '''Jade''' or '''Jahde'''. Because of the very low input of freshwater, it is classified as a bay rather than an [[estuary]].<ref>Günther Lang, Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (Federal Bureau for Water-Bound Constructions): ''Ein Beitrag zur Tidedynamik der Innenjade und des Jadebusens (A contribution on the tidal dynamics of Innenjade and Jadebusen)'' (in German)</ref>
[[File:Meeresbucht Jadebusen (Nordsee).jpg|thumb|right|360px|Aerial view of Jade Bight]]

== Intrusion of the sea ==
About 180&nbsp;km² (70&nbsp;mi²) in area, the Jade was largely created by [[storm flood]]s during the 13th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jade (bay)|display=Jade|volume=15|page=122}}</ref> Since the early 14th century, it has joined eastward to the [[estuary]] of the river [[Weser]]. For some time, there were three permanent connecting branches and one flood bed between the river and the bight, forming an [[River delta#Tide-dominated deltas|estuarine delta]]. The first of these junctions was closed in 1450 by [[Dike (construction)|dikes]] and the last one in 1515. However, about a century passed before most of the area flooded by these connections was regained for pasture and arable land.

In the west, the Jade extended far into the [[East Frisia|Frisian peninsula]]. From the early 16th century, a number of dikes were built against the storm floods and to gain arable land. The main dike, ''Ellenser Damm'', was built between 1596 and 1615 by the [[Duchy of Oldenburg|County of Oldenburg]] before the agreement with the objecting [[County of East Frisia]] was finished successfully.

== Decay of the Frisian community ==
The extension of Jade Bight and its branches fragmented the free [[Frisians|Frisian]] territory of [[Rüstringen]] in ''Bant'' in the northwest, most of which has disappeared in the waves, ''Bovenjadingen'' ('above the Jade') with the low [[moraine]] hills of [[Friesische Wehde]] in the southwest, [[Butjadingen]] ('outside the Jade') in the northeast, which was an island for almost two centuries, and ''[[Stadland]]'' ('bank-land'), which became a narrow island along the left bank of the Weser in 1384. The devastation by floods and the losses of land weakened the Frisian community. In the years about 1400, the [[Free City of Bremen]] tried to rule Stadland and Butjadingen. At the beginning of the 16th century, all countries around Jade Bight were conquered by the Counts of Oldenburg.

== Organized construction of dikes ==
Together with the conquest of the island of Stadland, the [[Lockfleth]], the largest branch of the Weser delta, was interrupted by a dike at [[Ovelgönne]] in 1515. In the next years the water course was cut off at more sites. The most important projects prior to 1650 were the Ellenser Damm across the Schwarzes Brack in the west of the bay in 1596 to 1615 and the New Hoben-Dike in the east in 1643. South of this dike, the coast became a mossy bog. The bog was affected by high floods, and dikes built on the bog proved to be very fragile.

== Harbour ==
[[Tide|Tidal]] flows make the neck of Jade Bight the deepest natural channel near Germany's North Sea coast. In 1853, the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] bought a part of the western shore of the bay from Oldenburg, in order to use the harbour as a Prussian naval base, later called [[Wilhelmshaven]]. During [[World War I]], the German [[High Seas Fleet]] (''Hochseeflotte''), the main battle fleet of the Imperial German Navy (''[[Kaiserliche Marine]]''), was based at Wilhelmshaven in the Jade Bight. After [[World War II]], Wilhelmshaven became the main German port for the import of petroleum.

== Nature ==
The foreshore areas of Jade Bight form a part of the German [[Wadden Sea National Parks]].

[[Image:SatJadebusen-Wesermuendung.jpg|thumb|left|Jadebusen and river Weser estuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{clear|left}}

== Sources ==
* Karl-Ernst Behre: ''Die Geschichte der Landschaft um den Jadebusen'', Brune-Mettker GmbH, Wilhelmshaven 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-941929-02-9}}
* Karl-Ernst Behre: ''Das Moor von Sehestedt − Landschaftsgeschichte am östlichen Jadebusen''. Vol. 21 of the ''Reihe Oldenburger Forschungen''
* [[David Blackbourn]]: ''The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany (2006)''
* Eilert Schimmelpenning: ''Der Jadebusen und das Schwarze Brack'', Schortens, 2004, {{ISBN|3-936691-21-5}}
* More texts and linked historical maps, see [[:File:JadeWeser.png#Sources of research|list of sources of the map "Jadebusen und Weserdelta"]]
{{Commons category|Jadebusen}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Bays of the East Frisian Peninsula}}

[[Category:Bays of Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Bights (geography)]]