View source for Jagadish Chandra Bose

{{short description| Physicist, biologist and botanist (1857–1937)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = [[Sir]]
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|size=100%|CSI|CIE|FRS}}
| image             = J.C.Bose.JPG
| caption           = J. C. Bose in 1897
| native_name       = 
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=y|1858|11|30}}
| birth_place       = [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=y|1937|11|23|1858|11|30}}
| death_place       = [[Giridih]], [[Bihar Province]], British India
| alma_mater        = {{ubl|[[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Christ's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[University College London]] ([[BSc]], [[DSc]])}}
| known_for         = {{ubl|[[Crescograph]]|[[Crystal detector]]|[[Microwave]]s}}
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Abala Bose|Abala Das]]|1887}}
| awards            = {{ubl|[[Order of the Indian Empire]] (Companion, 1903)|[[Order of the Star of India]] (Companion, 1911)|[[Knight Bachelor]] (1917)}}
| fields            = [[Biology]]<br />[[Physics]]
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[University of London]]}}
| academic_advisors = [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]
| notable_students  = {{ubl|[[Debendra Mohan Bose]]|[[Satyendra Nath Bose]]|[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]|[[Sisir Kumar Mitra]]|[[Meghnad Saha]]}}
| signature         = Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg
}}
'''Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose'''<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30022/pages/3597 Page 3597 of Issue 30022]. ''The London Gazette'' (17 April 1917). Retrieved 1 September 2010.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|s}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bose "Bose"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|bn|d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃ t͡ʃɔn̪d̪ro boʃu|IPA}}; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)<ref name=":0" /> was a [[polymath]]  with interests in [[biology]], [[physics]] and writing science fiction.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=20 November 2019 |title=A versatile genius |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=The Hindu |volume=21 |issue=24}}</ref> He was a pioneer in the investigation of radio [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to botany, and was a major force behind the expansion of experimental science on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |page=6}}</ref> Bose is considered the father of [[Bengali science fiction]]. [[Bose (crater)|A crater on the Moon]] was named in his honour.<ref>[[Bose (crater)]]</ref> He founded the [[Bose Institute]], a premier research institute in India and also one of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bose Institute {{!}} History|url=http://jcbose.ac.in/history|access-date=29 July 2020|website=jcbose.ac.in}}</ref> He served as the Director of Bose Institute from its inception until his death.

Born in [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]), during [[British Raj|British governance of India]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose|last = Editorial Board|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-59339-292-5|location = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland|url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74631/Sir-Jagdish-Chandra-Bose}}</ref> Bose graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India). Prior to his enrollment at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended [[Pabna Zilla School]] and [[Dhaka Collegiate School]], where he began his educational journey. He attended the [[University of London]] to study medicine, but had to give it up due to health problems. Instead, he conducted research with [[Nobel Laureate]], [[Lord Rayleigh]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. Bose returned to India to join the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] as a professor of physics. There, despite [[racial discrimination]] and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made progress in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to use [[semiconductor]] junctions to detect radio waves.

Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the [[crescograph]], to measure plant response to various [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] and proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, but he was generally [[Criticism of patents|critical of the patent system]]. To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a [[Plant perception (physiology)|power of feeling in plants]]. His books include ''Response in the Living and Non-Living'' (1902) and ''The Nervous Mechanism of Plants'' (1926). In a 2004 [[BBC]] poll to name the ''[[Greatest Bengali of All Time]]'', Bose placed seventh.<ref name="ISB1" />

== Early life and education ==
Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on 30 November 1858 to a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family of [[Brahmo]]s in [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now part of [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="dgosling">{{cite book|title=Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore| author=David L. Gosling| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL98AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|page=143| isbn=978-1-134-14332-0}}</ref> His family were originally from the village of [[Sreenagar Upazila|Rarhikhal]] in [[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca district]].<ref name=bosebpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bose, Sir Jagadish Chandra|author=Murshed, Muhammad Mahbub}}</ref> His father was a leading member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] and worked as a civil servant with the title Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)  in several places, including [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]] and [[Bardhaman]].<ref name="vigyanprasar">{{cite web|last=Mahanti|first=Subodh|title=Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511111810/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm|archive-date=11 May 2012|access-date=12 March 2007|work=Biographies of Scientists|publisher=Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Mukherji3-10">Mukherji, pp. 3–10.</ref>

Bose's father sent Bose to a [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] school for his early education, as it was important to him that his son should study in his [[First language|native language]] and culture before studying in English. Speaking at the [[Bikrampur]] Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this early education had on him:
{{blockquote|At that time, sending children to English schools was an aristocratic status symbol. In the vernacular school, to which I was sent, the son of the Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of birds, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind a keen interest in investigating the workings of Nature. When I returned home from school accompanied by my school fellows, my mother welcomed and fed all of us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own children. It was because of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel that there were 'creatures' who might be labeled 'low-caste', I never realized that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Mukherji3-10" />|author=|title=|source=}}

Bose joined the [[Hare School]] in Kolkata in 1869, followed by [[SFX Greenherald International School]], also in Dhaka. In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of the [[University of Dhaka]] and was admitted to [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St Xavier's College, Calcutta]]. There, he met [[Jesuit]] Father [[Eugene Lafont]], who played a significant role in developing his interest in natural sciences.<ref name="Mukherji3-10" /><ref name="bosepedia">{{cite book |last=Murshed |first=Md Mahbub |year=2012 |chapter=Bose, Sir Jagdish Chandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Sir_Jagadish_Chandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> He received a BA from the University of Dhaka in 1879.<ref name=vigyanprasar />

Bose wanted to follow his father into the [[Indian Civil Service]], but his father forbade it, saying his son should be a scholar who would "rule nobody but himself."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pursuit and Promotion of Science : The Indian Experience|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf|access-date=1 October 2013|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|archive-date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202085123/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bose went to England to study medicine at the [[University of London]], but had to quit because of  ill health, possibly worsened by the chemicals used in the dissection rooms.<ref name=vigyanprasar />

Through the recommendation of [[Anandamohan Bose]], his brother-in-law and the first Indian [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], Bose secured admission in [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], Cambridge to study [[natural science]]s. In 1884 he received a BA ([[Natural Sciences Tripos]]) from the University of Cambridge<ref name="bosepedia" /> as well as a BSc from the [[University College London]] affiliated under University of London in 1883.<ref name="Project Gutenberg eBook">Jagadis Chandra Bose, Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches, The Cambridge Press, Madras ([https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22085/pg22085-images.html Project Gutenberg eBook])</ref><ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=BS881JC|name=Bose, Jagadis Chandra}}</ref>

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]], [[Michael Foster (physiologist)|Michael Foster]], [[James Dewar]], [[Francis Darwin]], [[Francis Maitland Balfour|Francis Balfour]], and Sidney Vines. While at Cambridge, he met [[University of Edinburgh]] student [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]], with whom he became close friends.<ref name="vigyanprasar" /><ref name="Mukherji3-10" /> In February 1887, Bose married feminist and social worker [[Abala Bose]].<ref name="Bose23">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1998 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:অবলা বসু |trans-title=Abla Bose |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |page=23 |script-quote=bn:স্বামী-বৈজ্ঞানিক জগদীশচন্দ্র। ... ১৮৮৭ খ্রী- ২৭ ফেব্রুয়ারী বিবাহ হয়।  |trans-quote=Husband-Scientist Jagadish Chandra. ... Married on 27 February 1887 AD.}}</ref>

== Professorship at Presidency College ==

After obtaining a degree from the University of Cambridge Bose returned to India. [[Henry Fawcett]] had given Bose an introduction to [[Lord Ripon]], the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], who recommended him for a post to the Director of Public Instruction in Kolkata. In those days such posts in the Imperial Education Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiating professor of physics at [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]]. Although the principal [[Charles Henry Tawney]] and Director of Education [[Alfred Woodley Croft]] were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post in January 1885.<ref name="Project Gutenberg eBook"/><ref name="S. Ramaseshan 1937 pp. 172-175">S. Ramaseshan, The centennial of the discovery of millimetre waves by Jagadis Chandra Bose (1858–1937), Current Science, Vol. 70, No. 2 (25 January 1996), pp. 172-175</ref>

At that time, an Indian professor was paid two thirds the salary of a European and since his appointment was considered temporary, his salary was further halved, making his salary one-third that of his European peers. As a protest, Bose did not accept his salary and worked without remuneration for the first three years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for his teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the roll call. After three years in this temporary post, the value of his professorial work was recognized by Tawney and Croft, who made Bose's appointment permanent with retrospective effect.{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=33-39}} Bose received his full pay for the last three years in a lump sum. However, another source states that his appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years after his joining the college.{{sfn|Bose|p=7}}

Bose used his own money to fund his research projects as well as receiving funding and support from the social activist nun [[Sister Nivedita]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Scientist and the Nun: How Sister Nivedita Made Sure J.C. Bose Never Gave Up|url=https://thewire.in/173096/scientist-nun-sister-nivedita-made-sure-j-c-bose-never-gave/|via=thewire.in}}</ref>

=== Microwave radio research ===
[[File:Microwave Apparatus - Jagadish Chandra Bose Museum - Bose Institute - Kolkata 2011-07-26 4051.JPG|thumb|Bose's 60&nbsp;GHz microwave apparatus at the Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. His receiver ''(left)'' used a [[galena]] [[crystal detector]] inside a horn antenna and galvanometer to detect microwaves. Bose invented the crystal radio detector, [[waveguide]], [[horn antenna]], and other apparatus used at microwave frequencies.]]
[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose microwave apparatus.png|thumb|Diagram of microwave receiver and transmitter apparatus, from Bose's 1897 paper.]]
{{See also|Invention of radio}}

Bose became interested in radio following the 1894 publication of British physicist [[Oliver Lodge]]'s demonstrations on how to transmit and detect radio waves.<ref name="Mukherji14-25">Mukherji, pp. 14–25</ref> He began his own research in the new field in November 1894, setting up his equipment in small 20&nbsp;ft sq room at Presidency College.<ref name="S. Ramaseshan 1937 pp. 172-175"/> Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using [[long radio waves]], he managed to reduce the waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5&nbsp;mm wavelength).<ref name="Mukherji14-25" />

Bose's research was not initially appreciated by his department at the college. They felt he should focus only on teaching and that research involved neglect of his duties as a teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of weekly lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post to help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against the government's stance during a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite this, Bose struggled to find time for research due to his teaching duties.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Bose submitted his [[s:On Polarisation of Electric Rays by Double Refracting Crystals|first scientific paper]], "On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] in May 1895.  He submitted [[s:Collected Physical Papers/On A New Electro-Polariscope|his second paper]], "On a new electro-polariscope," to the [[Royal Society of London]] in October 1895, and it was published by ''[[Electrician (journal)|The Electrician]]'' in December 1895. This may have been the first paper to be published by an Indian in Western scientific periodicals.<ref name="vigyanprasar.gov.in">https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604000305/https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/ |date=4 June 2023 }} Bose Jagdish Chandra, igyanprasar.gov.in</ref> The paper described Bose's plans for a ''coherer'', a term coined by Lodge referring to [[radio wave]] [[Radio receiver|receivers]], which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received by ''The Electrician'' and ''[[The Englishman]]'', which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new type of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used in [[lighthouse]]s) wrote:<ref name="Mukherji14-25" />

{{blockquote|Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his 'Coherer', we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.}}

In November 1895 at a public demonstration at the [[Kolkata Town Hall|Town Hall]] of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range wavelength microwaves could travel through the human body (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and over a distance of 23 metres (75') through two intervening walls to a trigger apparatus he had set up to ring a bell and ignite gunpowder in a closed room.<ref>Savneet kaur, Great Scientists of the World : Jagdish Chandra Bose, Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd - 2022, page 45</ref><ref name="S. Ramaseshan 1937 pp. 172-175"/><ref>Subal Kar, Physics and Astrophysics - Glimpses of the Progress, CRC Press  · 2022, 1.5.4 - Fallout of Maxwell and Faraday's Electromagnetism</ref>

Wanting to meet other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific deputation in 1896.{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=41-44}} Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Italian inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi]], who had been developing a radio wave [[wireless telegraphy]] system for over a year and was trying to market it to the British post service. He was also congratulated by [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] and received an honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.<ref name="vigyanprasar.gov.in"/><ref name="bosepedia" /> In an interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development of an "''iron-mercury-iron [[coherer]] with telephone detector''" in a [[s:On a Self-recovering Coherer and the Study of the Cohering Action of different Metals|paper]] presented at the [[Royal Society]], London.<ref name="pkbandyo">{{cite journal
 | last = Bondyopadhyay
 | first = P.K.
 |date=January 1998
 | title = Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited)
 | journal = [[Proceedings of the IEEE]]
 | volume = 86
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 259–285
 | doi = 10.1109/5.658778
 | bibcode = 1998IEEEP..86..259B
 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1232181
 }}</ref>

In 1900, he presented his research at the first [[International Congress of Physics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poskett |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22International+Congress+of+Physics%22+lebedev&pg=PT160 |title=Horizons: A Global History of Science |date=2022-03-24 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-39411-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Place in radio development ====
Bose's work in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying the nature of the phenomenon and was not an attempt to develop radio into a communication medium.<ref>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 199</ref> His experiments took place during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on a radio system specifically designed for wireless telegraphy<ref>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 21</ref> and others were finding practical applications for radio waves, such as Russian physicist [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]]'s radio wave based lightning detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.<ref name=emerson /> Although Bose's work was not related to communication he, like Lodge and other laboratory experimenters, probably had an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio as communications medium.<ref name=emerson>{{cite journal
 | last = Emerson
 | first = D. T.
 | title = The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research
 | journal = IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research
 | volume = 45
 | issue = 12
 | pages = 2267–2273
 | year = 1997
 | doi = 10.1109/22.643830
 | bibcode = 1997ITMTT..45.2267E
 }} reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=09Zsv97IH1MC Antentop]'', Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.</ref><ref>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22</ref><ref>[http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi's Wireless Receiver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616085529/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf |date=16 June 2015 }}; Varun Aggarwal, NSIT, Delhi, India</ref> Bose was not interested in patenting his work, and openly revealed the operation of his galena crystal detector in his lectures. A friend in the US persuaded him to take out a US patent on his detector, but he did not actively pursue it and allowed it to lapse.<ref name=vigyanprasar />

Bose was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace microwave components.<ref name=emerson /> In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves.<ref name=emerson /> In fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the following 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60&nbsp;GHz.<ref name=emerson /> Much of his original equipment is still in existence, especially at the [[Bose Institute]] in Kolkata. A 1.3&nbsp;mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12&nbsp; Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.<ref name=emerson />

[[Sir Nevill Mott]], Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60&nbsp;years ahead of his time. In fact, he had anticipated the existence of [[P-type semiconductor|P-type]] and [[N-type semiconductor|N-type]] semiconductors."<ref name=emerson />[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumb|Jagadish Chandra Bose with other prominent scientists from Calcutta University.]]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the [[optical rotation]] of microwaves in a twisted [[jute]] structure<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Jagadis Chunder |author1-link=Jagadish Chandra Bose |title=On the rotation of plane of polarisation of electric wave by a twisted structure |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] |date=1898 |volume=63 |issue=389–400 |pages=146–152 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0019}}</ref> pioneered the study of [[chiral media]], and preceded the fields of [[artificial dielectrics]] and [[metamaterials]] by decades and a century, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engheta |first1=Nader |last2=Ziolkowski |first2=R. W. |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques]] |title=A positive future for double-negative metamaterials |date=April 2005 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1535–1556 |doi=10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188 |author-link1=Nader Engheta |author-link2=Richard W. Ziolkowski}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caloz |first1=Christophe |last2=Sihvola |first2=Ari |author1-link=Christophe Caloz |title=Electromagnetic Chirality, Part 1: The Microscopic Perspective |journal=IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine |date=February 2020 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=58–71 |doi=10.1109/MAP.2019.2955698 |url=https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/43275 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Ashwin K. |last2=Alù |first2=Andrea |last3=Epstein |first3=Ariel |title=Metamaterials and Metasurfaces—Historical Context, Recent Advances, and Future Directions |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation]] |date=March 2020 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=1223–1231 |doi=10.1109/TAP.2020.2969732 |bibcode=2020ITAP...68.1223I |author-link2=Andrea Alù}}</ref>

==== Development of the Mercury Coherer Detector ====

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose developed the self-recovering mercury coherer, a pioneering solid-state diode detector, which significantly advanced early wireless telegraphy. On 27 April 1899, Bose presented a paper to the [[Royal Society]] describing an iron-mercury-iron or iron-mercury-carbon contact device, later recognized as the first patented solid-state diode detector (British Patent No. 7555, 1901; U.S. Patent 755840, 1904).<ref name="Bose1899">{{cite journal |last=Bose |first=J. C. |title=On a self-recovering coherer and the study of the cohering action of different metals |journal=Proc. Royal Society |volume=LXV |issue=416 |pages=166–172 |date=April 1899}}</ref><ref name="Bose1904">{{cite patent |country=US |number=755840 |title=Detector for electrical disturbances |inventor=Bose, J. C. |date=March 29, 1904}}</ref> This apparatus, capable of detecting radio signals without mechanical decohering, was integral to [[Guglielmo Marconi]]’s transatlantic wireless transmission on 12 December 1901, which successfully received the [[Morse code]] letter "S" at [[Signal Hill, St. John's|Signal Hill]], [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]].<ref name="Baker1984">{{cite book |last=Baker |first=W. J. |title=A History of the Marconi Company |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1984 |chapter=6 |pages=61–73}}</ref><ref name="Dunlap1937">{{cite book |last=Dunlap |first=O. E., Jr. |title=Marconi—The Man and His Wireless |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1937 |chapter=VIII |page=95}}</ref><ref name="Vyvyan1933">{{cite book |last=Vyvyan |first=R. N. |title=Wireless Over Thirty Years |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1933 |pages=29–30}}</ref>

In mid-1901, Marconi obtained a modified version of Bose’s detector from Lieutenant Luigi Solari of the [[Royal Italian Navy]]. Solari’s adaptation encased a mercury droplet between carbon or iron electrodes within a glass tube.<ref name="Phillips1993">{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=V. J. |title=The Italian Navy coherer affair—A turn of the century scandal |journal=Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=175–185 |date=May 1993}}</ref> Marconi filed a British patent (No. 18105, September 1901), subsequently amended to acknowledge Solari’s contribution.<ref name="Marconi1901">{{cite patent |country=GB |number=18105 |title=Improvements in Coherers or Detectors for Electrical Waves |inventor=Marconi, G. |date=September 10, 1901}}</ref><ref name="ElectrRev1902">{{cite journal |title=The Castelli coherer |journal=Electr. Rev. |volume=51 |issue=1307 |pages=967–968 |date=December 12, 1902}}</ref> The use of this device led to the "Italian Navy Coherer" controversy when Professor Angelo Banti, editor of ''L’Elettricista'', claimed in May 1902 that naval signalman Paolo Castelli was its inventor. This assertion prompted debates in British publications, including ''The Electrician'' and ''Saturday Review''.<ref name="Banti1902">{{cite journal |last=Banti |first=A. |title=La telegrafia senza fili e la R. Marina Italiana |journal=L'Elettricista |series=II |pages=113–119 |date=May 1, 1902}}, translated in {{cite journal |title=The Castelli coherer |journal=Electrician |date=June 27, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Thompson1902a">{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=S. P. |title=The inventor of wireless telegraphy |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=424–425 |date=April 5, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Marconi1902a">{{cite journal |last=Marconi |first=G. |title=The inventor of wireless telegraphy: A reply |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=556–557 |date=May 3, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Thompson1902b">{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=S. P. |title=Wireless telegraphy: A rejoinder |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=598–599 |date=May 10, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Marconi1902b">{{cite journal |last=Marconi |first=G. |title=The inventor of wireless telegraphy |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=666–667 |date=May 24, 1902}}</ref> Solari countered that his design drew from English scientific literature, likely referencing Bose’s 1899 paper.<ref name="Solari1902">{{cite journal |last=Solari |first=L. |title=Mr. Marconi and the Italian government |journal=The Times |date=July 3, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Solari1903">{{cite journal |last=Solari |first=L. |title=The real inventor of the mercury coherer |journal=Electrician |date=July 10, 1903}}</ref>

In 1903, Emilio Guarini attributed priority to Professor Tommaso Tommasina of [[Genoa]], citing his 1899–1900 experiments with mercury-based coherers.<ref name="Guarini1903">{{cite journal |last=Guarini |first=E. |title=The real inventor of the mercury coherer |journal=Electrician |date=June 19, 1903}}</ref><ref name="Tommasina1899">{{cite journal |last=Tommasina |first=T. |title=Electrolytic coherers |journal=Comptes Rendus |date=May 1, 1899}}, reprinted in {{cite journal |journal=Electrician |date=May 19, 1899}}</ref> Marconi’s lecture at the [[Royal Institution]] on 13 June 1902 distinguished Tommasina’s work from the detector used, and Solari confirmed he was unaware of Tommasina’s research until after the lecture.<ref name="Marconi1902c">{{cite journal |last=Marconi |first=G. |title=The progress of electric space telegraphy |journal=Electrician |pages=388–392 |date=June 27, 1902}}, lecture delivered before the Royal Institution, June 13, 1902.</ref><ref name="Solari1903" /> Historical analysis indicates Tommasina’s experiments followed Bose’s and did not incorporate telephone integration, a key feature of the transatlantic reception.<ref name="Phillips1993" /> Marconi’s communications with [[John Ambrose Fleming]] and subsequent accounts omitted reference to Bose, possibly due to patent-related concerns.<ref name="Fleming1934">{{cite book |last=Fleming |first=J. A. |title=Memories of a Scientific Life |publisher=Marshall, Morgan and Scott |location=London |year=1934 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Dunlap1937" />

Bose’s mercury coherer was a cornerstone of early radio technology, yet its attribution was obscured by the controversy and ambiguous acknowledgments in Marconi’s narratives.<ref name="Bose1927">{{cite book |last=Bose |first=J. C. |title=Collected Physical Papers |publisher=Longmans Green |location=New York |year=1927}}</ref><ref name="Bondyopadhyay1995">{{cite conference |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=P. K. |title=Guglielmo Marconi—The father of long distance radio communication—An engineer's tribute |conference=Proc. 25th European Microwave Conf., Special Historical Session |location=Bologna, Italy |date=September 4–7, 1995 |volume=2 |pages=879–885}}</ref> A detailed examination by Probir K. Bondyopadhyay, published by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), clarifies the historical and technical significance of Bose’s contribution to the development of wireless communication.<ref name="Bondyopadhyay1998">{{cite journal |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=Probir K. |title=Sir J. C. Bose's diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited) |journal=IETE Technical Review |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=377–406 |year=1998 |doi=10.1080/02564602.1998.11416773 }}</ref><ref name="Phillips1993" /><ref name="Dam1897">{{cite journal |last=Dam |first=H. J. W. |title=Telegraphing without wires. A possibility of electrical science |journal=McClure's Magazine |volume=VIII |issue=5 |pages=383–392 |date=March 1897}}</ref>

=== Plant research ===
Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' and ''[[Codariocalyx motorius|Desmodium gyrans]]'' plants. His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a chemical nature.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} In order to understand the [[Heliotropism|heliotropic]] movements of plants (the movement of a plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He found that light applied to one side of the sunflower caused turgor to increase on the opposite side.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=V. A. |title=From semi-conductors to the rhythms of sensitive plants: the research of J.C. Bose. |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=14 December 2005 |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=607–19 |issn=1165-158X |pmid=16359611 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261556038}}</ref> He was also the first to study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on plant stimuli and the effect of temperature.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

{{Multiple image
| image1            = 1920 Jagadish Chandra Bose.jpg
| image2            = 1920 Lady Abala Bose.jpg
| alt1              =
| caption_align     = center
| caption1          = [[Autochrome]] of Jagadish Chandra Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.
| caption2          = [[Autochrome]] of Lady Abala Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.
}}

=== Study of metal fatigue and cell response ===

Bose performed a comparative study of the fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Bose documented a characteristic electrical response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as well as the decrease and eventual absence of this response in plants treated with anaesthetics or poison. The response was also absent in metal treated with [[oxalic acid]].{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pp=94–96}}

== Science fiction ==

In 1896, Bose wrote ''Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One)'', a short story that was later expanded and added to ''Abyakta (অব্যক্ত)'' collection in 1921 with the new title ''Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm)''. It was one of the first works of [[Bengali science fiction]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal |chapter=Bengal |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |access-date= 5 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/symposium-at-christ%E2%80%99s-college-to-celebrate-a-genius
 | title = Symposium at Christ's College to celebrate a genius
 | work = University of Cambridge
 | publisher = [[University of Cambridge]]
 | date = 27 November 2008
| access-date =26 January 2009}}</ref>

== Bose Institute ==
[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose 1926.jpg|thumb|upright|Bose lecturing on the "nervous system" of plants at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1926]]
{{Main|Bose Institute}}
In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India. Bose served as its director for its first twenty years until his death. Today it is a public research institute of India and also one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to the nation saying:

{{Blockquote
|text=I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but a Temple. The power of physical methods applies to the establishment of that truth which can be realised directly through our senses, or through the vast expansion of the perceptive range by means of artificially created organs...  Thirty-two years ago I chose the teaching of science as my vocation. It was held that by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian mind would always turn away from the study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too true. It is not for man to complain of circumstances, but bravely to accept, to confront and to dominate them; and we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with simple means.<ref>''Jagadish Chandra Sera Rachana Sambhar'', Patra Bharati, Kolkata, 1960, p 251,252</ref>{{sfn|Geddes|1920|p=227}}
}}

== Later life ==
He spent the last years of his life in [[Giridih]]. Here he lived in the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor of Bihar [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Personal views ==
=== Philosophical views ===
[[Jatra (theatre)|Jatras]], which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the stories of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the character of [[Rama]] and even more so by the soldierly devotion of his brother [[Lakshmana]].{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=16}} However, he found that most of the characters in these stories seemed too good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of the ''Mahabharata'', with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as a boy.

Impressed by [[Karna]], Bose said: <blockquote>Always in struggle for the uplift of the people, yet with so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed a failure. All this too gave me a lower and lower idea of all worldly success - how small its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher idea of conflict and defeat; and of true success born of defeat. In such ways I have come to feel one with the highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling with the emotion of the past. That is its noblest teaching - that the only real and spiritual advantage is to fight fair, never to take crooked ways, but keep to the straight path, whatever be in the way.{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=17-18}}</blockquote>

== Legacy and honors ==

[[File:Acharya Bhavan - Kolkata 2009-11-07 2938.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Acharya Bhavan, the residence of J C Bose built in 1902, was turned into a museum.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107040553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/kolkata/29732718_1_acharya-bhavan-jagadish-chandra-bose-heritage-building Acharya Bhavan Opens Its Doors to Visitors]. ''The Times of India''. 3 July 2011.</ref>]]

Bose's place in history is now being re-evaluated. His work may have contributed to the development of radio communication.<ref name=pkbandyo /> He is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer in the field of biophysics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.boseinst.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/75|title=Collected Physical Papers|year=1927|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302090623/http://resources.boseinst.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/75|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth centenary in 1958, the '''JBNSTS''' scholarship programme was started in [[West Bengal]]. In the same year, India issued a postage stamp bearing his portrait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philamirror.info/2010/11/30/j-c-bose-the-scientist-who-proved-that-plants-too-can-feel/ |title=J C Bose: The Scientist Who Proved That Plants Too Can Feel |date=30 November 2010 |work=Phila Mirror: The Indian Philately Journal |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> The same year ''Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose'', a documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose (LV) |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/acharya-jagdish-chandra-bose-lv |website=Films Division}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ImqC7O0oCg  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/4ImqC7O0oCg| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Films Division |date=10 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Films Division also produced another documentary film, again titled ''Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose'', this time directed by the prominent Indian filmmaker [[Tapan Sinha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jag Mohan|title=Documentary films and Indian Awakening|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|year=1990|publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]]|isbn=978-81-230-2363-2|page=128}}</ref>

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Computer Engineering, the first such recognition of a discovery in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theinstitute.ieee.org/tech-history/technology-history/first-ieee-milestones-in-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002133/http://theinstitute.ieee.org/tech-history/technology-history/first-ieee-milestones-in-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2017 |title=First IEEE Milestones in India: The work of J.C. Bose and C.V. Raman to be recognized |date=7 September 2012 |work=the Institute |access-date=14 September 2012}}</ref>

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/jagadish-chandra-boses-158th-birthday/ |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose's 158th Birthday |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Bank of England]] decided to redesign the [[50 pound note]] with a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list for his pioneering work on technology that would enable later development of [[Wi-Fi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.indiatimes.com/technology/news/new-uk-50-pound-note-may-feature-india-s-sir-jc-bose-who-did-pioneering-work-for-wi-fi-357535.html|title=Proud Moment For India As Scientist Sir JC Bose May Get Featured On New UK 50 Pound Note|date=28 November 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-jagadish-chandra-bose-may-become-face-of-uk-s-new-50-pound-note-2689573|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose may become face of UK's new 50-pound note|date=26 November 2018|work=dna|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2018/11/26/fes71-uk-banknote-bose.html|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose among nominees to become face of UK's new 50-pound note|work=The Week|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> However, he was not shortlisted.

===Honors===
* [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) – ''1903'' – in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27511|date=1 January 1903 |page=3  |supp=y}}</ref>
* [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) – ''1912''
* [[Knight Bachelor]] (1917)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS, 1920)<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Saha | first1 = M. N.
| title = Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose. 1858–1937
| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1940.0001
| journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]
| volume = 3
| issue = 8
| pages = 2–12
| year = 1940
| s2cid = 176697911
}}</ref>
* Member of the [[Vienna Academy of Sciences]], 1928
* President of the 14th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Past General Presidents|url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/past_general_presidents.php|publisher=Indian Science Congress Association|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>
* Member of [[Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters]] in 1929.
* Member of the League of Nations' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|Committee for Intellectual Cooperation]] (from 1924 to 1931)<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903 |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne|type=phdthesis }}</ref>
* Founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (now the Indian National Science Academy)

===Legacy===
* 2025: The [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) instituted IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications to recognize contributions to wireless communications technologies with a global impact.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://corporate-awards.ieee.org/award/ieee-jiagadish-chandra-bose-medal/ | title=IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications }}</ref> The medal is funded by donations from the [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] physicist [[Mani Lal Bhaumik]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/indian-american-scientist-funds-award-in-honour-of-jc-bose/articleshow/106603590.cms | title=Indian-American scientist funds award in honour of JC Bose | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 January 2024 }}</ref>
* One of the 12 donor levels of the IEEE Heritage Circle is named after Bose.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ieeefoundation.org/our-supporters/heritage-circle/ | title=IEEE Heritage Circle – IEEE Foundation, Inc | date=22 June 2022 }}</ref>
* The [[J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA]] was named in his honour.
* The ''Indian Botanic Garden'' was renamed in his honour as the ''[[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]]'' on 25 June 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143744/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 November 2012 | title = A new name now for grand old Indian Botanical Gardens | date = 26 June 2009 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date =26 June 2009}}</ref>
* In 2004, Bose was ranked number 7 in BBC's poll of the [[Greatest Bengali of all time]].<ref name="ISB1">—{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm|title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'|date=14 April 2004|access-date=16 April 2018|work=BBC}}<br />—{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm|title=International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'|date=17 April 2004|last1=Habib|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first1=Haroon}}<br />—{{Cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm|title=Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time|work=The Daily Star|date=16 April 2004|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Publications ==
[[File:JC Bose bust BITM.JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose which is placed in the garden of [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]]]]
[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose 1958 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|Jagadish Chandra Bose 1958 stamp of India]]
'''Journals'''
* ''Nature'' published about 27 papers.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Jagadis Chunder |date=September 1902 |title=On Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical Disturbance in Metals in Contact with Electrolyte |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspl.1902.0029 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |language=en |volume=70 |issue=459–466 |pages=273–294 |bibcode=1902RSPS...70..273C |doi=10.1098/rspl.1902.0029 |issn=0370-1662 |s2cid=97371107 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=J.C. |date=August 1902 |title=Sur la réponse électrique de la matière vivante et animée soumise à une excitation. - Deux procédés d'observation de la réponse de la matière vivante |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089553465&seq=517 |journal=Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée |volume=1 |pages=481–491 |doi=10.1051/jphystap:019020010048100}}

'''Books'''
* Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902<ref>[https://archive.org/details/responseinliving00boseuoft Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902]</ref>
* Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906<ref>[https://archive.org/details/plantresponseasm00boseuoft Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906]</ref>
* Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907<ref>[https://archive.org/details/comparativeelect00boseuoft Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907]</ref>
* Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913<ref>[https://archive.org/details/researchesonirri1913bose Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913]</ref>
* Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48280/48280-h/48280-h.htm Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985]</ref>
* Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40050/40050-h/40050-h.htm Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919]</ref>
* Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923<ref>[https://archive.org/details/physiologyofasce00bose Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923]</ref>
* The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924<ref>[https://archive.org/details/physiologyofphot00bose The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924]</ref>
* [[The Nervous Mechanism of Plants]], 1926
* Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
* Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929<ref>[https://archive.org/details/growthtropicmove00bose Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929]</ref>
* Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

'''Other'''
* {{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Jagadis Chunder |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502305 |title=Collected Physical Papers |date=1926 |publisher=N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co |language=}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.3652abyakta |title=Abyakta |year=1922 |language=bn}}
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|first=Mukherji|last=Visvapriya|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose, second edition|url=https://archive.org/details/jagadischandrabo00mukh|date=1994|publisher=Builders of Modern India series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=81-230-0047-2}}.
* {{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Geddes|title=The Life and Work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose|publisher=Longmans|location=London |date=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandworksirj00geddgoog}}
* {{cite book|first=Jagadish Chandra|last=Bose|title=Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose His Life and Speeches|url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/22085}}

== Further reading ==
* Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042 |author=Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. |title=History of Semiconductor Research |journal=[[Proc. IRE]] |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1794–1806 |year=1955|s2cid=51634231 }}
* J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p.&nbsp;144
* Fleming, J. A. (1908). [https://archive.org/details/principleselect00flemgoog The principles of electric wave telegraphy]. London: New York and.
* Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7452 Autobiography of a Yogi]. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose"
* Bose, Jagadish Chandra:  [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905235504/http://strangehorizons.com/2013/20130930/3bose-f.shtml Runaway Cyclone (1921)]  (science fiction book translated into English)
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghoshal |first=Nababrata |date=2022 |title=A Revisit to the Double-prism Experiment of J. C. Bose |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12045-022-1326-1 |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=353–367 |doi=10.1007/s12045-022-1326-1 |issn=0973-712X|url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Author:Jagadish Chandra Bose|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
{{Commons category|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615190004/http://www.boseinst.ernet.in/home.html Bose Institute website]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=8388| name=Jagadis Chandra Bose}}
* {{gutenberg|no=22085|name=Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose}} (Project Gutenberg)
* {{gutenberg|no=18986|name=Response in the Living and Non-Living by Jagadis Chandra Bose}} (Project Gutenberg)
* [http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html J. C. Bose, The Unsung hero of radio communication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415211726/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html |date=15 April 2008 }}, web.mit.edu
* [http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html JC Bose: 60&nbsp;GHz in the 1890s]
* [http://ethw.org/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose] at Engineering and Technology History Wiki
* [https://archive.today/20120905051529/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITboseframeset.htm ECIT Bose article] at www.infinityfoundation.com
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/jagadis-chandra-bose Jagadish Chandra Bose materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal Entry on Bangla science fiction by Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay in The Science Fiction Encyclopedia]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/002230}}

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