View source for Jagiellonian University

{{Short description|Academic institution in Kraków, Poland}}
{{redirect|University of Kraków|other institutes of higher education in Kraków|List of universities and colleges in Kraków}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name                    = Jagiellonian University
| native_name             = Uniwersytet Jagielloński
| native_name_lang        = pol
| image_name              = POL Jagiellonian University logo.svg
| image_size              = 125px
| caption                 = 
| latin_name              = Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kODqAAAAMAAJ |title=Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis acta scientarum litterarumque: Schedae litterariae |last1=Jagielloński |first1=Uniwersytet |date=1973 }}</ref>
| motto                   = ''Plus ratio quam vis''
| motto_lang              = la
| mottoeng                = Let reason prevail over force
| established             = {{start date and age|12 May 1364}}
| founder                 = [[Casimir III the Great|King Casimir III the Great]]
| type                    = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment               = 
| administrative_staff    = 
| rector                  = Piotr Jedynak
| enrollment              = 33,549<ref>{{cite web |title=Higher education in the 2023/24 academic year |language=pl |access-date=29 June 2024 |publisher=Statistics Poland |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/edukacja/edukacja/szkolnictwo-wyzsze-w-roku-akademickim-20232024,8,10.html |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626164641/https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/edukacja/edukacja/szkolnictwo-wyzsze-w-roku-akademickim-20232024,8,10.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <small>(12.2023)</small>
| undergrad               = 16,222 (2021)<ref name="statsDec2020">{{cite web |url=https://bip.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/liczby?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Ca5y&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=1&przejdz-do=3.7 |title=Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020 |date=2021 |website=en.uj.edu.pl |publisher=Jagiellonian University |access-date=14 April 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414075020/https://bip.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/liczby?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Ca5y&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=1&przejdz-do=3.7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| postgrad                = 11,014 (2021)
| doctoral                = 2,153 (2021)
| faculty                 = 3,921 (2021)
| city                    = [[Kraków]]
| country                 = Poland
| coordinates             = {{Wikidatacoord|Q189441|type:edu_region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| campus                  = Urban
| former_names            = Studium Generale <small>(1364–1397)</small><BR>Collegium Regium <small>(1397–1400)</small><BR>[[Collegium Maius]] <small>(1400–c. late 1500s)</small><BR>Kraków Academy <small>(c. late 1500s–1777)</small><BR>Principal School of the Realm <small>(1777–1795)</small><BR>Principal School of Kraków <small>(1795–1817)</small>
| free_label              = 
| free                    = 
| colours                 = {{Color box|#003399}}{{Color box|#FFD700}} Blue and gold
| logo                    = [[File:Jagiellonian_University.svg|center|250px]]
| affiliations            = [[Coimbra Group]] <br/>[[EAIE]] <br/>[[Europaeum]] <br/>[[European University Association|EUA]] <br/>[[Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities]] <br/>[[International Research Universities Network|IRUN]] <br/>[[Una Europa]] <br/>[[Utrecht Network]]
| website                 = {{URL|https://en.uj.edu.pl/|en.uj.edu.pl}}
| module                  = {{designation list 
| embed                   = yes
 |designation1            = WHS
 |designation1_offname    = [[Kraków Old Town]] and '''Jagiellonian University'''
 |designation1_type       = Cultural
 |designation1_criteria   = iv, vi
 |designation1_date       = 1978 <small>(2nd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
 |designation1_number     = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29 29]
 |designation1_free1name  = Region
 |designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Europe and North America]]
 }}
}}
{{Location map
| Poland
| relief = 1
| label = <small>Jagiellonian University</small>
| width = 240
| lat = 50.0625
| long = 19.9325
| caption = Location of Jagiellonian University in [[Kraków]] within Poland
}}
The '''Jagiellonian University''' ({{Langx|pl|Uniwersytet Jagielloński}}, '''UJ''') is a [[public]] [[research university]] in [[Kraków, Poland]]. Founded in 1364 by [[Casimir III the Great|King Casimir III the Great]], it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest universities in continuous operation in the world]]. The university grounds form part of the [[Kraków Old Town]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe.<ref name="en.uj.edu.pl">{{Cite web |title=Overview – Jagiellonian University |url=https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/overview |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=en.uj.edu.pl |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142549/https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>

The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the [[Kraków|city of Kraków]]. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the [[Jagiellonian University Medical College|Collegium Medicum]]. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields.<ref name="en.uj.edu.pl"/> The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://welcome.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/programmes |title=Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes |website=www.en.uj.edu.pl |access-date=14 April 2021 }}</ref> The university library and Collegium Novium house a significant number of medieval and Renaissance art pieces and manuscripts, including the landmark ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'' by the university alumnus [[Nicolaus Copernicus]].

In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state [[John III Sobieski|King John III Sobieski]], [[Pope John Paul II]], and [[Andrzej Duda]]; Polish prime ministers [[Beata Szydło]] and [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]]; renowned cultural figures [[Jan Kochanowski]], [[Stanisław Lem]], and [[Krzysztof Penderecki]]; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as [[Hugo Kołłątaj]], [[Bronisław Malinowski]], [[Carl Menger]], [[Leo Sternbach]], and [[Norman Davies]]. Four [[Nobel laureates]] have been affiliated with the university, all in literature: [[Ivo Andrić]] and [[Wisława Szymborska]], who studied there, and [[Czesław Miłosz]] and [[Olga Tokarczuk]], who taught there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO |url=http://krakowcityofliterature.com/city-of-literature/education/literary-research-and-creative-writing-courses/study-of-literature-and-art-at-the-jagiellonian-university-in-krakow/ |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=krakowcityofliterature.com |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203092208/http://krakowcityofliterature.com/city-of-literature/education/literary-research-and-creative-writing-courses/study-of-literature-and-art-at-the-jagiellonian-university-in-krakow/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the [[Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Royal Society]], the [[British Academy]], the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], and other honorary societies.

==History==
===Founding the university===
[[File:Założenie Szkoły Głównej przeniesieniem do Krakowa ugruntowane (Matejko UJ).jpg|thumb|left|150px|The founding of the university in 1364, painted by [[Jan Matejko]] (1838–1893)]]
In the mid-14th century, [[Kazimierz III the Great|King Casimir III the Great]] realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when [[Pope Urban V]] granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A [[royal charter]] of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and a simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the ''[[Studium Generale]]''.

Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house the ''Studium Generale'' began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz.

After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]], king<ref>Jadwiga was officially crowned as "King of Poland" – ''Hedvig Rex Poloniæ'', not ''Hedvig Regina Poloniæ''. Polish law had no provision for a female ruler ([[queen regnant]]), but did not specify that the monarch had to be male.</ref> of Poland, the daughter of [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]]. The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students.

Following Jadwiga's death in 1399, her husband of Lithuanian origin Władysław II Jagiełło became the sole monarch of the Kingdom of Poland who on 26 July 1400 had reformed the university based on the model of the [[Sorbonne University]] and the Faculty of Theology was established.<ref name="JUVle">{{cite web |title=Jogailos universitetas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jogailos-universitetas/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=lt |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130175450/https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jogailos-universitetas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In ~1400, a {{lang|fr|bourse}} of Lithuanian students (a shared accommodation, maintenance and education institution) was established and in the 15th-16th centuries more than 300 Lithuanian students studied in the university, including one of the creators of the [[Lithuanian language]] writing [[Abraomas Kulvietis]] and [[Stanislovas Rapalionis]].<ref name="JUVle"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tumelis |first1=Juozas |title=Bursa |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bursa-1/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=lt |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130164723/https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bursa-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1401, the Lithuanian duke [[Jonas Vaidutis]], a grandson of the former Lithuanian monarch [[Kęstutis]] and a relative of Władysław II Jagiełło from the [[Gediminids]] dynasty, was elected as the second [[Rectors of the Jagiellonian University|rector]] of the university.<ref name="JUVle"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Petrauskas |first1=Rimvydas |author-link=Rimvydas Petrauskas |title=Jonas Vaidutis |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jonas-vaidutis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=lt |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130163213/https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jonas-vaidutis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, [[John Cantius]], [[Stanisław of Skarbimierz]], [[Paweł Włodkowic]], [[Jan of Głogów]], [[Sandivogius of Czechel]] and [[Albert Brudzewski]], who from 1491 to 1495 was one of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]' teachers.<ref>For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the [[University of Parma]] from its creation until 1800, see [[David de la Croix]] and Gaia Spolverini,(2022). [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213 Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112406/https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213 |date=17 July 2024 }}</ref> The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and [[Astronomy]]. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the ''[[Collegium Maius]]'', with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards the beginning of the 15th century. The ''Collegium Maius''' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe.

===Golden age of the Renaissance===
[[File:Kraków.Uniwersytet Jagielloński.Collegium Maius.Aula Jagiellońska.jpg|left|thumb|The main assembly hall of the university's ''[[Collegium Maius]]'']]
For several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university,{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up the majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, [[Bohemia]], Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the [[Kingdom of Poland]].

[[File:Kraków - Collegium Iuridicum - Brama 01.JPG|upright|thumb|The main baroque entrance to the university's ''Collegium Iuridicum'']]
The first chancellor of the university was [[Piotr Wysz]], and the first professors were [[Czech people|Czech]]s, [[German people|Germans]] and Poles, most of them trained at the [[Charles University]] in Prague. By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] was also taught. At this time, the ''Collegium Maius'' consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: [[Aristotle]], [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], [[Galen]], [[Ptolemy]], and [[Pythagoras]]. Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings, the ''Collegium Iuridicum'' and ''Collegium Minus'', survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the [[Polish Renaissance]], between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the [[Jagiellonian Library]] were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to the ''Collegium Maius''. The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks.

As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such, the attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of the university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent.

===Turmoil and near closure after the partitions===
[[File:Collegium Novum UJ 02 Krakow.jpg|left|thumb|The ''[[Collegium Novum]]'' in the [[Kraków Old Town|Old Town District]]]]
After the [[Partitions of Poland|third partition of Poland]] in 1795 and the ensuing [[Napoleonic Wars]], Kraków became a [[Free City of Kraków|free city]] under the protection of the [[Austrian Empire]]; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the [[Kraków Uprising]], the city and its university became part of the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref name="officialhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia |title=History |last=Waltos |first=Stanisław |publisher=Jagiellonian University |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601014346/http://www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{in lang|pl }}</ref> The Austrians were in many ways hostile to the institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the ''Collegium Maius''' ''Auditorium Maximum'' in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by [[Ferdinand I of Austria]]'s decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic ''[[Collegium Novum]]'', which opened in 1887.<ref name="officialhistory"/> It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of ''[[Kaiser]]'' [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] was removed and [[Iconoclasm|destroyed]] by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski |title=Władysła Jan Pochwalski |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230161636/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Image:Stanislaw Tarnowski.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Count]] [[Stanisław Tarnowski]] was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.]]
[[File:Krakow, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Collegium Novum. ca 1900 (71416528) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The university around 1900|left]]

For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to [[Copernicus]] was placed in the quadrangle of the ''Collegium Maius''; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the ''Collegium Novum'', outside the ''Collegium Witkowskiego'', to where it was moved in 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568 |title=Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412091352/https://www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nevertheless, it was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the ''Collegium Medicum'' was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now a major centre for education in the independent [[Republic of Poland]], the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the [[Jagiellonian Library]]. The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931, was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bj.uj.edu.pl/historia |title=Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720134449/https://bj.uj.edu.pl/historia |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Modern era and renovation===
On 6 November 1939, following the [[German invasion of Poland]], 184 professors were arrested and deported to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] during an operation codenamed ''[[Sonderaktion Krakau]]'' (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with the rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of [[World War II]].<ref name="pp2bio">{{cite book |last=Weigel |first=George |title=Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-018793-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/witnesstohopebio00weig }}</ref> Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the [[Communist Poland|Communists]] in 1954.<ref name="pp2bio"/> By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near [[Jordan Park]] and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of the stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the ''Collegium Paderevianum'', were built with funds from the legacy of [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski|Ignacy Paderewski]].

By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year, the Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in [[Pychowice]], Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation, the university's research consortium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uj.edu.pl/en/rozwoj/kampus |title=Campus of the Sixcentenary |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515180308/http://www.uj.edu.pl/en/rozwoj/kampus |url-status=live }}</ref> Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5&nbsp;million [[Polish zloty|zloty]]s, or 240&nbsp;million [[euro]]s.<ref name=ThirdCampus>{{cite web |url=http://www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/ |title=Campus of the Sixcentenary |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091426/http://www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Poland's entry into the [[European Union]] in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support the work of its students and academics.

===International partnerships===

The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=empressia |title=Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii |url=https://www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/badania-klinicze/centrum-innowacyjnych-terapii |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie |language=pl-pl }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, [[The New England Journal of Medicine|New England Journal of Medicine]], and [[The Lancet]]. UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of the world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History |url=https://archeo.uj.edu.pl/en/wydawnictwa |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=archeo.uj.edu.pl |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215125932/https://archeo.uj.edu.pl/en/wydawnictwa |url-status=live }}</ref> The astronomers take part in major international projects, including [[High Energy Stereoscopic System|H.E.S.S]]. and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as [[Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry]], [[Molecular Ecology Resources]], and [[European Journal of Human Genetics]].

In the [[English-speaking world]], the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with the [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Melbourne]], [[University of Chicago]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]], [[London School of Economics]], [[University of Rochester]], [[University of California, Irvine]], [[Case Western Reserve University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230429165805/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB }}</ref> In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], [[University of Montpellier]]. UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with [[Heidelberg University]], Germany's oldest university.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/profil/partneruniversitaeten.html |title=Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg |last=Watzke |first=Christian |website=www.uni-heidelberg.de |access-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref> The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and [[Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.uj.edu.pl/~spn/?lang=pl |title=Schule des Deutschen Rechts — |website=www.law.uj.edu.pl |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083825/http://www.law.uj.edu.pl/~spn/?lang=pl |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other cooperation agreements exist with [[Charles University Prague]], [[University of Vienna]], [[University of Tokyo]], [[Saint Petersburg State University]], [[Technical University of Munich]], and [[Free University of Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f |title=Bilateral Agreements List |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175706/http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f |archive-date=5 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/o-dziale |title=O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |publisher=Dwm.uj.edu.pl |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510145637/http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/o-dziale |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Libraries==
[[Image:BibliotekaJagiellońska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL, Kraków.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Jagiellonian Library|Jagiellonian Library's]] main site]]
[[Image:Krakau bibliothek anbeu neu.jpg|upright|thumb|The Jagiellonian Library extension]]
The university's main library, the [[Jagiellonian Library]] ({{Lang|pl|Biblioteka Jagiellońska}}), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5&nbsp;million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18320 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110613151435/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18320 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2011 |first=Teresa |last=Bętkowska |title=Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater |newspaper=Warsaw Voice |date=18 May 2008 |access-date=28 September 2010 }}</ref> It is home to a world-renowned collection of [[medieval]] manuscripts,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html |title=BJ: Medieval manuscripts |publisher=Bj.uj.edu.pl |access-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110651/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> which includes [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus']] [[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|''De Revolutionibus'']], the ''[[Balthasar Behem Codex]]'' and the ''[[Berlinka (art collection)|Berlinka]].'' The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called ''drugi obieg'' or ''[[samizdat]]'') from [[Communist Poland|Poland's period of Communist rule]] between 1945 and 1989.

The beginning of the Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364;<ref name="ColCa">[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-9903-04-e.html Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908230448/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-9903-04-e.html |date=8 September 2005 }}. Last accessed on 4 May 2007.</ref> however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in ''[[Collegium Maius]]'', where works related to theology and [[liberal arts]] were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of [[Komisja Edukacji Narodowej]], which established the first [[Ministry (government department)|Ministry]] of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in ''Collegium Maius''. During the [[partitions of Poland]], the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as [[Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher]] and [[Karol Estreicher (junior)|Karol Estreicher]]. Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as a [[legal deposit]] library, comparable to the [[Bodleian Library]] at the [[University of Oxford]] or [[Cambridge University Library]] or [[Trinity College Library]] in Dublin, and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During the [[Second World War]], library workers cooperated with [[Education in Poland during World War II|underground universities]]. Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised.

In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library (''Biblioteka Medyczna'') and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by the presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day.

==Rankings==
{{Infobox university rankings
| QS_W = =303
| QS_W_year = 2026
| QS_W_ref =<ref name=":QSW2026">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings|title=QS World University Rankings}}</ref> 
 |CWUR_N=1|CWTS_N=1|CWTS_N_year=2022|CWTS_W_year=2022|CWTS_W=253|CWTS_W_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2022/list |title=CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022 |website=leidenranking.com |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013121315/https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2019/list |url-status=live }}</ref> |QS_W_Employability_year=2022|USNWR_W_year=2022|USNWR_W=320|QS_W_Employability=201-250|CWUR_N_year=2022
| QS_EECA =5
| QS_EECA_year =2022
| QS_EECA_ref =<ref name="QS World University Rankings 2022">{{Cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022 |title=QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330080551/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/siberian-federal-university |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==Faculties and departments==
The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including a number of additional institutes:

* [[Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University|Law and Administration]]
* [[Jagiellonian University Medical College|Medicine]] 
* Pharmacy and Medical Analysis
* Health Care
* Philosophy
* History
* Philology
* Polish Language and Literature
* Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science
* Mathematics and Computer Science
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Earth Sciences
* Management and Social Communication
* International and Political Studies
* Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology
* University Center of Veterinary Medicine (joint faculty with [[Agricultural University of Kraków]])
* [[Solaris (synchrotron)|National Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS]] (off-departmental facility)
Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum |url=https://www.cm-uj.krakow.pl/index.php/collegium/szpitale/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=www.cm-uj.krakow.pl |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154859/https://www.cm-uj.krakow.pl/index.php/collegium/szpitale/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* University Hospital in Krakow-Prokocim<ref>{{Cite web |title=Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie |url=https://www.su.krakow.pl/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=www.su.krakow.pl |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128223516/https://www.su.krakow.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Children's University Hospital in Krakow<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną |url=https://szpitalzdrowia.pl/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=pl-PL |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154855/https://szpitalzdrowia.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* University Hospital for Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Zakopane<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://klinika.net.pl/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=klinika.net.pl |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205094849/https://klinika.net.pl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dział Kliniczny |url=https://dk.cm.uj.edu.pl/podmioty-lecznicze/usor-w-zakopanem/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=dk.cm.uj.edu.pl |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154856/https://dk.cm.uj.edu.pl/podmioty-lecznicze/usor-w-zakopanem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Dental University Clinic in Krakow<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie |url=https://www.uks.com.pl/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=www.uks.com.pl |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154910/https://www.uks.com.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* John Paul II's Specialist Hospital in Krakow<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=Strona główna |url=https://www.szpitaljp2.krakow.pl/ |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=KRAKOWSKI SZPITAL SPECJALISTYCZNY IM. JANA PAWŁA II |language=pl-PL |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219130502/https://www.szpitaljp2.krakow.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fundusze europejskie |url=https://www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/fundusze-europejskie |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie |language=pl-pl |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205200508/https://www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/fundusze-europejskie |url-status=live }}</ref> As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=empressia |title=O nas |url=https://www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/o-nas |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie |language=pl-pl |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154856/https://www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/o-nas |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Publications==
* ''Electrum'', journal published since 1997 by the Department of Ancient History as a collection of papers and monographs

==Notable alumni==
{{main list|List of Jagiellonian University people}} 
{{center|
{{Gallery|width=125
|Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Renaissance]] [[polymath]] who formulated the theory of [[Heliocentrism]]
|Jan Długosz rzeźba autorstwa Franciszka Wyspiańskiego.jpg|[[Jan Długosz]], priest, chronicler and diplomat
|Skaryna 1517.jpg|[[Francysk Skaryna]], [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] humanist, physician, and translator
|Jan Kochanowski.png|[[Jan Kochanowski]], [[Renaissance]] [[List of Polish language poets|poet]] who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish [[Polish literature|literary]] language
|Schultz John III Sobieski.jpg|[[John III Sobieski]], [[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]]
|Kollataj hugo.jpg|[[Hugo Kołłątaj]], constitutional reformer and educationalist, one of the most prominent figures of the [[Enlightenment in Poland|Polish Enlightenment]]
|Carl Menger.jpg|[[Carl Menger]], Austrian economist and the founder of the [[Austrian School of economics]]
|Karol Olszewski.jpg|[[Karol Olszewski]], chemist who became the first scientist to liquefy [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]]
|Ignacy Lukasiewicz.jpg|[[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]], pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist who built the world's first modern [[oil refinery]]
|Wacław Sierpiński.jpg|[[Wacław Sierpiński]], mathematician known for contributions to [[set theory]], [[number theory]], theory of [[function (mathematics)|function]]s, and [[topology]]
|Bronislawmalinowski.jpg|[[Bronisław Malinowski]], one of the founders of [[social anthropology]]
|S. Kragujevic, Ivo Andric, 1961.jpg|[[Ivo Andrić]], Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer, winner of the 1961 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
|Antoni Kepinski.jpg|[[Antoni Kępiński]], [[psychiatrist]] and philosopher 
|Stanisław Lem.jpg|[[Stanisław Lem]], writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, [[futurology]], and [[literary criticism]] 
|Krzysztof Penderecki 20080706.jpg|[[Krzysztof Penderecki]], composer and conductor
|Szymborska 2011 (1) (cropped).jpg|[[Wisława Szymborska]], poet, essayist and translator, recipient of the 1996 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
|Ritratto di papa Giovanni Paolo II (1984).jpg|[[Pope John Paul II]], head of the [[Catholic Church]] from 1978 until 2005
|Norman_Davies_2018.jpg|[[Norman Davies]], British historian specializing in Central and Eastern Europe
|Jerzy Vetulani TEDx Krakow (cropped).jpg|[[Jerzy Vetulani]], neuroscientist, pharmacologist and biochemist
|Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Andrzej Duda.jpg|[[Andrzej Duda]], 6th President of the Republic of Poland
 }}
}}

==Notable faculty==
[[File:Krakow 2016 22.jpg|thumb|Heraldic [[frieze]] on the building of [[Collegium Maius, Kraków|Collegium Maius]] depicting [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Austria]], [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the Kraków Academy]]
* [[Stanisław of Skarbimierz]] (1360–1431), rector, theologian, lawyer
* [[Paweł Włodkowic]] (1370–1435), lawyer, diplomat and politician, representative of Poland at the [[Council of Constance]]
* [[Albert Brudzewski]] (1445–1497), astronomer and mathematician
* [[Maciej Miechowita]] (1457–1523), historian, chronicler, geographer, medic
* [[Marcin Szlachciński]] (1511/1512–1600), scholar, translator, poet and philosopher
* [[Jan Brożek]] (1585–1652), mathematician, physician and astronomer
* [[Adam Bełcikowski]] (1839–1909), philosopher, historian of literature, poet
* [[Franz Mertens]] (1840–1927), mathematician
* [[Henryk Jordan]] (1842–1907), professor of obstetrics
* [[Walery Jaworski]] (1849–1924), gastroenterologist
* [[Ludwik Rydygier]] (1850–1920), general surgeon
* [[Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz]] (1850–1921), pathologist, discovered the [[Artery of Adamkiewicz]] and the [[Adamkiewicz reaction]]
* [[Napoleon Cybulski]] (1854–1919), pioneer in endocrinology
* [[Edmund Załęski]] (1863–1932), agrotechnician and chemist
* [[Władysław Natanson]] (1864–1937), physicist
* [[Stanisław Estreicher]] (1869–1939), founder of the Jagiellonian University Museum
* [[Tadeusz Estreicher]] (1871–1952), pioneer in cryogenics
* [[Marian Smoluchowski]] (1872–1917), pioneer of statistical physics
* [[Bohdan Lepky]] (1872–1941), literature
* [[Franciszek Bujak]] (1875–1953), historian
* [[Stanisław Kutrzeba]] (1876–1946), rector, General Secretary of the [[Polish Academy of Learning]]
* [[Andrzej Gawroński]] (1885–1927), founder of the [[Polish Oriental Society]], master of [[Sanskrit]]
* [[Stanisław Kot]] (1885–1975), historian and politician
* [[Jan Zawidzki]] (1886–1928), chemist and historian
* [[Tadeusz Sulimirski]] (1898–1983), historian and archaeologist, experts on the ancient [[Sarmatians]]
* [[Roman Grodecki]] (1889–1964), economic historian
* [[Stanisław Smreczyński]] (1899–1975), zoologist
* [[Henryk Niewodniczański]] (1900–1968), physicist
* [[Adam Vetulani]] (1901–1976), historian of medieval and canon law
* [[Maria Ludwika Bernhard]] (1908–1998), archaeologist
* [[Wisława Szymborska]] (1923–2012), poet, recipient of the 1996 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* [[Bogdan Baranowski]] (1927–2014), chemist
* [[Ryszard Gryglewski]] (born 1932), pharmacologist and physician, a discoverer of [[prostacyclin]]
* [[Andrzej Szczeklik]] (1932–2012), physician
* [[Jan Woleński]] (born 1940), philosopher
* [[Piotr Sztompka]] (born 1944), sociologist
* [[Jan Potempa]] (born 1955), biologist, recipient of the 2011 [[Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://louisville.edu/dental/ohr/faculty-staff/jan-s-potempa.html |title=Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry |publisher=Louisville.edu |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062153/http://louisville.edu/dental/ohr/faculty-staff/jan-s-potempa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sławomir Kołodziej]] (born 1961), mathematician
* [[Krzysztof Kościelniak]] (born 1965), historian

==Student associations==
In 1851, the university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science [[excursion]]s, and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which is organized by the [[Stanisław Zaremba (mathematician)|Zaremba]] Association of Mathematicians.

{{center|
{{Gallery|title=Selected locations around the city|width=180|height=130|align=center
|File:Kraków - Collegium Novum 01.JPG|Collegium Novum
|File:Collegium Maius 2017.jpg|[[Collegium Maius]], the oldest building of the university
|File:Grodzka 52.jpg|Collegium Broscianum on [[Grodzka Street, Kraków|Grodzka Street]]
|File:Jagiellonian University Collegium Kollataja (Collegium Phisicum), 6 sw. Anny street, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg|Collegium Physicum
|File:Larisch Palace, 12 Bracka street, Old Town, Krakow,Poland.jpg|Larysz Palace, Faculty of Law and Administration
|File:Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science UJ 04.JPG|Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science
|File:Department_of_Anatomy,_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Jagiellonian_University_(Theatrum_Anatomicum),_12_Kopernika_street,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg|''Theatrum Anatomicum'' of the Faculty of Medicine
|File:Willa Rotunda w Przegorzałach.jpg|Przegorzały Castle, the seat of the [[Institute of European Studies of the Jagiellonian University|Institute of European Studies]]
|File:Kampuj UJ III-WMiI.JPG|Campus of the 600th anniversary of University's Revival
|File:Jagiellonian University Auditorium Maximum (east elevation) and oak „Franciszek”, 33 Krupnicza street,Krakow,Poland.jpg|''Auditorium Maximum'' with theatre stage seating 1,200
}}
}}

==See also==
* [[List of medieval universities]]
* [[Nawojka]], the university's legendary first female student from the 15th century
* [[Sonderaktion Krakau]], a German operation against professors and academics from the University of Kraków
* [[Neuronus IBRO & IRUN Neuroscience Forum]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jagiellonian University}}
* [https://www.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/ Official homepage]
* [https://uj.wkraj.pl/html5/index.php?id=48942#48942/ Jagiellonian University panoramic view]
* [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213][http://www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/ Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1316–1800)][http://www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/ ,] [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/index Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – RETE]

{{Universities in Poland}}
{{Jagiellonian University}}
{{Coimbra Group}}
{{Europaeum}}
{{IRUN}}
{{Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities}}
{{Una Europa}}
{{Utrecht network}}
{{Kraków}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jagiellonian University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Poland]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Poland]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:1364 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:Public universities]]
[[Category:Jagiellonian dynasty]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]