View source for Jambi

{{Short description|Province in Sumatra, Indonesia}}
{{About|the province|its capital|Jambi (city)|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Jambyl|Zambia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Jambi
| other_name              = 
| image_shield            = {{#property:p94}}
| shield_link = #Coat of arms
| image_flag              =
| shield_size             = 100
| flag_size               = 
| type                    = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| image_alt               = 
| image_map               = Jambi in Indonesia.svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Jambi''' in {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''}}
| coordinates             = {{Wikidatacoord|Q2051|region:ID_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = 6 January 1957
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Sumatra]]
| seat_type               = Capital<br />{{nobold|and largest city}}
| seat                    = [[Jambi (city)|Jambi]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| governing_body          = Jambi Provincial Government
| leader_title            = [[List of current Indonesian governors|Governor]]
| leader_name             = [[Al Haris]] ([[National Mandate Party|PAN]])
| leader_title2           = Vice Governor
| leader_name2            = [[Abdullah Sani]]
| leader_title3           = [[Regional House of Representatives|Legislature]]
| leader_name3            = [[:id:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Jambi|Jambi Regional House of Representatives]] (DPRD)
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 49026.58
| area_rank               = 11th
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 500
| elevation_max_m         = 3805
| elevation_max_point     = [[Mount Kerinci]]
| population_footnotes    = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Jambi Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.15)</ref>
| population_total        = 3745746
| population_as_of        = mid 2024 estimate
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_rank         = 19th
| population_density_rank = 23rd
| population_note         = 
| demographics_type1      = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1    = [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1     = 38% [[Indonesian Malays|Jambi Malays]]<br /> 20% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<br /> 10.2% [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]]<br /> 10% [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]]<br /> 31.80% Others<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>
| demographics1_title2    = [[Religion in Indonesia|Religion]]
| demographics1_info2     = 95.08% [[Islam]]<br /> 3.88% [[Christianity]]<br /> - 3.31% [[Protestant]]<br /> - 0.58% [[Catholic]]<br /> 0.94% [[Buddhism]]<br /> 0.06% [[Folk religion]]<br /> 0.02% [[Confucianism]]<br /> 0.013% [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |title=ArcGIS Web Application |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics1_title3    = [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages and dialects]]
| demographics1_info3     = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] <small>(official)</small><br />[[Jambi Malay]], [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]], [[Kubu language|Kubu]] <small>(regional)</small>
| blank_name              = GDP (nominal)
| blank_info              = 2022
| blank1_name             = &nbsp;- Total<ref name="bpsgdpdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128114230/https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_info             = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 276.3&nbsp;trillion ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GDP|15th]])<br>[[USD|US$]] 18.6&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 58.1&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank2_name             = &nbsp;- Per capita<ref name="bpspercapitadata">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128114301/https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank2_info             = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 76.1&nbsp;million ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|8th]])<br>[[USD|US$]] 5,125<br>[[Int$]] 15,991&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank3_name             = &nbsp;- Growth<ref name="bappenas2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Jakarta |language=id |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903103854/https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank3_info             = {{Increase}} 5.13%
| blank4_name             = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2024)
| blank4_info             = {{increase}} 0.744<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html |title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024 |publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]] |date=2024 |language=id |access-date=15 November 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101232721/https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|18th]]) – <span style=color:#090>high</span>
| website                 = {{URL|jambiprov.go.id}}
| footnotes               = 
| official_name           = Province of Jambi<br>{{lang|id|{{nobold|Provinsi Jambi}}}}
| motto                   = {{native phrase|jax|Sepucuk Jambi Sembilan Lurah}}
<br >(One Jambi indigenous territory, formed by nine river settlements)
| anthem                  = ''Mars Provinsi Jambi''<br>"Jambi Provincial March"<ref>https://chordify.net/chords/mars-provinsi-jambi-official-karaoke-musik-lirik-gomes-pro</ref>
| image_map1              = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe
|frame-width=250
|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}}
}}
'''Jambi''' is a [[provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[Indonesia]]. It is located on the east coast of central [[Sumatra]] and stretches to the [[Barisan Mountains]] in the west. Its capital and largest city is also called [[Jambi (city)|Jambi]]. It is bordered by the provinces of [[Riau]] to the north, [[West Sumatra]] to the west, [[Bengkulu]] to the southwest, [[South Sumatra]] to the south, and shares a maritime border with the [[Riau Islands]] to the east and the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east. The province has a land area of 49,026.58&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and a sea area of 3,274.95&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Its area is comparable to the [[Europe]]an country of [[Slovakia]] or [[Smolensk Oblast]]. It had a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 3,548,228 according to the 2020 census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate of population as of mid-2024 was 3,745,746 (comprising 1,893,490 males and 1,830,790 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Jambi Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.15)</ref>

==History==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee Djambi TMnr 10016664.jpg|thumb|left|Mosque in Jambi, during the [[Dutch East Indies|colonial period]]. ca 1900–1939.]]

Jambi was the site of the [[Melayu Kingdom|Melayu kingdom]] that engaged in trade throughout the [[Strait of Malacca]] and beyond. It was recorded as having sent a mission to China in 644 CE. It was annexed by [[Srivijaya]] by 685 CE, but tried to declare its independence in the 9th century. Jambi succeeded [[Palembang]], its southern economic and military rival, as the major player in trade in the Malacca straits. After the 1025 [[Chola]] [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|raids in Southeast Asia]], Jambi still sent missions to China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miksic |first=John M. |title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 |publisher=NUS Press |year=2013 |isbn=9789971695583 |author1-link=John N. Miksic }}</ref>{{rp|72, 114}}

In the early decades of the Dutch presence in the region, when the Dutch were one of several traders competing with the British, Chinese, Arabs, and Malays, the [[Jambi Sultanate]] profited from trade in [[black pepper|pepper]] with the Dutch. This relationship declined by about 1770, and the sultanate had little contact with the Dutch for about sixty years.{{Citation needed |date=March 2011}}

In 1833, minor conflicts with the [[Dutch East Indies]] who were well established in Palembang, meant the Dutch increasingly felt the need to control the actions of Jambi. They coerced Sultan Facharudin to agree to greater Dutch presence in the region and control over trade, although the sultanate remained nominally independent. In 1858 the Dutch, concerned over the risk of competition for control from other foreign powers, invaded Jambi with a force from their capital [[Jakarta|Batavia]]. They met little resistance, and Sultan Taha fled upriver, to the inland regions of Jambi. The Dutch installed a puppet ruler, Nazarudin, in the lower region, which included the capital city. For the next forty years Taha maintained the upriver kingdom, and slowly reextended his influence over the lower regions through political agreements and marriage connections. In 1904, however, the Dutch were stronger and, as a part of a larger campaign to consolidate control over the entire archipelago, managed to capture and kill Taha, and in 1906, the entire area was brought under direct colonial control.

Following the death of Jambi Sultan, Taha Saifuddin, on 27 April 1904 and the success of the Dutch controlled areas of the Sultanate of Jambi, Jambi then was set up as a Residency and entry into the territory Netherlands Indies. Jambi's first Resident OL Helfrich was appointed by the governor general under Dutch Decree No. 20, dated 4 May 1906, with his inauguration held on 2 July 1906.

In 1945, Sumatra comprised a single province, but in 1948 this was divided into three provinces, including the province of [[Central Sumatra]] (which included present-day Jambi Province). In 1957 this short-lived province was itself divided, and Jambi was created as an independent Province.

{{Historical populations
|type=
|footnote= Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]]<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Jambi Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.15)</ref> 2025 and previous
|1971 |1006084
|1980 |1445994
|1990 |2020568
|1995 |2369959
|2000 |2407166
|2005 |2635968
|2010 |3092265
|2015 |3397164
|2020 |3548228
|2024 |3724280}}

==Government and administrative divisions==
When Jambi Province was created in 1957, it comprised three regencies - [[Kerinci Regency|'''Kerinci''']] (renamed from South Pesisir Regency on 19 March 1956), [[Batang Hari Regency|'''Batanghari''']] and [[Bungo Regency|'''Bungo Tebo''']] - as well as the independent city of '''[[Jambi City]] '''. On 14 June 1965 two new regencies were formed - '''Sarolangun Bangko''' from part of Bungo Tebo Regency, and '''Tanjung Jabung''' from part of Batanghari Regency. On 4 October 1999 four additional regencies were created by splitting each of four existing regencies in two - '''Muara Jambi''' was formed from part of Batanghari Regency, while Sarolangun Bangko Regency was split into separate '''Sarolangun''' and '''Merangin''' Regencies, Tanjung Jabung Regency was split into separate '''Tanjung Jabung Barat''' (''West Tanjung Jabung'') and '''Tanjung Jabung Timur''' (''East Tanjung Jabung'') Regencies, and Bungo Tebo Regency was split into separate '''Bungo''' and '''Tebo''' Regencies. Finally, a second independent city of '''Sungai Penuh''' (''Penuh River'') was split off from Kerinci Regency on 1 July 2008.

Thus Jambi province is now divided into nine [[Regencies of Indonesia|regencies]] (''kabupaten'') and two [[Cities of Indonesia|cities]] (''kota''), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and 2020<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Jambi Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.15)</ref> These are divided into 141 districts (''kecamatan''), in turn sub-divided into 153 urban villages (''kelurahan'') and 1,399 rural villages (''desa'').

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Kode<br>Wilayah || Name of<br>City or<br>Regency || Area <br>in<br>km<sup>2</sup> || Pop'n<br />census<br />2010 || Pop'n<br />census<br />2020 || Pop'n<br />estimate<br />mid 2024 || Capital || [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>[https://jambi.bps.go.id/site/resultTab All Stats search] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211501/http://jambi.bps.go.id/site/resultTab |date=9 August 2017 }} jambi.bps.go.id</ref><br />2018 Estimates
|-
| 15.01 || [[Kerinci Regency]]||align="right"|3,445.20||align="right"|229,495||align="right"|250,259||align="right"|268,951|| [[Siulak]]|| 0.705 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 15.02 || [[Merangin Regency]]||align="right"|7,540.12||align="right"|333,206||align="right"|354,052||align="right"|373,409|| [[Bangko]]|| 0.688 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.03 || [[Sarolangun Regency]]||align="right"|5,935.89||align="right"|246,245||align="right"|290,047||align="right"|306,514|| [[Sarolangun]]|| 0.694 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.04 || [[Batang Hari Regency|Batanghari Regency]]||align="right"|5,387.52||align="right"|241,334||align="right"|301,700||align="right"|316,550|| [[Muara Bulian]] || 0.693 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.05 || [[Muaro Jambi Regency]]||align="right"|5,225.80||align="right"|342,952||align="right"|402,017||align="right"|424,580|| [[Sengeti]]|| 0.683 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.06 || [[West Tanjung Jabung Regency]]<br />(Tanjung Jabung Barat)||align="right"|5,546.06||align="right"|278,741||align="right"|317,498||align="right"|336,978|| [[Kuala Tungkal]]|| 0.671 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.07 || [[East Tanjung Jabung Regency]]<br />(Tanjung Jabung Timur)||align="right"|4,546.62||align="right"|205,272||align="right"|229,813||align="right"|244,905|| [[Muara Sabak]]|| 0.633 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.08 || [[Bungo Regency]]||align="right"|4,760.83||align="right"|303,135||align="right"|362,363||align="right"|381,272|| [[Muara Bungo]] || 0.694 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.09 || [[Tebo Regency]]||align="right"|6,103.74||align="right"|297,735||align="right"|337,669||align="right"|355,262|| [[Muara Tebo]]|| 0.686 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 15.71 || [[Jambi City]]||align="right"|169.89||align="right"|531,857||align="right"|606,200||align="right"|635,101|| - || 0.774 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 15.72 || [[Sungai Penuh|Sungai Penuh City]]||align="right"|364.92||align="right"|82,293||align="right"|96,610||align="right"|102,224|| - || 0.746 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| || ''Total province'' ||align="right"|49,026.58||align="right"|3,092,265||align="right"|3,548,228||align="right"|3,745,746|| Jambi
|0.705 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|}

The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the [[Indonesian Parliament|People's Representative Council]]. The '''Jambi Electoral District''' consists of all of the 9 regencies in the province, together with the cities of Jambi and Sungai Penuh, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (''UU No. 7 Tahun 2017'') as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>

==World Heritage Sites==
[[File:Uprising-mount kerinci.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Kerinci]], the tallest mountain in [[Sumatra]]]]
[[File:Candi Tinggi.jpg|thumb|Muaro Jambi Temples]]
[[File:Kain Batik Tulisan, Sumatera.png|thumb|Detail of a Kain Batik Tulisan, late 19th century, from an unknown village in Jambi.|upright]]
* [[Kerinci Seblat National Park]]
The largest of the three national parks comprising the [[Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra]], Kerinci Seblat has the distinction of being the second-largest national park in all of [[Southeast Asia]], only after [[Lorentz National Park]] on Papua. It is one of the [[Sumatran Tiger]]'s last strongholds on the island, and within its borders sits the highest active volcano in Southeast Asia - [[Mount Kerinci]].

* [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds]]

May 2011: The Jambi provincial administration is striving to have the ancient Muaro Jambi [[Candi of Indonesia|temple site]] at Muaro Jambi village in [[Maro Sebo]] District, [[Muaro Jambi Regency]], recognized as a [[World Heritage Site]].

The site was a [[Buddhist]] education centre that flourished during the 7th and 8th centuries and is made from bricks similar to those used in Buddhist temples in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191402:provincial-govt-seeking-world-heritage-status-for-muaro-jambi-site&catid=30:english-news&Itemid=101 |title=Waspada Online – Pusat Berita dan Informasi Medan Sumut Aceh |website=waspada.co.id |access-date=22 March 2018 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
Due to transmigration policy, many ethnic groups from various parts of Indonesia, especially Java, Borneo, Sulawesi and other parts of Sumatra brought their native languages as well. The non-Pribumi (non-Native Indonesian ethnicities) people such as the [[Chinese Indonesian]]s speak several [[Sinitic languages|varieties of Chinese]].

Ethnically, the population comprises:
* 38% [[Malays (ethnic group)|Jambi Malay]]
* 20% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
* 10.2% [[Chinese people|Chinese]]
* 10% [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]]
* 31.8% other<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>

The [[Kerinci people]] live in the western part of the province, specifically in the regencies of Kerinci, Merangin, Bungo and the city of Sungai Penuh. Besides Jambi Province, Kerinci communities can also be found in neighbouring West Sumatra. {{as of|2022}}, Islam is the largest religion in Jambi, being practised by 96.09% of the population. Minority religions are Christianity with 3,9%, Buddhism 0.92%, Confucianism 0.02% and Hinduism 0.01% of the population.<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web |url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama |title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama |publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]] |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=29 October 2023 |language=id |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113430/https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Putri Tangguk]], a [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] traditional folklore originated from Jambi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth. 1993. Rivals and rituals in Jambi, South Sumatra. ''Modern Asian Studies'' 27(3):573-591.

==External links==
* {{in lang|id}} [http://www.jambiprov.go.id/ Official government site]
* {{in lang|id}} [http://www.jambi.us/ Fan site]
{{Jambi}}
{{Provinces of Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jambi| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Batanghari basin]]