View source for James Chichester-Clark

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1969 to 1971}}
{{for|his father, the member of parliament for South Londonderry|James Lenox-Conyngham Chichester-Clark}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name             = The Lord Moyola
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|PC|DL}}
| image            = James Chichester-Clark 1970.jpg
| caption          = Chichester-Clark in 1970
| office           = 5th [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]]
| monarch          = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor         = [[Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton|The Lord Grey of Naunton]]
| term_start       = 28 April 1969
| term_end         = 23 March 1971
| predecessor      = [[Terence O'Neill]]
| successor        = [[Brian Faulkner]]
| office1          = 8th [[Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party]]
| term_start1      = 28 April 1969
| term_end1        = 31 March 1971
| predecessor1     = [[Terence O'Neill]]
| successor1       = [[Brian Faulkner]]
| office2          = [[Minister and Leader of the House of Commons|Leader of the House of Commons]]
| primeminister2   = [[Terence O'Neill]]
| term_start2      = 2 September 1968
| term_end2        = 23 April 1969
| predecessor2     = [[Brian McConnell]]
| successor2       = [[John Dobson (Northern Ireland politician)|John Dobson]]
| primeminister3   = [[Terence O'Neill]]
| term_start3      = 7 October 1966
| term_end3        = 27 September 1967
| predecessor3     = [[Brian Faulkner]]
| successor3       = [[Brian McConnell]]
| office5          = [[Minister of Agriculture (Northern Ireland)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| primeminister5   = [[Terence O'Neill]]
| term_start5      = 5 May 1967
| term_end5        = 23 April 1969
| predecessor5     = [[Harry West]]
| successor5       = [[Phelim O'Neill, 2nd Baron Rathcavan|Phelim O'Neill]]
| office6          = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status6          = Lord Temporal
| term_label6      = as a [[life peer]]
| term_start6      = 20 July 1971
| term_end6        = 17 May 2002
| office7          = [[Northern Ireland Parliament|Member of the Northern Ireland Parliament]] <br> for [[South Londonderry (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)|South Londonderry]]
| parliament7      = Northern Ireland
| term_start7      = 9 July 1960
| term_end7        = 30 March 1972
| predecessor7     = [[Dehra Parker]]
| successor7       = ''Office abolished''
| birth_name       = James Dawson Clark
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1923|2|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Moyola Park]], Northern Ireland
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2002|5|17|1923|2|12|df=y}}
| party            = [[Ulster Unionist Party]]
| spouse           = {{marriage|Moyra Haughton|1959}}
| children         = 2
| parents          = [[James Lenox-Conyngham Chichester-Clark]]<br />Marion Chichester
| relatives        = [[Robin Chichester-Clark]] (brother) <br> [[Penelope Hobhouse]] (sister)
| education        = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater       = [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Sandhurst]]
| allegiance       = {{UK}}
| branch           = [[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
| battles          = [[World War II]] 
| serviceyears     = 1942–1960
| unit             = [[Irish Guards]]
| rank             = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
}}

'''James Dawson Chichester-Clark, Baron Moyola''' (12 February 1923 – 17 May 2002) was the penultimate [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]] and eighth leader of the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] between 1969 and March 1971. He was [[Northern Ireland House of Commons|Member of the Northern Ireland Parliament]] for [[South Londonderry (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)|South Londonderry]] for 12 years, beginning at the by-election to replace his grandmother, Dame [[Dehra Parker]] in 1960. He stopped being an MP when the [[Stormont Parliament]] was suspended and subsequently abolished with the introduction of [[Direct rule over Northern Ireland|Direct Rule]] by the [[British Government]].

Chichester-Clark's election as UUP leader resulted from the sudden resignation of [[Terence O'Neill]] after the ambiguous result of the [[1969 Northern Ireland general election|preceding general election]]. His term in office was dominated by both internal [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] struggles, seeing the political emergence of [[Ian Paisley]] from the right and [[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland]] from the left, and an emergent [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]] resurgence. In March 1971, with his health suffering under the strain of the growing political strife, he resigned, having failed to secure extra military resources from the British Government.

==Family background and early life==
Chichester-Clark was born as '''James Dawson Clark''' at [[Moyola Park]], [[Castledawson]], [[County Londonderry]], his family's ancestral home.<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB |title=Clark, James Dawson Chichester-, Baron Moyola (1923–2002), prime minister of Northern Ireland |last=Armstrong |first=C. D. C. |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/76880 |year=2006}}</ref> He was the eldest of three children of [[James Lenox-Conyngham Chichester-Clark|James Lenox-Conyngham Clark]] and Marion Caroline Dehra, née Chichester. His brother was [[Robin Chichester-Clark]] and his sister, [[Penelope Hobhouse]], the garden writer and historian.<ref name=ODNB/>

In 1924, James Clark Snr. changed the family name to ''Chichester-Clark'' by deed poll, thus preventing the old [[Protestant Ascendancy]] name Chichester (his wife's maiden name) from dying out. On his mother's side the family are descended from the [[Marquess of Donegall|Donegall Chichesters]] and were the heirs of the Dawsons of [[Castledawson]], who had originally held Moyola Park.

Educated, against his own wishes, at Selwyn House, [[Broadstairs]], and then [[Eton College|Eton]], Chichester-Clark left school and entered adulthood in the midst of the [[Second World War]]. On joining the [[Irish Guards]], the regiment of his grandfather, in [[Omagh]] he began his year-long training at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], before receiving his [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] as a [[second lieutenant]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/05/20/db2001.xml |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Lord Moyola |date=20 May 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427025753/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2002%2F05%2F20%2Fdb2001.xml |archive-date=27 April 2006 }}</ref>

He married widow Moyra Haughton (née Morris) in 1959.<ref name=ODNB/> Lady Moyola's first husband, Capt. Thomas Haughton from [[Cullybackey]] (he was part of the linen firm of Frazer & Haughton), had been killed in the [[Nutts Corner]] air crash in January 1953.<ref name="Tunney">{{Cite news |last=Tunney |first=Liam |date=9 March 2024 |title=Remembered: The 1953 Nutts Corner airport crash that killed 27 people |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/remembered-the-1953-nutts-corner-airport-crash-that-killed-27-people/a190751791.html |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]}}</ref> She, whilst pregnant, was seriously injured in the crash and suffered a broken neck. 

Chichester-Clark and his wife had two daughters (Tara and Fiona), in addition to Moyra's son Michael from her previous marriage. Lady Moyola was a cousin of [[Michael McCorkell|Colonel Sir Michael McCorkell]], [[Lord Lieutenant of County Londonderry|Lord-Lieutenant of County Londonderry]] 1975–2000, Lord Moyola served as his [[Lord-lieutenant|Vice Lord-Lieutenant]].

==Military career==
Chichester-Clark was an officer in the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, part of [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Guards Brigade]] attached to [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|British 1st Infantry Division]], and participated briefly in the [[Battle of Anzio|Anzio landings]]. He was injured on 23 February 1944 by an 88m shell as he and his [[Platoon]] [[Sergeant]] took their first look at the ground in the 'gullies' to the west of the [[Anzio]]-[[Albano Laziale|Albano]] road. His company were all but wiped out, and he spent most of his war in hospital recovering from injuries, the effects of which stayed with him throughout his life.<ref name=ODNB/> 

Following the war, his military career took him from the dull duties of the post-war occupation of Germany, to [[Canada]] as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis]], then [[Governor General of Canada]].<ref name=ODNB/> The popularity and competence of his senior officer made this uneventful two-year period of Chichester-Clark's life the most remarkable element of his pre-parliamentary career.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} On returning from Canada, Chichester-Clark continued in the Army for several years, refusing promotion to seniority before retiring a [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in 1960.<ref>Scoular, p. 69.</ref>

==Political life==
In an uncontested by-election in 1960, he took over the [[South Londonderry (NI Parliament constituency)|South Londonderry]] seat in the [[Northern Ireland Parliament]] that had been held by his grandmother, [[Dehra Parker|Dame Dehra Parker]], since 1933.<ref name=ODNB/> As Dehra Chichester, she had been an MP for the county of Londonderry until 1929 when she stood down for a first time. Chichester-Clark's father replaced her in 1929 when the county was split, but he suddenly died in 1933. Dehra, by then remarried, willingly returned to Northern Ireland from England, and won the ensuing by-election.

He retained the seat for the remainder of the Parliament's existence, and so the South Londonderry area was represented by three generations of the same family for the entire period of the Northern Ireland House of Commons. Between 1929 and the last election in 1969, the family was challenged for the seat on only two occasions, the second being in 1969, when future Westminster MP [[Bernadette Devlin]] stood, attracting 39% of the vote.<ref>[http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/ldrcounty.html Northern Ireland Parliamentary Election Results: Counties: Londonderry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705025107/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/ldrcounty.html |date=5 July 2008 }}. election.demon.co.uk.</ref>

Chichester-Clark made his [[maiden speech]] on 8 February 1961 during the Queen's speech debate.

==Minister==
For the remainder of [[Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough|Lord Brookeborough]]'s premiership, Chichester-Clark remained on the back benches. It was not until 1963, when [[Terence O'Neill]] became [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]], that Chichester-Clark was appointed assistant whip, and a month later when [[William Craig (Northern Ireland politician)|Bill Craig]] was promoted to the Ministry of Home Affairs, Chichester-Clark took over as Government Chief Whip. Accounts of the period are that Chichester-Clark enjoyed the Whip's office more than any other he was to subsequently hold in politics. This despite including references to anti O'Neill MP and future [[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]] Westminster MP, [[Johnny McQuade]], and the occasional "good row".<ref>Scoular, p. 46.</ref><ref>[[John H. Whyte|Whyte, J. H.]] (1973) "Intra Unionist disputes in the Northern Ireland House of Commons 1921–72" ''Economic and Social Review'' Vol. 5(1): 99–104 (103).</ref> From the outset, O'Neill took the unusual decision to allow Chichester-Clark to attend and speak at all cabinet meetings while Chief Whip.<ref>Bloomfield, K. (1994) ''Stormont in Crisis''. Blackstaff Press Ltd. {{ISBN|0856405256}}. p. 74.</ref> Proving a competent parliamentary party administrator, O'Neill added Leader of the House of Commons to Chichester-Clark's duties in October 1966, a promotion that made him a full member of the Cabinet. He was also sworn into the [[Privy Council of Northern Ireland]] in 1966.

In 1967, O'Neill sacked his Minister of Agriculture, [[Harry West]], for ministerial impropriety,<ref>Walker, p. 165.</ref><ref>Mullholland, p. 120.</ref> and Chichester-Clark was appointed in his place, a position he retained for two quiet years. On 23 April 1969, he resigned from the Cabinet one day prior to a crucial Parliamentary Party meeting, claiming that he disagreed with the Prime Minister's decision to grant universal suffrage in local government elections at that time. He stated that he disagreed not with the principle of one man one vote but with the timing of the decision, having the previous day expressed doubts over the expediency of the measure in Cabinet. It has since been suggested that his resignation was in order to accelerate O'Neill's own resignation, and to improve his own position in the jostling to succeed him.<ref name=autogenerated2>Walker, p. 173.</ref>

O'Neill "finally walked away"<ref name=autogenerated2/> five days later on 28 April 1969. In order to beat his only serious rival, [[Brian Faulkner]], Chichester-Clark needed the backing of O'Neill-ite MPs elected at the [[1969 Northern Ireland general election]], to which end he attended a tea party in O'Neill's honour only days after he had caused his resignation.<ref>Mulholland, p. 196.</ref>

==Prime minister==
Chichester-Clark beat Faulkner in the [[1969 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election]] by one vote on 1 May 1969, with his predecessor using his casting vote in the tied election for his distant cousin because "Faulkner had been stabbing him in the back for a lot longer".<ref>Walker, p. 175.</ref> Although Faulkner believed, until his death, that he had been the victim of an upper-class conspiracy to deny him the premiership, he became a high profile and loyal member of Chichester-Clark's cabinet.

His premiership was punctuated by the civil unrest that erupted after August 1969. He suffered from the effects of the [[Hunt Report]], which recommended the disbandment of the [[Ulster Special Constabulary]], which his Government accepted to the consternation of many Unionists.

In April 1970 his predecessor and another Unionist MP resigned their seats in the NI House of Commons. The by-election campaigns were punctuated by major liberal speeches by senior government figures like [[Brian Faulkner]], [[Jack Andrews]] and the Prime Minister himself. [[Ian Paisley]]'s [[Protestant Unionist Party]], however, took both seats in the House of Commons. Later the same month the O'Neill-ite group, the [[New Ulster Movement]], became the [[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland]], and his party began passing votes of no confidence in him.

As the civil unrest grew, the [[Her Majesty's Government|British Government]], particularly the [[Home Secretary]], [[James Callaghan]], became increasingly involved in Northern Ireland's affairs, forcing Chichester-Clark's hand on many issues. These included the disbanding of the 'B' Specials and, importantly, the handing over of operational control of the security forces to the [[British Army|Army]] [[General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland]].

==Resignation and beyond==
On 9 March 1971 the [[Provisional IRA|IRA]] lured [[Three Scottish soldiers killings|three off-duty soldiers]] from a pub in Belfast to a lane way outside the city, where they killed them. Chichester-Clark flew to London on 18 March 1971 to request a new security initiative from the new British prime minister [[Edward Heath]], who offered an extra 1,300 troops, and resisted what he saw was an attempt by Chichester-Clark to gain political control over them.<ref name=autogenerated1>Walker, p. 189.</ref> Chichester-Clark resigned on 20 March.<ref name="NI1920-96">Hennessey, Thomas (1997) ''A History of Northern Ireland 1920–1996''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-73162-X}}. p. 189.</ref> In his resignation statement he stated:
::I have decided to resign because I can see no other way of bringing home to all concerned the realities of the present constitutional, political and security situation... It is apparent that public and parliamentary opinion in Northern Ireland looks to the Northern Ireland government for measures which can bring the current IRA campaign swiftly to an end. I have expressed to British Ministers the full force of this opinion and have pressed upon them my view that some further initiative is required. While they have agreed to take any feasible steps open to them to intensify the effort against the IRA, it remains the professional military view – and one which I indeed have often expressed myself – that it would be misleading the Northern Ireland community to suggest that we are faced with anything but a long haul, and that such initiatives as can be taken are unlikely to effect a radical improvement in the short term...<ref name="NI1920-96"/>

He agreed to tone down his statement so as to smooth the way for his successor.<ref name=autogenerated1/> The Unionist Party internal newspaper, the ''Ulster Times'' in April 1971 carried a "respectful political obituary", which "condemned those who attacked Catholics in their homes":

{{Cquote|For these stupid barbarities Major Chichester-Clark had to a substantial extent carry the can in Downing Street. He had also to carry the entangling burden of every event in the Ulster past which could cast doubt and discredit upon the viability of the Northern Ireland Constitution.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>}}

On 23 March 1971, [[Brian Faulkner]] was [[1971 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election|elected UUP leader]] in a vote by Unionist MP's, defeating [[William Craig (Northern Ireland politician)|William Craig]] by twenty-six votes to four. He was appointed prime minister the same day.<ref>Walker, p. 190.</ref>

==Peerage and later life==
On 20 July 1971 Chichester-Clark was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Moyola''', of [[Castledawson]] in the [[County Londonderry|County of Londonderry]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=45429 |date=22 July 1971 |page=7853}}</ref><ref>{{Rayment|m|6|date=February 2012}}</ref> his title taken from the name of his family's estate. He endorsed the [[Belfast Agreement]] in the [[1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum|1998 referendum]]. 
Lord Moyola remained quiet about his political career in his retirement. Lady Moyola, however, has said that her husband did enjoy the time – contrary to popular opinion – and that he thought of life as an MP as akin to that of an army welfare officer.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1996783.stm Death of James Chichester-Clark] . ''BBC''. 20 May 2002.</ref>

He was Vice-[[Lord Lieutenant]] of County Londonderry from 1975 to 1993.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/24/1022038476192.html The Troubles and a PM's act of despair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223053829/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/24/1022038476192.html |date=23 February 2018 }} dated May 25, 2002 at smh.com.au, accessed 22 February 2018.</ref>

Lord Moyola died on 17 May 2002 at the age of 79; he was the last surviving [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]].<ref name=ODNB/>

{{Emblem table
|escutcheon = Quarterly: 1st, Gules three Swords erect in pale proper Hilts and Pommels Or a Canton Argent charged with a Trefoil Vert (Clark); 2nd, Chequy Or and Gules a Chief Vair (Chichester); 3rd, Azure fretty Argent (Etchingham); 4th, Azure on a Bend Or three Daws Gules (Dawson)
|crest = Out of a Mural Crown an Arm in Armour embowed the Hand holding a Dagger all proper charged with a Trefoil Vert
|supporters = On either side a Heron wings addorsed and gorged with a Baron's Coroner proper
|motto = Virtute Et Labore <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/lp1958%20m.htm |title=Life Peerages - M |website=www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222611/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/lp1958%20m.htm |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==Ancestors==
{{Ahnentafel
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Lord Moyola'''
|2= 2. [[James Lenox-Conyngham Chichester-Clark|James Clark]]
|3= 3. [[Marion Caroline Dehra Chichester]]
|4= 4. James Jackson Clark of Largantogher, County Londonderry
|5= 5. Elizabeth Mary Lenox-Conyngham
|6= 6. [[Robert Chichester (politician)|Robert Chichester]]
|7= 7. [[Dehra Parker|Dehra Kerr-Fisher]]
|8= 8. [[James Johnston Clark]]
|9=9. Frances Hall of Merton Hall, County Tipperary 
|10= 10. [[William Fitzwilliam Lenox-Conyngham|Sir William Fitzwilliam Lenox-Conyngham]]
|11= 11. Laura Arbuthnot
|12= 12. Lord Adolphus Chichester
|13= 13. Mary Dawson of [[Castledawson]]
|14= 14. James Kerr-Fisher
|15= 15. Annie Kerr-Forsythe
}}

==See also==
* [[List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Mullholland, M. (2000) ''Northern Ireland at the Crossroads''. Palgrave Schol. {{ISBN|0333760751}}
*Scoular, Clive (2000) ''James Chichester-Clark: Prime Minister of Northern Ireland''. {{ISBN|0953960102}}
*Walker, G. (2004) ''A history of the Ulster Unionist Party''. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|0-7190-6108-3}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|James Chichester-Clark}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kittybrewster.com/members/j.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615084913/http://www.kittybrewster.com/members/j.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 June 2006 |title=Family tree}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427025753/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2002%2F05%2F20%2Fdb2001.xml Obituary], Telegraph.co.uk. Accessed 24 December 2022.

{{s-start}}
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 | title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[South Londonderry (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)|South Londonderry]]
 | years = 1960–1973
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{{s-ppo}}
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{{s-ttl
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before=[[William Fitzsimmons (Northern Ireland politician)|William Fitzsimmons]] }}
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 | title = Assistant Parliamentary Secretary<br>to the [[Minister of Finance (Northern Ireland)|Ministry of Finance]]
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{{s-vac | next = [[Isaac George Hawthorne]] }}

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{{s-ttl
 | title = Parliamentary Secretary<br>to the [[Minister of Finance (Northern Ireland)|Ministry of Finance]]
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{{s-vac | next = [[Roy Bradford]] }}

{{succession box | before=[[Brian Faulkner]] | title=[[Leader of the House of Commons (Northern Ireland)|Leader of the House of Commons]] | after=[[Brian McConnell, Baron McConnell|Brian McConnell]] | years=1966–1967}}

{{succession box | before=[[Harry West]] | title=[[Minister of Agriculture (Northern Ireland)|Minister of Agriculture]] | after=[[Phelim O'Neill, 2nd Baron Rathcavan|Phelim O'Neill]] | years=1967–1969}}

{{succession box | before=[[Brian McConnell, Baron McConnell|Brian McConnell]] | title=[[Leader of the House of Commons (Northern Ireland)|Leader of the House of Commons]] | after=[[John Dobson (Northern Ireland politician)|John Dobson]] | years=1968–1969}}

{{succession box | title=[[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]] | before=[[Terence O'Neill]] | after=[[Brian Faulkner]] | years=1969–1971}}

{{succession box | before=[[Robert Wilson Porter]] | title=[[Minister of Home Affairs (Northern Ireland)|Minister of Home Affairs]] | after=[[Brian Faulkner]] | years=1970–1971}}
{{s-end}}

{{Northern Ireland heads of government}}
{{UUP Leaders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chichester-Clark, James}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1958–1962]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1965–1969]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1969–1973]]
[[Category:Northern Ireland junior government ministers (Parliament of Northern Ireland)]]
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[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
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[[Category:Chichester family|James]]
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[[Category:Ulster Unionist Party life peers|Moyola]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II|Moyola]]