View source for James Renwick Jr.

{{short description|American architect (1818–1895)}}
{{About||other people|James Renwick (disambiguation){{!}}James Renwick}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{infobox person
| image               = James Renwick, Jr.gif
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1818|11|11}}
| birth_place         = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1895|06|23|1818|11|11}}
| death_place         = New York City, U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Green-Wood Cemetery]], [[Brooklyn]], New York City
| alma_mater          = [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia College]]
| occupation          = Architect
| parents             = [[James Renwick (physicist)|James Renwick]]<br>Margaret Brevoort Renwick
| spouse              = {{marriage|Anna Lloyd Aspinwall<br>|1850|1880|reason=her death}}
| children            = 
| relations           = 
| signature           = Signature of James Renwick Jr. (1818–1895).png
}}
'''James Renwick Jr.''' (November 11, 1818 – June 23, 1895) was an American architect known for designing churches and museums. He designed the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in [[New York City|New York]]. ''The Encyclopedia of American Architecture'' calls him "one of the most successful American architects of his time".<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Packard |editor-first=Robert |date=1995 |title=The Encyclopedia of American Architecture |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Renwick was born in [[Manhattan Valley|Bloomingdale]] in [[Upper Manhattan]], [[New York City]] on November 11, 1818, to a wealthy and well-educated family. His mother, Margaret Brevoort, was from a wealthy and socially prominent New York City family. His father, [[James Renwick (physicist)|James Renwick]], was an engineer, architect, and professor of natural philosophy at Columbia College, which is now [[Columbia University]]. His two brothers went on to become engineers. 

Renwick was not formally trained as an architect, but his ability and interest in building design were nurtured through his cultivated upbringing, which granted him early exposure to travel, and through a broad cultural education that included architectural history. He learned most of his skills from his father, and then studied engineering at Columbia College, now [[Columbia University]], in Manhattan. He entered Columbia at age twelve and graduated in 1836.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Alum Was the Architect of St. Patrick's Cathedral|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/issue/springsummer-2021/article/alum-was-architect-st-patricks-cathedral|access-date=September 9, 2021|website=Columbia College Today|date=August 23, 2021 }}</ref> He received a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] three years later. 

==Career==
[[File:Smithsonian Building NR.jpg|thumb|The [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:St. Patrick's Cathedral New York 2006-06-18.JPG|thumb|[[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in [[Manhattan]]]]
[[File:OrigAlphaChapterHouse crop.jpg|thumb|The floors above street level of First St. Anthony Hall Chapter House]]
[[File:St. Patrick's Cathedral - NYC - Western Exterior Elevation Drawing - James Renwick, Architect.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Exterior [[elevation drawing]] of the western facade of St. Patrick's Cathedral, by James Renwick, architect]]
After graduating from Columbia College, Renwick took a position as a structural engineer with [[Erie Railroad]] and subsequently served as supervisor on Croton Reservoir, serving as an assistant engineer on the [[Croton Aqueduct]] in New York City.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Renwick received his first major commission at the age of twenty-five in 1843, in which he won a competitive bidding process to design [[Grace Church, New York|Grace Church]], an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in New York City, which was built in [[English Gothic architecture|English Gothic]] style. In 1846, Renwick won a competition to design of the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Built between 1847 and 1855, the Smithsonian's many-turreted building, often referred to as "the Castle", was designed in [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style, as requested by the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, and was built with red sandstone quarried at [[Seneca Quarry]] in [[Seneca, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Smithsonian Castle and the Seneca Quarry|last=Peck |first=Garrett |year=2013 |publisher=The History Press |pages=45–46, 48–49}}</ref> The Smithsonian Institution Building proved influential in inspiring the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

In 1849, Renwick designed the Free Academy Building at present-day [[City College of New York]] at Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street in New York City. It was one of the first Gothic Revival college buildings on the [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://origin.admin.ccny.cuny.edu/library/exhibitions/lostworld/freeacademy.html |title=Freeacademy |access-date=February 19, 2006 |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612090826/http://origin.admin.ccny.cuny.edu/library/exhibitions/lostworld/freeacademy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By 1852, he had come to Fredericksburg, VA -- a small city 50 miles south of Washington -- to design and build a courthouse building which still stands.  He got into a dispute with the City Council, which then paid Renwick his $27,000 fee.  The city then built the courthouse using his plans and reducing its dimensions to fit the local budget.

Renwick went on to design [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], on the corner of [[Fifth Avenue]] and [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]], which is considered his most notable architectural achievement. He was chosen as architect for the Roman Catholic cathedral in 1853; construction began in 1858, and the cathedral opened in May 1879.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lafort|first=Remigius, S.T.D., Censor|title=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. V. 1-3 ...|publisher=Catholic editing Company|year=1914|page=305}}</ref> The cathedral is the most ambitious Gothic-style structure, and includes a mixture of German, French, and English Gothic influences.

Another of the prominent buildings Renwick designed was [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]], now home to the [[Renwick Gallery]] in Washington, D.C., which was designed in [[Second Empire architecture|Second Empire]] style. Other works by Renwick include the first major buildings on the campus of [[Vassar College]] in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]] (1861–1865), including the [[Main Building (Vassar College)|Main Hall]] (1860), Saint Bartholomew's Church (1871–1872) at [[Madison Avenue]] and 44th Street in New York City (since demolished), the All Saints' Roman Catholic Church (1882–1893) in [[Harlem]] in the Victorian Gothic style, and many mansions for the wealthy of the area, including the Peter Aims-Aimes house, known as "Martinstow", in [[West Haven, Connecticut]]. Renwick was the architect of Ascension Memorial Church in [[Ipswich, Massachusetts]], whose cornerstone was laid in October 1869.

Renwick also designed the [[St. Anthony Hall]], the first chapter house for [[Delta Psi]], the secret fraternal college society founded at [[Columbia University]] in 1847.  Even though the 1879 structure at 29 [[28th Street (Manhattan)|East 28th Street]] is marred now by a street level storefront, [[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1990 that, "Old photographs show a high stoop arrangement with the figure of an owl on the peaked roof and a plaque with the Greek letters Delta Psi over the windowless chapter room. In 1879, The ''[[New York Tribune]]'' called it [[neo-Renaissance|French Renaissance]], but the stumpy pilasters and blocky detailing suggest the [[Neo-Grec]] style then near the end of its popularity." In 1899, the fraternity moved to a new chapter house on [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]] and for a few years the original building was kept as a clubhouse for graduate members.  At that time a newspaper account described it as a "perfect Bijou of tasteful decoration".<ref name=gray>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/02/realestate/streetscapes-readers-questions-of-consulates-stores-and-town-houses.html |first=Christopher |last=Gray |title=Streetscapes: Readers' Questions; Of Consulates, Stores and Town Houses |date=September 2, 1990 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

Among his other designs were banks, the Charity and Smallpox Hospitals on [[Roosevelt Island]], the main building of the Children's Hospital on [[Randall's Island]], the Inebriate and Lunatic Asylums on [[Wards Island]], and the former facade of the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. Renwick was the supervising architect for the Commission of Charities and Correction. A small group of Renwick's architectural drawings and papers are held by the [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] at [[Columbia University]].

Renwick was also the designer of the bell tower of the [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine]] in [[Florida]], which was commissioned by [[Standard Oil]] partner [[Henry M. Flagler]] who was building luxury hotels in the historic city at the time.  Renwick and his wife Anna Aspinwall lived and owned property in the lighthouse area on [[Anastasia Island]] in Florida. 

In Spring 1890, Renwick listened to [[Franklin W. Smith]] deliver a speech to garner support for his ''Design and Prospectus for a National Gallery of History of Art at Washington''.  Renwick endorsed the idea and offered to provide drawings, plans, and illustrations for the project. Smith gratefully accepted, and the firm of Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell spent six months completing their contribution.<ref name=DESIGN>Smith, Franklin W.: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FpHlAAAAMAAJ&q=Design+and+Prospectus+for+a+National+Gallery+of+History+of+Art+at+Washington "Design and Prospectus for a National Gallery of History of Art at Washington"] Page 10, Gibson Brothers 1891</ref>{{clear left}}

===Firm history===
In the late 1850s, already well-established, Renwick formed a partnership with [[Richard T. Auchmuty]] (1831–1893).<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Waite |editor-first1=Sarah S. |title=Architects of Albany |date=2009 |publisher=Mount Ida Press |page=7 |isbn=9780962536861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saO7aeaoUy4C&pg=PA7 |access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> In 1859 they were joined by [[Joseph Sands]] (1830–1879), a son of [[Ferdinand Sands]], and the firm was renamed Renwick, Auchmuty & Sands. Beyond his description as a "convinced Gothicist," little is known of Sands.<ref>Montgomery Schuyler, "A great American architect: Leopold Eidlitz" in ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architectural_Record/2GgXAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Architectural Record]'' 24, no. 3 (September 1908): 164-179.</ref> In 1861 Auchmuty withdrew to serve in the army during the [[American Civil War]], and the firm was shortened to Renwick & Sands. Renwick's partnership with Sands proved to be his longest-enduring. Their commissions included the [[Church of the Resurrection (Manhattan)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in New York City in 1869, and the former New York City Public Charities Building (since razed) at 66 [[Third Avenue (New York City)|Third Avenue]] (1868–1871).<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AIA Volumes 21-22 |date=1888 |publisher=American Institute of Architects |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4e0pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147 |access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> Sands withdrew from the firm in 1877, two years before his death.<ref name=hudson>John Zukowsky and Robbe Pierce Stimson, ''Hudson River Villas'' (New York: Rizzoli, 1985): 221.</ref>

For the next six years Renwick was again a sole practitioner. In 1883 he formed the new partnership of Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell with [[J. Lawrence Aspinwall]] (1854–1936), his wife's cousin, and [[William Hamilton Russell]] (1856–1907), his grand nephew.<ref name=hudson/> Both had worked for him as draftsmen since the 1870s. After his graduation from [[Columbia University]] Russell became a protégé of his great uncle, who designed the chapter house of Russell's fraternity, St. Anthony Hall, on East 28th Street.  It is likely Russell contributed work to both his fraternity's first chapter house during his apprenticeship.<ref name=gray/>

Russell withdrew in 1891 and the firm was reorganized as Renwick, Aspinwall & Renwick with the addition of [[William W. Renwick]] (1864–1933), Renwick's nephew.<ref>"Personal" in ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Building/E4U-PMMm35oC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Architecture and Building]'' 15, no. 4 (July 25, 1891): 46.</ref> One of the last major works completed by the firm during the elder Renwick's lifetime was the [[George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum]] in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], dedicated about two months before his death.<ref>''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Springfield_Art_Museum/u1soAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 A Souvenir of the Art Museum of the City Library Association, Springfield, Mass., 1895]'', ed. Francis W. Grant (Springfield: Clark W. Bryan, printer, 1895)</ref>

==Death and legacy==
After Renwick's death in 1895, the organization initially continued as Renwick, Aspinwall & Renwick before being changed to Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen with the addition of Walter Tallant Owen (1864–1902), who had been the principal designer of the Springfield art museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr90002067.html |website=Library of Congress |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> In 1904, it became known as Renwick, Aspinwall & Tucker, then Renwick, Aspinwall & Guard by the late 1920s.<ref>{{cite book |title=AIA Guide to NYC |page=1012 |isbn=9780195383867 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1012 |access-date=August 1, 2018|last1=White |first1=Norval |last2=Willensky |first2=Elliot |last3=Leadon |first3=Fran |date=June 9, 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA }}</ref> Aspinwall was head of the firm until his own death. He was elected an AIA Fellow in 1914.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief biographies of American architects |url=http://www.sah.org/docs/misc-resources/brief-biographies-of-american-architects-who-died-between-1897-and-1947.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |website=Society of Architectural Historians |access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref>

Renwick died in New York City. He is buried with his wife and father in [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn]].

===Notable employees===
Several of Renwick's employees and protégés became influential architects, including:
* [[Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue]], whose designs included the [[Wolf's Head (secret society)|Wolf's Head Secret Society]] Hall at [[Yale University]], the Nebraska State Capitol building in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], Balboa Park in [[San Diego]], and the chapel at the [[United States Military Academy]] in [[West Point, New York]].  He began his apprenticeship at Renwick, Aspinwall and Russell in 1884, and his apprenticeship ended in 1891 when he won a national design competition for St. Matthew's in [[Dallas]].  His first years with Renwick's firm partly coincided with Russell's first years.
* [[John Wellborn Root]], one of the founders of the [[Chicago School (architecture)|Chicago School-style]] of architecture.

Other notable employees include:
* [[Franz J. Berlenbach Jr.]], architect of [[Brooklyn]].
* [[H. Edwards Ficken]] of [[New York City]].
* [[Albert Hamilton Kipp]] of [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania]].
* [[Guy Kirkham]] of [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].
* [[Joseph Ladd Neal]] of [[Pittsburgh]].
* [[Edwin A. Quick]] of [[Yonkers, New York]].

===Major buildings designed===
* The Reformed Church of Saugerties, 173 Main St., [[Saugerties, New York|Saugerties]], NY (1852)
* Mark Twain House, 21 Fifth Avenue, NYC ({{circa|1842}}; razed 1953)<ref>cited in 1965's ''With Heritage So Rich''</ref><ref name=Stern1106>{{cite New York 1960|page=1106}}</ref>
* [[Grace Church (Manhattan)|Grace Church]], New York (1843–1846)
* [[Smithsonian Institution Building]], Washington, D.C. (1847–1855)
* [[Calvary Church (Manhattan)|Calvary Church]], New York (1848)
* Free Academy Building, [[City College of New York]], Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street, New York City (1849)
* [[Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel (Washington, D.C.)|Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel]], Washington, D.C. (1850)
* Rhinelander Gardens, 110-124 West 11th Street, NYC, a three-story above raised basement row of houses ({{circa|1850}}; razed 1956)<ref name=Stern1106/>
* [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.)|Trinity Episcopal Church]], Washington, D.C. (1851; razed 1936)
* Municipal Courthouse, 817 Princess Anne Street, [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]] (1852)<ref>[http://thehouseoncarolinestreet.blogspot.com/2007/06/circuit-court-in-fredericksburg.html The House on Caroline Street]</ref>
* [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], New York, (1858–1879)
* [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] (currently the [[Renwick Gallery]]), Washington, D.C. (1859–1871)
* [[Main Building (Vassar College)|Main Building]], [[Vassar College]], [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie]], New York (1861–1865)
* [[Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour]], [[Faribault, Minnesota]] (1862–1869)
* [[Church of St. Barnabas (Irvington, New York)|Church of St. Barnabas]] expansion, [[Irvington, New York]] (1863)
* [[St. Ann & the Holy Trinity Church#St. Ann's Church (1787)|St. Ann's Church]], Clinton and Livingston, Brooklyn, New York (1866-1869)<ref>[Rich Garr, Gotham SideWalks walking tour historian/guide].</ref><ref>[http://nycago.org/Organs/Bkln/html/StAnnEpis.html St. Ann Episcopal Church - Brooklyn]. Nycago.org. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref>
* [[St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.)|St. Mary's Episcopal Church]], Foggy Bottom, Washington, DC (1867).
* Greymore Friars' Residence, NYC (1869)
* [[Cathedral High School (New York City)|Cathedral High School]], NYC (1869)
* First Presbyterian Church of [[Hartford, Connecticut]] (1870; Renwick & Sands)<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.firstpreshartford.org/about-us |website=First Presbyterian Church of Hartford |access-date=October 13, 2020 |location=Hartford, Connecticut |quote=In 1870, the current church sanctuary was built.  Designed by Renwick and Sands of New York City}}</ref>
* [[Basilica of Saint John the Baptist (Canton, Ohio)|Basilica of St. John the Baptist]], [[Canton, Ohio]] (1871)
* [[St. Bartholomew's Church (Manhattan)|St. Bartholomew's Church]], [[Madison Avenue (Manhattan)|Madison Avenue]] and [[44th Street (Manhattan)|East 44th Street]], NYC (1871–1872; razed)<ref>{{cite fednyc|page=236}}; Gray 2006</ref>
* [[Second Presbyterian Church (Chicago, Illinois)|Second Presbyterian Church]], Chicago (1872–1874)
* St. Claire's Chapel, [[St. Mary Help of Christians Church (Aiken, South Carolina)|St. Mary Help of Christians Church]], [[Aiken, South Carolina]] (1879)
* Former [[St. Anthony Hall]] Chapter House, New York ({{circa|1879}}) <ref name=gray/>
* [[St. Nicholas of Myra Church (Manhattan)|St. Nicholas of Myra Church]], East 10th Street, NYC (1882–1883)<ref>{{cite news |first=Sewell |last=Chan |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/east-village-church-and-midtown-building-are-newest-landmarks/ |title=Church and Midtown Building Are Landmarks |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Demarest Building]], Fifth Avenue and East 33rd Street, NYC ({{circa|1890}})
* [[George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts]] (1895)

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="150">
File:Grace Church E9 jeh.jpg|[[Grace Church (Manhattan)|Grace Church]]<br>(1846)<br>Manhattan, New York City
File:Calvary-church 1 crop.jpg|[[Calvary Church (Manhattan)|Calvary Church]]<br>(1848)<br>Manhattan, New York City
File:Freeacad.jpg|[[Free Academy of the City of New York|The Free Academy]]<br>(1847)<br>Manhattan, New York City
File:Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel, DC.jpg|[[Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)|Oak Hill Cemetery]]<br>(1850)<br>[[Georgetown, Washington D.C.]]
File:Trinity Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.) in color.jpg|[[Trinity Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.)|Trinity Episcopal Church]]<br>(1851)<br>Washington, D.C.
File:Old Main, Vassar College edit1.jpg|[[Old Main (Vassar College)|Old Main]], [[Vassar College]]<br>(1861)<br>[[Poughkeepsie, New York]]
File:CathedralFaribaultMN.JPG|[[Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour]]<br>(1869)<br>[[Faribault, Minnesota]]
File:Brooklyn. Saint Ann's Church.jpg|[[St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Brooklyn, New York)|St. Ann's Episcopal Church]]<br>(1869)<br>[[Brooklyn]], New York City
File:Canton, Ohio - St. John's 2011-02-04.JPG|alt=Basilica of Saint John the Baptist, Canton, Ohio|[[Basilica of Saint John the Baptist (Canton, Ohio)|Basilica of St. John the Baptist]] (1871)<br>Canton, Ohio
File:Renwick Gallery - Pennsylvania Avenue.JPG|[[Renwick Gallery]]<br>(1874)<br>Washington D.C.
File:St. Bartholomew's Church (1876) crop.jpg|[[St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)|St. Bartholomew's Church]]<br>(1871–72)<br>Manhattan, New York City
File:St. Nicholas of Myra Church 2.jpg|[[St. Nicholas of Myra Church (Manhattan)|St. Nicholas of Myra Church]]<br>(1883)<br>Manhattan, New York City
File:George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum - Springfield, MA - DSC03512.JPG|[[George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum]]<br>(1895)<br> [[Springfield, Massachusetts]] 
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_6229570 Selma Rattner research papers on James Renwick, 1856-2001 (bulk 1960s-2001) Held in the Dept. of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York City]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16 Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Renwick Jr. (see index)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090803103239/http://siarchives.si.edu///history/exhibits/documents/renwickdrawing.htm Biography at Smithsonian Scrapbook]
*[http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/james_renwick.html Biography at Columbians Ahead of Their Time]
*[https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079262 Renwick Family Letters and Manuscripts 1794-1916]
* {{Find a Grave|1423|access-date=September 14, 2010}}
*[https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/3460567 James Renwick and James Renwick, Jr. architectural drawings and papers, circa 1813-1960, held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renwick, James Jr.}}
[[Category:James Renwick Jr. buildings| ]]
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:American ecclesiastical architects]]
[[Category:American neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects of cathedrals]]
[[Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches]]
[[Category:Architects from New York City]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects]]
[[Category:Columbia College, Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, New York]]
[[Category:Defunct architecture firms based in New York City]]
[[Category:19th-century American architects]]