View source for James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond

{{Short description|Scottish nobleman (1612–1655)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[His Grace]]
|image      = Anthonis van Dyck 027.jpg
|caption    =  ''James Stewart Duke of Lennox and Richmond'', 1637, by Sir [[Anthony van Dyck]]
|name       = The Duke of Richmond
|honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]]
|birth_date = {{Birth-date|6 April 1612}}
|birth_place=  [[Scotland]]
|death_date = {{death-date and age|30 March 1655|6 April 1612}}
|death_place=  [[Scotland]]
|nickname   = 
|allegiance = {{flag|Kingdom of Scotland}}
|branch     = {{navy|Kingdom of Scotland}}
|serviceyears= 
|rank       = [[Lord High Admiral of Scotland]]
|battles    =
}}
[[File:Porträtt, Henrietta Maria av Frankrike - Skoklosters slott - 88967.tif|thumb|Wife ''Mary Villiers, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox'' about 1640, [[Skokloster Castle]]]]
[[File:Coat of arms of Sir James Stewart, 4th Duke of Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, KG.png|thumb|Quartered arms of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox, KG]]
'''James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox''' [[Knight of the Garter|KG]] (6 April 1612 – 30 March 1655), [[lord of the manor|lord]] of the [[Manor of Cobham, Kent]], was a Scottish nobleman. A third cousin of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], he was a [[Privy Council]]lor and a key member of the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] party in the [[English Civil War]]. In 1641–42, he served as [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]].  He spent five months in exile in 1643, returning to England to defend the city of [[Oxford]] for the king.<ref>Weiss Gallery, ''Illustrious Company'', p. 20</ref>

==Origins==
He was the eldest son of [[Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox]] (1579–1624) by his wife [[Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton]] (c.1592–1637).

==Career==
He inherited the Dukedom of Lennox on his father's death in 1624 and in 1625, at the age of 13, was made a [[Gentleman of the Bedchamber]] to the newly crowned King Charles I, who knighted him on 29 June 1630 and invested him as a knight of [[Order of the Garter]] in 1633.

==Dukedom of Richmond==
The Earldom of Richmond had become absorbed into the crown in 1485 when Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]. The Scottish connection to the Richmond title began in 1613 when James Stewart's uncle [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]] (1574–1624), was created by King James I as [[Earl of Richmond]] and was later, in 1623, created by the same king [[Duke of Richmond]] and [[Earl of Newcastle]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Richmond, Earls and Dukes of |volume=23 |pages=306–307 |first=Ronald John |last=McNeill}}</ref> However he died childless a year later when all his titles (excepting those inherited from his father, namely Duke and Earl of Lennox) became extinct. On 21 August 1637 he was created the [[Baron Clifton|3rd Baron Clifton]] via his mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library2.utm.utoronto.ca/otra/reed/node/343248|website=library2.utm.utoronto.ca|title=Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold}}</ref>

The title Duke of Richmond was re-created in 1641<ref name=EB1911/> by King Charles I for Ludovic's nephew and eventual heir James Stewart, 4th Duke of Lennox, who was also granted [[Cobham Hall]] and the manor of [[Cobham, Kent]], which became his main residence.

==Marriage and children==
On 3 August 1637, he married [[Mary Villiers, Duchess of Richmond|Mary Villiers]], a daughter of [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], by whom he had issue:
*[[Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 5th Duke of Lennox]] (1649–1660) who died aged 10 in 1660, whereupon both titles descended to his first-cousin [[Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond|Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox]] (1638–1672).
*Lady Mary Stewart (10 July 1651 – 4 July 1668), Baroness Clifton in 1660; married Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran. No issue.

==Death and burial==
He died on 30 March 1655 aged 42 and was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].

==See also==
* [[Lord Bernard Stewart]] (younger brother)
* [[Siege of Oxford]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.thepeerage.com/p529.htm#i5287 Entry at ThePeerage.com]
* Weiss Gallery, ''Illustrious Company: Early Portraits 1545–1720'', 1998 (catalogue with commentary).

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire]]<br><small>jointly with [[Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton|The Earl of Southampton]] 1641–1646 <br>and [[Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland|The Earl of Portland]]</small> | before=[[Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland|The Earl of Portland]] | after=Interregnum | years=1635–1646}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |
  before=[[Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk|The Earl of Suffolk]] |
  title=[[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] |
  years=1641–1642 |
  after=[[Sir Edward Boys]]}}
{{s-reg|sct}}
{{succession box |before=[[Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox|Esmé Stewart]] | title=[[Duke of Lennox]] |  years=1624–1655 |after=[[Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Esmé Stewart]]}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-new | creation}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Duke of Richmond]] | years=1641–1655}}
{{s-aft |rows=2 | after=[[Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Esmé Stewart]]}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton|Katherine Clifton]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Baron Clifton]] |years=1637–1655}}
{{S-end}}

{{Earls of Lennox}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richmond, James Stewart, 1st Duke of}}
[[Category:1612 births]]
[[Category:1655 deaths]]
[[Category:Lord high admirals of Scotland]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:Dukes of Richmond|201]]
[[Category:Dukes of Lennox|104]]
[[Category:Earls of March (1619 creation)|James Stewart]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord high chamberlains of Scotland]]
[[Category:House of Stewart of Darnley|James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1628–1633]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish military personnel]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish peers]]
[[Category:Barons Clifton]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]