View source for Jane Addams

{{Short description|American reformer (1860–1935)}}
{{Similar names|Jane Adams (disambiguation){{!}}Jane Adams}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image         = Jane Addams - Bain News Service.jpg
| image caption = Addams {{circa|1926}}
| birth_name    = Laura Jane Addams
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1860|9|6}}
| birth_place   = [[Cedarville, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1935|5|21|1860|09|06}}
| death_place   = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| occupation    = {{hlist|Social worker and political activist|author and lecturer|community organizer|public intellectual}}
| awards        = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1931) (shared with [[Nicholas Murray Butler]])<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 - NobelPrize.org|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
| father        = [[John H. Addams]]
| relatives     = {{ubl|[[Alice Haldeman]] (sister)|[[James Weber Linn]] (nephew)}}
| education     = [[Rockford Female Seminary]]
| signature     = Jane Addams signature.svg
}}
[[File:Portrait114.gif|thumb|Portrait of Jane Addams, from a [[charcoal drawing]] in 1892 by [[Alice De Wolf Kellogg|Alice Kellogg Tyler]]. Source: ''Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p. 114]]
'''Laura Jane Addams'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jane Addams |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=The Norwegian Nobel Institute  |access-date= September 10, 2021}}</ref> (September 6, 1860{{spaced ndash}}May 21, 1935) was an American [[Settlement movement|settlement activist]], [[Social reform|reformer]], social worker,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chambers |first=Clarke A. |date=March 1986 |title=Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work |journal=[[Social Service Review]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1086/644347 |jstor=30011832 |s2cid=143895472 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Donna L. |date=June 1986 |title=Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice |journal=[[Social Service Review]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=504–525 |doi=10.1086/644396 |jstor=30012363 |s2cid=144585123 }}</ref> [[sociologist]],<ref>Deegan, M. J. (1988). ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918''. New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books.  {{isbn|0887388302}}</ref> [[public administrator]],<ref>[[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M.]] (2017). "Jane Addams: Pioneer in American Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration". In: P. Shields Editor, ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration''. pp. 43–68. {{ISBN|978-3-319-50646-3}}.</ref><ref>Stivers, C. (2009). "A Civic Machinery for Democratic Expression: Jane Addams on Public Administration". In M. Fischer, C. Nackenoff, & W. Chielewski, ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (pp. 87–97). Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.  {{isbn|978-0252076121}}</ref> philosopher,<ref>Shields, Patricia M., Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds.) (2023). ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams''. Oxford Academic. {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001}}.  {{isbn|9780197544532}}</ref><ref>Ralston, Shane (2023). "Jane Addams and John Dewey", in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds.), ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams''. pp. 169-186. Oxford Academic.  {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.34}}. 
 {{isbn|9780197544532}}</ref> and author. She was a leader in the history of [[social work]] and [[women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].<ref>[[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M.]] (2017). Jane Addams: Peace Activist and Peace Theorist In, P. Shields Editor, ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration'' pp. 31–42. {{ISBN|978-3-319-50646-3}}</ref> In 1889, Addams co-founded [[Hull House]], one of America's most famous [[settlement house]]s, in [[Chicago, Illinois]], providing extensive social services to poor, largely immigrant families. Philosophically a "radical [[Pragmatism|pragmatist]]", she was arguably the first woman [[public philosopher]] in the United States.<ref>Maurice Hamington, "Jane Addams" in ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2010) portrays her as a radical pragmatist and the first woman "public philosopher" in United States history.</ref> In the [[Progressive Era]], when even presidents such as [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] identified themselves as reformers and might be seen as social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers.<ref>John M. Murrin, Paul E. Johnson, and James M. McPherson, ''Liberty, Equality, Power'' (2008) p. 538; Eyal J. Naveh, ''Crown of Thorns'' (1992) p. 122</ref>

An advocate for [[world peace]], and recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States, in 1931 Addams became the first American woman to be awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first=Paul H.|title=Encyclopedia of Social Work|chapter=Social Work Profession: History|publisher=Oxford University Press and the National Association of Social Workers Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.623|doi-access=free|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-997583-9}}</ref> she shared the win with [[Nicholas Murray Butler]].<ref name="auto"/> Earlier, Addams was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from [[Yale University]] in 1910, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/4881-women-of-honor|title=Women of honor|website=yalealumnimagazine.org}}</ref> In 1920, she was a co-founder of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU).<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU|work=American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia |url=http://acluva.org/11229/celebrating-womens-history-month-the-fight-for-womens-rights-and-the-aclu/|publisher=ACLU Virginia|date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>

Addams helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers or extensions of the domestic-work assigned to women, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household, stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's roles in the private sphere.<ref>Jane Addams, "Utilization of Women in City Government," Chapter 7 ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1907) pp. 180–208.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jane Addams on Women in Government |url=https://sageamericanhistory.net/progressive/docs/Addams.htm |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=sageamericanhistory.net}}</ref> When she died in 1935, Addams was the best-known female public figure in the United States.<ref name=":1" />

==Early life==
[[File:Jane Addams.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams as a young woman, undated studio portrait by Cox, Chicago]]
[[File:Jane Addams Birthplace.gif|thumb|Birthplace of Jane Addams in Cedarville, Illinois. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), in the public domain.]]

Born in [[Cedarville, Illinois]],<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000">{{cite book|author=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont|title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374|year=2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|pages=4–5}}</ref> Jane Addams was the youngest of eight children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of [[English-American]] descent which traced back to colonial Pennsylvania.<ref name=linn>Linn, James Weber. ''Jane Addams: A Biography'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=SXM_zMK3u4YC&dq=%22John+H.+Addams%22+Pennsylvania&pg=PA4 Google Books]), University of Illinois Press: 2000, p. 4, ({{ISBN|0252069048}}). Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> In 1863, when Addams was two years old, her mother, Sarah Addams ([[married and maiden names|née]] Weber), died while pregnant with her ninth child. Thereafter Addams was cared for mostly by her older sisters. By the time Addams was eight, four of her siblings had died: three in infancy and one at the age of 16.<ref>{{cite book|last=Linn|first=James Weber|title=Jane Addams:Biography|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000|orig-year=1935|location=Urbana|page=24|isbn=0-252-06904-8 }}</ref><ref name="linn" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig|url-access=limited|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2005|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig/page/n48 32]–33}}</ref><ref name="kloppenberg">Fox, Richard Wrightman and [[James T. Kloppenberg|Kloppenberg, James T.]] ''A Companion to American Thought'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=2uO3OfRKOpEC&dq=%22John+Addams%22+Illinois+Senate&pg=PA14 Google Books]), Blackwell Publishing: 1995, p. 14, ({{ISBN|0631206566}}). Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref>

Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors, and attending [[Sunday school]]. When she was four she contracted [[tuberculosis]] of the spine, known as [[Pott disease|Potts's disease]], which caused a curvature in her spine and lifelong health problems. This made it complicated as a child to function with the other children, considering she had a limp and could not run as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jane Addams and Hull-House|url=http://www.teachspace.org/personal/research/addams/index.html|publisher=DeVry University|location=Her childhood|page=1|year=2001}}</ref> As a child, she thought she was ugly and later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father, when he was dressed in his Sunday best, by walking down the street with him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=36–37}}</ref>

Jane Addams adored her father, [[John H. Addams]], when she was a child, as she made clear in the stories in her memoir, ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910).<ref name=":0" /> He was a founding member of the Illinois [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], served as an [[Illinois Senate|Illinois State Senator]] (1855–70), and supported his friend [[Abraham Lincoln]] in his candidacies for senator (1854) and the presidency (1860). He kept a letter from Lincoln in his desk, and Addams loved to look at it as a child.<ref>{{cite book|title=Citizen|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|pages=30–32, 424n64}}</ref> Her father was an agricultural businessman with large timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings; flour and timber mills and a wool factory. He was the president of The Second National Bank of [[Freeport, Illinois]]. He remarried in 1868 when Addams was eight years old. His second wife was Anna Hosteler Haldeman, the widow of a miller in Freeport.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=24, 45}}</ref>

During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing something useful in the world. As a voracious reader, she became interested in the poor from her reading of [[Charles Dickens]]. Inspired by his works and by her own mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, Addams decided to become a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor.

Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but close to home. She was eager to attend the new college for women, [[Smith College]] in Massachusetts; but her father required her to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary (now [[Rockford University]]), in [[Rockford, Illinois]].<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" />

Her experience at Rockford put her in a first wave of U.S. women to receive a college education. She excelled in this all women environment. She edited the college newspaper, was the valedictorian, participated in the debate club and led the class of 1881. Addams recognized that she and others who were engaged in post secondary education would have new opportunities and challenges. She expressed this in ''Bread Givers'' (1880), a speech she gave her junior year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shields|first=P.|year=2017|title=Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration|location=New York|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-50646-3|page=viii}}</ref> She noted the "change which has taken place{{nbsp}}... in the ambition and aspirations of women."<ref name=breadgivers>{{cite book|last=Addams|first=Jane|title=Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader|year=1960|publisher=The MacMillan Company|location=New York|editor-last1=Johnson|editor-first1=Emily Cooper|editor-last2=Dungan|editor-first2=Margaret E.|chapter=Bread Givers|orig-date=Originally published April 1880 in the ''Daily Register'', Rockford, from an oration by Jane Addams|pages=103–104|oclc=1144806099}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu/2019/05/cassandra-and-bread-givers-the-college-speeches-of-jane-addams/|title=Cassandra and Bread Givers – The College Speeches of Jane Addams|last1=Shields|first1=Patricia M.|last2=Hajo|first2=Cathy Moran|website=Jane Addams Papers Project|date=15 May 2019|access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref> In the process of developing their intellect and direct labor, something new was emerging. Educated women of her generation wished "not to be a man nor like a man" but claim "the same right to independent thought and action." Each young woman was gaining "a new confidence in her possibilities, and a fresher hope in her steady progress."<ref name=breadgivers/> At 20, Addams recognized a changing cultural environment and was learning the skills at Rockford to lead the future settlement movement.<ref>Wholeben, Belinda M., and Mary Weaks-Baxter, (2023) 'Jane Addams’s Education, Hull House, and Current-Day Civic-Engagement Practices in Higher Education: Coming Full Circle', in P. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams''. Oxford Academic.  {{isbn|9780197544532}}</ref>
 
Whilst at Rockford, her readings of [[Thomas Carlyle]], [[John Ruskin]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] and others became significant influences.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hamington |first=Maurice |title=Jane Addams |date=2022 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/addams-jane/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Fall 2022 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> After graduating from Rockford in 1881,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> with a collegiate certificate and membership in [[Phi Beta Kappa]], she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A. That summer, her father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of [[appendicitis]]. Each child inherited roughly $50,000 (equivalent to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|50000|1881}}}} in 2016).

That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams, moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already trained in medicine and did further studies at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Jane and Alice completed their first year of medical school at the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]],<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> but Jane's health problems, a spinal operation<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> and a [[nervous breakdown]] prevented her from completing the degree. She was filled with sadness at her failure. Her stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|year= 2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77 77–79, 109, 119–120]|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-44699-9|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77}}</ref> her brother-in-law Harry performed surgery on her back, to straighten it. He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In August 1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her stepmother, traveling some of the time with friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able to help the poor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=124–25, 130–31, 138–39}}</ref>

Upon her return home in June 1887, she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, still filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well-to-do young woman. She wrote long letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary, [[Ellen Gates Starr]], mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=139–142 }}</ref>

Her nephew was [[James Weber Linn]] (1876–1939) who taught English at the [[University of Chicago]] and served in the [[Illinois General Assembly]]. Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles.<ref>'Illinois Blue Book 1939–1940,' Biographical Sketch of James Weber Linn, pp. 154–155</ref>

==Settlement house==
Meanwhile, Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book ''[[s:My Religion|My Religion]]'', she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church in the summer of 1886.<ref>She was baptized a [[Presbyterian]]. Her certificate of baptism is from 1888, but she says that she joined the church slightly earlier: {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date= 2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/educationofjanea00brow/page/451 451n46]|isbn=978-0-8122-3747-4|url=https://archive.org/details/educationofjanea00brow/page/451}}</ref> Reading [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]'s ''Duties of Man'', she began to be inspired by the idea of [[democracy]] as a social ideal. Yet she felt confused about her role as a woman. [[John Stuart Mill]]'s ''[[The Subjection of Women]]'' made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=142–145, 147–48}}</ref>

In the summer of 1887, Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of starting a [[settlement house]]. She decided to visit the world's first, [[Toynbee Hall]], in [[London]]. She and several friends, including [[Ellen Gates Starr]], traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888. After watching a [[Spanish-style bullfighting|bullfight]] in [[Madrid]], fascinated by what she saw as an exotic tradition, Addams condemned this fascination and her inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls. At first, Addams told no one about her dream to start a settlement house; but, she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=152–55, 157}}</ref> Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it, she told Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the idea and agreed to join Addams in starting a settlement house.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=162–65}}</ref>

Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was busy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=166, 175–76}}</ref> Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of institution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|page=169}}</ref>

The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They doubled as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an "unending effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bilton|first=Chris|title=Jane Addams Pragmatism and Cultural Policy|journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|pages=135–150<!--|access-date=2014-04-16-->|doi=10.1080/10286630600813644|s2cid=145501202}}</ref>

==Hull House==
{{Main|Hull House}}
[[File:Hull House Entrance.gif|thumb|Main entrance to Hull House. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p.128]]
[[File:Doorway at Hull House.gif|thumb|A Doorway in Hull House Court. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p.149]]
[[File:Jane Addams in a car (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Jane Addams, 1915]]
In 1889<ref>Colquhoun, Alan. Modern Architecture. Oxford: University Press, 2002</ref> Addams and her college friend and paramour [[Ellen Gates Starr]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Morrow|first=Deana F.|author2=Lori Messinger|title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd|url-access=limited|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd/page/n25 9]|isbn=0-231-12728-6}}</ref> co-founded [[Hull House]], a settlement house in Chicago. The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, buying furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams was able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. Some wealthy women became long-term donors to the House, including [[Helen Culver]], who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent-free. Other contributors were [[Louise DeKoven Bowen]], [[Mary Rozet Smith]], [[Mary Wilmarth]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|last =Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=Jane Addams|work=American National Biography online|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=February 2000|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00004.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=195–96, 219, 224–25, 335, 378}}</ref>

Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its height,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laprogressive.com/election-reform-campaigns/first-wave-second-wave-and-then-came-sarah-palin/|title=First Wave -- Second Wave -- And Then Came Sarah Palin|author=Joseph Palermo|work=LA Progressive|access-date=November 29, 2014|date=September 19, 2008}}</ref> Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Among the aims of Hull House was to give privileged, educated young people contact with the real life of the majority of the population.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=8}}</ref> Residents of Hull House conducted investigations on housing, [[midwifery]], fatigue, tuberculosis, [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], garbage collection, cocaine, and [[truancy]]. The core Hull House residents were well-educated women bound together by their commitment to labour unions, the [[National Consumers League]] and the [[Women's suffrage|suffrage movement]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Harriet Rice|Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice]] joined Hull House to provide medical treatment for poor families.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMWA |url=https://www.amwa-doc.org/wwibios/dr-harriett-alleyne-rice/ |website=American Medical Women's Association |access-date=February 27, 2019}}</ref> Its facilities included a night school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an [[art gallery]], a [[gym]], a girls' club, a bathhouse, a [[Bookbinding|book bindery]], a [[music school]], a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.<ref name="Academic Search Premier">{{cite journal|last=Lundblad|first=Karen Shafer|title=Jane Addams and Social Reform: A Role Model for the 1990s|journal=Social Work|date=Sep 1995|volume=40|issue=5}}</ref> Her adult night school was a forerunner of the [[continuing education]] classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as [[Bowen Park (Waukegan)|Bowen Country Club]]).

One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art program at Hull House allowed Addams to challenge the system of industrialized education, which "fitted" the individual to a specific job or position. She wanted the house to provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to think independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of the city through collective interaction, mutual self-discovery, recreation and the imagination. Art was integral to her vision of community, disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation and [[interculturalism]].<ref name="Academic Search Premier" />

With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House. On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the [[Chicago Public Library]], and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked. As Hull House grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon children caught on to the trend. These working-class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors. Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to teach children how to create art, and also took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jane Addams|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/addamsj/|website=Internest Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=May 3, 2015}}</ref>

===Near west side neighborhood===
[[File:Polk street opposite Hull House.gif|thumb|Polk Street opposite Hull House. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p.95]]
[[File:South Halsted Street Opposite Hull House.gif|thumb|South Halsted Street opposite Hull House. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House''. (1910), p. 96]]
The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) ... The Greek delta formed by Harrison, [[Halsted Street]], and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the French Canadians to the northwest."<ref name="hhm">Hull House Museum</ref> Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood ... from the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as [[Little Italy, Chicago|Little Italy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taylorstreetarchives.com |title=Stories from Chicago's Little Italy |publisher=Taylor Street Archives |access-date=April 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/ |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greeks]] and Jews, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and well beyond the ultimate d three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."<ref>Knight (2005) p. 182</ref> Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, including [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence Kelley]], and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912, she helped start the new [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] and supported the presidential campaign of [[Theodore Roosevelt]].

"Addams' philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering commitment to social improvement through cooperative efforts. Although she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and pacifists, Addams refused to be labeled. This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological."<ref name=WWU>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/| title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website| chapter=Jane Addams| publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University| year=2019}}</ref>

===Emphasis on children===
[[File:In the Hull House Music School.gif|thumb|In the Hull House Music School. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p. 383]]
[[File:Sick Mother & Children.gif|thumb|In a Tenement House, Sick Mother and Children. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p. 164]]
Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services. Addams argued in ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'' (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Hull House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground, all within a free-speech atmosphere. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation, collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws.

Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in 1901 Jane Addams founded what would become the [[Juvenile Protective Association]]. JPA provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the United States until this became a government function. From 1907 until the 1940s, JPA engaged in many studies examining such subjects as racism, child labor and exploitation, drug abuse and [[prostitution]] in Chicago and their effects on child development. Through the years, their mission has now become improving the social and emotional well-being and functioning of vulnerable children so they can reach their fullest potential at home, in school, and in their communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juvenile Protective Association :: About|url=http://jpachicago.org/about|publisher=[[Juvenile Protective Association|JPA]]|access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref>

===Documenting social illnesses===
Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers were bearing the brunt of the illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and building codes. Linking [[environmental justice]] and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices.<ref>Platt (2000)</ref> Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the keeping them apart."<ref>Addams, 1909, p. 96</ref> Addams worked with the [[Chicago Board of Health]] and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America.

===Emphasis on prostitution===
In 1912, Addams published ''A New Conscience and Ancient Evil'', about prostitution. This book was extremely popular. Addams believed that prostitution was a result of kidnapping only.<ref>Victoria Bissell Brown. [http://events.simpson.edu/event/women_in_america_lecture_dr_victoria_brown "Sex and the City: Jane Addams Confronts Modernity"]. Women in America Lecture: Dr. Victoria Brown, Simpson College, Indianola, Indiana, March 5, 2014.</ref> Her book later inspired [[Stella Wynne Herron]]'s 1916 short story ''Shoes'', which [[Lois Weber]] adapted into a groundbreaking [[Shoes (1916 film)|1916 film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silentfilm.org/archive/shoes|title=Shoes|last=Byrne|first=Rob|website=San Francisco Silent Film Festival}}</ref>

===Feminine ideals===
Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of the college-educated high culture to the masses, including the [[Efficiency Movement]], a major movement in industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices.<ref>Daniel T. Rodgers, ''Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age'' (2000)</ref> However, over time, the focus changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull House became more than a proving ground for the new generation of college-educated, professional women: it also became part of the community in which it was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.<ref>Kathryn Kish Sklar, et al. eds. "How Did Changes In The Built Environment At Hull-House Reflect The Settlement's Interaction With Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600–2000'' 2004 8(4).</ref>
[[File:Smithsonian - NPG - Jane Addams and Alva Belmont - NPG.95.54.jpg|alt=A sketch of Jane Addams and Alva Belmont sitting side by side|left|thumb|A 1912 sketch of Addams with [[Alva Belmont|Alva Vanderbilt Belmont]], both members of the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]]. Addams was a vice president of the organization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buell |first=Janet W. |date=1990 |title=Alva Belmont: From Socialite to Feminist |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447643 |journal=The Historian |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x |jstor=24447643 |issn=0018-2370|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]
Addams called on women, especially middle-class women with leisure time and energy as well as rich philanthropists, to exercise their civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of "civic housekeeping". Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty to include roles for women beyond motherhood (which involved child rearing). Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and obligation", which represented the source of women's power.<ref>Elshtain (2002) p. 157</ref> This notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined and gave added weight to the women's suffrage movement that Addams supported. Addams argued that women, as opposed to men, were trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage, impure milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary inspector of Chicago's 19th Ward. With the help of the Hull House Women's Club, within a year over 1,000 health department violations were reported to city council and garbage collection reduced death and disease.<ref>Eileen Maura McGurty, "Trashy Women: Gender and the Politics of Garbage in Chicago, 1890–1917." ''Historical Geography'' 1998 26: 27–43. {{ISSN|1091-6458}}</ref>

Addams had long discussions with philosopher [[John Dewey]] in which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights.<ref>Knight (2005)</ref> The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more concerned with [[Efficiency Movement|efficiency]] were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been limited to the political sphere, as in Addams's programmatic support of trade unions and second, their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in modern society.<ref>Scherman (1999)</ref>

Addams's construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. In both of her autobiographical volumes, ''Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1910) and ''The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she championed. In ''A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil'' (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors among working-class women in American industrial centers from 1890 to 1910. Addams's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work", in the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull House, as if they were her own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother to the nation", identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people.<ref>Ostman (2004)</ref>

==Teaching==
[[File:Jane Addams, 1906.jpg|thumb| Jane Addams, 1906, by [[George de Forest Brush]] (1855–1941), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution]]

Addams kept up her heavy schedule of public lectures around the country, especially at college campuses.<ref>Davis, ''American Heroine,'' p. 125</ref> In addition, she offered college courses through the Extension Division of the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>Addams is listed as lecturer in the Extension Division of the University of Chicago for several years (e.g. 1902, 1909, 1912). For a copy of the syllabus of one of her courses, see "Survivals and Intimations in Social Ethics," Ely Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1900. Farrell noted the syllabus of another course in his footnotes; see ''Beloved Lady,'' p.83. This was titled "A Syllabus of a Course of Twelve Lectures, Democracy and Social Ethics."</ref> She declined offers from the university to become directly affiliated with it, including an offer from [[Albion Small]], chair of the Department of Sociology, of a graduate faculty position. She declined in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia. Her goal was to teach adults not enrolled in formal academic institutions, because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore, she wanted no university controls over her political activism.<ref>Deegan, ''Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago school'' p. 28.</ref>

Addams was appointed to serve on the [[Chicago Board of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=FitzPatrick |first1=Lauren |title=Who is your Chicago public school named for? |url=https://graphics.suntimes.com/education/school-names/ |website=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=en |date=December 30, 2020}}</ref> Addams was a charter member of the [[American Sociological Society]], founded in 1905. She gave papers to it in 1912, 1915, and 1919. She was the most prominent woman member during her lifetime.

==Relationships==
Generally, Addams was close to a wide set of other women and was very good at eliciting their involvement from different classes in Hull House's programs. Nevertheless, throughout her life Addams did have romantic relationships with a few of these women, including [[Mary Rozet Smith]] and [[Ellen Starr]]. Her relationships offered her the time and energy to pursue her social work while being supported emotionally and romantically. From her exclusively romantic relationships with women, she would most likely be described as a [[Lesbianism|lesbian]] in contemporary terms, similar to many leading figures in the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] of the time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Faderman|first1=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books|page=155}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=usIdCy63Y9sC&dq=jane+addams+lillian+faderman&pg=PA121 Link to reference]</ref>

Her first romantic partner was [[Ellen Starr]], with whom she founded Hull House, who she met when both were students at Rockford Female Seminary. In 1889, the two visited Toynbee Hall together and started their settlement house project, purchasing a house in Chicago.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Faderman|first1=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books|page=120}}</ref>

Her second romantic partner was [[Mary Rozet Smith]], who was wealthy and supported Addams's work at Hull House, and with whom she shared a house.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Aldrich | editor-first=Robert | editor-last2=Wotherspoon | editor-first2=Garry | chapter=Addams, Jane | last=Holmes | first=Sarah | title=Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=2001 | isbn=978-0-415-15982-1 }}</ref> Historian Lilian Faderman wrote that Jane was in love and she addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and concluded that they shared the intimacy of a married couple. They remained together until 1934, when Mary died of pneumonia, after 40 years together.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Faderman|first1=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books|page=132}}</ref>
It was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the highest and clearest note in the music that was Jane Addams' personal life".<ref name=Brown>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=The Education of Jane Addams|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=361|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In0FyWy858gC&q=jane+addams+lesbian&pg=PP1|isbn=0-8122-3747-1}}</ref> Together they owned a summer house in [[Bar Harbor, Maine]]. When apart, they would write to each other at least once a day – sometimes twice. Addams would write to Smith, "I miss you dreadfully and am yours 'til death".<ref name=Loerzel>{{cite news|last=Loerzel|first=Robert|title=Friends—With Benefits?|work=Chicago Magazine|date=June 2008|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Friends-With-Benefits/|access-date=March 29, 2009}}</ref> The letters also show that the women saw themselves as a married couple: "There is reason in the habit of married folks keeping together", Addams wrote to Smith.<ref>Roger Streitmatter, ''Outlaw Marriages: The hidden histories of 15 extraordinary same sex couples'', Beacon Press, 2012</ref>

==Religion and religious motives==
Addams's religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience.<ref>Curti, Merle. "JANE ADDAMS ON HUMAN NATURE." Journal of the History of Ideas 22, no. 2 (April 1961): 240–253. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (accessed July 2, 2010).</ref> She saw her settlement work as part of the "[[Social Gospel|social Christian]]" movement.<ref>Knight (2005) p. 174</ref> Addams learned about social Christianity from the co-founders of [[Toynbee Hall]], Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The Barnetts held a great interest in converting others to Christianity, but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the world and, in the words of one of the leaders of the social Christian movement in England, W. H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love".

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.<ref>Christie, C., Gauvreau, M. (2001). ''A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940''. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, January 19, 2001, p. 107.</ref>

According to Joslin (2004), "The new humanism, as [Addams] interprets it comes from a secular, and not a religious, pattern of belief".<ref>Joslin, K. (2004). ''Jane Addams, a writer's life''. Illinois: University of Illinois press p. 170</ref>

According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html|title=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|access-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref>

Hilda Satt Polacheck, a former resident of Hull House, stated that Addams firmly believed in religious freedom and bringing people of all faiths into the social, secular fold of Hull House. The one exception, she notes, was the annual Christmas Party, although Addams left the religious side to the church.<ref>Hilda Satt Polacheck. "Notes on Jane Addams". Box 3 Folder 25. Hilda Satt Polacheck Papers. Archival Library, University of Illinois at Chicago.</ref>

The Bible served Addams as both a source of inspiration for her life of service and a manual for pursuing her calling. The emphasis on following Jesus' example and actively advancing the establishment of God's Kingdom on earth is also evident in Addams's work and the Social Gospel movement.

==Politics==
[[File:Jane Addams & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923.jpg|thumb|left|Jane Addams [left] & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Collection/Swarthmore College Peace Collection.)]]

===Peace movement===
[[File:Jane Addams and Miss Elizabeth Burke (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Delegation to the Women's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams (left) and Miss Elizabeth Burke of the University of Chicago, 1911]]
In 1898, Addams joined the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|Anti-Imperialist League]], in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the [[Philippines]]. A staunch supporter of the Progressive Party, she nominated Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency during the [[Progressive National Convention, 1912|Party Convention]], held in Chicago in August 1912.<ref>Gustafson, Melanie (2001). ''Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924''. University of Illinois Press.</ref> She signed up on the party platform, even though it called for building more [[battleship]]s. She went on to speak and campaign extensively for Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign.

In January 1915, she became involved in the [[Woman's Peace Party]] and was elected national chairman.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm|title=Woman's Peace Party|publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com|access-date=February 27, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103823/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApeaceW.htm|archive-date=July 27, 2009}}</ref> Addams was invited by [[Europe]]an women peace activists to preside over the [[International Congress of Women]] in The Hague, April 28–30, 1915,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> and was chosen to head the commission to find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort against the war. Addams, along with co-delegates [[Emily Balch]] and [[Alice Hamilton]], documented their experiences of this venture, published as a book, ''Women at The Hague'' ([[University of Illinois]]).<ref>[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/58fyh3nm9780252028885.html UI Press|Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton|Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April 1915):
[[File:Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams signed drawing by [[Manuel Rosenberg]] 1917]]
<blockquote>Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, so eager to understand and sympathize, so patient of anarchy and even ego, yet always there, strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a radiating wisdom and power of judgement.<ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk" /></blockquote>

Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work of the Hague Congress, at a conference in 1919 in [[Zürich]], Switzerland. The International Committee developed into the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] (WILPF).<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilpf.int.ch/history/hindex.htm |title=Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |publisher=WILPF |access-date=April 27, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515215314/http://www.wilpf.int.ch/history/hindex.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Addams continued as president, a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia.
[[File:International Congress of Women1915 (22785230005).jpg|thumb|320px|left|[[Women at the Hague|International Congress of Women in 1915]]. left to right:1. [[Lucy Thoumaian]] – Armenia, 2. [[Leopoldine Kulka]], 3. [[Laura Hughes (activist)|Laura Hughes]] – Canada, 4. [[Rosika Schwimmer]] – Hungary, 5. [[Anita Augspurg]] – Germany, 6. Jane Addams – USA, 7. [[Eugenie Hamer|Eugenie Hanner]], 8. [[Aletta Jacobs]] – Netherlands, 9. [[Chrystal Macmillan]] – UK, 10. [[Rosa Genoni]] – Italy, 11. [[Anna Kleman]] – Sweden, 12. [[Thora Daugaard]] – Denmark, 13. [[Louisa Keilhau|Louise Keilhau]] – Norway]]
In 1917, she also became a member of the [[Fellowship of Reconciliation]] USA (American branch of the [[International Fellowship of Reconciliation]] founded in 1919) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until 1933.<ref>Vera Brittain (1964), ''The Rebel Passion'', London: George Allen & Unwin ltd, p. 111</ref> When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams started to be strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at [[Carnegie Hall]] received negative coverage by newspapers such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', which branded her as unpatriotic.<ref>{{cite journal|title="The revolt against war"; Jane Addams' rhetorical challenge to the patriarchy|author1=Sherry R. Shepler|author2=Anne F. Martina|journal=Communication Quarterly|volume=47|issue=2|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/13/104650283.pdf|work=The New York Times|title=AN INSULT TO WAR.; Miss Addams Would Strip the Dead of Honor and Courage|date=July 13, 1915}}</ref> Later, during her travels, she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/index.html|title=Nobel Peace 1931|website=Nobelprize.org|access-date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> she shared the award with [[Nicholas Murray Butler]].<ref name="auto"/> As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American democracy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/|title=Jane Addams (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)|publisher=Plato Stanford|access-date=April 27, 2010}}</ref> She donated her share of the prize money to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" />

===Pacifism===
Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and by the pragmatism of philosophers [[John Dewey]] and [[George Herbert Mead]].<ref>Maurice Hamington, "Jane Addams," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2007)</ref> Her books, particularly ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' and ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'', and her peace activism informed early feminist theories and perspectives on peace and war.<ref>True, Jacqui, (2023). Peace Pragmatism and the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, in P. M. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams''. pp. 413 – 426. Oxford Academic,  {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.5}}.  {{isbn|9780197544532}}</ref> She envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one. Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the [[Spanish–American War]]. Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace''<ref>Addams, Jane (1907).  [https://books.google.com/books?id=VnQCAAAAYAAJ ''Newer Ideals of Peace''].  New York:  The Macmillan Company.  Via Books.Google.com.</ref> (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice. She recruited social justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, [[Lillian Wald]], Florence Kelley, and [[Emily Greene Balch]] to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after [[World War I]], when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.<ref>Alonzo (2003)</ref>

In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague. These conferences produced [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]]. A 1914 conference was canceled due to [[World War I]]. The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened by [[Women at the Hague]]. At the time, both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague, which included almost 1,200 participants from 12 warring and neutral countries.<ref>Addams, J., Balch, E. G., & Hamilton, A. (2003). ''Women at The Hague: The international congress of women and its results''. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. (Original work published 1915)</ref> Their goal was to develop a framework to end the violence of war. Both national and international political systems excluded women's voices. The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace resulted in flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes at war's end.<ref>Deegan, M. J. (2003). Introduction. In J. Addams, E. G. Balch & A. Hamilton (Eds.), ''Women at the Hague: the international congress of women and its results''. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp. 12–15 (Original work published 1915)</ref><ref>Shields, Patricia (2017) ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration''. New York: Springer {{ISBN|978-3-319-50646-3}}</ref> Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/nominations/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Addams was opposed to U.S. [[interventionism (politics)|interventionism]] and [[expansionism]] and ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad.<ref>Allen F. Davis, ''American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams'' (New York, 1973) pp. 141–142. {{ISBN|978-0195016949}}</ref> In 1915, she gave a speech at [[Carnegie Hall]] and was booed offstage for opposing U.S. intervention into World War I.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.democracynow.org/2003/5/21/new_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges | title=New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois| website=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Addams damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during World War I (1917–18). [[Oswald Garrison Villard]] came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before major ground attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what abuse did not the [New York] ''Times'' cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across [[No Man's Land]]. Yet when the facts came out at the hands of [[Sir Philip Gibbs]] and others not one word of apology was ever forthcoming."<ref>Villard, Oswald Garrison. ''Some Newspapers and Newspaper-Men,'' (New York: Knopf, 1923) pp. 9–10. ,</ref> Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the [[American Legion]], supported by some members of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] (DAR) and the [[League of Women Voters]], were ill-prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from membership in their organization.<ref>Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen. The American Pageant. Vol. II: Since 1865. 11th Ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998. p. 574.</ref> The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President [[Calvin Coolidge]] and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit [[poison gas]] and outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the [[Progressive Era]].<ref>Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915–1930?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600–2000'' 2001 5(0).</ref> In 1931, the award of the Nobel Peace prize to her and [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]<ref name="auto"/> earned her near-unanimous acclaim.<ref>Louise W. Knight, ''Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy'', p. 405</ref>

=== Philosophy and "peaceweaving" ===
{{Progressivism sidebar|expanded=activists}}Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace.<ref>Addams, Jane, (1907). ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' New York: Macmillan.</ref><ref>Addams, Jane, (1922). ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'' New York: Macmillan</ref><ref>Hamington, Maurice, (2009) ''The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press {{ISBN|978-0-252-03476-3}}</ref> Peace theorists often distinguish between [[Peace and conflict studies#Conceptions of peace|negative and positive peace]].<ref>Galtung, J. (1969) Violence, peace and peace research. ''Journal of Peace Research'', 6, 167–191</ref><ref>Gleditsch, N. P., Nordkvelle, J., & Strand, H. (2014). Peace research – just the study of war? ''Journal of Peace Research'', 51(2), 145–158.</ref><ref>Diehl, Paul, (2016), Thinking about Peace: Negative Terns Versus Positive Outcomes, ''Strategic Studies Quarterly'' Spring pp. 3–9</ref><ref>Shields, Patricia. (2017). Limits of Negative Peace, Faces of Positive Peace, ''Parameters'' Vol. 47 No. 3 pp. 5–12.</ref> Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war. Positive peace is more complicated. It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can take into account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of relationships, freedom, order and harmony. Jane Addams's philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters (2017) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term ''Peaceweaving''.<ref>Shields, P. M. and Soeters, J. (2017) Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace, and Public Administration. ''The [[American Review of Public Administration]]'' Vol. 47 No. 3. pp. 323–339.</ref> They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both flexible and strong. Further, weaving is an activity in which men and women have historically engaged. Addams's ''peaceweaving'' is a process which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships. Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable" <ref>Shields, P. M. and Soeters, J. (2017) Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace, and Public Administration. ''The [[American Review of Public Administration]]'' Vol. 47 No. 3. p. 331.</ref>

===Eugenics===
{{Eugenics sidebar}}
Addams supported eugenics and was vice president of the American Social Hygiene Association, which advocated eugenics in an effort to improve the social 'hygiene' of American society.<ref>Kennedy, A. C. (2008). Eugenics, “Degenerate Girls,” and Social Workers During the Progressive Era. Affilia, 23(1), 22–37. {{doi|10.1177/0886109907310473}}</ref><ref>Haller, M. H. (1963). Eugenics: Hereditarian attitudes in American thought. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University Press</ref> She was a close friend of noted eugenicists [[David Starr Jordan]] and [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]], and was an avid proponent of the ideas of [[G. Stanley Hall]]. Addams belief in eugenics was tied to her desire to eliminate what she perceived to be '[[social ills]]':

{{Blockquote|text=Certainly allied to this new understanding of child life and a part of the same movement is the new science of eugenics with its recently appointed university professors. Its organized societies publish an ever-increasing mass of information as to that which constitutes the inheritance of well-born children. When this new science makes clear to the public that those diseases which are a direct outcome of the social evil are clearly responsible for race deterioration, effective indignation may at last be aroused, both against preventable infant mortality for which these diseases are responsible, and against the ghastly fact that the survivors among these afflicted children infect their contemporaries and hand on the evil heritage to another generation.<ref>Addams, Jane. ''A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil''. pp 60–61</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15221/15221-h/15221-h.htm | title = A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil | first = Jane | last = Addams }}</ref>}}

===Prohibition===
While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|the eighteenth amendment]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Linn|first=James Weber|title=Jane Addams: A Biography|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000 |orig-year=1935|location=Urbana |page=365|isbn=0-252-06904-8 }}</ref> she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a necessary element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social standpoint." She repeated the claim that "professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of alcohol.'"<ref>Addams, Jane. "A Decade of Prohibition", ''The Survey'', October 1, 1929, p. 6.</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Cedarville Il Jane Addams Grave2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jane Addams Burial Site]] in Cedarville, Illinois.]]
While Addams was often troubled by health problems in her youth and throughout her life, her health began to take a more serious decline after she suffered a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1926.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Jane Addams |url=https://www.biography.com/activist/jane-addams |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Biography |date= April 16, 2021|language=en-us}}</ref>

She died on May 21, 1935, at the age of 74, in Chicago and is buried in her hometown of Cedarville, Illinois.<ref name=":2" />

==Adult life and legacy==
{{See also|History of social work}}
[[File:Jane Addams 1940 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|200px|Addams is honored in the [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#Famous Americans Series of 1940|'Famous Americans Series']], postal Issues of 1940]]
[[File:Jane Addams quote on the wall (American Adventure in the World Showcase, Epcot 2007).jpg|right|thumb|upright|A wall-mounted quote by Jane Addams in [[The American Adventure (Epcot)]] in the World Showcase pavilion of [[Walt Disney World]]'s [[Epcot]]]] [[File:Jane Addams profile.jpg|thumb|left|Addams in 1914]]Jane Addams is buried at Cedarville Cemetery, Cedarville, Illinois.<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 498–499). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref>

Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key tangible pillars of Addams's legacy. While her life focused on the development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social, political and economic reform in the [[United States]], as well as internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house, Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and social work.

[[Willard Motley]], a resident artist of Hull House, extracting from Addams' central theory on symbolic interactionism, used the neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller, ''[[Knock on Any Door]]''.<ref>Taylor Street Archives</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=David D. |url=https://ssml.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Midamerica_XIV_1987.pdf |title=MIDAMERICA XIV: The Yearbook of the Society for the Study of Midwestern Literature |year=1987 |publication-date=1987 |pages=62–64 |language=en}}</ref> His novel later became a well known court-room film in 1949. This book and film brought attention to how a resident lived an everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship with Jane Addams.

Addams's role as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago neighborhood. Although contemporary academic sociologists defined her engagement as "social work", Addams's efforts differed significantly from activities typically labeled as "social work" during that time period. Before Addams's powerful influence on the profession, social work was largely informed by a "friendly visitor" model in which typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished individuals and, through systematic assessment and intervention, aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Addams rejected the friendly visitor model in favor of a model of social reform/social theory-building, thereby introducing the now-central tenets of social justice and reform to the field of social work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssw.umich.edu/ongoing/fall2001/briefhistory.html|title=U-M-SSW: Ongoing Magazine|publisher=Ssw.umich.edu|access-date=April 27, 2010}}</ref>

Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first [[juvenile court]] law, tenement-house regulation, an [[eight-hour working day]] for women, factory inspection, and workers' compensation. She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and she supported women's suffrage. She was a strong advocate of justice for immigrants, African Americans, and minority groups by becoming a chartered member of the [[Naacp|NAACP]]. Among the projects that the members of Hull House opened were the Immigrants' Protective League, the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the United States, and a juvenile psychopathic clinic.

Addams's influential writings and speeches, on behalf of the formation of the [[League of Nations]] and as a peace advocate, influenced the later shape of the [[United Nations]].

Jane Addams also sponsored the work of [[Neva Boyd]], who founded the Recreational Training School at Hull House, a one-year educational program in group games, gymnastics, dancing, dramatic arts, play theory, and social problems. At Hull House, Neva Boyd ran movement and recreational groups for children, using games and improvisation to teach language skills, problem-solving, self-confidence and social skills. During the [[Great Depression]], Boyd worked with the Recreational Project in the [[Works Progress Administration]], (WPA) as The Chicago Training School for Playground Workers, which subsequently became the foundation for the [[Recreational Therapy]] and Educational Drama movements in the U.S. One of her best known disciples, [[Viola Spolin]] taught in the Recreational Theater Program at Hull House during the WPA era. Spolin went on to be a pioneer in the [[improvisational theater]] movement in the US and the inventor of [[Theater Games]].

The main legacy left by Jane Addams includes her involvement in the creation of the Hull House, impacting communities and the whole social structure, reaching out to colleges and universities in hopes of bettering the educational system, and passing on her knowledge to others through speeches and books. She is also known for co-winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 with [[Nicholas Murray Butler]].<ref name="auto"/>

The Jane Addams Papers Project, originally housed at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Duke University, was relocated to Ramapo College in 2015. The project's digital edition actively engages students and the world with the work and correspondence of Jane Addams.<ref>Moran Hajo, Cathy, (2023) 'Making the Jane Addams Papers Accessible to New Audiences', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams'' Oxford Academic, {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.14}}.  {{isbn|9780197544532}}</ref>

The [[Addams, Long Beach, California|Addams]] neighborhood and elementary school in [[Long Beach, California]] are named for her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-27 |title=Addams Elementary School in Long Beach named after 19th century reformer Jane Addams |url=https://www.presstelegram.com/social-affairs/20140127/addams-elementary-school-in-long-beach-named-after-19th-century-reformer-jane-addams/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Press Telegram |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Sociology===
[[File:Steps to Hull House.gif|thumb|Steps to Hull House. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p. 447]]

Jane Addams was intimately involved with the founding of sociology as a field in the United States.<ref>Gross, M. (2009). Collaborative Experiments: Jane Addams, Hull House and Experimental Social Work. ''Social Science Information'', 48 (1), 81–95.</ref><ref name="Deegan, M. J. 1988">Deegan, M. J. (1988). ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918.'' New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books.  {{isbn|0887388302}}</ref><ref>Shields, P. (2017) ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration.'' Springer</ref><ref>Deegan, M. J. (2013). Jane Addams, the Hull-House School of Sociology, and Social Justice. ''Humanity & Society'', 37 (3), 248–258.</ref> Hull House enabled Addams to befriend and become a colleague to early members of the [[Chicago School of Sociology]]. She actively contributed to the sociology academic literature, publishing five articles in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' between 1896 and 1914.<ref>Addams, J. (1896). A Belated Industry. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 1 (5), 536–550.</ref><ref>Addams, J. (1899). Trade Unions and Public Duty. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 4 (4), 448–462.</ref><ref>Addams, J. (1905). Problems of Municipal Administration. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 10 (4), 425–444.</ref><ref>Addams, J. (1912). Recreation as a Public Function in Urban Communities. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 17 (5), 615–619.</ref><ref>Addams, J. (1914). A Modern Devil Baby. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 20 (1), 117–118.</ref> Her influence, through her work in applied sociology, impacted the thought and direction of the Chicago School of Sociology's members.<ref name="Deegan, M. J. 1988" /> In 1893, she co-authored the compilation of essays written by Hull House residents and workers titled, ''Hull-House Maps and Papers''. These ideas helped shape and define the interests and methodologies of the Chicago School. She worked with American philosopher [[George Herbert Mead]] and John Dewey<ref>Hamington, M. (2009). ''The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams''. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-03476-3}}</ref> on social reform issues, including promoting women's rights, ending child labor, and mediating during the [[1910 Garment Workers' Strike]]. This strike in particular bent thoughts of protests because it dealt with women workers, ethnicity, and working conditions. All of these subjects were key items that Addams wanted to see in society.

[[File:Entrance to Hull House Courtyard.gif|thumb|left|Entrance to Hull House Courtyard. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), p. 426]]

The University of Chicago Sociology department was established in 1892, three years after Hull House was established (1889). Members of Hull House welcomed the first group of professors, who soon were "intimately involved with Hull House" and assiduously engaged with applied social reform and philanthropy".<ref>Trevino, A. J. (2012). The Challenge of Service Sociology. ''Social Problems'', 59 (1), p. 3.</ref> In 1893, for example, faculty (Vincent, Small and Bennis) worked with Jane Addams and fellow Hull House resident Florence Kelley to pass legislation "banning sweat shops and employment of children" <ref>Deegan, M. J. (1988). ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918''. New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books. p. 73.  {{isbn|0887388302}}</ref> [[Albion Small]], chair of the Chicago Department of Sociology and founder of the ''American Journal of Sociology'', called for a sociology that was active "in the work of perfecting and applying plans and devices for social improvement and amelioration", which took place in the "vast sociological laboratory" that was 19th-century Chicago.<ref>Small, A. (1896). Scholarship and Social Agitation. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 1 (5), 581.</ref> Although untenured, women residents of Hull House taught classes in the Chicago Sociology Department. During and after World War I, the focus of the Chicago Sociology Department shifted away from social activism toward a more scholarly orientation. Social activism was also associated with Communism and a "weaker" woman's work orientation. In response to this change, women sociologists in the department "were moved inmasse out of sociology and into social work" in 1920.<ref>Deegan, Jane Addams and the Men of Chicago School p. 309.</ref> The contributions of Jane Addams and other Hull House residents were buried in history.<ref>Shields, P (2017). Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration. Springer.</ref>

Mary Jo Deegan, in her 1988 book ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918'' was the first person to recover Addams' influence on sociology.<ref>Deegan, M. J. (1988). ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918''. New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books. {{isbn|0887388302}}.  Other influential sociologists credited with recovering Addams influence include Grant, L., Stalp, M., & Ward, K. (2002). Women's Sociological Research and Writing in the AJS in the Pre-World WarII Era. ''The American Sociologist'', 69–91. Davis, J. (1994). What's Wrong with Sociology? ''Sociological Forum'', 9 (2), 179–197.</ref> Deegan's work has led to recognition of Addams's place in sociology. In a 2001 address, for example, Joe Feagin, then president of the American Sociology Association, identified Addams as a "key founder" and he called for sociology to again claim its activist roots and commitment to social justice.<ref>Feagin, J. (2001). Social Justice and Sociology: Agendas for the Twenty-First Century. ''American Sociological Review'', 66, p. 7</ref>

{{anchor|Jane Addams#Remembrances}} <!-- re-direct from [[Jane Addams Day]] -->

===Remembrances===
[[File:UIC Hull House.JPG|thumb|Jane Addams Hull-House Museum in 2006.  The museum is located in and preserves the first building from which the Addams settlement took its name, ''Hull House,'' and a related community structure.  Additional settlement facilities, which over-time grew up around the house, were removed in the 1960s for development of the campus of the [[University of Illinois Chicago]].|alt=]]
On December 10, 2007, Illinois celebrated the first annual Jane Addams Day.<ref>[https://aauw-il.aauw.net/about/jane/ "Jane Addams".]  AAUW of Illinois.  Retrieved June 21, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.womenandchildrenfirst.com/event/first-annual-jane-addams-day-sponsored-aauw-il-0 "First Annual Jane Addams Day sponsored by AAUW-IL."]  ''WomenandChildrenFirst.com''.  Women & Children First, Inc.  Retrieved June 21, 2018.</ref> Jane Addams Day was initiated by a dedicated school teacher from Dongola, Illinois, assisted by the Illinois Division of the [[American Association of University Women]] (AAUW).<ref>[https://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/12/prweb489011.htm "AAUW-Illinois Applauds New State Day Honoring Jane Addams: Carbondale Branch Members Instrumental in Lobbying State Legislature"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317000146/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/12/prweb489011.htm |date=March 17, 2016 }}  (December 10, 2006).  ''PRWeb.com''.  Retrieved June 21, 2018.</ref> Chicago activist [[Jan Lisa Huttner]] traveled throughout Illinois as Director of International Relations for AAUW-Illinois to help publicize the date, and later gave annual presentations about Jane Addams Day in costume as Jane Addams. In 2010, Huttner appeared as Jane Addams at a 150th Birthday Party sponsored by [[Rockford University]] (Jane Addams' alma mater), and in 2011, she appeared as Jane Addams at an event sponsored by the [[Chicago Park District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.films42.com/feature/JAD09.asp|title=Celebrate Jane Addams Day!|access-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref>

There is a Jane Addams Memorial Park located near [[Navy Pier]] in Chicago. A six-piece sculptural grouping honoring Addams by Louise Bourgeois called "Helping Hands" was originally installed in 1993 at Addams Memorial Park. However, they were "relocated to Chicago Women's Park and Gardens" in 2011 after being vandalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/Jane-Addams-Memorial-Park/|title=Jane Addams Memorial Park|access-date=November 29, 2014|archive-date=December 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205171533/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/Jane-Addams-Memorial-Park/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jane Addams memorial sculpture was Chicago's first major artwork to honor an important woman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jane Addams |website=statuesforequality.com |url=https://statuesforequality.com/pages/jane-addams |access-date=March 30, 2021 }}</ref> In 2007, the state of Illinois renamed the Northwest Tollway as the [[Jane Addams Memorial Tollway]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jane Addams Memorial Tollway (I-90)|work=Illinois Department of Transportation Website|publisher=State of Illinois|year=2009|url=http://www.illinoistollway.com/portal/page?_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_pageid=133,1395269|access-date=March 29, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716215725/http://www.illinoistollway.com/portal/page?_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_pageid=133%2C1395269|archive-date=July 16, 2007}}</ref> Hull House buildings were mostly demolished for the establishment of the campus of the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] in 1963, or relocated. The Hull residence itself and a related building are preserved as a museum and monument to Jane Addams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/|title=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|publisher=Uic.edu|access-date=April 27, 2010}}</ref>

The [[Jane Addams College of Social Work]] is a professional school at the University of Illinois at Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialwork.uic.edu/|title=Jane Addams College of Social Work &#124; University of Illinois Chicago}}</ref> [[Jane Addams Business Careers Center]] is a high school in [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmsdnet.net/Schools/SchoolList/School%20Detail/JaneAddamsBusinessCareerCenter.aspx|title=Jane Addams Business Career Center|publisher=Cmsdnet.net|access-date=April 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419064405/http://www.cmsdnet.net/Schools/SchoolList/School%20Detail/JaneAddamsBusinessCareerCenter.aspx|archive-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> Jane Addams High School For Academic Careers is a high school in [[The Bronx, NY]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/08/X650/default.htm|title=High School For Academic Careers |publisher=schools.nyc.gov|access-date=September 17, 2011}}</ref> Jane Addams House is a residence hall built in 1936 at [[Connecticut College]].

In 1973, Jane Addams was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/jane-addams/|title=Addams, Jane|website=National Women’s Hall of Fame}}</ref> In 2008 Jane Addams was inducted into the [[Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?page=inductees&todo=year|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017032241/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?page=inductees&todo=year|url-status=dead|title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Addams was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/jane-addams |title=Jane Addams |date=2012 |website=Chicago Literary Hall of Fame |language=en |access-date=October 8, 2017}}</ref> Also, in 2012 she was inducted into the [[Legacy Walk]], an outdoor public display which celebrates [[LGBTQ]] history and people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacyprojectchicago.org/2012_INDUCTEES.html|title=2012 INDUCTEES|author=Victor Salvo // The Legacy Project|access-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, Jane Addams was one of the first 20 honorees awarded a 3-foot x 3-foot bronze plaque on San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk (www.rainbowhonorwalk.org) paying tribute to LGBT heroes and heroines.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|url=https://quirkytravelguy.com/lgbt-walk-fame-rainbow-honor-san-francisco/|title=The Rainbow Honor Walk: San Francisco's LGBT Walk of Fame|last=Shelter|first=Scott|date=March 14, 2016|website=Quirky Travel Guy|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/|title=Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today: SFist|date=September 2, 2014|website=SFist – San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports|access-date=August 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810075052/https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/|archive-date=August 10, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaysonoma.com/2016/07/second-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk/|title=Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk|last=Carnivele|first=Gary|date=July 2, 2016|website=We The People|access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> In 2015, Addams was named by [[Equality Forum]] as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 [[LGBT History Month]].<ref>{{cite web|author= Malcolm Lazin |url=http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2015/08/20/op-ed-here-are-31-icons-2015s-gay-history-month |title=Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month |publisher=Advocate.com |date=August 20, 2015 |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref>

==Works by Jane Addams==

===Books===

*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924032570180/page/n7/mode/2up  ''Democracy and Social Ethics'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1902.
*[https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog/page/n10/mode/2up ''Newer Ideals of Peace'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1907.
*[https://archive.org/details/spirityouthandc00addagoog/page/n4/mode/2up ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1909.
*[https://archive.org/details/twentyyearsathul0000hane ''Twenty Years at Hull House. With autobiographical notes'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1910.
* [https://archive.org/details/jstor-1011876/page/n1/mode/2up ''Symposium: child labor on the stage'']. National Child Labor Committee, New York [1911?].
*[https://archive.org/details/anewconsciencea00addagoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''A New Conscience And An Ancient Evil,'']. New York, The Macmillan company, 1912.
*[https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm02addagoog/page/n6/mode/2up ''The Long Road of Woman's Memory'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1916.
*[https://archive.org/details/peaceandbreadin00addagoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1922.
*[https://archive.org/details/secondtwentyyear0000adda ''The Second Twenty Years at Hull House'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1930.
*[https://archive.org/details/excellentbecomes006105mbp/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Excellent Becomes the Permanent'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1932.
*[https://archive.org/details/myfriendjulialat0000adda ''My Friend Julia Lathrop'']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1935. (ed. 2004, Urbana, University of Illinois Press)

=== Collaborative Works ===
*''Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women'', with Alice Hamilton and [[Emily Greene Balch]], Macmillan Company 1915.[https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/women-working-1800-1930/catalog/45-990013349750203941 Women at the Hague ; the International Congress of Women and its results - Women Working, 1800-1930 - CURIOSity Digital Collections]

===Personal Papers===
*[https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/ ''Jane Addams Digital Edition''] Jane Addams Papers Project, Ramapo College of New Jersey.

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|LGBTQ}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Jane Addams Burial Site]]
* [[Jane Addams School for Democracy]]
* [[Jane Addams Middle School]]
* [[Jane Addams Children's Book Award]]
* [[John H. Addams Homestead]]
* [[List of American philosophers]]
* [[List of female Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
* [[List of women's rights activists]]
* [[John Dewey]]
* [[Florence Kelley]]
* [[Flora Dunlap]]
* [[Mary Treglia]]
* [[Elizabeth Harrison (educator)]]
* [[Community practice]] social work
* Stanton Street Settlement
* [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)]]
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[International Fellowship of Reconciliation]]
* [[Addams (crater)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=12382490}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tyrkus |first1=Michael |last2=Bronski |first2=Michael |last3=Gomez |first3=Jewelle |title=Gay & Lesbian Biography |date=1997 |publisher=St. James Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=1-55862-237-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gaylesbianbiogra0000unse }}

===Archival resources===
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.html Jane Addams Collection, 1838-date (bulk 1880–1935)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420154603/https://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.html |date=April 20, 2016 }} ({{convert|130|ft|m|disp=preunit|linear |abbr=off}}) is housed at [[Swarthmore College]] Peace Collection.
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480 Jane Addams Papers, 1904–1960 (bulk 1904–1936)] ({{convert|1.5|ft|m|disp=preunit|linear |abbr=off}}) is housed at [[Smith College]] [[Sophia Smith Collection]]. In 2015, The Jane Addams Papers Project relaunched at Ramapo College led by Cathy Moran Hajo, and others  [https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu Home]
*For more information on the history and current archival efforts see Moran Hajo, Cathy, (2023) 'Making the Jane Addams Papers Accessible to New Audiences', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams'' Oxford Academic,  {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.14}}.  {{isbn|9780197544532}}
* Jane Addams Correspondence, 1872–1935 (inclusive) (23 reels) is housed at [[Harvard University]] [[Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study]].

===Biographies===
* {{Cite book|title=Jane Addams: A Biography|last=Berson|first=Robin Kadison|publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2004|isbn=0-313-32354-2|location=Westport, Connecticut|type=140 pp}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Education of Jane Addams|last=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8122-3747-4|edition=|series=Politics and Culture in Modern America|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|type=432 pp|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/educationofjanea00brow}}
* Davis, Allen F. ''American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams'' (1973), 339pp, solid scholarship but tends toward debunking
* Diliberto, Gioia. ''A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams.'' (1999). 318 pp.
* Elshtain, Jean Bethke. ''Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life'' Basic Books: 2002 [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100438832 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122639/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100438832 |date=February 11, 2011 }}, by a leading conservative scholar
* [[Anna Marcet Haldeman|Haldeman-Julius, Marcet]]. ''Jane Addams As I Knew Her''. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Publications, ca. 1936. Marcet was Addams's niece.
* Knight, Louise W. ''Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy.'' (2005). 582 pp.; biography to 1899 [https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-addams-and-the-struggle-for-democracy online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327183921/https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-addams-and-the-struggle-for-democracy |date=March 27, 2019 }}
* Knight, Louise W. ''Jane Addams: Spirit in Action.'' (2010). 334 pp., complete biography aimed at a broader audience.
* Joslin, Katherine. ''Jane Addams: A Writer's Life.'' (2004). 306 pp.
* Linn, James W. ''Jane Addams: A Biography.'' (1935) 457 pp, by her admiring nephew

===Specialty studies===
* Agnew, Elizabeth N. "A Will to Peace: Jane Addams, World War I, and 'Pacifism in Practice'" ''Peace & Change'' (2017) 42#1 pp 5–31 {{doi|10.1111/pech.12216}}|
* Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Nobel Peace Laureates, Jane Addams And Emily Greene Balch: Two Women of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". ''Journal of Women's History'' 1995 7(2): 6–26.
* Beauboeuf-Lafontant, Tamara. "Becoming Jane Addams: Feminist Developmental Theory and' The College Woman'" ''Girlhood Studies'' (2014) 7#2 pp: 61–78.
* Beer, Janet and Joslin, Katherine. "Diseases of the Body Politic: White Slavery in Jane Addams' "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil" and "Selected Short Stories" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman". ''Journal of American Studies'' 1999 33(1): 1–18. {{ISSN|0021-8758}}
* Bowen, Louise de Koven. ''Growing up with Pity''. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926.
* Brinkmann, Tobias. ''Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago'' (2012), on Addams relationship with Chicago Jews.
* Bryan, Mary Linn McCree, and Allen F. Davis. ''One Hundred Years at Hull-House'' (1990), a history of the programs there
* Burnier, D. (2022) The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins, and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. eds. ''The Handbook of Gender and Public Administration''. pp.&nbsp;53–67. Edward Elgar. [https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00012.xml ]
* Craraft, James. ''Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and the Quest for Global Peace'' (Lanham: Lexington, 2012).179 pp.
* Carson, Minal. ''Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement, 1885–1930'' (1990)
* Chansky, Dorothy. "Re-visioning Reform", ''American Quarterly'' vol 55 #3 (2003) 515–523 online at [[Project MUSE]]
* Curti, Merle. "Jane Addams on Human Nature", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' Vol. 22, No. 2 (Apr. 1961), pp.&nbsp;240–253 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2707835 in JSTOR]
* Danielson, Caroline Page. "Citizen Acts: Citizenship and Political Agency in the Works of Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1996. 331 pp. DAI 1996 57(6): 2651-A. DA9635502 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Dawley, Alan. ''Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution'' (2003)
* Deegan, Mary Jo. "Jane Addams, the Hull-House School of Sociology, and Social Justice, 1892 to 1935". ''[[Humanity & Society]]'' (2013) 37#3 pp: 248–258.
* Deegan, Mary Jo. ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918''. (Transaction, Inc., 1988).  {{isbn|0887388302}}
* Donovan, Brian. ''White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887–1917.'' (U of Illinois Press. 2006). 186 pp.
* Duffy, William. "Remembering is the Remedy: Jane Addams's Response to Conflicted Discourse". ''Rhetoric Review'' (2011) 30#2 pp: 135–152.
* Fischer, Marilyn; Nackenoff, Carol; Chmielewski, Wendy eds. ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (2009), 230 pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars. {{isbn|978-0252076121}}
* Foust, Mathew A. "Perplexities of Filiality: Confucius and Jane Addams on the Private/Public Distinction", ''Asian Philosophy'' (2008) 18(2): 149–166.
* Grimm, Robert Thornton Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900–1916". ''Illinois Historical Journal'' 1997 90(1): 47–64. {{ISSN|0748-8149}}
* Gustafson, Melanie. ''Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924'' (University of Illinois Press, 2001).
* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2007) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/ online edition], Addams as philosopher
* Hamington, Maurice. ''Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252029283 excerpt and online search at amazon.com]
* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams and a Politics of Embodied Care", ''The Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' v 15 #2 2001, pp.&nbsp;105–121 online at [[Project MUSE]]
* Hamington, Maurice. "Public Pragmatism: Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells on Lynching", ''The Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' v. 19#2 (2005), pp.&nbsp;167–174 online at Project MUSE
* Hansen, Jonathan M. "Fighting Words: The Transnational Patriotism of Eugene V. Debs, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois". PhD dissertation Boston U. 1997. 286 pp. DAI 1997 57(10): 4511-A. DA9710148 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Henderson, Karla A. "Jane Addams: Leisure Services Pioneer". ''Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance'', (1982) 53#2 pp.&nbsp;42–45
* Imai, Konomi, and 今井小の実. "The Women's Movement and the Settlement Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō". ''Kwansei Gakuin University humanities review'' 17 (2013): 85–109. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150113185429/http://kgur.kwansei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10236/10536/1/17-6.PDF online]
* Jackson, Shannon. ''Lines of Activity: Performance, Historiography, Hull-House Domesticity'' (2000). 384 pp.
* Joslin, Katherine. ''Jane Addams: A writer's Life'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252076346/ excerpt and text search]
* Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams Meets John Dewey". ''School Business Affairs'', v67 n8 pp.&nbsp;Aug 4–8, 2001. {{ISSN|0036-651X}}
* Knight, Louise W. "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition". ''Gender & History'' 1998 10(2): 217–251. {{ISSN|0953-5233}} Fulltext: [[EBSCO Information Services|Ebsco]]
* Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence and Justice in Jane Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" ''Journal of Women's History'' 1997 9(1): 111–138. {{ISSN|1042-7961}} Fulltext: [[EBSCO Information Services|Ebsco]]
* Knight, Louise W., (2023)'A Biographer's Angle on Jane Addams's Feminism', in P. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams. pp.&nbsp;279–304. Oxford Academic, [https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.2 A Biographer’s Angle on Jane Addams’s Feminism]
* Lissak, R. S. ''Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New Immigrants.'' (1989)
* Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century". ''Children's Theatre Review'', Oct 1983. v32 n4 pp 13–15
* Morton, Keith. "Addams, Day, and Dewey: The Emergence of Community Service in American Culture". ''Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning'', Fall 1997 v4 pp 137–49 * Oakes, Jeannie. ''Becoming Good American Schools: The Struggle for Civic Virtue in Education Reform.'' (2000). {{ISBN|0-7879-4023-2}}
* Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004. 240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art Education". ''Art Education'', 29, 1, 9–12, Jan 76.
* Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". ''History of Education Quarterly'', 14, 1, 49–68, Spr 74.
* Philpott, Thomas. L. ''The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880–1930.'' (1991).
* Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class, Politics, and Public Health in Chicago, 1890–1930". ''Environmental History'' 2000 5(2): 194–222. {{ISSN|1084-5453}}
* Polacheck, Hilda Satt. ''I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl''. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
* Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic". PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A. DA9714673 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement, 1889–1912". PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A. DA9924849 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War". ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 1993 54(2): 241–254. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709981 in JSTOR]
* Seigfried, Charlene H. "A Pragmatist Response to Death: Jane Addams on the Permanent and the Transient". ''Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' (2007) 21(2): 133–141.
* [[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M]]. 2006. "Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration". ''Administrative Theory & Praxis'', vol. 28, no. 3, September, pp.&nbsp;418–443. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3959 Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration]
* [[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M]]. 2011. "Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics: Incorporating a Feminist Perspective". In ''Women in Public Administration: Theory and Practice.'' Edited by Maria D'Agostiono and Helisse Levine, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlet.
* [[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M]]. 2017. "Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration". New York: Springer.{{ISBN|978-3-319-50646-3}}
* [[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M.]] and Soeters, Joseph. 2017. Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace and Public Administration. The ''American Review of Public Administration'' Vol. 47, no 3 pp.&nbsp;323–399. doi/10.1177/0275074015589629.
* [[Patricia M. Shields|Shields, Patricia M.]], Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds). (2023) ''The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams'' Oxford academic. [https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001 The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams]
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers", ''Signs,'' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp.&nbsp;658–677 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3174308 in JSTOR]
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric': Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907–1919". ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 2003 2(1): 80–96. {{ISSN|1537-7814}}
* Soeters, Joseph. 2018. "Jane Addams: From Peace Activism to Pragmatic Peacekeeper" Chapter 5 in ''Sociology and Military Studies: Classical and Current Foundations'' New York: Routledge {{ISBN|978-1-138-73952-9}}
* Stebner, E. J. ''The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality, Vocation, and Friendship.'' (1997).
* [[Judith Stiehm|Stiehm, Judith Hicks]]. ''Champions for Peace: Women Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize.'' Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
* Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: Echoes from the early 20th century". ''Social Work'', Sep. 93; 38(5): 513–520. [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=1994187242&site=ehost-live EBSCO]
* Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S. "Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of Low-Income Single Mothers". ''Social Service Review'' 2004 78(3): 447–465. {{ISSN|0037-7961}} Fulltext: [[EBSCO Information Services|Ebsco]]

===Primary sources===
* Addams, Jane. "A Belated Industry" ''The American Journal of Sociology'' Vol. 1, No. 5 (Mar. 1896), pp.&nbsp;536–550 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2761904 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. ''The subjective value of a social settlement'' (1892) [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777422 online]
* Addams, Jane, ed. ''Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation of Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago, Together with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing Out of the Social Conditions'' (1896; reprint 2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252031342/ excerpts and online search from amazon.com] [https://archive.org/details/hullhousemapsan00unkngoog full text]
* Kelley, Florence. "Hull House" ''The New England Magazine.'' Volume 24, Issue 5. (July 1898) pp.&nbsp;550–566 [https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFJ3026-0024&byte=11613062 online at MOA]
* Addams, Jane. "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption", ''International Journal of Ethics'' Vol. 8, No. 3 (Apr. 1898), pp.&nbsp;273–291 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2375784 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. "Trades Unions and Public Duty", ''The American Journal of Sociology'' Vol. 4, No. 4 (Jan. 1899), pp.&nbsp;448–462 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761726 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. "The Subtle Problems of Charity", ''The Atlantic Monthly.'' Volume 83, Issue 496 (February 1899) pp.&nbsp;163–179 [https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0083&byte=297435804 online at MOA]
* Addams, Jane. ''Democracy and Social Ethics'' (1902) [https://archive.org/details/democracyandsoc04addagoog online at Internet Archive] [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.FIG:000669764 online at Harvard Library]
** 23 editions published between 1902 and 2006 in English and held by 1,570 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''Child labor'' 1905 [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:796212 Harvard Library online]
* Addams, Jane. "Problems of Municipal Administration", ''The American Journal of Sociology'' Vol. 10, No. 4 (Jan. 1905), pp.&nbsp;425–444 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762268 JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. "Child Labor Legislation – A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' Vol. 25, Child Labor (May 1905), pp.&nbsp;128–136 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1010935 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. ''The operation of the Illinois child labor law,'' (1906) [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460093 online at Harvard Library]
* Addams, Jane. ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1906) [https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog online at Internet Archive]
** 13 editions published between 1906 and 2007 in English and held by 686 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''National protection for children'' 1907 [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460100 online at Harvard Library]
* Addams, Jane. ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'' (1909) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fMMrAAAAIAAJ online at books.google.com], [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761798 online at Harvard Library]
** 16 editions published between 1909 and 1972 in English and held by 1,094 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes,'' 1910 [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/addams/hullhouse/hullhouse.html online at A Celebration of Women Writers] [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:615636 online at Harvard Library]
** 72 editions published between 1910 and 2007 in English and held by 3,250 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''A new conscience and an ancient evil'' (1912) [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:436848 online at Harvard Library]
** 14 editions published between 1912 and 2003 in English and held by 912 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane; Balch, Emily Greene; and Hamilton, Alice. ''Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results.'' (1915) reprint ed by Harriet Hyman Alonso, (2003). 91 pp. [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777415 online at Harvard Library]
* Addams, Jane. ''The Long Road of Woman's Memory'' (1916) [https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm00addagoog online at Internet Archive] [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:520210 online at Harvard Library], also reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2002. 84 pp.
* Addams, Jane. ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'' 1922 [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122210/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685 |date=February 11, 2011 }}, [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761799 online at Harvard Library]
** 12 editions published between 1922 and 2002 in English and held by 835 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''My Friend, Julia Lathrop.'' (1935; reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2004) 166 pp.
* Addams, Jane. ''Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader'' (1960) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122700/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328 |date=February 11, 2011 }}
* Bryan, Mary Lynn McCree, Barbara Bair, and Maree De Angury. eds., ''The Selected Papers of Jane Addams Volume 1: Preparing to Lead, 1860–1881.'' University of Illinois Press, 2002. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252027299/ online excerpt and text search]
* Elshtain, Jean B. ed. ''The Jane Addams Reader'' (2002), 488pp
* Lasch, Christopher, ed. (1965). ''The Social Thought of Jane Addams''.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
'''Digital collections'''
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jane-addams}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=602|name=Jane Addams}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Jane Addams}}
* {{Librivox author|id=1531}}
* Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Women Working, 1870–1930. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050817230106/http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_addams.html Jane Addams (1860–1935).] A full-text searchable online database with complete access to publications written by Jane Addams.
* [https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/ Jane Addams Digital Edition, Ramapo College of New Jersey]
* {{cite IEP |url-id=addamsj |title=Jane Addams}}
* [https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/addams-jane-1860-1935/ Jane Addams]: bibliographical and biographical references. - [[Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists]]

'''Physical collections'''
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/Exhibits/janeaddams/addamsindex.htm Online photograph exhibit of Jane Addams from Swarthmore College's Peace Collection]
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ADDAMSJ Guide to the Jane Addams Collection 1894–1919] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center]
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480 Jane Addams Papers] at the [[Sophia Smith Collection]], Smith College
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/1004 Ellen Gates Starr Papers] at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
* {{PM20|FID=pe/000125}}

'''Biographical information'''
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/Jane%20Addams FBI file on Jane Addams]
* [http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/eng/details.php?cps=5&canon_id=137 Jane Addams on the history of social work timeline]
* [https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/jane-addams/ Jane Addams] National Women's Hall of Fame
* [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/addams_jane Kathi Coon Badertscher: "Jane Addams", In: ''1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War'']
* {{Cite CAB|wstitle= Addams, Jane |last= Homans |first= James E. |author-link= |page= |short=}}

'''Hull House links'''
* [http://www.hullhousemuseum.org/ Jane Addams Hull-House Museum]
* [http://maxwellhalsted.uic.edu/home/enlightened-reformer Jane Addams's Hull-House]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/ Taylor Street Archives; Hull House: Bowen Country Club]

'''Scholarship and analysis'''
* Michals, Debra [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/jane-addams "Jane Addams"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017.
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish et al. "How Did Changes in the Built Environment at Hull-House Reflect the Settlement's Interaction with Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" Sklar, [[Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000]]
* {{cite SEP |url-id=addams-jane |title=Jane Addams |last=Hamington |first=Maurice}} Looks at her as "the first woman 'public philosopher' in United States history".
* [https://www.academia.edu/6310490/ American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim Report]

'''Other links'''
* {{IMDb name|0011629}}
* [http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/outcast.php/ The Bitter Cry of Outcast London] by Rev. [[Andrew Mearns]]
* [http://www.ifor-mir.org/ International Fellowship of Reconciliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217133548/http://www.ifor-mir.org/ |date=December 17, 2014 }}
* [http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675026876_Laura-Jane-Addams_buildings_umbrella_people Short historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915], on her peace mission with [[Aletta Jacobs]] and [[Alice Hamilton]].
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{ACLU}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1926–1950}}
{{1931 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}
{{Social work}}
{{Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

<!--Honorary member per C Elisabeth Palmer Johnson (5 July 2021), Nellie May Quander February 11, 1880 – September 24, 1961, Turning Point Suffragist Memorial, retrieved 5 March 2024 at https://suffragistmemorial.org/nellie-may-quander-february-11-1880-september-24-1961/-->

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