View source for Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford

{{Short description|English noblewoman (c. 1505–1542)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox noble|Viscountess
| name = Jane Boleyn
| image = 
| caption = 
| CoA = 
| title = Viscountess Rochford
| noble family = Parker<br>[[Boleyn family|Boleyn]] (by marriage)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford]]<br/>|1524|1536|end=died}}
| tenure = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| full name = 
| father = [[Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley]]
| mother = Alice St John
| birth_name = Jane Parker
| birth_date = {{circa|1505}}
| birth_place = [[Norfolk]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1542|2|13|1505|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tower of London]], England
| burial_place = [[St. Peter ad Vincula (London)|Chapel Royal of St. Peter ad Vincula]], Tower of London
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord |51.508611 |-0.076944 |type:landmark_region:GB |display=inline}}
}}

'''Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford''' ({{née|'''Parker'''}}; {{c.|1505}} – 13 February 1542) was an English noblewoman. Her husband, [[George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford]], was the brother of [[Anne Boleyn]], the second wife of King [[Henry VIII]], and a cousin to King Henry VIII's fifth wife [[Catherine Howard]], making Jane a [[cousin-in-law]]. Jane had been a member of the household of Henry's first wife, [[Catherine of Aragon]]. It is possible that she played a role in the verdicts against, and subsequent executions of, her husband and Anne Boleyn. She was later a [[lady-in-waiting]] to Henry's third and fourth wives, and then to his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, with whom she was executed.

==Early life==
Born Jane Parker, she was the daughter of [[Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley]], and Alice St. John, great-granddaughter of [[Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso]]. Through Margaret, Jane was a distant relation of King [[Henry VIII]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weir|first1=Alison|title=Henry VII: King and Court|date=18 April 2011| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SA7A89d0W2YC&q=jane+parker+cousin+henry+VIII&pg=PA248 |publisher= Random House, April 2011Page 248-249|isbn=9781446449233|access-date=1 August 2015|quote=...Jane Parker, the daughter of ....Lord Morley...a distant cousin of the King through the Beauforts...}}</ref> — specifically his half-second-cousin – and this, in turn, made her a [[Cousin|second cousin once removed]] of all of the King's children, including her niece-by-marriage, [[Elizabeth I]]. She was born in [[Norfolk]] around the year 1505; her family were wealthy, well-connected, politically active and respected members of the English nobility. Her father was an intellectual, with a great interest in culture and education.{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=120–121}} She was sent to the royal court in her early teens, certainly before her fifteenth birthday, where she joined the household of King Henry VIII's first wife, [[Katherine of Aragon]]. She is recorded as having accompanied the royal party on the state visit to France in 1520, "[[The Field of the Cloth of Gold]]".{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=16–20}}<ref>John Gough Nichols, ''Chronicle of Calais'' (London: Camden Society, 1846), p. 25.</ref>
[[File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Unknown woman formerly known as Catherine Howard RL 12218.jpg|thumb|Unknown woman]]
Although it has long been supposed that nothing is recorded of Jane's appearance (and there is no surviving portrait that can be identified as her), her biographer [[Julia Fox (author)|Julia Fox]], in ''Jane Boleyn: The Infamous Lady Rochford'', suggests that there is a very remote chance that a [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Holbein]] painting represents a likeness of Jane. Meanwhile, she considers "the best impression we can have of Jane Rochford is Holbein’s drawings of an unknown woman in Tudor dress" (pp.&nbsp;317–319). She was probably considered attractive, given that she was chosen to appear as one of the lead actresses/dancers in the prestigious ''Château Vert'' masquerade at Court in 1522. The seven performers were selected from the ladies of court in large part for their attractiveness, including the King's sister [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary Tudor]], Dowager Queen of France. Two of the other performers included Jane's future sisters-in-law, [[Anne Boleyn|Anne]] and [[Mary Boleyn]].{{sfn|Fox|2008|p=28}}

==Marriage==
[[File:Jane Boleyn Rochford signature.jpeg|thumb|Lady Rochford's signature]]
In late 1524 or early 1525, she was married to [[George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford|George Boleyn (later Viscount Rochford)]], brother of Anne Boleyn, who later became the second queen of Henry VIII. At this stage, however, Anne was not completely attached to the King, although she was already one of the leaders of fashionable society.{{sfn|Warnicke|1991|p=59}}

As a wedding present, King Henry gave Jane and George [[Grimston Manor]] in [[Norfolk]].{{sfn|Weir|2011b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M1yHXitDdyQC&pg=159 159]}} Since she gained the [[courtesy title]] of Viscountess Rochford in 1529 when her husband was made a viscount, she was usually known at court (and by subsequent historians) as "Lady Rochford". As the Boleyn family's wealth and influence increased, the couple were given the [[Palace of Beaulieu]] in Essex as their chief residence, which George and Jane decorated with a lavish chapel, a tennis court, a bathroom with hot-and-cold running water, imported carpets, mahogany furniture and their own large collection of silverware. Their marital bed was draped in [[cloth of gold]] with a white satin canopy, linen quilts and a yellow counterpane.{{sfn|Bruce|1972|p=35}}{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=137–139}} Beaulieu had initially belonged to the Boleyns as one of their country retreats{{sfn|Bruce|1972|p=33}} before they sold it to the King, who spent over £17,000 lavishly refurbishing and expanding it. In the early 1530s, it became the main residence of his eldest daughter, [[Mary I of England|Mary]], but when she was banished to [[Hatfield House]], Viscount Rochford was given the house to live in, although the deeds were never formally signed over.

Traditionally, George and Jane's marriage has been portrayed as an unhappy one. One modern historian has suggested that George was homosexual.{{sfn|Warnicke|1991|pp=215–217}} British historian [[Alison Weir]] concludes that the marriage was unhappy, principally because of George, although she concludes that the exact nature of his sexuality is difficult to ascertain: "[A] talented young man&nbsp;... he was very good-looking and very promiscuous. In fact, according to George Cavendish, he lived in 'bestial' fashion, forcing widows, deflowering virgins&nbsp;... [and] it has been suggested he indulged in homosexual activity too, but there is no evidence for this, although he may well have committed buggery with female partners."{{sfn|Weir|2011a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SA7A89d0W2YC&pg=248 248]}} Julia Fox, Jane's most recent biographer, disagrees with both arguments, concluding that the exact nature of the marriage is unclear but suggesting that it was by no means unhappy.{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=33–44}}

The exact nature of her relationship with her royal sister-in-law Anne is not clear either, and there is no evidence as to what she thought of her other sister-in-law, Mary Boleyn, who had been at court with Jane since they were both teenagers. It has been historically assumed that Jane was not overly fond of Anne, allegedly because of Jane's jealousy of her.

===Role in husband's execution===
After 11 years of marriage, George Boleyn was arrested in May 1536 and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]], accused of having had sexual intercourse with his sister Queen Anne. [[Elizabeth Somerset, Countess of Worcester (lady-in-waiting)|Elizabeth Somerset, Countess of Worcester]], is said by contemporaries to have provided the evidence against the Queen and her brother. There was no truth in these rumours, according to the vast majority of contemporary witnesses, but they provided the legal pretext that the Boleyns' enemies needed to bring about the execution of Lord Rochford. Jane was mentioned only once during the trials, when George Boleyn was asked if the Queen had relayed information about Henry's sexual troubles to her.
[[File:Anne boleyn.jpg|thumb|[[Anne Boleyn]], Jane Boleyn's sister-in-law and queen of England, Henry VIII's second wife]]
The first mention of any tensions between Jane and her husband came long after their deaths, when [[George Wyatt (writer)|George Wyatt]] called her "wicked wife, accuser of her own husband, even to the seeking of his own blood,"{{sfn|Norton|2011|p=24}}{{sfn|Wyatt|1968}} in his biography of Queen Anne, but this view would have been informed by the later [[Catherine Howard]] episode, when both she and the Queen were executed for treason, and Wyatt's own attempts to exonerate the late Queen Anne. Subsequent generations of historians also believed that Jane's testimony against her husband and sister-in-law in 1536 was motivated by spite rather than any actual belief in their guilt, hence her generally unfavourable historical reputation. A century later, an historian asserted that Jane had testified against them because of her "inveterate hatred" of Queen Anne, which sprang from envy of Anne's superior social skills and George's preference for his sister's company to that of his wife.{{sfn|Heylyn 2|1660|pp=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_a6mZ0Ly6Pk4C/page/n94 91–93]}} This assertion is not consistent with the records of the period; not only is there no mention of any serious rift between the couple (and the few mentions of their marriage imply at least a tolerable relationship), but by the time of the death of [[Jane Seymour]], Jane Rochford had already rebuilt her reputation at court and been one of the Queen's chief mourners. Georgian and Victorian histories pointed to Jane's execution in 1542 to suggest that moral justice had triumphed because "the infamous Lady Rochford&nbsp;... justly deserved her fate for the concern which she had in bringing Anne Boleyn, as well as her own husband, to the block".{{sfn|Gairdner|1885|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/dictionarynatio43stepgoog#page/n440/mode/2up 427]}} This view of Jane as accuser, despite lacking historical proof, gained traction after her death, and was popularised by subsequent historians.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

This negative view of Jane was rejected by her biographer, [[Julia Fox (author)|Julia Fox]], who believes that Jane actually enjoyed a warm and supportive relationship with Queen Anne and that terror of the palace coup against the Boleyns in 1536 provoked Jane's testimony, which in any case was twisted by the family's enemies. In her 2007 book, Fox writes:
{{blockquote|Jane Rochford found herself dragged into a maelstrom of intrigue, innuendo and speculation. For when the King's chief minister [[Thomas Cromwell|Cromwell]] sent for Jane, he already had much of what he needed, not only to bring down Anne and her circle, but to make possible the King's marriage to [[Jane Seymour]]&nbsp;... Faced with such relentless, incessant questions, which she had no choice but to answer, Jane would have searched her memory for every tiny incident that occurred to her&nbsp;... Jane had not been quick to tell tales, but she had buckled under the pressure of relentless questioning&nbsp;... And it was her weakness under interrogation that gave her future detractors—happy to find a scapegoat to exonerate the King from the heinous charge of callously killing his innocent wife—the ammunition to maintain that it was her evidence that had fooled Henry and destroyed Anne and George&nbsp;...{{sfn|Fox|2008|pp=190–191, 324}}}}

==Widowhood==
George Boleyn was beheaded on [[Tower Hill]] on 17 May 1536. His final speech was chiefly concerned with promoting his new-found [[Protestant]] faith. Four other men were executed alongside him, also accused of having been Anne's lovers. Only one, [[Mark Smeaton]], a musician, had confessed, and it was reported that he had been savagely tortured into doing so.{{sfn|Starkey|2004|p=569}} Members of the aristocracy and gentry could not legally be tortured. Anne was executed two days later, beheaded by a French swordsman, on [[Tower Green]]. Anne's poise and courage at the scaffold were much commented upon, and public opinion in the weeks and months after often "made of Anne a persecuted heroine, bright with promise and goodness as a young woman, beautiful and elegant."{{sfn|Erickson|1984|p=259}} It is not known whether Jane witnessed the execution of either her husband or her sister-in-law, but the posthumous sympathy Anne aroused in many meant that many of those linked to her fall were cast in the roles of villains. According to Julia Fox, this explains how Jane's actions were construed as being those of a cruel and jealous intriguer.{{sfn|Fox|2008|p=324}}

The immediate aftermath of the fall of the Boleyns was hard for her, both socially and financially. The lands which the Boleyns had built up during Anne Boleyn's reign and over the previous four generations, including the titles [[Earl of Wiltshire]] and [[Earl of Ormond (Ireland)|Earl of Ormond]], were to pass through the male line only, and thus were lost to the family with George's death. Jane continued to use the [[courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|courtesy]] title of Viscountess Rochford but without a son she could not benefit from what remained of the Boleyn family fortune. (Modern rumours that [[George Boleyn, Dean of Lichfield]], a colourful character, was the child of Jane and George are now thought to be false.){{sfn|Fox|2008|p=214}}

===Later political intrigues===
[[File:Hans Holbein the Younger (workshop) - Portrait of a Young Woman (Metropolitan Museum of Art).JPG|thumb|[[Katherine Howard]], Jane Boleyn's cousin-in-law and queen of England, Henry VIII's fifth wife]]
After her husband's execution, Lady Rochford was absent from court for several months. She spent this time securing her financial position by negotiations with her father-in-law, [[Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire|Sir Thomas Boleyn]], but mainly with Thomas Cromwell. The Boleyns eventually allocated her an annual pension of £100, precisely what they had given Mary Boleyn when she had been widowed eight years earlier.{{sfn|Fox|2008|p=218}} It was much less than her previous income, but it was enough to keep her as a noblewoman, which was essential for her return to court, something Jane worked doggedly for. It is unknown when she returned to court, but she was a lady-in-waiting to Queen [[Jane Seymour]], so she probably returned within a year of her husband's death.{{sfn|Fox|2008|p=219}} As a viscountess, she was allowed to bring a number of her own servants with her, lodge in the King's palaces, and be addressed as "Lady Rochford".{{sfn|Fox|2008|p=228}}

Following Jane Seymour's death, the King subsequently married [[Anne of Cleves]], a German princess recommended by Cromwell. However, Henry soon wanted to be rid of Anne, and sought an [[annulment]]. In July 1540, Lady Rochford testified that the Queen had confided in her that the marriage had never been consummated. This allowed the King to annul the marriage and marry Katherine Howard, who was related to the Boleyn family through the Howards.

Lady Rochford kept her post as lady-in-waiting, now to Queen Katherine. Queen Katherine's past indiscretions were uncovered in the autumn of 1541, and her private life was investigated. The Queen was first detained in her apartments and then placed under house arrest at [[Syon Abbey]], a disused convent. Her confidantes and favourites were questioned and their rooms searched. Lady Rochford was herself detained for questioning, implicated in arranging meetings between the Queen and [[Thomas Culpeper]]. {{Citation needed|reason=last two paragraphs need referencing|date=May 2023}} Jane Rochford was interviewed on 13 November 1541.

After her arrest, an inventory was made over her possessions.<ref>P.R.O. S.P. 1/167/163-163v</ref>

===Downfall and execution===
[[File:Tower of London scaffold.jpg|thumb|Sign at the scaffold of the [[Tower of London]] marking Lady Rochford's place of execution.]]
During her imprisonment in the Tower, Lady Rochford was interrogated but was not tortured. However, she seems to have suffered a nervous breakdown and by the beginning of 1542 was pronounced insane.{{sfn|Weir|2011a|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SA7A89d0W2YC&pg=455 455–456]}} Her "fits of frenzy" meant that legally she could not stand trial for her role in facilitating the Queen's alleged adultery, but since he was determined to have her punished, the King implemented a law which allowed the execution of the insane for high treason.{{sfn|Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII|loc=17, [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76642 124]}}{{sfn|Calendar of State Papers, Spain|loc=6(1), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=88062 232]}} Jane was thus condemned to death by an [[Bill of attainder|Act of Attainder]], and the execution date was set for 13 February 1542, the same day as Queen Katherine's execution.

The Queen died first, apparently in a weak physical state, although she was not hysterical. Jane was then escorted from her lodgings to the scaffold where she spoke before kneeling on the just-used scaffold. Despite her nervous collapse over the previous months, she was calm and dignified and both women won mild posthumous approval for their behaviour. One eyewitness, a merchant named Ottwell Johnson, wrote that their 'souls [must] be with God, for they made the most godly and Christian end.'{{sfn|Ellis II|1825|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/originalletters08elligoog#page/n148/mode/2up 128–129]}}{{sfn|Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII|loc=17, [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76641 106]}} The French ambassador [[Charles de Marillac]] merely stated that Jane gave a 'long discourse'; Johnson says that she apologised for her 'many sins', but neither man's account supports the later legend that she spoke at length about her late husband or sister-in-law.

Jane was beheaded with a single blow of the axe and was buried in the [[church of St Peter ad Vincula]] within the Tower of London alongside Queen Katherine, close to the bodies of Anne Boleyn and Jane's husband George Boleyn.

==Genealogical table==
{{Chart top|Jane Boleyn's relatives (selective chart)}}
{{tree chart/start}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |CN|y|RP| | | | |RM|y|EdR| | | | |OsJ|y|MB|y|JB| |OT|y|CdF|y|HV
|CN=[[Cecily Neville, Duchess of York|Cecily Neville<br /><small>1415 – 1495</small>]]
|RP=[[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York<br /><small>1411 – 1460</small>]]
|RM=[[Robert Morley, 6th Baron Morley|Robert Morley<br /><small>1418 – 1442</small>]]
|EdR=[[Elizabeth de Ros|Elizabeth de Ros<br /><small>c. 1418 – </small>]]
|OsJ=[[Oliver St John of Bletsoe|Oliver St John<br /><small>C. 1400 - 1437</small>]]
|MB=[[Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso|Margaret Beauchamp<br /><small>C. 1410 - 1482</small>]]
|JB=[[John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset|John Beaufort<br /><small>1403 – 1444</small>]]
|OT=[[Owen Tudor|Owen Tudor<br /><small>c. 1400 – 1461</small>]]
|CdF=[[Catherine of Valois|Catherine of Valois<br /><small>c. 1401 – 1437</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
|HV=[[Henry V of England|Henri V<br /><small>c. 1386 – 1422</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]]
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|+|-|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |`|.| | |`|.| | | |,|-|-|'| | | |!| | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1|R3|E4|EdY|y|JdP| |AM|y|WL| |AB|y|JsJ| |MB|y|ET| | | | |HVI
|R3=[[Richard III of England|Richard III<br /><small>1452 – 1485</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]]
|E4=[[Edward IV of England|Edward IV<br /><small>1442 – 1483</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]] 
|EdY=[[Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk|Elizabeth of York<br /><small>1444 – 1503</small>]]
|JdP=[[John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk|John de la Pole<br /><small>1442 – 1492</small>]]
|AM=[[Alianore Lovel, 7th Baroness Morley|Alianore Morley<br /><small>c. 1442 - 1476</small>]]
|WL=[[William Lovel, 7th Baron Morley|William Lovel<br /><small>c. 1433 - 1476</small>]]
|AB=[[Alice Bradshaw|Alice Bradshaw<br /><small>1426 – 1511</small>]]
|JsJ=[[John St. John (1426–1488)|John St. John<br /><small>1426 – 1488</small>]]
|MB=[[Lady Margaret Beaufort|Margaret Beaufort<br /><small>1443 – 1509</small>]]
|ET=[[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond|Edmond Tudor<br /><small>1430 – 1456</small>]]
|HVI=[[Henry VI of England|Henri VI<br /><small>c. 1386 – 1422</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]]
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |`|.| | | |,|-|-|(| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |TH2|y|ET| |EdlP|~|HL|AL|y|WP| |JsJ|y|SVM| |H7|y|EY
|TH2=[[Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk|Thomas Howard<br /><small>C. 1443 – 1524</small>]]
|ET=[[Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey|Elizabeth Tilney<br /><small>1446 – 1497</small>]]
|EdlP=[[Elizabeth de la Pole (1468–1489)|Elizabeth de la Pole<br /><small>c. 1468 – 1489</small>]]
|HL=[[Henry Lovel, 8th Baron Morley|Henry Lovel<br /><small>1466 – 1489</small>]]
|AL=[[Alice Parker, 9th Baroness Morley|Alice Lovel<br /><small>C. 1463 – 1518</small>]]
|WP=[[William Parker, 9th baron Morley|William Parker<br /><small>C. 1465 – 1510</small>]]
|JsJ=[[John St. John of Blestose|John St. John<br /><small>1450– 1525</small>]]
|SVM=[[Sybil verch Morgan|Sybil verch Morgan<br /><small>C. 1450 – ?</small>]]
|H7=[[Henry VII of England|Henry VII<br /><small>1457 – 1509</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]]
|EY=[[Elizabeth of York|Elizabeth of York<br /><small>1466 – 1503</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |`|-|-|.| | | |,|'| | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.| }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |EmH|y|JC| |EH|y|TB| |AdsJ|~|HP|y|AsJ| |AT|~|CA|y|H8|~|~|7|MT|TB=[[Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire|Thomas Boleyn<br /><small>c. 1477 – 1539</small>]]
|JC=[[Joyce Culpeper|Joyce Culpeper<br /><small>c. 1480 – 1528</small>]]
|EmH=[[Lord Edmund Howard|Edmund Howard<br /><small>c. 1478 – 1539</small>]]
|EH=[[Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire|Elizabeth Howard<br /><small>c. 1480 – 1538</small>]]
|AdsJ=[[Alice St John|Alice St John<br /><small>c. 1460 – ?</small>]]
|HP=[[Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley|Henry Parker<br /><small>c. 1486 – 1556</small>]]
|AsJ=[[Alice St. John|Alice St. John<br /><small>c. 1484 – 1552</small>]]
|AT=[[Arthur Tudor|Arthur Tudor<br /><small>1486 – 1502</small>]]
|CA=[[Katherine of Aragon|Catalina d'Aragon<br /><small>1485 – 1536</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
|H8=[[Henry VIII|Henry VIII<br /><small>1491 – 1547</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]]
|MT=[[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Marie Tudor<br /><small>1496 – 1533</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal Crown of France.svg|20px]]
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|!|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|!|-|:|-|.| |:| | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |CH| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JB|~|GB| |MB| | |!| |E|AB|E|JS|GB=[[George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford|George Boleyn<br /><small>C. 1503 - 1536</small>]]
||CH=[[Katherine Howard|Katherine Howard<br /><small>C. 1524 – 1542</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
|JB=Jane Boleyn<br /><small>c. 1505 - 1542</small>
| boxstyle_JB=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
|MB=[[Mary Boleyn|Mary Boleyn<br /><small>C. 1499 - 1543</small>]]
|AB=[[Anne Boleyn|Anne Boleyn<br /><small>C. 1501 – 1536</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
|JS=[[Jane Seymour|Jane Seymour<br /><small>C. 1508 – 1537</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| |!|| | |!| | | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |M1| |E1| |E7
|M1=[[Mary I of England|Mary I<br /><small>1516 - 1558</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
|E1=[[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth I<br /><small>1533 - 1603</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown_curved.svg|20px]]
|E7=[[Edward VI|Edward VI<br /><small>1537 - 1553</small>]]<br />[[File:Royal_crown.svg|20px]]
}}

{{tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==In fiction and media==

===Literature===
Lady Rochford has appeared in numerous novels, especially those on Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. ''Vengeance Is Mine'' by Brandy Purdy is written from Lady Rochford's viewpoint. She also features in [[Robin Maxwell (author)|Robin Maxwell]]'s ''The Secret Diary of Anne Boleyn'', [[Suzannah Dunn]]'s ''The Queen of Subtleties'' and briefly in [[Margaret George]]'s ''The Autobiography of Henry VIII''. Jane's character is also mentioned in Wendy J. Dunn's ''Dear Heart, How Like You This?'' which is based on the life of the poet [[Thomas Wyatt (poet)|Thomas Wyatt]]. Rochford is a minor character in ''[[Sovereign (Sansom novel)|Sovereign]]'', the third instalment of [[C. J. Sansom]]'s Shardlake series of murder mystery novels. A larger role is given to Lady Rochford in [[Jean Plaidy]]'s novel ''The Rose Without a Thorn.'' Jane Rochford also appears in the Thomas Cromwell trilogy ''Wolf Hall'' by [[Hilary Mantel]].

<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:The Boleyn Inheritance.jpg|thumb|250 px|''The Boleyn Inheritance'' by Philippa Gregory, one of several novels based on Jane's life]] -->
Jane appears in the historical novel ''[[The Other Boleyn Girl]]'' by [[Philippa Gregory]], which tells the story of her other sister-in-law, [[Mary Boleyn]]. One of its sequels is ''[[The Boleyn Inheritance]]'', which casts Lady Rochford as one of its lead characters and its central villain. It details the final three years of her life and her involvement with Anne of Cleves and Katherine Howard. The sequel of ''[[The Other Boleyn Girl]], Boleyn Traitor has Jane as the main character. The Raven's Widow'' by Adrienne Dillard takes a much different tack to previous portrayals. Lady Rochford is shown as a beloved wife and close friend to the Boleyns, her later role in the relationship between Katherine Howard and Thomas Culpeper coming about because of the trauma of her husband's death and the knowledge that disobedience comes at a price.

===Film and TV===
In the 1970 BBC series ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (BBC TV series)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]'' starring [[Keith Michell]] as Henry, [[Sheila Burrell]] portrayed Lady Rochford.

In the 2003 TV drama ''[[Henry VIII (TV serial)|Henry VIII]]'', Lady Rochford was played by [[Kelly Hunter]]. In the film [[The Other Boleyn Girl (2008 film)|adaptation]] of Philippa Gregory's novel ''The Other Boleyn Girl'', Jane Boleyn (played by [[Juno Temple]]) was a minor character. In both these representations, Jane was shown as being a political tool in the hands of her husband's uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, although the presentation of her in ''The Other Boleyn Girl'' was more sympathetic. In the 2003 [[The Other Boleyn Girl (2003 film)|TV adaptation of Gregory's novel]], Jane was played by Zoe Waites.

Jane is also represented in seasons two to four of the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[The Tudors]],'' by [[Joanne King]] with [[Padraic Delaney]] playing her husband George. In this version, their marriage is miserable, with both pressured into it by their parents and Jane finding it increasingly humiliating to put up with her husband's affair with Mark Smeaton. They are shown frequently arguing and there is one incident of marital rape. However, Jane is not shown as hating Anne and so her betrayal of the Boleyns is motivated by her hatred of George. She befriends Jane Seymour when she becomes Queen, is made her lady-in-waiting and remains a close friend until Queen Jane's death. She remains chief lady-in-waiting, first to Anne of Cleves and then Katherine Howard. She eventually enters into a sexual relationship with [[Thomas Culpeper]], for which there is no known historical basis. She facilitates the affair between Culpeper and Katherine, motivated both by a desire to keep Culpeper (who has a pathological obsession with the young Queen) and out of contempt for Katherine.

In ''[[Wolf Hall (TV series)|Wolf Hall]]'', a TV mini-series adaptation of [[Wolf Hall|the historical novel]] by Hilary Mantel, she was played by [[Jessica Raine]]. Her portrayal, while consistent with negative depictions of her, also stems from the disrespect and neglect she is shown experiencing from both Anne and George Boleyn, which makes her a ready accomplice to the intrigues of Thomas Cromwell.

In ''[[Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light]]'', she was played by [[Lydia Leonard]]. Lydia Leonard starred in the stage adaptation of Hilary Mantel's ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]''.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite ODNB |last= Block |first= Joseph S. |year=2004 |title=Boleyn, George, Viscount Rochford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2793}}
* {{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Marie Louise |year=1972 |title=Anne Boleyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqAhAQAAIAAJ |location=London |publisher=Collins |isbn=0002110482 }}
* {{cite web|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/catalogue.aspx?gid=136&type=3 |access-date=3 May 2014 |ref={{sfnref|Calendar of State Papers, Spain}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cherry |first1=Clare |last2=Ridgway |first2=Claire |author-link2=Claire Ridgway |year=2014 |title=George Boleyn: Tudor Poet, Courtier & Diplomat
|publisher=MadeGlobal Publishing |isbn=978-8493746452 |ref={{sfnref|Cherry & Ridgway|2014}}}} 
*{{Cite book |last=Cokayne |first=George Edward |author-link=George Cokayne |year=1945 |title=The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Extant, Extinct or Dormant |location=London |publisher=St. Catherine Press |volume=X |pages=137–142 |ref={{sfnref|Cokayne X|1949}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Cokayne |first=George Edward |title=The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Extant, Extinct or Dormant |volume=XI |editor-last=White |editor-first=Geoffrey H. |publisher=St. Catherine Press |location=London |year=1949 |page=51 |ref={{sfnref|Cokayne XI|1949}}}}
*{{Cite ODNB |last=Davies |first=Catherine |year=2004 |title=Boleyn [''née'' Parker], Jane, Viscountess Rochford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70799}}
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Ellis (librarian) |title=Original Letters Illustrative of English History |series=Second Series |url=https://archive.org/stream/originalletters08elligoog#page/n6/mode/2up |volume=II |location=London |publisher=Harding and Lepard |year=1825 |edition=2nd |ref={{sfnref|Ellis II|1825}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Carolly |author-link=Carolly Erickson |year=1984 |title=Mistress Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/mistressanne00eric |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Summit Books |isbn=9780671417475 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Julia |author-link1=Julia Fox (author) |year=2008 |title=Jane Boleyn: The Infamous Lady Rochford |location=London |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-7538-2386-6 }}
* {{cite DNB |last=Gairdner |first=James |author-link=James Gairdner |title=Anne (1507–1536) |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionarynatio43stepgoog#page/n438/mode/2up |volume=1|pages=425–429 |no-icon=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Heylyn |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heylin |year=1660 |title=Ecclesiae Restaurata; or, the History of the Reformation of the Church of England: Containing the Biginning, Progress, and Successes of It; ... from the First Preparations to it by King Henry the Eight, {{Not a typo|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_a6mZ0Ly6Pk4C |Unt|ill}} the Legal Settling, and Establishment of it Under Queen Elizabeth: Together ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6mZ0Ly6Pk4C |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Printed for H. Twyford, T. Dring, J. Place, W. Palmer |ref={{sfnref|Heylyn 2|1660}}}}
* {{Cite ODNB |last=Ives |first=E. W. |author-link=Eric Ives |year=2004 |title=Anne [Anne Boleyn] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/557}}
* {{cite web |title=Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/catalogue.aspx?gid=126&type=3 |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |access-date=3 May 2014 |ref={{sfnref|Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Norton |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Norton |year=2011 |title=Anne Boleyn: In Her Own Words & the Words of Those Who Knew Her |location=Stroud |publisher=Amberley |isbn=9781445600437 }}
* {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Douglas |editor-last=Everingham |editor-first=Kimball G. |year=2011 |title=Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families |edition=2nd |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1461045137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjme027UeagC |ref={{sfnref|Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry I|2011}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Starkey |first=David |author-link=David Starkey |year=2004 |title=Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbMJ7MknaMQC |location=London |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |isbn=9780099437246 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Warnicke |first=Retha M. |author-link=Retha Warnicke |year=1991|title=The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: family politics at the court of Henry VIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iUIzcXV4toC |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0521406773 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |author-link=Alison Weir |year=2011|title=Henry VIII: King and Court |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SA7A89d0W2YC |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=9781446449233 |ref={{sfnref|Weir|2011a}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |year=2011|title=The Six Wives of Henry VIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1yHXitDdyQC |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781446449097 |ref={{sfnref|Weir|2011b}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Wyatt |first=George |author-link=George Wyatt (writer) |editor-last=Loades |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Loades |year=1968 |title=The Papers of George Wyatt Esquire, of Boxley Abbey in the County of Kent, Son and Heir of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AUpAAAAYAAJ |series=Camden Fourth Series |volume=5 |others=Edited for the Royal Historical Society by D. M. Loades |location=London |publisher=Offices of the [[Royal Historical Society]] |isbn=9780901050014 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rochford, Jane Boleyn, Viscountess}}
[[Category:English courtesy viscountesses|Rochford]]
[[Category:Executed people from Norfolk]]
[[Category:Executions at the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:1500s births]]
[[Category:1542 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed English women]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Privy Chamber]]
[[Category:16th-century English women]]
[[Category:16th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:People executed under the Tudors for treason against England]]
[[Category:Boleyn family|Jane]]
[[Category:Parker family|Jane]]
[[Category:People executed by Tudor England by decapitation]]
[[Category:People executed under Henry VIII]]
[[Category:Daughters of barons]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula|Rochford, Jane Boleyn, Viscountess of]]
[[Category:Household of Jane Seymour]]
[[Category:Household of Anne of Cleves]]
[[Category:Household of Catherine Howard]]
[[Category:Household of Catherine of Aragon]]
[[Category:Executed English nobility]]