View source for Jarosław

{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Yaroslavl (inhabited locality)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Jarosław
| image_skyline      = Ratusz - Jaroslaw.jpg
| image_caption      = Town Hall
| image_shield       = POL Jarosław COA alt.svg
| image_flag         = POL Jarosław flag.svg
| pushpin_map        = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| coordinates        = {{coord|50|1|7|N|22|40|47|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Podkarpackie Voivodeship|name=Subcarpathian}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Jarosław County|Jarosław]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3  = Jarosław <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_party       = [[Poland 2050|PL2050]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Marcin Nazarewicz
| established_title  = First mentioned
| established_date   = 1152
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3  = 1375
| area_total_km2     = 34.46
| population_total   = 35,475
| population_as_of   = 2023
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 37-500
| unemployment_rate  = 
| website            = https://miastojaroslaw.pl/
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| registration_plate = RJA
}}
'''Jarosław''' ({{IPA|pl|jaˈrɔswaf|lang|pl-Jarosław.ogg}}; {{langx|uk|Ярослав|Yaroslav}}, {{IPA|uk|jɐroˈslɑu̯|IPA}}; {{langx|yi|יאַרעסלאָוו|Yareslov}}; {{langx|de|Jaroslau}}) is a town in southeastern [[Poland]],{{TERYT}} situated on the [[San (river)|San River]]. The town had 35,475 inhabitants in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarosław (podkarpackie) » mapy, GUS, nieruchomości, noclegi, szkoły, atrakcje, regon, kody pocztowe, bezrobocie, wypadki drogowe, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, edukacja, tabele, demografia |url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Jaroslaw |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Polska w liczbach |language=pl}}</ref> It is the capital of [[Jarosław County]] in the [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]].

==History==
Jarosław is located in the territory of the old Polish tribe of the [[Lendians]], which became part of the emerging Polish state under [[Mieszko I]]. According to tradition, the town was established in 1031 by [[Yaroslav the Wise]], after the area was annexed from [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] by the [[Kievan Rus']], although the first confirmed mention of the town comes from 1152. The region was eventually regained by Poland, and the settlement was granted [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg town rights]] by Polish Duke [[Vladislaus II of Opole|Vladislaus II Naderspan]] in 1375.

[[File:HPIM8097.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A historical view of Jarosław on a mural in the town center]]

The city quickly developed as an important trade centre and [[port]] on the [[San River]], reaching the period of its greatest prosperity in the 16th and 17th centuries. It had [[trade route]]s linking [[Silesia]] with [[Ruthenia]], [[Gdańsk]], and [[Hungary]]. Merchants from such distant countries as [[Spain]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Finland]], [[Armenia]] and [[Iran|Persia]] arrived for the annual three-week-long [[fair]] on the [[Assumption of Mary|feast of the Assumption]]. In 1574 a [[Jesuit]] [[college]] was established in Jarosław.

Jarosław was a [[private town]] of [[szlachta|Polish nobility]], including the [[Tarnowski family|Tarnowski]], Jarosławski, [[Odrowąż family|Odrowąż]], [[Kostka family|Kostka]], [[Sieniawski (Leliwa)|Sieniawski]], [[Zamoyski family|Zamoyski]], [[Wiśniowiecki]], [[Koniecpolski]], [[House of Sobieski|Sobieski]], [[Sanguszko]] and [[Czartoryski]] families. The Jarosławski family of [[Leliwa coat of arms]] hailed from the town.

In the 1590s [[Tatars]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]] pillaged the surrounding countryside. (See [[Moldavian Magnate Wars]], ''The Magnate Wars (1593–1617), Causes''.) They were unable to overcome the city's [[fortification]]s, but their raids started to diminish the city's economic strength and importance. Outbreaks of [[bubonic plague]] in the 1620s, and the invasion known as the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish Deluge]] in 1655–60 further undermined the city's prominence. In March 1656, led by Polish national hero [[Stefan Czarniecki]], the Poles defeated the invading Swedes under King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] in the [[Battle of Jarosław (1656)|Battle of Jarosław]]. In the [[Great Northern War]] of 1700-21, the region was repeatedly pillaged by [[Russian Empire|Russian]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxon]], and [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] armies, causing the city to decline further.

After the fall of the [[Rákóczi's War of Independence]] against [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] in 1711, Hungarian leader [[Francis II Rákóczi]] and his court, including essayist [[Kelemen Mikes]], found refuge in Jarosław.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Z Bogiem za ojczyznę i wolność – o Franciszku II Rakoczym bohaterze Węgier|year=2016|language=pl|publisher=[[Museum of Independence|Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie]]|location=Warszawa|page=30|isbn=978-83-62235-88-9}}</ref> In 1711, Rákóczi and some Hungarians left for [[Gdańsk]], while some stayed, and later on, several Hungarians were buried in the local Corpus Christi Collegiate Church, before their exhumation and burial in Hungary in 1907.<ref>''Z Bogiem za ojczyznę i wolność – o Franciszku II Rakoczym bohaterze Węgier'', p. 31</ref>

In the mid-eighteenth century, Roman Catholics constituted 53.7% of the population, members of the Greek Catholic Church 23.9%, and Jews 22.3%.<ref>J. Motylkiewicz. "Ethnic Communities in the Towns of the Polish-Ukrainian Borderland in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries". C. M. Hann, P. R. Magocsi ed. ''Galicia: A Multicultured Land''. [[University of Toronto Press]]. 2005. p. 37.</ref>

Jarosław was annexed by [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] in the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772. It was part of newly formed [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] ([[Austrian Partition]]) until Poland regained independence in 1918 following World War I. In 1914, [[Russian Empire|Russian]] soldiers carried out a [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire|pogrom]]  in the town, killing more than 150 Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veidlinger |first=Jeffrey |title=In the midst of civilized Europe: the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |publisher=Picador |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-5098-6747-9 |edition= |location=London |pages=38}}</ref> In the interbellum period the city was administratively located in the Polish [[Lwów Voivodeship]].

<gallery class="center">
Jaroslaw - Rynek. 1895-1949 (69712156) (cropped).jpg|Market square, after 1895
Jaroslaw. Rynek. 1915 (69712358) (cropped).jpg|Town hall, ca 1915
Jaroslaw - Stary zamek. 1915 (69712033) (cropped).jpg|Orsetti House, ca 1915
</gallery>

During the German [[invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, which started [[World War II]], this was the site of the [[Battle of Jarosław]]. Germany defeated the Poles and captured the town. Shortly afterwards the German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe I]]'' entered the town to commit various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against the population]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=58–59}}</ref> Under [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]], the town was part of the [[Kraków District]] of the [[General Government]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 238</ref> The [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] was active in the town, and from May 1940, the underground Polish newspaper ''Odwet'' was distributed in Jarosław.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gruszczyński|first=Włodzimierz|year=2011|title=Odwet i Jędrusie|language=pl|location=[[Zagnańsk]]|page=21}}</ref>

In 1944, the town was captured by the [[Red Army]] of the Soviet Union and restored to Poland, although with a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-installed [[Communism|communist]] regime, which remained in power until the [[Fall of Communism]] in the 1980s. Some local Polish resistance officers were arrested by the Soviets and imprisoned in a Soviet camp in [[Trzebuska]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kalisz|first=Michał|year=2009|title=Rzeszowska Golgota|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=4 (99)|page=85|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> The communists expelled most of Jarosław's Ukrainian population, at first to [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] territories and later to [[Recovered Territories|territories regained from Germany]].

It was administratively located in the [[Rzeszów Voivodeship]] (1945–1974) and [[Przemyśl Voivodeship]] (1975–1998).

==Jewish Jarosław==
[[File:Big Synagogue in Jarosław (6).jpg|thumb|Great Synagogue, 2022]]
The first Jews reportedly arrived in Jarosław in 1464. The first rabbi of Jarosław was Rabbi Nathan Neta Ashkenazi, in 1590. A year later, the new [[Council of Four Lands]] (Vaad Arba Aratzot) began convening in Jarosław, rotating the meetings with the city of [[Lwów]] (Lviv). 
 
Until 1608 with a small Jewish community, religious facilities were not allowed. Still, Rabbi Solomon Efraim of Lontschitz (the author of "Kli Yakar"), a prominent and well known rabbi, lived here. By 1670 there was a large "government" synagogue created, although protested by the Christian community of the city. During attacks on the city by Tatars and Swedes, Jewish merchandise and sometimes homes were set on fire. In 1765, there were 1,884 Jews in the city and towns around it. A Jewish school was established sometime later. The famous rabbi Levi Isaac of [[Berdyczów]] (Berdychiv) studied in Jarosław circa 1760 and was called "the genius of Yeruslav". A fire in 1805 burnt down the old synagogue and a new one was established more according to tradition to replace it. The new synagogue was completed in 1811. A census taken in 1901 notes that Jews were 25% of the population: 5701 Jewish families.

In a story about [[Jacob Kranc]] told by Rabbi Jacob Orenstein around 1850, about the appointment of the Jarosław rabbi, Rabbi Orenstein had refused the appointment of Rabbi of Jarosław because it would be against his old uncle's appointment. The city council had already written his appointment and wished to express their sorrow for its cancellation. The [[Jacob ben Wolf Kranz|Dubner Magid]] had just entered the city on a snowy winter day, and was taken directly to Orenstein's house, together with the city council, who happened to pass by him. But the walk up the steps was enough to create a moving speech, remembered years later, and accounted for in the book.

In 1921 the last rabbi was appointed, Rabbi Shmaiya HaLevi Steinberg. He wrote a book about the Jews of his town, and in the 1930s sent two copies to the [[National Library of Israel|National Hebrew Library]] in [[Jerusalem]]. These copies are the only surviving copies of the book after the [[Holocaust]].

In September 1939, Jarosław was captured by Germans. Most of the Jews crossed the [[San (river)|San]] river to the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Soviet-occupied part of Poland]] and hid in the Carpathian mountains, including the elder rabbi and his family. Those that stayed were shot and killed by the German soldiers.

==Sights==
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
| image1 = Studnia Jarosław.jpg 
| image2 = Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica in Jarosław (4).jpg
| image3 = Kamienica Orsettich - Jaroslaw.jpg
| image4 = Jaroslaw klasztor benedyktynek z ul Kasztelanskiej.jpg
| footer = Left to right: Market Square well, Dominican Church, Orsetti Museum, fortified Benedictine Monastery
}}
===Landmarks===
* Kraków Gate and old fortifications
* Main Square
* City Hall
* Municipal Cultural Centre, former seat of the [[Polish Sokół movement|"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society]]
* Old market hall
* Pełkinie Palace
* Rydzikowska house 
* [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] Orsetti Museum 
* Attavanti House, now the Center for Culture and City Promotion
* Gruszewiczowska House
* [[Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien|Queen Marie]]'s House
* Renaissance Collegiate Church of Corpus Christi, the oldest former [[Jesuit]] church in Poland
* Benedictine Abbey
* [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] Basilica of Our Lady of Sorrows
* Dominican Monastery
* Baroque Church of the Holy Trinity
* Baroque Church of the Holy Spirit
* Old Synagogue
* Small Synagogue
* [[Modern architecture|Modernist]] railway station building

==Sports==
[[File:Pogon Jaroslaw 1909.jpg|thumb|Footballers of [[JKS 1909 Jarosław]] in 1909]]
Jarosław is a town with a long sports history. In 1889, a branch of the [[Polish Sokół movement|"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society]] was founded in Jarosław. Nowadays, the town's most notable sports club are:
* [[JKS 1909 Jarosław]], one of the region's oldest [[Association football|football]] teams, which competes in the lower leagues
* [[Znicz Jarosław]], men's [[basketball]] team, which competed in the [[Polish Basketball League]] (country's top division) in the past, most recently in the 2009–10 season
* [[JKS Jarosław (handball)|JKS Jarosław]], women's [[handball]] team, which competes in the [[Polish Women's Superliga (women's handball)|Polish Women's Superliga]] (country's top division)
* San Jarosław, women's [[volleyball]] team, which competes in the I liga (second division)
{{clear|left}}

==Notable people==
{{Category see also|People from Jarosław}}
{| width="98%"
|-
|valign="top" width="46%"|
* [[Harry Abend]] (1937–2021), Polish-born Venezuelan sculptor and architect
* [[Arkadiusz Baran]] (born 1979), Polish football player 
* [[Stanisław Marcin Badeni]] (1850–1912), Polish politician and a statesman of Austro-Hungarian Galicia
* [[Michał Boym]] (1612–1659), Polish Jesuit missionary to China
* [[Wiktor Brillant]] (1877–1942), Polish pharmacist
* [[Edmond Wilhelm Brillant]] (1916–2004), Polish-born Israeli naval architect
* [[Salomon Buber]] (1827–1906), Jewish Galician scholar
* [[Antoni Chruściel]] (1895–1960), Polish military officer, commander of all the armed forces of the [[Warsaw Uprising]] of 1944
* [[Stefan Czarniecki]] (1599–1665), Polish nobleman, general and military commander
* [[Simon Dubnow]] (1860–1941), Jewish-born Russian historian, writer and activist
* [[Aleksander Fredro]] (1793–1876), Polish poet, playwright and author of the [[Romanticism|Romantic Era]]
* [[Mieczysław Gębarowicz]] (1893–1984), Polish art historian, soldier, dissident, museum director and custodian of cultural heritage
* [[Mieczysław Golba]] (born 1966), Polish politician
* [[Jerzy Hordyński]] (1919–1998), Polish poet and writer
* [[Mieczysław Kasprzak]] (born 1953), Polish politician
* [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] (1595–1657), Ukrainian Hetman of the [[Zaporozhian Host]], national hero of Ukraine
* [[Władysław Koba]] (1914-1949), Polish military officer
* [[Roman Kudlyk]] (1941–2019), Ukrainian poet and writing critic
* [[Dov Lior]] (born 1933), Israeli Orthodox rabbi
* [[Siegfried Lipiner]] (1856–1911), Austrian writer and poet 
|valign="top"|
* [[Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski]] (1648–1706), Polish noble, magnate, politician and military commander
* [[Konstanty Jacek Lubomirski]] (1620–1663) was a Polish nobleman
* [[Stanyslav Lyudkevych]] (1879–1979), Ukrainian composer, theorist, teacher, and musical activist
* [[Stanisław Maczek]] (1892–1994) Polish general, tank commander of [[World War II]], whose division was instrumental in the [[Operation Overlord|Allied liberation of France]]
* [[Jakub Mareczko]] (born 1994), Italian cyclist of Polish descent
* [[Rostislav Mikhailovich]] (1225–1262), Rus' prince
* [[Jerzy Mniszech]] (c. 1548–1613), Polish nobleman and diplomat
* [[Zofia Odrowąż]] (1537–1580), Polish noblewoman
* [[Anna Alojza Ostrogska]] (1600–1654), Polish–Lithuanian noblewoman
* [[Josef Pomiankowski]] (1866–1929), Austro-Hungarian Marshal and later General of Polish Army
* [[Lionel S. Reiss]] (1894–1988), Polish-American Jewish painter
* [[Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma]] (1891–1948), German army officer
* [[Moses Schorr]] (1874–1941), rabbi, Polish historian, politician, Bible scholar, assyriologist and orientalist
* [[Arieh Sharon]] (1900–1984), Israeli architect
* [[Franciszek Siarczyński]] (1758–1829), Polish Roman Catholic priest
* [[Piotr Skarga]] (1536–1612), Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist
* [[Janina Skirlińska]] (1907–1993), Polish artistic gymnast
* [[Sam Spiegel]] (1901–1985), Austro-Polish-born American independent film producer
* [[Joseph Wilf]] (1925–2016), Polish-born American businessman<ref name="njjewishnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://njjewishnews.com/article/31791/joseph-wilf-benefactor-visionary-dies-at-91|title=Joseph Wilf, 'visionary' benefactor, dies at 91|website=New Jersey Jewish News - NJJN|access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>
* [[Yaroslav I the Wise]] (978–1054), Grand Prince of [[Veliky Novgorod]] and [[Kiev]]
* [[Mordecai Yoffe]] (1530–1612), a Rabbi
* [[Bogdan Zając]] (born 1972), Polish footballer 
* [[Andrzej Tomasz Zapałowski]] (born 1966), Polish politician
|}

==Twin towns - sister cities==
Jarosław is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Twin">''{{cite web|url=http://www.jaroslaw.pl/miasta-partnerskie|title=Jarosław Official website - Partner Cities|publisher=[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|border|8px]]{{fontcolor|Green|(in}} [[Polish language|{{fontcolor|Green|Polish}}]]) [[copyright|©]] 2008 Urząd Miasta Jarosław. Ul. Rynek 1, 37-500 Jarosław|access-date=2008-10-23}}''</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Michalovce]] in [[Slovakia]] <small>''(since 1998)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Orange (Vaucluse)|Orange]] in France <small>''(since 2000)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Dingelstädt]] in Germany <small>''(since 2001)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vyškov]] in [[Czech Republic]] <small>''(since 2001)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Uzhhorod]] in [[Ukraine]] <small>''(since 2002)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
||
||
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Humenné]] in [[Slovakia]] <small>''(since 2005)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yavoriv]] in [[Ukraine]] <small>''(since 2006)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Schönebeck]] in Germany <small>''(pending ratification)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Kőbánya]] in Hungary <small>''(since 2012)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Svidník]] in Slovakia <small>''(since 2013)'' <ref name="Twin"/></small>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jaroslaw.pl Jarosław city portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011636/http://jewishmedicallaw.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10:jaroslaw&Itemid=18 Jewish Jarosław (Hebrew)]
* [http://www.kikarhashabat.co.il/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91.html Jarosław (Yaruslav) Hassidim] in Modern day Israel

{{Commons category|Jarosław}}

{{Jarosław County}}
{{Gmina Jarosław}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jarosław| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Subcarpathian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Jarosław County]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Poland]]
[[Category:Rus' towns]]