View source for Jawor

{{Other places}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jawor
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Jawor aerial view 2020 P17.jpg{{!}}Aerial view of the Old Town
| image2 = Jawor ratusz 01.jpg{{!}}Town Hall
| image3 = Churches of Peace - Jawor, Poland.jpg{{!}}Church of Peace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Historic Monument of Poland
| caption1 = Aerial view of the Old Town
| caption2 = Town Hall
| caption3 = [[Church of Peace in Jawor|Church of Peace]]
}}
| image_shield = POL Jawor COA.svg
| image_flag = Flag_of_Jawor.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Lower Silesian Voivodeship|name=Lower Silesian}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jawor County|Jawor]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Jawor <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Emilian Bera
| area_total_km2 = 18.8
| population_as_of = 2019-06-30<ref>{{cite web |title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html|website=stat.gov.pl|publisher=Statistics Poland|date=2019-10-15|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
| population_total = 22890
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|51|03|N|16|12|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m = 
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 59-400
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = DJA
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20070121220354/http://www.jawor.pl/ jawor.pl]
}}
'''Jawor''' {{IPAc-pl|'|j|a|w|o|r}} ({{langx|de|Jauer}}) is a town in south-western [[Poland]] with 22,890 inhabitants (2019).{{TERYT}} It is situated in the [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]]. It is the seat of [[Jawor County]].

One of the oldest towns in the region, with a history of more than a thousand years, Jawor was one of the main centers of [[weaving]] in [[Silesia]] and, in 1274–1392, the capital of an [[Duchy of Jawor|eponymous principality]] ruled by a local line of the [[Piast dynasty]]. It has a preserved medieval urban layout with several [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] structures, including the [[Church of Peace in Jawor|Church of Peace]], a [[Historic Monument (Poland)|Historic Monument of Poland]]<ref name=ph/> and [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Jawor is the site for electrical machinery, chemical, paper and food industries, and there are numerous [[granite]] and [[basalt]] quarries near the town. Through the town flows the 31 mile long [[Raging Neisse|Raging Nysa river]] (pl: ''Nysa Szalona'').

==Etymology==
The name of the city ''Jawor'' comes from the Polish word for "[[sycamore maple]]." The earliest recorded name dates from 1133 when the city was written down as Jawr and in 1203 as Jawor. Until the 16th century the name was written down in Latin in various forms such as: Iavor, Iavr, Javr, Javor, Jaur, Jaura, Jawer, Jauor. The Polish form Jawor continued to be used, for example, in painting from 1562 located in church of St.Martin.<ref>Jan Rybotycki: Jawor od zarania dziejów do roku 1263. Jawor: 1984.</ref> The other form Iawor is recorded in a document from 1248, and in a document from 1277 the name Iaver is used. In 1295, in the Latin work ''[[Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis]]'', the city is written as Jawor. In the 1475 Latin ''Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium'', which also contains the oldest Polish-language printing, it is seen as Jaworensis.

The German name Jauer is a Germanized version of the original Slavic name, and by 1750 the Polish name Jawor was still used in Polish by Prussian authorities.<ref>[http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=26222&from=FBC ''Wznowione powszechne taxae-stolae sporządzenie, Dla samowładnego Xięstwa Sląska, Podług ktorego tak Auszpurskiey Konfessyi iak Katoliccy Fararze, Kaznodzieie i Kuratusowie Zachowywać się powinni. Sub Dato z Berlina, d. 8. Augusti 1750''.]</ref> The German name became official after 1763 and the Austro-Prussian war.

==History==
[[File:Jawor (0128).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jawor Castle|Piast Castle]], former residence of local [[Piast dynasty|Piast]] dukes]]
Jawor was the main [[Gord (archaeology)|stronghold]] of the Trzebowianie tribe, one of the [[Polish tribes]], and became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. According to [[Middle Ages|medieval]] chronicles the settlement was expanded in the 11th century.<ref name=khj>[http://jawor.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/kalendarium_historii_miasta.pdf ''Kalendarium Historii Jawora'' (in Polish)]</ref> It was granted [[town rights]] between 1242 and 1275.<ref name=his>{{cite web|url=http://jawor.pl/miasto/historia/|title=Historia|website=Gmina Jawor|access-date=14 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> As a result of the [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty#Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)|fragmentation]] of Poland, Jawor became part of the [[Duchy of Silesia]], then the [[Duchy of Legnica]] from 1248, and from 1274 it was the capital of the [[Duchy of Jawor]],<ref name=khj/> the southwesternmost duchy of medieval Poland, before being integrated with the [[Duchy of Świdnica]] in 1346, part of which it remained until 1392, all the time remaining under the founding dynasty of the [[Piast dynasty|Piasts]]. By the end of the 13th century, stone defensive walls were erected.<ref name=his/> Between 1279 and 1334 the St. Martin church was built and in 1311 the St. Barbara church was renovated.<ref name=khj/> Churches of St. Martin and St. Barbara are the oldest churches in Jawor. In 1324 the first hospital was founded.<ref name=khj/> The first known image of the coat of arms of Jawor, preserved on the city seal comes from 1300.<ref name=his/> Jawor has grown into one of the most important centers of [[weaving]] in [[Lower Silesia]].<ref name=his/> In 1329 Jawor was granted [[staple right]] by Duke [[Henry I of Jawor]].<ref name=his/> In the 14th century, the first [[guild]]s were founded, bringing together furriers, tailors, clothiers and merchants.<ref name=khj/>

After loss of the town by Poland, it was then ruled by [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], Bohemia again and [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]]. The town suffered during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648) as a result of repeated invasions, occupations, religious persecutions and epidemics. In 1626 it was plundered by the Austrians, in 1633 briefly occupied by [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] and recaptured by Austria, in 1639 occupied by the Swedes and in 1640 recaptured by Austria, in 1642 occupied by the Swedes, then the Austrians and again the Swedes, finally captured in 1648 by the Austrians, who plundered and burned the town and expelled its inhabitants.<ref name=khj/> After the war, in accordance with the [[Peace of Westphalia]], the so-called [[Churches of Peace|Church of Peace]] was built, however, the Protestants were still being discriminated against by the Austrian administration.<ref name=khj/>
[[File:Jawor NARA-68155047.jpg|thumb|left|Early 20th-century view of the northern part of town]]

In the 18th century, the town and region was the subject of Austrian-Prussian wars, eventually passing to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1763.<ref name=khj/> The Prussians turned the Piast Castle into a prison.<ref name=wnm>{{cite web|url=https://wroclaw.naszemiasto.pl/jawor-zamek-piastowski-siedziba-ksiazat-wariatow-i-wiezniow/ar/c1-495350|title=Jawor: Zamek Piastowski - siedziba książąt, wariatów i więźniów|website=Wrocław Nasze Miasto|date=16 July 2010 |access-date=14 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> In 1776 the town suffered a fire.<ref name=his/> On 14 May 1807, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and [[History of Poland (1795–1918)|Polish national liberation struggles]], [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish troops]] marched through the town, the day before they fought the victorious battle of Struga against the more numerous Prussians.<ref name=khj/> In 1871 along with Prussia the town became part of Germany, and remained within until 1945.

During [[World War II]] the Germans imprisoned French and Norwegian women in the castle, participants of anti-German resistance movements.<ref name=wnm/> In the final stages of the war, in early 1945, most of the town's population was evacuated by the Germans.<ref name=khj/> It was captured by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] in February and passed to Poland in April.<ref name=khj/> After the war the region officially became part of Poland again as per the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. Also according to the agreement, the Germans who had not already fled, [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|were expelled]] and Polish citizens, many of whom had been expelled from the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]], became the majority.

From 1975 to 1998 it was administratively located in the [[Legnica Voivodeship]].

On 9 May 2002, a ceremony to commemorate officers of the [[Special Operations Executive]] murdered by Nazi Germany at the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]], was held in Jawor, with the participation of representatives of the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Warsaw|Embassy of the United Kingdom in Warsaw]], the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] and [[GROM]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sula|first=Dorota|year=2013|title=30-lecie Muzeum Gross-Rosen|magazine=Nowa Kronika Wałbrzyska|publisher=Fundacja MUSEION|location=Wałbrzych|language=pl|volume=1|page=172}}</ref>

==Sights==
* [[Church of Peace in Jawor]], dating from 1655;<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jauer|volume=15|page=281}}</ref> a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] and [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monument of Poland]]<ref name=ph>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 marca 2017 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Jawor - kościół ewangelicko-augsburski pod wezwaniem Ducha Świętego, zwany Kościołem Pokoju"|year=2017|number=673}}</ref>
* [[Jawor Castle]], former residence of local Piast dukes
* [[Jawor (mountain)|Jawor "Soliński"]], the nearby mountain peak
* [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] St. Martin's church, dating from 1267–1290.<ref name="EB1911"/>
* Regional Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Regionalne w Jaworze|Muzeum Regionalne]]'') located in the former Bernardine monastery
* Town Hall
* Medieval town walls
* Strzegomska Tower
* Municipal Theatre (''[[:pl:Teatr Miejski Jawor|Teatr Miejski]]'')
* St. Adalbert chapel
* St. Barbara church
* Former Beguine monastery and church
<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Swiątynia Pokoju w Jaworze - 191.jpg|Church of Peace
File:Peace Church in Jawor int01.jpg|Church of Peace, interior
File:Kościół św. Marcina w Jaworze.JPG|St. Martin church
File:Jawor - rynek - Kroton 010.jpg|Market Square (''Rynek'')
File:Jawor june 2014 326.JPG|Old townhouses at the Market Square
File:Jawor (0104).jpg|Legnicka Street in the Old Town
File:3151vii Jawor. Foto Barbara Maliszewska.jpg|Former Bernardine monastery
File:SM Jawor Chrobrego41 (0) ID 591288.jpg|Chrobry Street in the Old Town
</gallery>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Jawor is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie|url=http://jawor.pl/miasto/miasta-partnerskie/|website=jawor.pl|publisher=Jawor|language=pl|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Berdychiv]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Niepołomice|Niepołomice]], Poland
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Niesky]], Germany
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roseto degli Abruzzi]], Italy
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Turnov]], Czech Republic
{{div col end}}
* {{flagicon|LUX}} [[Strassen, Luxembourg|Strassen]], Luxembourg

==Notable people==
* [[Nicholas Magni]] (1355–1435), [[theologian]]
* [[Christoff Rudolff]] (1499–1545), author of the first [[German language|German]] [[textbook]] on [[algebra]]
* [[Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka]] (1734–1779), German [[botanist]]
* [[Wilhelm Ebstein]] (1836-1912), doctor who described the heart disorder [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
* [[Gerhard Bersu]] (1889–1964), German [[archeologist]]
* [[Max Otto Koischwitz]] (1902–1944), [[Nazi]] [[propaganda|propagandist]]
* [[Heinz Finke]] (1920–1996), German officer
* [[Janusz Krasoń]] (born 1956), Polish politician
* [[Elżbieta Witek]] (born 1957), Polish politician, [[Marshal of Sejm]] (since 2019)
* [[Aleksander Śliwka]], (born 1995), Polish volleyball player

The surname "Jaworski," meaning someone whose ancestors had ties to Jawor, is a fairly common surname both in Poland itself, and among Polish emigres to such countries as the [[United States]]. Examples include [[Leon Jaworski]] and [[Ron Jaworski]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060402211334/http://jawor.pl/ Official site]
* [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/pl-ds-jw.html Local flags ]
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/jawor/ Jewish Community in Jawor] on Virtual Shtetl
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009031845/http://www.jawor.pl/galeria/k_pokoju/ Church Of Peace in Jawor - photo gallery]
{{commons category|Jawor}}

{{Jawor County}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jawor| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Jawor County]]
[[Category:Cities in Silesia]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]