View source for Jean Marchand

{{Short description|Quebec politician and trade unionist}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2022}}
{{other people}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Jean Marchand
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=CAN|PC|CC}}
| image            = Jean Marchand 1973.jpg
| caption          = Marchand, {{circa|1973}}
| office             = [[Minister of the Environment (Canada)|Minister of the Environment]]
| primeminister      = [[Pierre Trudeau]]
| term_start         = January 22, 1976
| term_end           = June 30, 1976
| predecessor        = [[Jeanne Sauvé]]
| successor          = [[Roméo LeBlanc]] (Acting)
| office1              = [[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]
| primeminister1       = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start1          = November 27, 1972
| term_end1            = September 25, 1975
| predecessor1         = [[Don Jamieson (politician)|Don Jamieson]]
| successor1           = [[Otto Lang]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion|Minister of Regional Economic Expansion]]
| primeminister2 = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start2 = April 1, 1969
| term_end2 = November 26, 1972
| predecessor2 = ''Office Established''
| successor2           = Don Jamieson
| office3 = [[Minister of Energy and Natural Resources|Minister of Forestry and Rural Development]]
| primeminister3 = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start3 = July 6, 1968
| term_end3 = March 31, 1969
| predecessor3 = [[Maurice Sauvé]]
| successor3  = ''Office Abolished''
| office4          = [[Secretary of State for Canada]]
| primeminister4  = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start4      = April 20, 1968
| term_end4        = July 5, 1968
| predecessor4     = [[John Joseph Connolly]] (Acting)
| successor4       = [[Gérard Pelletier]]
| office5             = [[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration|Minister of Manpower and Immigration]]
| primeminister5   = [[Lester B. Pearson]]<br />Pierre Trudeau
| term_start5      = October 1, 1966
| term_end5        = July 5, 1968
| predecessor5     = ''Office Established''
| successor5       = [[Allan MacEachen]]
| office6             =[[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration]]
| primeminister6   = Lester B. Pearson
| term_start6      = December 18, 1965
| term_end6        = September 30, 1966
| predecessor6     = [[John Robert Nicholson]]
| successor6       = ''Office Abolished''
| office7          = [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] for [[List of Quebec senators#De la Vallière|De la Vallière, Quebec]]
| term_start7      = December 9, 1976
| term_end7        = December 15, 1983
| predecessor7     = [[Romuald Bourque]]
| successor7       = [[Pierre de Bané]]
| appointed7       = [[Pierre Trudeau]]
| riding8           = [[Québec (electoral district)|Langelier]]
| parliament8      = Canadian
| term_start8      = June 25, 1968
| term_end8        = October 25, 1976
| predecessor8     = ''Riding created''
| successor8       = [[Gilles Lamontagne]]
| riding9          = [[Quebec West]]
| parliament9       = Canadian
| term_start9       = November 8, 1965
| term_end9         = June 24, 1968
| predecessor9      = [[Lucien Plourde]]
| successor9        = ''Riding dissolved''
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1918|12|20}}
| birth_place      = [[Champlain, Quebec]], Canada
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1988|08|28|1918|12|20}}
| death_place      = [[Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Quebec]], Canada
| party            = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| spouse           = {{marriage|Georgette Guertin|1942}}
| alma_mater       = [[Université Laval]]
| occupation       = Unionist
| residence        = 
| signature        = Jean Marchand signature.jpg
}}

'''Jean Marchand''' {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=CAN|PC|CC}} (December 20, 1918 &ndash; August 28, 1988) was a [[French Canadian]] public figure, [[trade union]]ist and politician in [[Quebec]], Canada.

==Life and career==
During the 1949 [[Asbestos Strike]] in [[Quebec]], Marchand led the striking workers as secretary of the [[CNTU|Catholic Workers Confederation of Canada]] (CCCL). It was during this time that he met [[Pierre Trudeau]]. Marchand was approached to be a [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] candidate in the [[1963 Canadian federal election|federal election of 1963]], but disagreements scuttled a run that year.

In the [[1965 Canadian federal election|1965 federal election]], Marchand along with [[Gérard Pelletier]] and [[Pierre Trudeau]], were persuaded to run as Liberal candidates. Dubbed the "Three Wise Men" in English, and ''les trois colombes'' (three doves) in French, they were seen as destined to shake Canadian politics. Trudeau and Pelletier were provided "safe" ridings in [[Montreal]] while Marchand won a hard fight in [[Quebec City]] for his riding. Marchand was given a post in the government of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Lester B. Pearson]] promptly after winning the election. Under Pearson, he was appointed [[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration]], and later of [[Minister of Manpower and Immigration|Manpower and Immigration]] by Prime Minister Pearson.

After [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s infamous cry of "''[[Vive le Québec Libre]]''", the Cabinet met to decide the response. The French-speaking ministers, led by Jean Marchand, wanted Prime Minister Pearson to tell de Gaulle to go home. The English-speaking ministers, on the other hand, did not want to go that far: a public rebuke was sufficient.

When Pearson retired in 1968, Marchand was seen as the most likely and strongest Quebec candidate to replace him as Liberal leader and Prime Minister.  However, he declined, claiming that his English was not good enough. It then fell upon Trudeau to make a credible run by a French Canadian for the leadership of the Liberal party.  Trudeau won the [[1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|Liberal leadership]] and the [[1968 Canadian federal election|1968 federal election]].
[[File:Business_luncheon_at_24_Sussex_Drive.jpg|left|thumb|The ''Three Wise Men'' lunching at [[24 Sussex Drive|24 Sussex]] - left to right: Marchand, Trudeau, Pelletier]]
Under Trudeau he held many senior [[Portfolio (government)|portfolios]]. He was [[Minister of Natural Resources#Minister of Forestry|Minister of Forestry and Rural Development]] from 1968 to 1969, [[Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion|Minister of Regional Economic Expansion]] from 1969 to 1972, [[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]] from 1972 to 1975, a [[Minister without portfolio]] from 1975 to 1976, and [[Minister of the Environment]] in 1976.

In October 1976, he resigned his [[Legislative seat|seat]] in the House of Commons over a disagreement with the government's position regarding the use of the French language by air traffic controllers in Quebec.  Presenting himself as an opponent of the separatist program of the [[Parti Québécois]], he stood as a [[Quebec Liberal Party]] candidate in the [[1976 Quebec general election|1976 Quebec provincial election]] in the riding of [[Louis-Hébert (provincial electoral district)|Louis-Hébert]] but was defeated by [[Claude Morin (PQ MNA)|Claude Morin]] of the PQ in an election that resulted in the Parti Québécois forming its first government.

One month after his defeat, Marchand was appointed to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] by Trudeau and became [[Speaker of the Senate of Canada]] in 1980. He resigned from the upper house in December 1983 in order to accept an appointment as president of the [[Canadian Transport Commission]]. Marchand was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of Canada]] in 1986.

== Electoral Record ==
=== [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], 1965 - 1976 === 
{{1965 Canadian federal election/Quebec West}}
{{1968 Canadian federal election/Langelier}}
{{1972 Canadian federal election/Langelier}}
{{1974 Canadian federal election/Langelier}}

=== [[National Assembly of Quebec]], 1976 ===
{{Canadian election result/top|QC|1976|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|QC|PQ|[[Claude Morin (PQ MNA)|Claude Morin]]|22,850|58.22|+11.37}}
{{CANelec|QC|Liberal|[[Jean Marchand]]|13,307|33.90|-15.11}}
{{CANelec|QC|UN|Raymond Cantin|2,705|6.89|+4.94}}
{{CANelec|QC|Ralliement créditiste|Jean-Paul Rhéaume|386|0.98|-1.07}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|39,248|98.27}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|689|1.73|-0.54}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|39,397|90.80|+5.89}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Electors on the lists|43,984|&ndash;}}
{{CANelec/gain|QC|PQ|Liberal|+13.24}}
{{end}}

==External links==
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=1097}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050337/http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=1094 Order of Canada Citation]
*[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105775&lang=fra Jean Marchand fonds, Library and Archives Canada].

{{CA-Ministers of Fisheries}}
{{CA-Ministers of the Environment}}
{{CA-Ministers of Transport}}
{{CA-Secretaries of State of Canada}}
{{CA-Ministers of Citizenship and Immigration}}
{{CA-Ministers of Manpower and Immigration}}
{{Speakers of the Canadian Senate}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marchand, Jean}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Ministers of transport of Canada]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Quebec]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:Quebec lieutenants]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Senate of Canada]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Quebec]]
[[Category:Université Laval alumni]]
[[Category:Confédération des syndicats nationaux]]
[[Category:Quebec Liberal Party candidates in Quebec provincial elections]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Senate of Canada]]