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{{Short description|Place in Lower Silesian, Poland}}
{{other places|Jelenia Góra (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jelenia Góra
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1
| perrow = 1/3/2
| image1 = Jelenia Góra (ośrodek historyczny).jpg{{!}}Old Town
| image2 = Jeleniogórski ratusz w jesiennej szacie (cropped)2.jpg{{!}}Town Hall
| image3 = 0045 Jelenia Góra - ul. 1 Maja (cropped).jpg{{!}}1 Maja Street
| image4 = 2017 Exaltation of the Holy Cross church in Jelenia Góra (cropped).jpg{{!}}Exaltation of the Holy Cross church
| image5 = Jelenia Góra Cieplice Śl.-Zdrój Plac Piastowski 1 (cropped).JPG{{!}}Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój
| image6 = Schaffgotsch Palace - Cieplice (cropped).png{{!}}Schaffgotsch Palace
| caption1 = Old Town
| caption2 = Town Hall
| caption3 = 1 Maja Street
| caption4 = [[Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church in Jelenia Góra|Holy Cross ch.]]
| caption5 = Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój
| caption6 = Schaffgotsch Palace
}}
| image_flag = POL Jelenia Góra flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Jelenia Góra COA 1.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag| Lower Silesian Voivodeship|name= Lower Silesian}}
| leader_title = City mayor
| leader_name = Jerzy Łużniak
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 10th century
| established_title2 = City rights
| established_date2 = 1288
| area_total_km2 = 109.2
| population_as_of = 31 December 2024
| population_total = 74,646 {{decrease}}<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Jelenia_Gora#dane-demograficzne|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=7 August 2024|publisher=Main Statistics Office of Poland}} Data for territorial unit 0261000.</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 683.4
| population_metro = 
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|50|54|12|N|15|44|4|E|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m = 352.74
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 58–500 to 58–588
| area_code = +48 075
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = DJ          
| website = http://www.jeleniagora.pl/
}}
'''Jelenia Góra''' ({{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Jelenia_Góra.ogg|j|e|ˈ|l|e|ń|a|-|ˈ|g|u|r|a}}; {{langx|de|Hirschberg}}; {{Lit|deer mountain}}) is a historic city in southwestern [[Poland]], within the historical region of [[Silesia|Lower Silesia]].{{TERYT}} Jelenia Góra is situated in the [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], close to the [[Krkonoše|Karkonosze]] mountain range running along the Polish-[[Czech Republic|Czech]] border – [[skiing|ski]] resorts such as [[Karpacz]] and [[Szklarska Poręba]] are situated {{convert|10|to|15|km|0|abbr=off}} from the city. Jelenia Góra constitutes a separate urban [[gmina]] as well as being the seat of surrounding [[Karkonosze County]] (formerly Jelenia Góra County). In 2021 the population of Jelenia Góra was 77,366.<ref name="population"/> The area, including the oldest [[Spa town|spa district]] of Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój, is one of the most valued recreational and leisure locations in Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staypoland.com/about_jelenia-gora.htm|title=Jelenia Gora - Tourism - Tourist Information - Jelenia Gora, Poland -|first=StayPoland Sp. z|last=o.o.|website=www.staypoland.com|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

The city's history dates back to as early as the 10th century, but the settlement was granted [[town rights]] under Polish rule in 1288.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratusze.karr.pl/jelenia-gora-ratusz.html|title=Jelenia Góra - Ratusz|website=ratusze.karr.pl|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Jelenia Góra was founded on important trade routes linking the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Bohemia]] with [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="jeleniagora.pl">{{cite web|url=http://turystyka.jeleniagora.pl/content/historia-jeleniej-g%C3%B3ry|title=Historia Jeleniej Góry - Turystyka|website=turystyka.jeleniagora.pl|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> The region flourished as a result of trade privileges that became the basis for the establishment of weaving and mining industries during the [[Late Middle Ages]] and early [[Renaissance]] periods.<ref name="jeleniagora.pl"/> Jelenia Góra witnessed many historical conflicts such as the [[Thirty Years' War]] and the decisive [[Silesian Wars]]. During [[World War II]], the city was miraculously saved from destruction.

The central suburb of Jelenia Góra possesses many historical and architectural structures of great significance, including the 17th-century town hall, [[baroque architecture|baroque]] churches and a restored central marketplace as well as parks and gardens. The nearby [[Karkonosze National Park]], visited by over 1.5 million tourists annually, has its headquarters in the southwestern neighbourhood of [[Sobieszów]].

==Names==
The city was mentioned by various names in historical sources:

* The Polish name ''Jelenia Góra'' together with ''Hyrszberg'' is mentioned in the book ''Krótki rys jeografii Szląska dla nauki początkowej'' published in [[Głogówek]] in 1847 by writer Józef Lompa. The 19th-century ''[[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]]'' mentioned the city as ''Jeleniagóra''.<ref name="sgk">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom III |year=1882 |location=Warszawa |page=555 |language=pl}}</ref> The Polish name ''Jelenia Góra'' was made official when the city became part of Poland again after [[World War II]] ended in 1945.
* In German, the city was mentioned as ''Hyrzberc'' (1281), ''Hyrspergk'' (1305), ''Hirssbergk'' (1355), and ''Hirsberg'' (1521), before eventually becoming the modern-day ''Hirschberg''. In 1927–1945, the city was known as ''Hirschberg im Riesengebirge''.
* In Czech, the city is known as ''Jelení Hora''. Its historic Czech name, which was derived from the German name, was ''Hiršperk''.
* In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Latin names appear in different records, e.g. ''Mons Cervi, Cervimontia, Monscervinus, Cervigera''.

==History==
Human settlement in the area dates back to prehistoric times, and cemeteries of the [[Lusatian culture]] were discovered within the city limits during [[archaeological excavation]]s.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=54}}

===Middle Ages===
In the [[Early Middle Ages]], the area was inhabited by the [[Bobrzanie]], one of the old Polish tribes.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=54}} In the 7th century it was part of the short-lived [[Samo's Empire]], and in around 990 it became part of the emerging Polish state under [[Mieszko I]].{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=54}}

The city's origins officially date back to the legendary founding of the settlement by the Polish duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] of the [[Piast dynasty]] in 1108,<ref>[http://um.jeleniagora.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=6&lang=pl Informacje Ogólne] Jelenia Góra City Official Webpage</ref> and in 2008 the city celebrated its 900th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wroclaw.naszemiasto.pl/archiwum/1747536,900-bebnow-na-900-lat-jeleniej-gory,id,t.html|title=900 bębnów na 900 lat Jeleniej Góry - Wrocław - NaszeMiasto.pl|website=wroclaw.naszemiasto.pl|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312085933/http://wroclaw.naszemiasto.pl/archiwum/1747536,900-bebnow-na-900-lat-jeleniej-gory,id,t.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jelenia Gora is also mentioned as having been used as a staging point by Bolesław III for his military campaigns against the [[Duchy of Bohemia|Czechs]] in 1110.<ref>Piotr Pregiel, Tomasz Przerwa, ''Dzieje Śląska'' (''The History of Silesia''), page 30 ''W odwecie Krzywousty najechał Czechy (1110), zaskakując przeciwnika przejściem przez Karkonosze (wykorzystując bazę w Jeleniej Górze)''. Published by Cadus, 2005</ref> The original fortified hilltop ''[[Gord (archaeology)|gród]]'' over time developed into a sizable trading settlement, which expanded outside of the old fortifications, forming a suburb around the original settlement.<ref>Janusz Czerwiński, Ryszard Chanas: Dolny Śląsk – przewodnik. Warszawa: Sport i Turystyka, 1977 s. 213–214.</ref> The Piast ''gród'' has been preserved as an archeological site – now the Bolesław Wrymouth Hill.<ref>Janusz Czerwiński: Sudety. Przewodnik. Warszawa: Sport i Turystyka, 1996, s. 82. ISBN 83-7079-677-X.</ref> In 1242, Duke [[Bolesław II the Horned]] expanded the city's fortifications.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=55}}

[[File:St. Anne Chapel and Wojanowska Gate.png|thumb|St. Anne Chapel and Wojanowska Gate, part of the medieval defense complex]]

In 1281, the city was given an urban charter by the Polish duke [[Bolko I the Strict]] when [[Ostsiedlung|German settlers]] migrated to the region.<ref>Weczerka, ibidem, p. 189</ref><ref>Badstübner, ibidem, p. 387</ref><ref>Franke, ibidem, p. 6</ref> In 1281 the settlement was first mentioned as ''Hyrzberc'', and in 1288 in Latin as ''Hyrsbergensium''.<ref name="Barbara Czopek 1995, pp.66">Barbara Czopek, ''Adaptacje niemieckich nazw miejscowych w języku polskim'', 1995, pp.66, {{ISBN|83-85579-33-8}}</ref> The city flourished in the 14th century, and became a center of crafts and trade.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=59}} Weaving developed, and the citizens were exempt from tolls in trade with [[Wrocław]] and [[Bohemia]].{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=59}} In 1317, the Corpus Christi Hospital was first mentioned in documents, although it possibly was founded in the 13th century.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=60}} In 1345 a city council was established.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=58}} In 1348 an earthquake struck the city, and Duke [[Bolko II the Small]] granted it new [[privilege (law)|privileges]].{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=61}}<ref name=KH/> In 1361 the city was allowed to build a winery, market stalls and was given the privilege of minting its own gold and silver coins.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=61}} When the [[Silesian Piasts]] lost inheritance and Agnes of Habsburg, the last duchess of [[Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor|Świdnica-Jawor]] died in 1392, the city passed to Bohemia, ruled by the [[House of Luxembourg]].<ref>Weczerka, p. 491</ref>

In 1426 and 1427 the city was invaded by the [[Hussites]].{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=69}} From 1469 to 1490 it was part of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and afterwards it was part of Bohemia, ruled by the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]].

===Modern era===
In 1502 King [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] issued a privilege extending the city's autonomy{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|pp=74–75}}<ref name=KH/> and in 1519 King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]] granted the right to an annual [[fair]].{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=76}}

The town was inherited by [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]] in 1526, two years after the town adopted the [[Protestantism|Protestant faith]]. In 1533, all old privileges of the city were confirmed.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=67}} In 1539, a second annual fair was established.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=67}} In 1540 the municipal school suffered a fire.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=67}} In 1548, the city refused to support [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in the religious [[Schmalkaldic War]], for which he fined the city and deposed the mayor.{{sfn|Jarmolukowa|1979|p=67}} A Protestant school was built in 1566. In 1560 a fire destroyed large parts of the city and stopped the economic development, which until then had been characterized by linen-weaving. The city recovered when Joachim Girnth, a shoemaker on a return journey from [[Holland]], introduced veil-weaving. The first "light veils" were offered in 1625, and five years later the city received an imperial privilege by [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] for these veils.

[[File:PL Jelenia Góra Kościół Podwyższenia Krzyża Św. 03.JPG|thumb|left|[[Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church in Jelenia Góra|Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church]], 18th-century]]
[[File:Paulinum hotel Jelenia Gora.jpg|thumb|left|Paulinum Palace, now a hotel]]

During the [[Thirty Years' War]] the city suffered badly.<ref name=sgk/> It was beleaguered by troops of both parties, paid high contributions, and during a siege in 1634 the city burned down again. Two more sieges followed in 1640 and 1641. The town needed several years to recover. One reason for the new boost was the creation of a merchant society in 1658, which secured the city's position as the most important center of linen and veil trade in the Silesian mountains during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The Protestants of the city were oppressed during the [[Counter-Reformation]], but the second [[Altranstädt|Treaty of Altranstädt]], which allowed a Protestant community center and church to be established outside the medieval city walls, brought relief. Great sacrifices by the merchant society, especially its most prominent member Christian Menzel, made the construction of a large church, modelled after [[Katarina Church|Church of Catherine in Stockholm]], possible. The cemetery of the church was the preferred burial place for most merchant families.

Hirschberg was annexed with [[Lower Silesia]] by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the [[Silesian Wars]]. The city was again partly destroyed, had to pay contributions and was seized several times. The detachment from Austria and the new border in the mountains to the south badly damaged the economy as the merchants lost a large part of their customers. Although Prussia took on substantial efforts to revive the economy, they never recovered completely and finally lost their position during the [[Industrial Revolution]].

In 1800, [[John Quincy Adams]], ambassador in Berlin at that time and future [[President of the United States]], visited Hirschberg<ref name=KH>{{cite web|title=Kalendarium historyczne|url=http://turystyka.jeleniagora.pl/content/kalendarium-historyczne|publisher=City of Jelenia Góra|access-date=6 August 2014|language=pl}}</ref> and said: "Nothing can be more beautiful than the location of Hirschberg, a beautifully built city with numerous splendid buildings, in a valley surrounded by hills on all sides, with the magnificent view of the Giant Mountains".

[[File:0001 Jelenia Góra - ratusz.jpg|thumb|right|Town hall, built between 1744 and 1749, is located on the main square]]

In 1871 the town became part of the [[German Empire]] with the Prussian-led [[unification of Germany]], as one of the largest towns in the [[Province of Silesia]]. In 1882, a railway connecting the city with [[Kowary]] was opened, and in 1905 it was further expanded to [[Kamienna Góra]].{{sfn|Staffa|2001|p=219}} In 1891, a railway connecting the city with [[Piechowice]] was opened, and in 1902 it was further expanded to [[Szklarska Poręba]] and [[Harrachov]].{{sfn|Staffa|2001|p=219}} In 1889 the ''Deutsche Riesengebirgsverein'' (German Giant Mountains Club), an organization to protect the environment of the [[Giant Mountains]] and to promote tourism, was founded by Theodor Donat and 47 other dignitaries of the region.

===20th century===
After [[World War I]], the town became part of the Prussian [[Province of Lower Silesia]] in 1919, and in 1922 became a separate city. On September 1, 1939, the day of the German [[invasion of Poland]] and the outbreak of [[World War II]], [[Luftwaffe]] used the airport in Hirschberg to conduct air raids on Poland.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=236}} In April 1940, the first transport of 2,000 [[Polish people|Poles]] deported from [[Sosnowiec]], [[Będzin]] and [[Olkusz]] for [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labor]] arrived to the city.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=241}} In the city, the Germans organized 19 labor camps in which they imprisoned mainly Poles, Czechs, Frenchmen and Belgians, but also Luxembourgers, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, and Estonians, including women. They also established four prisoner-of-war camps: two for [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]], one for Jews from different countries and one for Soviets.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|pp=243–245}} French POWs organized a secret resistance movement and cooperated with Poles from other camps.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=245}} There were also two [[List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen|subcamps]] of the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]], whose prisoners were mostly Poles and Jews from various German-occupied countries, chiefly Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Hungary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/|title=Subcamps of KL Gross-Rosen|website=Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica|access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref> In 1943 and 1944 there was a significant influx of Germans from the bombed German cities, and in 1944, after the crushing of the [[Warsaw Uprising]], Poles deported from [[Warsaw]] were temporarily imprisoned there.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|pp=261–262}} When the [[Red Army]] captured the city, as a result of the influx of people in the last years of the war, there were 160,000 people in the city.{{sfn|Basałygo|2010|p=261}}

[[File:JELENIA GÓRA, AB-030.jpg|thumb|Polish Independence Monument]]
According to the decisions of the [[Potsdam Conference]], the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s. It became officially known by its Polish name of Jelenia Góra, which was first recorded in 1847. All remaining [[Germans|German]] inhabitants were [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]] westward in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]<ref>Franke, p.13</ref> and Polish settlers came to the city. In the 1950s also [[Greeks in Poland|Greeks]], refugees of the [[Greek Civil War]], settled in Jelenia Góra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasiewicz|first=Izabela|editor-last1=Dworaczek|editor-first1=Kamil|editor-last2=Kamiński|editor-first2=Łukasz|year=2013|title=Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=117|chapter=Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości}}</ref>

A local unit of the [[Freedom and Independence Association]] was formed in 1945 by former [[Home Army]] [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|partisans]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Zawiła|first=Marcin|year=2008|title=Podziemie poakowskie w rejonie Jeleniej Góry. Stan badań i postulaty badawcze|magazine=Rocznik Jeleniogórski. Suplement|language=pl|location=Jelenia Góra|volume=XL|page=134|issn=0080-3480}}</ref> From October 1945, the [[Polish underground press|Polish underground newspaper]] ''Wolność'' ("Freedom") was issued and distributed in Jelenia Góra.<ref name=mz>Zawiła, p. 135</ref> In mid-1946, the communists carried out arrests of local [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)|resistance]] leaders, however, some managed to escape arrest.<ref name=mz/>

In 1945, Jelenia Góra became the seat of the Polish ''Dolnośląskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze'' ("Lower Silesian Tourist and Sightseeing Society") founded in nearby [[Przesieka, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Przesieka]], and after its merger with the [[Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society]] it remained a seat of its branch, which runs a number of mountain huts in the nearby Giant Mountains.{{sfn|Staffa|2001|pp=180–181}}

The city was not destroyed in the war, but the state of its buildings and infrastructure declined over the next decade.<ref>Weczerka, p. 192</ref> The communist authorities dismantled the neglected [[tenement]]s around the Old Town until 1965<ref>Badstübner, p.389</ref> and destroyed the cemetery of the former German Protestant church.<ref>Badstübner, p.391.</ref> Since then the buildings around the market place have been reconstructed in simpler 18th-century historical forms.<ref>''Bürgerhäuser am Ring mit gewölbten Laubengängen. Fassaden ursprünglich reich gestaltet, vereinfacht während der 1965 durchgeführten Rekonstruktion.'' – Badstübner, p. 393</ref>

From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the [[Jelenia Góra Voivodeship]]. In 1976, the city was enlarged through the incorporation of Sobieszów, Maciejowa and the spa town of Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój.<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji, Gospodarki Terenowej i Ochrony Środowiska z dnia 24 czerwca 1976 r. w sprawie zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwach: bielskim, jeleniogórskim, kaliskim, płockim i toruńskim.|year=1976|volume=24|number=144}}</ref>

==Politics==
Members of Parliament ([[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]]) elected from Jelenia Gora-Legnica constituency in Polish parliamentary election 2011 included: Grzegorz Schetyna PO, Ewa Drozd PO, Norbert Wojnerowski PO, Zofia Czernow PO, Robert Kropiwnicki PO, Adam Lipiński PIS, Elżbieta Witek PIS, Marzena Machałek PIS, Wojciech Zubowski PIS, Ryszard Zbrzyzny SLD, Małgorzata Sekuła-Szmajdzińska SLD, Henryk Kmiecik RP.

==Geography==
The city is located in the northern part of the [[Jelenia Góra Valley]]. From the west, the city is surrounded by mountains and foothills of [[Izera Mountains]], north [[Kaczawskie Mountains]], east [[Rudawy Janowickie]] Mountains and in the south [[Karkonosze]] Mountains. The center is located about {{convert|1|km|1|abbr=on}} east from the place where the two rivers [[Bóbr]] (Beaver River) and [[Kamienna (Bóbr)|Kamienna]] (Stone River) connects.

[[File:Panorama Jeleniej Gory, widok z Gory Szybowcowej.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Jelenia Gora Panorama, view from Mount Szybowcowa (Glider Mountain)]]

===Climate===
Jelenia Góra has an [[oceanic climate]]  ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'') using the {{convert|-3|C|F|0}} isotherm or a [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfb'') using the {{convert|0|C|F|0}} isotherm.<ref name="kottek2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kottek|first1=Markus|last2=Grieser|first2=Jürgen|last3=Beck|first3=Christoph|last4=Rudolf|first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel|first5=Franz|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=259–263|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K|url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606|url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Weather box    
| location = Jelenia Góra (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 17.6
| Feb record high C = 21.2
| Mar record high C = 24.4
| Apr record high C = 28.8
| May record high C = 31.1
| Jun record high C = 36.0
| Jul record high C = 35.4
| Aug record high C = 35.8
| Sep record high C = 34.0
| Oct record high C = 27.7
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 16.3
| year record high C = 36.0
| Jan high C = 2.8
| Feb high C = 4.2
| Mar high C = 8.1
| Apr high C = 14.0
| May high C = 18.4
| Jun high C = 21.7
| Jul high C = 23.8
| Aug high C = 23.7
| Sep high C = 18.6
| Oct high C = 13.6
| Nov high C = 7.9
| Dec high C = 3.7
| year high C = 13.4
| Jan mean C = -1.3
| Feb mean C = -0.2
| Mar mean C = 2.9
| Apr mean C = 7.9
| May mean C = 12.4
| Jun mean C = 15.7
| Jul mean C = 17.6
| Aug mean C = 17.1
| Sep mean C = 12.6
| Oct mean C = 8.3
| Nov mean C = 3.6
| Dec mean C = -0.2
| year mean C = 8.0
| Jan low C = -5.5
| Feb low C = -4.5
| Mar low C = -1.9
| Apr low C = 1.6
| May low C = 6.1
| Jun low C = 9.6
| Jul low C = 11.4
| Aug low C = 10.8
| Sep low C = 7.2
| Oct low C = 3.4
| Nov low C = -0.6
| Dec low C = -4.2
| year low C = 2.8
| Jan record low C = -31.8
| Feb record low C = -36.9
| Mar record low C = -29.6
| Apr record low C = -14.5
| May record low C = -5.5
| Jun record low C = -2.1
| Jul record low C = 1.8
| Aug record low C = 0.3
| Sep record low C = -5.6
| Oct record low C = -8.7
| Nov record low C = -22.1
| Dec record low C = -29.5
| year record low C = -36.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 39.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 34.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 48.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 41.5
| May precipitation mm = 72.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 84.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 110.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 88.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 64.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 47.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 38.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 36.8
| year precipitation mm = 706.5
| Jan snow depth cm = 9.7
| Feb snow depth cm = 8.6
| Mar snow depth cm = 6.9
| Apr snow depth cm = 2.3
| May snow depth cm = 0.3
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.7
| Nov snow depth cm = 3.3
| Dec snow depth cm = 5.9
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 17.10
| Feb precipitation days = 15.43
| Mar precipitation days = 16.73
| Apr precipitation days = 12.63
| May precipitation days = 15.00
| Jun precipitation days = 16.07
| Jul precipitation days = 15.43
| Aug precipitation days = 14.43
| Sep precipitation days = 14.90
| Oct precipitation days = 15.30
| Nov precipitation days = 15.67
| Dec precipitation days = 16.47
| year precipitation days = 185.16
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 17.3
| Feb snow days = 14.0
| Mar snow days = 8.3
| Apr snow days = 1.7
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.4
| Nov snow days = 5.0
| Dec snow days = 12.8
| year snow days = 59.5
| Jan humidity = 82.6
| Feb humidity = 79.5
| Mar humidity = 76.8
| Apr humidity = 71.9
| May humidity = 73.6
| Jun humidity = 75.0
| Jul humidity = 75.1
| Aug humidity = 76.9
| Sep humidity = 81.1
| Oct humidity = 82.2
| Nov humidity = 84.8
| Dec humidity = 84.2
| year humidity = 78.6
| Jan sun = 68.9
| Feb sun = 87.4
| Mar sun = 128.4
| Apr sun = 185.9
| May sun = 221.0
| Jun sun = 218.9
| Jul sun = 234.4
| Aug sun = 229.7
| Sep sun = 155.3
| Oct sun = 124.8
| Nov sun = 76.9
| Dec sun = 65.7
| year sun = 1797.1
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350150500&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Jelenia Góra Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350150500&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Jelenia Góra Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350150500&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Jelenia Góra Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Population==
[[File:Population of Jelenia Góra.png|thumb|right|Population of Jelenia Góra.]]
The first written records from the mid-sixteenth century mention a population of approximately 3.5 thousand residents. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population was about 6,000 people, to rise up to about 20,000 in the early twentieth century. The population in 1939 increased to over 35,000. During [[World War II]], the city's population skyrocketed, reaching 140,000, as Germany brought thousands of forced labourers and prisoners of war of various nationalities and due to an influx of refugees from German cities fleeing from Allied bombings. After the war, the city had a population of 39,000 residents, including more than 35,000 Germans. During the period 1945–1947, the German population was mostly expelled from Jelenia Góra in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. After the creation of [[Jelenia Góra Voivodeship]] in 1975 and connection to the city surrounding towns, including [[:pl:Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój|Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój]], Population increased to 80 thousand. In subsequent years, the city's population grew, but mainly as a result of joining other nearby villages. The population rose to 93,570 inhabitants by 1996, but after the administrative reform in 1998 and the establishment of Lower Silesia [[voivodeship]], the population of Jelenia Gora is steadily decreasing.  By December 2004 it was only 87,643, and by June 2010 it had fallen to 84,306 people. As of 2022, the city's population is 75,794.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Jelenia_Gora |language=pl |title=Jelenia Góra w liczbach |website=polskawliczbach.pl |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

== Demographic ==
{{Pie chart
| labelformat = $label: $auto
| thumb = left
| legend = true
| value1 = 98.08
| label1 = Poles
| color1 = cyan
| value2 = 0.4
| label2 = Germans
| color2 = blue
| value3 = 0.23
| label3 = Ukrainians
| color3 = green
| value4 = 0.14
| label4 = English people
| color4 = red
| value5 = 1.13
| label5 = Other Identifications
| color5 = gray
}}

==Transmitter==
In 1957, a broadcasting station for mediumwave radio was inaugurated in Jelenia Góra at ul. Sudecka 55.  Until 1967, it used a 47-metre-tall wooden tower, which may have been the only wooden radio tower built in Poland after 1945. In 1967 it was replaced by a 72-metre-tall steel mast.  Since the shutdown of the medium wave transmitter in 1994, this mast has been used for FM broadcasting.<ref>Witold Papierniak, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070325182322/http://skps.wroclaw.pl/wieczorynki/wiecz09.php Stacje radiowo-telewizyjne na Dolnym Śląsku] from the [[Internet Archive]]</ref>

==Culture==
Jelenia Góra has a wide range of cultural institutions, including theaters, a concert hall, and cinema and art exhibitions offices. Festivals such as the International Film Festival "Zoom Zbliżenia", International Street Theatre Festival, and the International Festival of Organ Music "Silesia Sonans" take place.
{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 120
| image1 = Silesia Sonans poster from 2013.png
| caption1 = Silesia Sonans poster from 2013
| image2 = Wrzesień Jeleniogórski.jpg
| caption2 = 55 Wrzesień Jeleniogórski, poster from 2013
| image3 = Poster- Barejada 2013.jpg
| caption3 = Poster- Barejada 2013
}}

The [http://www.silesiasonans.pl "Silesia Sonans" European Organ Music Festival] takes place annually in autumn.  Other cultural and entertainment events include concerts, art shows, exhibitions, fairs, and events geared for children and families.  The"Silesia Sonans" Festival is particularly noteworthy. Outstanding Polish and foreign artists gather to play pieces of famous composers inside the Garrison Church.

*The [[Cyprian Norwid Theatre]] first opened as early as in 1904, with performance staged ceremoniously. The building was designed in the Art Nouveau style with features typical for 19th-century theatre edifices. Theatre remains active to this day with new performances staged regularly. The same building features a restaurant "OldPub" with live music.
* Open Air Museum of the Polish Army Armament – the largest open-air museum of this type in Lower Silesia. It is located on a former military unit. Since 2005 Łomnica has an open-air exhibition, which presents the radar equipment from entire Poland.
* Lower Silesian Philharmonic in Jelenia Góra [[:pl:Filharmonia Dolnośląska|(pl)]] is the concert hall of the Lower Silesian Philharmonic hosts many famous artists and the Jelenia Góra symphonists give concerts in Poland and abroad, participate in international festivals accompanying known persons from the art world and also support young talents. Concerts for the local audience, regional projects and educational activity are another vital part of the Philharmonic's undertakings.
* Zdrojowy Animation Theatre was built between 1833 and 1836 in the neoclassical style, it can accommodate up to 270 spectators. Founded by Schaffgotsch family, one of the three puppet theaters in Lower Silesia. Currently scene belongs to the Zdrojowy Animation Theater in the Zdrojowy Park which aside from its primary activity also organizes the cultural life of Cieplice.
* Natural History Museum is located in the Norweski Park in Cieplice. It was built in 1909 on the basis of a draft Frognersteren restaurant situated just below Oslo. Collections are mainly based on the now-defunct [[House of Schaffgotsch|Schaffgotsch]] collection. It includes Poland's largest exhibition of birds.
* Jelenia Góra Cultural Center works with many events in the city (League of Rock, [[Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity|charity event WOŚP]], September Jeleniogórski, Krokus Jazz Festival, Comedy Film Festival "Barejada", International conference on new educational techniques) also runs a number of workshops.
* Karkonosze Museum – The museum collects exhibits related to the history, ethnography, crafts and regional art. Particularly interesting exhibits include the largest artistic glass collection in Poland, ample 18th- and 19th-century glass painting collections, collections of tinwork and an ethnographic exposition – a Lusatian-built wooden cottage equipped with traditional equipment used in the 18th and 19th centuries.
* Karkonosze Light Festival – During the Light Festival the city gains a special kind of charm owing to colorful, professionally designed illuminations. The aim of the project is to present the most modern technologies and products used to illuminate cities, while maintaining care for the environment.
* [http://www.zoomfestival.pl ZOOM – ZBLIŻENIA International Film Festival] is a festival promoting independent films. The format of the competition is open, anyone willing can challenge the silver screen with their piece.
* [http://www.jarmarkstaroci.com/ Antique and curio fair] for a few days in September revives Jelenia Góra commercial roots. The local fair is one of the largest in Poland, it is attended by collectors from all of Europe. At the fair, you can buy old furniture and practical items, numismatic collections, books, trinkets and plenty of other things.
* International street theatre Festival – In August the Jelenia Góra Town Square for a brief period transforms into a stage for incoming artistic groups. Actors are not confined by the closed space of theatre building and the unique scenery and the scale of the plays provide unforgettable thrills.

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:Teatr im C.K.Norwida w Jeleniej Górze.jpg|[[Cyprian Norwid Theatre]] 
File:T-34 Tank in Jelenia Góra.jpg|T-34 Tank at the Open Air Exhibit of the Armament of the Polish Armed Forces
File:PL, Jelenia Góra Cieplice Teatr 0067.JPG|Zdrojowy Animation Theatre
File:.Zdrojowy Animation Theatre - Back Entrance.png|Zdrojowy Animation Theatre - Back Entrance
</gallery>

== Education ==
The city is the educational hub for ''Jelenia Góra County'' and even further regions. Along with many primary and secondary schools, there are three [[higher education]] institutions in ''Jelenia góra'':

* [[Karkonosze University of Applied Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karkonoska Państwowa Szkoła Wyższa w Jeleniej Górze|url=http://www.kpswjg.pl/|website=www.kpswjg.pl}}</ref>
* [[Wrocław University of Economics]] (faculty in Jelenia Góra),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filia w Jeleniej Górze - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu|url=http://www.ezit.ue.wroc.pl/|website=www.ezit.ue.wroc.pl}}</ref>
* [[Wrocław University of Science and Technology]] (faculty in Jelenia Góra).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filia Politechniki Wrocławskiej w Jeleniej Górze|url=http://jelenia-gora.pwr.edu.pl/|website=jelenia-gora.pwr.edu.pl}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
[[File:Jelenia Góra Town Hall with "Seven Houses" and a view of the historic arcades.png|thumb|400px|A view of the historic arcades with Jelenia Góra Town Hall and "Seven Houses" in the distance]]

The Wojanowska gate and tower were part of the medieval defence complex that protected the road to Wojanów. Dungeons served as a prison. In 1480, the tower due to strong wind collapsed burying five people. Quickly it was rebuilt by adding the clock and the dome with a lantern, and this state has survived to this day. Coats of arms have been placed on the pillars: Prussian, Silesia, urban and inscription. In 1869, the gate was dismantled and moved to the barracks at Obrońców Pokoju street. After the renovation in 1998, returned to its former place. Located inside the medieval bastion was the St. Anne Chapel of the Wojanowska gate. In the portal above the entrance to the chapel there is an inscription: " „HonorI Magnae ChrIstI aVlae DIVae Annae ereCta”"(built for the glory of the great grandmother of Christ, St. Anna) with a hidden date of 1715.<ref name="Zabytki Jeleniej Góry i okolic">{{Cite web |url=https://karkonosze.org.pl/zabytki-jeleniej-gory-i-okolic.html |language=pl |title=Zabytki Jeleniej Góry i okolic |website=karkonosze.org.pl |date=21 October 2007 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>

The Basilica of St. Erasmus and St. Pancratius built in the 14th century features the chapel dedicated to the Patrons of Jelenia Gora; however, it got its present form in the next century. The church was built of stone in the form of a three-nave basilica topped with a tower. Even today, you can admire numerous Gothic stone details best preserved in portals and window frames. The southern portal is exceptionally rich and interesting. Two sepulchral chapels (from the 17th and 18th century) were built into the church's walls; over 20 epitaphs and tombstones from the 16th and 18th century were placed on the two chapels. The main entrance to the chapel is located on the west, on the ground floor. The interior is also Gothic, but the fittings come from Renaissance and Baroque. The incredibly rich and monumental altar from the 18th century dominates the interior. The temple also houses priceless organs from the same period made in the workshop of an Italian organ builder – Adam Casparini. The 16th-century pulpit and the intarsiated (made of different wood types) choir stalls are a little older. There are also two 18th century figures on the church grounds – the Marian column is near the main entrance, and on the northern side, there is a sculpture of St. John of Nepomuk. It used to be located on one bridge over the Młynowka river; however, after it was damaged and then reconstructed in 1886, it was moved to its present place.<ref name="Zabytki Jeleniej Góry i okolic"/>

[[File:Feast of the Holy Cross Church.png|thumb|right|Feast of the Holy Cross Church]]

The [[Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church in Jelenia Góra|Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church]] was erected as a proof of the grace of the Catholic Emperor of Austria for the Silesian evangelicals. Under the arrangement concluded in Altranstadt after a religious war they were granted the right to build six churches in Silesia which at that time was under Austrian rule. The design of the temple was prepared by the architect, Martin Frantz of Tallinn. The construction works lasted nine years (1709–1718) and the newly built church was deceptively similar to its prototype – St. Catherine's Church in Stockholm (the work of the same designer). The structure was erected on the plan of a cross and topped with a dome. The interior was equipped with a three-storey matronea which can accommodate more than two thousand members of the congregation. The railings were adorned with citations and paintings displaying scenes from the Old and New Testament. The altar together with the organ front placed over it make up an extended, beautifully adorned architectural form.

The town hall is the central point of the market square. The building was erected between 1744 and 1749. The entire square is surrounded by Baroque tenement houses with arcades, which originally used to serve the merchants to sell their goods. At the beginning of the 20th century, the tenement houses near the City Hall were bought and adjoined to the town hall (the so-called "Seven-Houses"). Right next to the town hall there is a fountain with a sculpture of Neptune – god of the seas. The sculpture is to commemorate old trade relations with overseas lands.

[[File:Schaffgotsch Palace - Cieplice.png|thumb|Schaffgotsch Palace – Cieplice]]
The Schaffgotsch family ruling vast lands around Karkonosze settled in Cieplice in 1675. Their previous seat was [[Chojnik Castle]], burned down due to lightning strike. Their Schaffgotsch Palace's greatest ornament are the two semi-circular finished porticos with richly ornamented cartouches carrying the family crest of the owners. The interiors boasts early classicistic fittings. Since 1975, the palace has been housing a branch of the [[Wrocław University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gaworski |first=Marek |author-link= |date=2012 |title=Najpiękniejsze zamki, pałace Śląska i pogranicza polsko-czeskiego |url= |location= |publisher=Matiang |page=40 |isbn=978-83-932293-6-9}}</ref>

'''Jelenia Góra trams''' – Tram communication operated in Jelenia Góra in the years 1897–1969. Today there isn't much left of it – fragments of the tram line and a plaque can be found near town hall. One of the old tram carriages can be found by the north entrance to the town hall and serves as a souvenir kiosk (the other two trams are placed in front of the tram depot, in Wolności Street and at the bus terminal in Podgórzyn).

==Jelenia Góra districts==

===Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój===
[[File:.Cieplice Promenade.png|thumb|Cieplice Promenade]]
The first mention of warm, curative springs that gave it their name, come from 1281.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Andrejew|first=Adolf|year=1983|title=Polonia u wód cieplickich|magazine=Rocznik Jeleniogórski|language=pl|publisher=[[Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]]|location=Wrocław|volume=XXI|page=157}}</ref> The spa was then developed by the [[Cistercians]] from nearby [[Krzeszów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Krzeszów]] in the 15th century, and since the 16th century its fame extended far beyond Silesia and managed to attract flocks of patients, Poles, Czechs, Germans and Lithuanians, including many eminent persons, such as Polish Queen consort [[Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien]], her son Prince [[James Louis Sobieski]], and Princess [[Izabela Czartoryska]].<ref>Andrejew, pp. 158–162</ref> Modern analysis shows that water therapeutic effectiveness is due to sulphur, silicon and fluorine compounds together with the high temperature reaching 90 Celsius degrees. Therapeutic sessions used to be based mainly on baths, today a wide range of treatments in the field of [[hydrotherapy]], [[inhalation therapy]] as well as [[phototherapy]], [[physiotherapy]], [[kinesiotherapy]], and [[electrotherapy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskiesanatoria.pl/sanatorium/cieplice/ |language=pl |title=Sanatorium Cieplice |website=polskiesanatoria.pl |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cieplice.pl/atrakcje/uzdrowisko-cieplice |language=pl |title=Uzdrowisko Cieplice |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

====Zdrojowy and Norwegian Parks====
These two parks are located close to the main pedestrian street of Cieplice. Zdrojowy Park main avenue was created already in 1796, however, the entire park was created in the first half of the 19th century when the Schaffgotschs reconstructed part of the garden into an English garden and made a part of it available to the residents of Cieplice and patients.

At the beginning of the 20th century, owner of paper machine factory Eugen Fülner made several investments towards the spa. One investment was creating a picturesque park, called the Norwegian Park. Norwegian Park owes its name to a wooden building erected in 1909, whose finishing resembles Viking boats.

The Gallery and Zdrojowy Animation Theatre was built in 1797–1800 and designed by the architect Carl Gottlieb Geissler from Wroclaw. Inside there is still a functioning restaurant, a cigar lounge, a reading room and a large concert hall. Theatre was built between 1833 and 1836, it can accommodate up to 270 spectators. Founded by Schaffgotsch family built in the neoclassical style. Currently scene belongs to the Zdrojowy Animation Theater in the Zdrojowy Park.

===Sobieszów===
Sobieszów is located along the stream of Wrzosówka and nearby is the Chojnik castle. From the fourteenth century to 1945, the village belonged to the Schaffgotsch family. Karkonosze National Park management is established in Sobieszów. Location area creates favorable conditions for starting here hiking in the Karkonosze Mountains.

===Chojnik Castle===
[[File:Chojnik Castle.png|thumb|Chojnik Castle]]

Chojnik Castle – a castle located near Jelenia Góra-Sobieszów on the top of the Chojnik mountain in Karkonosze Mountains. This mountain rises to a height of 627 meters above sea level, and from the southeast side is a 45-meter cliff plunging into the so-called Hell Valley. The fort is located in a nature reserve, which is the exclave of Karkonosze Mountains National Park.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dolnyslask.travel/chojnik-castle/?lang=en |title=Chojnik Castle |website=dolnyslask.travel |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

'''"Chojnik Golden Bolt" Knight's crossbow tournament''' – Once a year the picturesque ruins of Chojnik play host to the struggles of knight fellowships. The tournament is accompanied by shows of medieval customs, dances, crafts and warfare.

=== Jagniątków ===
Jagniątków – a district of Jelenia Góra (since 1998).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19971160742 |language=pl |title=Dz.U. 1997 nr 116 poz. 742 |website=isap.sejm.gov.pl |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> From here leads many trails in the mountains, both pedestrians and cyclists. It is the highest district of Jelenia Gora, and has good communication with the city bus (lines 15 and late-night course line 9). It was founded by [[Czechs|Czech]] refugees in 1651.{{sfn|Staffa|2001|p=71}}

==== Divine Mercy Church in Jagniątków ====
[[File:.Divine Mercy Church in Jagniątków.png|thumb|200px|Divine Mercy Church in Jagniątków]]
The church was erected in the years 1980–1986. Its shape was inspired by the architecture of Podhale. Thanks to this shape the church perfectly inscribes itself into the mountainous landscape.

====Jagniątkowski Black Cauldron====
Jagniątkowsk Black Cauldron – glacial cauldron in the Western Sudetes in the Karkonosze Mountains and is located in south-western Poland, in the Western Sudetes in the western part of the band Karkonosze Mountains, in the Karkonosze National Park, north of the Black Pass, on the north-eastern slope of Śmielca and north-western slope of the Czech Stones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.karkonosze.pl/czarny-kociol-jagniatkowski |language=pl |title=Czarny Kocioł Jagniątkowski |website=karkonosze.pl |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

==Sports==

===Aviation===
Owing to natural factors the Jelenia Góra Valley boasts exceptionally good conditions for gliding and hand-gliding. Consequently, the Jelenia Góra airport and the [http://www.aeroklub.jgora.pl local flying club] enjoys much popularity among flying aficionados from Poland and abroad alike.

===Cycling===
Jelenia Góra offers many and varied cycling routes like "Bóbr valley trail" (ER-6) or the biking ring road of Jelenia Góra, the Jelenia Góra- Łomnica biking trail. City organizes biking events:
* Jelenia Góra trophy – [[Maja Włoszczowska]] MTB Race – a biking race involving the top contenders of the amateurs of the world MTB scene.
*[http://www.muzyczneradio.com.pl Bike Parade] – an entertainment event propagating biking, a healthy lifestyle and active outdoor leisure.
*Dirt Town – bike stunts performed on the Town Hall square and a biking contest on a specially prepared obstacle course.
* In the years 1952–1956, 1979, 1986 and 1999–2007 by the city ran the route of [[Tour de Pologne]], and in 2012 this event has returned to Jelenia Gora.

The [[International University Sports Federation|FISU]] selected Jelenia Góra to host the [[2014 World University Cycling Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fisu.net/en/FISU-Cycling-3568.html|publisher=International University Sports Federation|title=Cycling|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-date=2012-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727101957/http://www.fisu.net/en/FISU-Cycling-3568.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:MyViewPL 0001.jpg|thumb|Śnieżka at winter]]
[[File:.Czech Stones.png|thumb|Czech Stones]]
[[File:Jagniątkowski Black Cauldron - Glacial cauldron in the Western Sudetes in the Karkonosze Mountains..jpg|thumb|Jagniątkowski Black Cauldron – Glacial cauldron in the Western Sudetes in the Karkonosze Mountains]]

===Sport clubs===
* [[Vitaral Jelfa Jelenia Góra]] – women's [[Handball in Poland|handball]] team playing in [[Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League]]: 3rd place in 2003/2004 season.
* [[KPR Jelenia Góra]] – Women's [[Handball in Poland|handball]] team playing in [[Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League]] and in Polish First League
* '''Karkonosze Jelenia Gora''' – Polish football club based in Jelenia Góra. In the season 2013/2014 playing in the fourth division.

===Kayaks===
Kayakers may admire Jelenia Góra from their favourite perspective, using the water route on the Bóbr river. [http://www.pttk-jg.pl/index.php/kajakiem.html More informations at PTTK site.]

===Hiking Trail===
Majestic mountains surrounding the city, offers many great trails for visitors, including a route to the highest peak of the Karkonosze – [[Śnieżka|Śnieżka 1602 meters above the sea]]. During the mountain expeditions, visitors can stay overnight in mountain shelters like [http://www.strzecha-akademicka.com.pl/ "Strzecha Akademicka"], [http://www.samotnia.com.pl/ "Samotnia"], [http://schroniskoodrodzenie.com/ "Odrodzenie"] or [http://www.domslaski.pl/ "Dom Śląski"].

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Jelenia Góra is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Współpraca Zagraniczna|url=https://www.jeleniagora.pl/content/wsp%C3%B3%C5%82praca-zagraniczna|website=jeleniagora.pl|publisher=Jelenia Góra|language=pl|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=2019-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920155247/https://www.jeleniagora.pl/content/wsp%25C3%25B3%25C5%2582praca-zagraniczna|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bautzen]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Boxberg, Saxony|Boxberg]], Germany
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cervia]], Italy
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Changzhou]], China
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Erftstadt]], Germany
<!--Heidelberg - not twinning-->
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jablonec nad Nisou]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Randers Municipality|Randers]], Denmark
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Sievierodonetsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Tequila, Jalisco|Tequila]], Mexico
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tyler, Texas]], United States
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Valkeakoski]], Finland
{{div col end}}

Friendly cities:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heidelberg.de/english/Home/Life/Twin+towns.html |title=Sister cities International understanding in action |website=heidelberg.de |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Heidelberg]], Germany

Former twin towns:
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]], Russia (terminated in 2022 due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]])<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jeleniagora.pl/news/zrywamy-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-vladimirem |language= pl |title=Zrywamy współpracę z rosyjskim Vladimirem |access-date =27 March 2022}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main category|People from Jelenia Góra}}
{{div col}}
* [[Sylwia Bogacka]] (born 1981), Olympic rifle shooter, silver medalist in London
* [[Ruth Bré]] (1862–1911), writer, women's rights advocate
* [[Babette von Bülow]] (1850–1927), writer
* [[Otto Finsch]] (1839–1917), ethnographer
* [[Hanna Foltyn-Kubicka]] (born 1950), politician
* [[Felix Funke]] (1865–1932), admiral
* [[Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch]], born and buried here.
* [[Georg Heym]] (1887–1912), early expressionist writer
* [[Wilhelm Iwan]] (1871–1958), author, historian, and theologian
* [[Karl Joel (philosopher)|Karl Joel]] (1864–1934), philosopher
* [[Janusz Kudyba]] (born 1961), footballer
* [[Dawid Kupczyk]] (born 1977), bobsledder
* [[Omenaa Mensah]] (born 1979), TV presenter 
* [[Carl Püchler]] (1894–1949), [[Wehrmacht]] general
* [[Hanna Reitsch]] (1912–1979), test pilot
* [[Christian Jakob Salice-Contessa]] (1767–1825), merchant, politician and writer
* [[Ryszard Skowronek]] (born 1949), decathlete
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title= Dehio – Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen: Schlesien |last1= Badstübner|first1= Ernst |author2=Dietmar Popp |author3=Andrzej Tomaszewski |author3-link=Andrzej Tomaszewski |author4=Dethard von Winterfeld |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Deutscher Kunstverlag]] |location= Stuttgart |isbn= 3-422-03109-X }}
* {{cite book|last=Basałygo|first=Edward|year=2010|title=900 lat Jeleniej Góry. Tędy przeszła historia. Kalendarium wydarzeń w Kotlinie Jeleniogórskiej i jej okolicach|language=pl|location=Jelenia Góra}} 
* {{cite magazine|last=Jarmolukowa|first=Maria|year=1979|title=Kalendarium Jeleniej Góry. Część pierwsza|magazine=Rocznik Jeleniogórski|language=pl|publisher=[[Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]]|location=Wrocław|volume=XVII|issn=0080-3480}}
* {{cite book|last=Staffa|first=Marek|year=2001|title=Karkonosze|language=pl|location=Wrocław|publisher=Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie|isbn=83-7023-560-3}}
* {{cite book |title= Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien |edition = 2nd |last= Weczerka |first= Hugo |year= 2003 |publisher= Kröner Stuttgart|location= Stuttgart |isbn= 3-520-31602-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Franke|first = Arne |author-link = Arne Franke |title = Das schlesische Elysium – Burgen, Schlösser, Herrenhäuser und Parks im Hirschberger Tal |publisher = Deutsches Kulturforum östliches Europa e. V. |year = 2005 |location = [[Potsdam]] |isbn = 978-3-936168-33-4 }}
* {{cite book |last = Rieckenberg|first = Hans Jürgen |title = Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) Bd.2 |publisher = Duncker & Humblot |year = 1955 |location = [[Berlin]] }}{{Verify source |date=March 2009 }}
*{{cite NIE |wstitle=Hirschberg |year=1905}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jelenia Góra}}
{{wikivoyage|Jelenia Góra}}
{{EB1911 poster|Hirschberg}}
*{{official website|http://www.jeleniagora.pl}}

{{Jelenia Góra County}}
{{Lower Silesian Voivodeship}}
{{Cities of Poland}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jelenia Góra| ]]
[[Category:City counties of Poland]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities in Silesia]]