View source for Jenny Lind

{{Short description|Swedish opera singer (1820–1887)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{About|the Swedish singer}}
{{Redirect|The Swedish Nightingale|the film|The Swedish Nightingale (film){{!}}''The Swedish Nightingale'' (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = Magnus Jenny Lind.jpg
| alt                = 1862 painting of a seated woman
| image_upright      = 1
| caption            = 1862 portrait
| birth_name         = Johanna Maria Lind
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1820|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1887|11|02|1820|10|06|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Herefordshire]], England
| occupation         = Opera singer
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Otto Goldschmidt]]|5 February 1852}}
| signature          = Jenny Lind Signature 1850.svg
}}

'''Johanna Maria Lind (Madame Goldschmidt)'''<ref>[https://aadl.org/node/424702 "Death of Jenny Lind"], ''Ann Arbor Democrat'', 11 November 1887. Accessed 5 April 2024.</ref> (6 October 1820{{spaced ndash}}2 November 1887) was a Swedish [[opera singer]], often called the "'''Swedish Nightingale'''". One of the most highly regarded singers of the 19th century, she performed in [[soprano]] roles in opera in Sweden and across Europe, and undertook an extraordinarily popular [[Jenny Lind tour of America, 1850–52|concert tour of the United States]] beginning in 1850. She was a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Music]] from 1840.

Lind became famous after her performance in ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' in Sweden in 1838. Within a few years, she had suffered vocal damage, but the singing teacher [[Manuel García (baritone)|Manuel García]] saved her voice. She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and was closely associated with [[Felix Mendelssohn]]. After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29.

In 1850, Lind went to the United States at the invitation of the showman [[P. T. Barnum]]. She gave 93 large-scale concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She earned more than $350,000 ({{Inflation|US|350000|1851|fmt=eq}}) from these concerts, donating the proceeds to charities, principally the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her new husband, [[Otto Goldschmidt]], she returned to Europe in 1852, settling in England in 1855. She had three children and gave occasional concerts over the next three decades. From 1882, she was a professor of singing at the [[Royal College of Music]] in London for some years.

==Life and career==
===Early life===
Born in [[Klara (Stockholm)|Klara]] in central [[Stockholm]], Sweden, Lind was the illegitimate daughter of Niclas Jonas Lind, a bookkeeper, and Anne-Marie Fellborg, a schoolteacher.<ref name=dnb/> Lind's mother had divorced her first husband for adultery but refused to remarry until after his death in 1834. Lind's parents married when she was 14.<ref name=dnb/>

[[File:Kungliga Operan, building in 2021 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|Royal Swedish Opera, Stockholm, where Lind sang some early roles]]
Lind's mother ran a day school for girls out of her home. When Lind was about 9, her singing was overheard by the maid of Mademoiselle Lundberg, the principal dancer at the [[Royal Swedish Opera]].<ref name=dnb/> The maid, astounded by Lind's extraordinary voice, returned the next day with Lundberg, who arranged an audition and helped her gain admission to the [[Royal Dramatic Training Academy]], the acting school of the [[Royal Dramatic Theatre]], where she studied with [[Carl Magnus Craelius]], the singing master at the theatre.<ref name=iln>Mdlle. Jenny Lind, ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 24 April 1847, p. 272</ref>

Lind began to sing onstage when she was 10. She had a vocal crisis at the age of 12 and had to stop singing for a time, but she recovered.<ref name=iln/> Her first great role was Agathe in [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]]'s ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' in 1838 at the Royal Swedish Opera.<ref name=dnb/> At 20, she was a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Music]] and [[Hovsångare|court singer]] to the King of Sweden and Norway. Her voice became seriously damaged by overuse and untrained singing technique, but her career was saved by the singing teacher [[Manuel García (baritone)|Manuel García]] with whom she studied in Paris from 1841 to 1843. He insisted that she should not sing at all for three months, to allow her vocal cords to recover, before he started to teach her a healthy and secure<ref name=dnb/><ref name=iln/> [[Bel canto]] vocal technique.<ref name=rogers/>

[[File:Jenny Lind in La Sonnambula.jpg|thumb|Lind as Amina in ''[[La sonnambula]]'']]
After Lind had been with García for a year, the composer [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]], an early and faithful admirer of her talent, arranged an audition for her at the [[Paris Opera|Opéra]] in Paris, but she was rejected. The biographer Francis Rogers concludes that Lind strongly resented the rebuff: when she became an international star, she always refused invitations to sing at the Paris Opéra.<ref name=rogers/> Lind returned to the Royal Swedish Opera, greatly improved as a singer by García's training. She toured Denmark where, in 1843, [[Hans Christian Andersen]] met and fell in love with her. Although the two became good friends, she did not reciprocate his romantic feelings. She is believed to have inspired three of his [[fairy tale]]s: "Beneath the Pillar", "[[The Angel (fairy tale)|The Angel]]" and "[[The Nightingale (fairy tale)|The Nightingale]]".<ref name=hetsch>{{Cite journal |last1=Hetsch |first1=Gustav |last2=Baker |first2=Theodore |author-link2=Theodore Baker |date=1930 |title=Hans Christian Andersen's Interest in Music |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/738371 |journal=The Musical Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=322–329 |doi=10.1093/mq/XVI.3.322 |jstor=738371 |issn=0027-4631|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He wrote, "No book or personality whatever has exerted a more ennobling influence on me, as a poet, than Jenny Lind. For me she opened the sanctuary of art."<ref name=hetsch/> The biographer Carol Rosen believes that after Lind rejected Andersen as a suitor, he portrayed her as ''[[The Snow Queen]]'' with a heart of ice.<ref name=dnb/>{{#tag:ref|Lind's relationship with Hans Christian Andersen was dramatised on American television in "The Second Day of Christmas", the 26 December 1955 episode of ''[[Robert Montgomery Presents]]'', starring [[Lois Smith]] as Lind.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/image/458870930/?clipping_id=148732143 "Today's Tops in TV"]. ''The San Francisco Examiner''. 26 December 1955. p.&nbsp;23. Retrieved 5 June 2024; and Barnow, Eric; ed. (1945). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zwOH64apmQIC&dq=Denmark+%22Sandra+Michael%22&pg=PA346 Radio Drama in Action: Twenty-five Plays of a Changing World]''. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. p.&nbsp;346. {{OCLC|1371095}}.</ref>|group=n}}

===German and British success===
In December 1844, through Meyerbeer's influence, Lind was engaged to sing the title role in [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]'s opera ''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]'' in Berlin.<ref name=rogers /> That led to more engagements in opera houses throughout Germany and Austria, but such was her success in Berlin that she continued there for four months before she left for other cities.<ref name=iln/> Among her early admirers were [[Robert Schumann]], [[Hector Berlioz]] and, most importantly for her, [[Felix Mendelssohn]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Lars P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqJYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 |title=What Has Sweden Done for the United States?: A Brochure Printed and Sold for the Benefit of the Famine Fund for Northern Sweden and Finland |date=1903 |publisher=The author |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ignaz Moscheles]] wrote: "Jenny Lind has fairly enchanted me... her song with two concertante flutes is perhaps the most incredible feat in the way of bravura singing that can possibly be heard".<ref name=rogers /> That number, from Meyerbeer's ''[[Ein Feldlager in Schlesien]]'' (''The Camp of Silesia'', 1844, a role written for Lind but not premiered by her) became one of the songs most associated with Lind, and she was called on to sing it wherever she performed in concert.<ref name=dnb/> Her operatic repertoire included the title roles in ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]'', ''[[Maria di Rohan]]'', ''Norma'', ''[[La sonnambula]]'' and ''[[La vestale]]'' as well as Susanna in ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'', Adina in ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]'' and Alice in ''[[Robert le diable]]''.<ref name=rogers/> According to Lindsay B. Yeates, "whilst the beauty of her voice was far greater than any other in living memory ([she was called] the ''Swedish Nightingale''), what really set her apart was her outstanding ability to act".<ref>Yeates (2013), p.&nbsp;788</ref> In December 1845, the day after her debut at the [[Leipzig Gewandhaus]] under the baton of Mendelssohn, she sang without fee for a charity concert in aid of the Orchestra Widows' Fund. Her devotion and generosity to charitable causes remained a key aspect of her career and greatly enhanced her international popularity even among the unmusical.<ref name=dnb/>

[[File:Jenny Lind retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Daguerreotype]] of Lind, 1850]]
At the Royal Swedish Opera, Lind had been friends with the tenor [[Julius Günther]]. They sang together both in opera and on the concert stage and became romantically linked by 1844. Their schedules separated them, however, as Günther remained in Stockholm and then became a student of Garcia in Paris in 1846–1847. After reuniting in Sweden, according to Lind's 1891 ''Memoir'', they became engaged to marry in the spring of 1848, just before Lind returned to England. However, the two broke off the engagement in October of the same year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Henry Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tfg5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PR338 |title=Memoir of Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt: Her Early Art-life and Dramatic Career, 1820–1851: From Original Documents, Letters, Ms. Diaries, Etc |date=1891 |publisher=J. Murray |pages=204, 338–40 |language=en}}</ref>

After a successful season in Vienna, where she was mobbed by admirers and feted by the Imperial Family,<ref name=iln/> Lind travelled to London and gave her first performance there on 4 May 1847, when she appeared in an Italian version of Meyerbeer's ''Robert le diable''. It was attended by [[Queen Victoria]]; the next day, ''[[The Times]]'' wrote:

<blockquote>We have had frequent experience of the excitement appertaining to "first nights", but we may safely say, and our opinion will be backed by several hundreds of Her Majesty's subjects, that we never witnessed such a scene of enthusiasm as that displayed last night on the occasion of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind's ''début'' as Alice in an Italian version of ''Robert le diable''.<ref>"Her Majesty's Theatre – First Appearance of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind, ''The Times'', 5 May 1847, p. 5</ref></blockquote>

Queen Victoria attended each of Lind's sixteen debut performances in London.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 January 2021|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/victoria-albert-art-love/the-queens-gallery-buckingham-palace/jenny-lind-as-maria|title=Description of a portrait of Jenny Lind as "Maria" in the Royal Collection}}</ref> In July 1847, Lind starred in the world première of [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s opera ''[[I masnadieri]]'' at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]], under the baton of the composer.<ref>"Her Majesty's Theatre", ''The Times'', 23 July 1847, p. 5</ref> During her two years on the operatic stage in London, Lind appeared in most of the standard opera repertory.<ref name=rogers /> In early 1849, still in her twenties, Lind announced her permanent retirement from opera. Her last opera performance was on 10 May 1849 in ''Robert le diable''; Queen Victoria and other members of the Royal Family were present.<ref>"Her Majesty's Theatre", ''The Times'', 11 May 1849, p. 8</ref> Lind's biographer Francis Rogers wrote, "The reasons for her early retirement have been much discussed for nearly a century, but remain today a matter of mystery. Many possible explanations have been advanced, but not one of them has been verified".<ref name=rogers />

===Lind and Mendelssohn===
[[File:Jenny Lind Token ND about 1850 USA, obverse.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Jenny Lind Token ND issued {{Circa|1850}} for her US tour, obverse]]
[[File:Jenny Lind Token ND about 1850 USA, reverse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Token with wrong year of birth, 1821, reverse]]
In London, Lind's close friendship with [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]] continued. There had been speculation that their relationship extended beyond friendship.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duchen|first=Jessica|author-link=Jessica Duchen |url=http://jessicaduchen.co.uk/pdfs/indi_2009/mendelssohn_jan12.pdf|title=Conspiracy of Silence: Could the Release of Secret Documents Shatter Felix Mendelssohn's Reputation?|work=[[The Independent]]|date=12 January 2009}}</ref> In 2013, George Biddlecombe confirmed in the ''[[Journal of the Royal Musical Association]]'' that "The Committee of the Mendelssohn Scholarship Foundation possesses material indicating that Mendelssohn wrote passionate love letters to Lind entreating her to join him in an adulterous relationship and threatening suicide as a means of exerting pressure upon her, and that these letters were destroyed on being discovered after her death".<ref>Biddlecombe, p. 83</ref>

Mendelssohn was present at Lind's London debut in ''Robert le diable'', and his friend, the critic [[Henry Chorley]], who was with him, wrote: "I see as I write the smile with which Mendelssohn, whose enjoyment of Mdlle. Lind's talent was unlimited, turned round and looked at me, as if a load of anxiety had been taken off his mind. His attachment to Mademoiselle Lind's genius as a singer was unbounded, as was his desire for her success."<ref>Chorley, p. 194</ref> Mendelssohn worked with Lind on many occasions and wrote the beginnings of an opera, ''Lorelei'', for her, based on the legend of the [[Lorelei]] Rhine maidens; the opera was unfinished at his death. He composed the soprano aria in his [[oratorio]] ''[[Elijah (oratorio)|Elijah]]'' ("Hear Ye Israel") with Lind's voice in mind, focusing the [[tessitura]] of the aria around [[F♯ (musical note)|F-sharp (F♯5)]], a note in her range that Mendelssohn supposedly found irresistibly charming.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Frederick George|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38223/38223-h/38223-h.htm|title=The History of Mendelssohn's Oratorio 'Elijah{{'}}|chapter=Chapter 2, Novello |year=1896|via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>

Four months after her London debut, she was devastated by the premature death of Mendelssohn in November 1847. She did not at first feel able to sing the soprano part in ''Elijah'', which he had written for her. She finally did so at a performance in London's [[Exeter Hall]] in late 1848, which raised £1,000 to fund a musical scholarship as a memorial to him; it was her first appearance in oratorio.<ref name=sanders>{{Cite journal |last=Sanders |first=L. G. D. |date=1956 |title=Jenny Lind, Sullivan and the Mendelssohn Scholarship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/936774 |journal=The Musical Times |volume=97 |issue=1363 |pages=466–467 |doi=10.2307/936774 |jstor=936774 |issn=0027-4666|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The original intention had been to found a school of music in Mendelssohn's name in [[Leipzig]], but there was not enough support there, and with the help of [[George Thomas Smart|Sir George Smart]], [[Julius Benedict]] and others, Lind eventually raised enough money to fund a scholarship "to receive pupils of all nations and promote their musical training".<ref name=sanders/> The first recipient of the Mendelssohn Scholarship was the 14-year-old [[Arthur Sullivan]], whom Lind encouraged in his career.<ref name=dnb>{{Cite ODNB |title=Lind [married name Lind-Goldschmidt], Jenny [Johanna Maria] (1820–1887), singer |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16671 |access-date=5 September 2023 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/16671 |last1=Rosen |first1=Carole }}</ref>

===American tour===
{{Main|Jenny Lind's tour of America}}
[[File:Jenny Lind Advert Sheffield.jpg|thumb|upright|Barnum poster]]

In 1849, Lind was approached by the American showman [[P. T. Barnum]] with a proposal to tour throughout the United States, giving 150 concerts in eighteen months. Realising that it would yield large sums for charity, particularly the endowment of free schools in her native Sweden, Lind demanded a fixed fee of $1,000 per concert, and in January 1850 Barnum agreed.<ref name=rogers/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Kenneth |date=1949 |title=Jenny Lind, Diva |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621000 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=34–48 |jstor=42621000 |issn=0040-3261}}</ref>

Together with a supporting baritone, [[Giovanni Belletti]], and her London colleague, Julius Benedict, as pianist, arranger and conductor, Lind sailed to America in September 1850. Barnum's advance publicity made her a celebrity even before she arrived in the US, and she received a wild reception on arriving in New York. Tickets for some of her concerts were in such demand that Barnum sold them by auction. The enthusiasm of the public was so strong that the American press coined the term "Lind mania".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linkon |first=Sherry Lee |date=1998 |title=Reading Lind Mania: Print Culture and the Construction of Nineteenth-Century Audiences |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227283 |journal=Book History |volume=1 |pages=94–106 |jstor=30227283 |issn=1098-7371}}</ref>

[[File:Autograf, Jenny Lind Goldschmidt, Nordisk familjebok.svg|thumb|upright|left|Autograph of Lind after her marriage to Otto Goldschmidt]]
After her first two performances in New York in September 1850,<ref>"United States", ''The Manchester Guardian'', 25 September 1850, p. 2</ref> Lind's party toured the east coast of the United States, with continued success, and later took in Cuba, the Southern US and Canada. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him; they parted amicably. She continued the tour for nearly a year, under her own management, until May 1852. Benedict left the party in 1851 to return to England, and Lind invited [[Otto Goldschmidt]] to replace him as pianist and conductor.<ref name=rogers /> Lind and Goldschmidt were married on 5 February 1852, near the end of the tour, in Boston. She used the name "Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt" (or "Jenny Goldschmidt Lind" or simply "Jenny Goldschmidt") both privately and professionally.{{#tag:ref|A concert poster dated 9 May 1856, Victoria Rooms Clifton (Bristol, UK), names her as "Madame Jenny Goldschmidt Lind" once and "Madame Jenny Goldschmidt" six times.|group=n}}

Details of the later concerts under her own management are scarce,<ref name=rogers/> but it is known that under Barnum's management Lind gave 93 concerts in the United States for which she earned about $350,000, and he netted at least $500,000<ref>"America", ''The Times'', 28 June 1851, p. 5</ref> (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|350000|1851|2020|r=0}}}} and ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|500000|1851|2020|r=0}}}}, as of 2021, respectively).{{Inflation-fn|US}} She donated her profits to various charities, including free schools in Sweden and some US charities.<ref name=rogers>{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Francis |date=1946 |title=Jenny Lind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/739200 |journal=The Musical Quarterly |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=437–448 |doi=10.1093/mq/XXXII.3.437 |jstor=739200 |issn=0027-4631|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>"Jenny Lind's Progress in America", ''The Observer'', 6 October 1850, p. 3</ref> The tour is a plot point in the 1980 musical ''[[Barnum (musical)|Barnum]]'' and the 2017 film ''[[The Greatest Showman]]'', both of which include a fictionalised relationship between Lind and Barnum with "romantic undertones".<ref name="vanityfair.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/greatest-showman-hugh-jackman-p-t-barnum-jenny-lind/amp|title=The Greatest Showman: The True Story of P.T. Barnum and Jenny Lind|last=Kellem|first=Betsy Golden|date=22 December 2017|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref>

At the time of her tour, the debate over [[slavery in the United States]] had been intensified by the [[Compromise of 1850]]. [[Abolitionism in the United States|American abolitionists]] attempted to secure Lind's support for their cause, but she refused to comment on the institution. After meeting Lind in July 1851, [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|British abolitionist]] Judith Griffiths wrote that "the [[Black people|colored people]] are regarded by her as beneath humanity – and too unworthy to be educated... She seemed horrified at colored people – I now know for myself that she is thoroughly [[Proslavery|pro-slavery]] – I am so grieved."<ref name=Greene>{{Cite magazine|first=Bryan|last=Greene|title=When Opera Star Jenny Lind Came to America, She Witnessed a Nation Torn Apart Over Slavery|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/jenny-lind-swedish-opera-star-slavery-180975990 |date=6 October 2020|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> Abolitionist lawyer Maunsell Field wrote that "she had an abhorrence for negroes she could not overcome. 'They are so ugly', she used to say." Yet in June 1852, Lind donated $100 to [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] to free the Edmonsons, a Black family [[Slavery in the District of Columbia|enslaved in Washington, D.C.]], praising ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' as "having been a strong means in the Creator's hand of operating essential good in one of the most important questions for the welfare of our black brethren." Historian [[Joan D. Hedrick]] suggested that Stowe's book "may have changed Lind's heart".<ref name=Greene/>

===Later years===
[[File:Jenny-Lind-later-life.jpg|thumb|upright|Lind in her retirement]]
Lind and Goldschmidt returned to Europe together in May 1852. They lived first in [[Dresden]], Germany, and, from 1855, in England for the rest of their lives.<ref name=rogers/> They had three children: Otto, born September 1853 in Germany, Jenny, born March 1857 in England, and Ernest, born January 1861 in England.<ref name=dnb/>

Although she refused all requests to appear in opera after her return to Europe, Lind continued to perform in the concert hall. In 1856, at the invitation of the [[Philharmonic Society]] conducted by [[William Sterndale Bennett]], she sang the chief soprano part in the first English performance of the cantata ''[[Paradise and the Peri]]'' by [[Robert Schumann]].<ref>First Philharmonic by Cyril Ehrlich, p. 103{{incomplete short citation|date=January 2019}}</ref> In 1866, she gave a concert with [[Arthur Sullivan]] at [[St James's Hall]]. ''The Times'' reported, "there is magic still in that voice... the most perfect singing – perfect alike in expression and in vocalization... Nothing more engaging, nothing more earnest, nothing more dramatic can be imagined."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The "Jenny Lind Concert" |url=https://gsarchive.net/sullivan/symphony/times1866c.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=gsarchive.net}}</ref> At [[Düsseldorf]] in January 1870, she sang in ''Ruth'', an oratorio composed by her husband.<ref name=dnb/> When Goldschmidt formed the [[Bach Choir]] in 1875, Lind trained the soprano choristers for the first English performance of Bach's [[Mass in B minor|B minor Mass]] in April 1876, and performed in the mass.<ref>Elkin, p. 62</ref> Her concerts decreased in frequency until she retired from singing in 1883.<ref name=rogers/>

From 1879 until 1887, Lind worked with [[Frederick Niecks]] on his biography of [[Frédéric Chopin]].<ref>Lind apparently commissioned Félix Barrias's painting "La mort de Chopin", 1885 (Czartoryski Museum, Krakow): see Icons of Europe's essay, ''Why did Niecks write Chopin's biography?'' submitted in December 2004 to ''Chopin in the World''</ref> In 1882, she was appointed professor of singing at the newly founded [[Royal College of Music]]. She believed in an all-round musical training for her pupils, insisting that, in addition to their vocal studies, they were instructed in [[solfège]], piano, harmony, diction, deportment and at least one foreign language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lind-Goldschmidt |first=Jenny |date=1920 |title=Jenny Lind and the R. C. M. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/910691 |journal=The Musical Times |volume=61 |issue=933 |pages=738–739 |doi=10.2307/910691 |jstor=910691 |issn=0027-4666|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her students included German singer and composer [[Georgina Schubert]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Aaron I. |title=International encyclopedia of women composers |date=1987 |isbn=0-9617485-2-4 |edition=Second edition, revised and enlarged |location=New York |oclc=16714846}}</ref> In 1868, Lind wrote that a singer's vowels must be rich in quality to form a sensation of "speak singing". She also stated that the different registers of the voice were unique to each individual and that each register needed to be trained individually and tailored to the specific singer's ability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Jenny Lind |last2=Holmstrom |first2=V. M. |date=1917 |title=Jenny Lind's Singing Method |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/737988 |journal=The Musical Quarterly |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=548–551 |jstor=737988 |issn=0027-4631}}</ref>

Lind lived her final years at Wynds Point, [[Herefordshire]], on the [[Malvern Hills]] near the [[British Camp]]. Her last public appearance was at a charity concert at Royal Malvern Spa in 1883.<ref name=dnb/> She died of cancer at age 67 at Wynds Point on 2 November 1887, and was buried in the [[Great Malvern]] Cemetery to the music of Chopin's [[Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)|Funeral March]]. She bequeathed a considerable part of her wealth to help poor Protestant students in Sweden receive an education.<ref name=dnb/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Sylvia |date=2019 |title=Jenny Lind and P. T. Barnum: A Success Story of Music, Business, and Philanthropy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26902588 |journal=College Music Symposium |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=1–32 |jstor=26902588 |issn=0069-5696}}</ref>

==Critical reputation==
[[File:Jenny Lind (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sheet music cover]]
Reviews of Lind's performances in Europe were enthusiastic; those of her London debut were effusive<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenny Lind (1820–1887) |url=https://momh.org.uk/exhibitions/jenny-lind-1820-1887/  |website=Museum of Music History |date=October 2020 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> and included the following:
<blockquote>Jenny Lind, undoubtedly the prima donna of the world entered. ... [We heard] the beautiful tones of a [[Henriette Sontag|Sontag]], united to the powers of a [[Giulia Grisi|Grisi]], the compass of a [[Maria Malibran|Malibran]], the more than flexibility of a [[Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani|Persiani]], and the correctness of intonation of the most perfect of musical instruments.  It is ... so surpassingly beautiful – so superior to any other voice, uniting, as it does, the perfection of all voices. ... It is, in fact, itself the standard, as being the nearest approach to perfection of any voice ever heard. ... Truly has she been called the nightingale, for she possesses in the utmost perfection the "jug" note of the bird, and also that marvellous power of throwing, as it were, the warble into the distance – now dying away, and now swelling again, even as an organ does – a power possessed by no other human voice that we have ever heard.<ref>"Her Majesty's Theatre", '' [[The Sun (1792–1876)|''The Sun'']]'', 5 May 1847, p. 3</ref></blockquote>

Her biographer Francis Rogers noted his own and others' dissenting views, stating that although Lind was much admired by Meyerbeer, Mendelssohn, the Schumanns, Berlioz and others, "In voice and in dramatic talent she was undoubtedly inferior to her predecessors, [[Maria Malibran|Malibran]] and [[Giuditta Pasta|Pasta]], and to her contemporaries, [[Henriette Sontag|Sontag]] and [[Giulia Grisi|Grisi]]."<ref name="rogers" /> He concludes that because of her expert promoters, including Barnum, "almost all that was written about her was undoubtedly biased by an almost overwhelming propaganda in her favor, bought and paid for".<ref name="rogers" /> Rogers says of Mendelssohn and Lind's other admirers that their tastes were "essentially Teutonic" and, except for Meyerbeer, they were not expert in Italian opera, Lind's early speciality. He quotes a critic of the ''[[New York Herald]]'', who noted "little deficiencies in execution, in ascending the scale, which even enthusiasm cannot deprive of their sharpness".<ref name="rogers" /> The American press agreed that Lind's presentation was more typical of Germanic "cold, untouching, icy purity of tone and style", rather than the passionate expression necessary for Italian opera, and the ''Herald'' wrote that her style was "suited to please the people of our cold climate. She will have triumphs here that would never attend her progress through France or Italy".<ref name="rogers" />

The critic H. F. Chorley, who admired Lind, described her voice as having "two octaves in compass – from D to D – having a higher possible note or two, available on rare occasions;{{#tag:ref|of these "higher possible notes", Rogers quotes Chorley as follows: "In a song from ''Beatrice di Tenda'' which she adopted, there was a chromatic cadence, ascending to E [[in altissimo]] [i.e. E6], and descending to the note whence it had risen, which could not be paragoned, of late days, as an evidence of mastery and accomplishment."|group=n}} and that the lower half of the register and the upper one were of two distinct qualities. The former was not strong – veiled, if not husky; and apt to be out of tune. The latter was rich, brilliant and powerful – finest in its highest portions."<ref name="chorley">Chorley, H. F., ''quoted'' in {{harvnb|Rogers|1946}}</ref> Chorley praised her breath management, her use of ''[[Dynamics (music)|pianissimo]]'', her taste in ornament and her intelligent use of technique to conceal the differences between her upper and lower registers. He thought her "execution was great" and that she was a "skilled and careful musician" but felt that "many of her effects on the stage appeared overcalculated" and that singing in foreign languages impeded her ability to give expression to the text. He felt that her concert singing was more admirable than her operatic performances, but he praised some of her roles.<ref name="rogers" />{{#tag:ref|Chorley wrote of Lind's concerts: "The wild, queer, Northern tunes brought here by her – her careful expression of some of Mozart's great airs – her mastery over such a piece of execution as "The Bird Song" in Haydn's ''Creation'' – and lastly, the grandeur of inspiration with which the "Sanctus" of angels in Mendelssohn's ''Elijah'' was led by her (the culminating point in the Oratorio) – are so many things to leave on the mind of all who have heard them".|group=n}} Chorley judged her finest work to be in the German repertoire, citing Mozart, [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] and Mendelssohn's ''Elijah'' as best suited to her.<ref name="chorley" /> Miller concluded that although connoisseurs of the voice preferred other singers, her wider appeal to the public at large was not merely a legend created by Barnum but was a mixture of "a uniquely pure (some called it celestial) quality in her voice, consistent with her well-known generosity and charity".<ref name="miller" />

There are no known surviving recordings of Lind's voice. She is believed to have made an early [[phonograph]] recording for [[Thomas Edison]], but in the words of the critic Philip L. Miller, "Even had the fabled Edison cylinder survived, it would have been too primitive, and she too long retired, to tell us much".<ref name=miller>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Philip L. |last2=Lockard |first2=Thaddeus C. |date=1983 |title=Review of P. T. Barnun Presents Jenny Lind: The American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale, Thaddeus C. Lockard Jr. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051579 |journal=American Music |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=78–80 |doi=10.2307/3051579 |jstor=3051579 |issn=0734-4392|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Memorials and commemorations==
[[File:Lind-memorial-westminster-abbey.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Westminster Abbey]]]]
Lind is commemorated in [[Poets' Corner]], [[Westminster Abbey]], London under the name "Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt". Among those present at the memorial's unveiling ceremony on 20 April 1894 were Goldschmidt, members of the Royal Family, Sullivan, [[George Grove|Sir George Grove]] and representatives of some of the charities supported by Lind.<ref>"Jenny Lind Memorial", ''The Times'', 21 April 1894, p. 14</ref> There is also a plaque commemorating Lind in [[The Boltons]], [[Kensington]], London<ref>{{Citation |last=Jamie Barras |title=Jenny Lind |date=12 August 2007 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ddtmmm/1096337132/ |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> and a [[blue plaque]] at 189 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7, which was erected in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Heritage |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/lind-jenny-1820-1887-a.k.a.-madame-goldschmidt |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=www.english-heritage.org.uk}}</ref>

Lind has been commemorated in music, on screen and even on banknotes. In the 1930 Hollywood film ''[[A Lady's Morals]]'', [[Grace Moore]] starred as Lind, with [[Wallace Beery]] as Barnum.<ref>''The New York Times'', [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=98562 "''A Lady's Morals'' a.k.a ''Jenny Lind''"]</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Mordant |last=Hall |url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=Lady%27s%20Morals%2c%20A&title2=&reviewer=MORDAUNT%20HALL%2e&pdate=19301108&v_id=98562 |title=The Swedish Nightingale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081746/http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=Lady%27s%20Morals%2c%20A&title2=&reviewer=MORDAUNT%20HALL%2e&pdate=19301108&v_id=98562 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |work=The New York Times|date=8 November 1930}}</ref> The Swedish opera singer [[Helga Görlin]] portrayed Lind in the 1937 Swedish historical drama film ''[[John Ericsson, Victor of Hampton Roads]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carl-Gunnar Åhlen |url=https://skbl.se/sv/artikel/HelgaGorlin |title=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon |date=8 February 2021 |language=sv}}</ref> In 1941 [[Ilse Werner]] starred as Lind in the German-language musical biography film ''[[The Swedish Nightingale (film)|The Swedish Nightingale]]''. In 2001, a semibiographical film, ''[[Hans Christian Andersen: My Life as a Fairytale]]'', featured [[Flora Montgomery]] as Lind. In 2005, [[Elvis Costello]] announced that he was writing an opera about Lind, called ''The Secret Arias'' with some lyrics by Andersen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Joanne |date=10 October 2005 |title=The Secret Arias, Opera House, Copenhagen |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/the-secret-arias-opera-house-copenhagen-318718.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> A 2010 [[BBC]] television documentary "Chopin – The Women Behind the Music" includes discussion of Chopin's last years, during which Lind "so affected" the composer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rhodes|first=James|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/2010/wk41/fri.shtml#fri_chopin|title=Chopin – The Women Behind The Music|publisher=BBC Four, BBC Programme info|date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Jenny Lind nd.jpg|thumb|upright|Lind standing at a keyboard]]
Both the 1996 and 2006 issues of the Swedish 50-[[Swedish krona|krona]] banknote bear a portrait of Lind on the front. Many artistic works have honoured or featured her. [[Anton Wallerstein]] composed the "Jenny Lind Polka" around 1850.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/L5XPBH8YFP14NIB3G1Y13BRF6C2I5Y8KJ95D9L336Q4RRLHQPS-84213?func=full-set-set&set_number=074413&set_entry=000006&format=999 |title="Jenny Lind Polka"|publisher=British Library integrated catalogue|access-date=16 June 2011}}</ref> Many places and objects have been named for Lind, including [[Jenny Lind Island]] in Canada, the [[Jenny Lind locomotive|''Jenny Lind'' locomotive]] and a [[clipper|clipper ship]], the [[USS Nightingale (1851)|USS ''Nightingale'']]. An Australian schooner was named ''Jenny Lind'' in her honour. In 1857, it was wrecked in a creek on the [[Queensland]] coast; the creek was accordingly named Jenny Lind Creek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beachsafe.org.au/beach/qld1460|title=Jenny Lind Creek|publisher=Beachsafe|access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref> A bronze statue of a seated Jenny Lind by Erik Rafael-Rådberg, dedicated in 1924, sits in the Framnäs section of [[Djurgården]] island in Stockholm.<ref>At {{coord|59|19|45|N|18|6|8|E|display=inline|type:landmark_dim:3km}} {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Nordisk familjebok (Nordic Family Book) |title=Lind-Goldschmidt, Jenny M. |url=https://runeberg.org/nfcq/0127.html |access-date=1 April 2014 |language=sv |edition=2nd ("Owl") edition supplement |year=1925 |volume=37 (Supplement L-to-Parliamentary) |location=Stockholm |page=210 |quote=En sittande bronsstaty öfver henne, mod. af E. Rafael-Rådberg, aftäcktes 11 maj 1924 vid Framnäs på k. Djurgården, Stockholm.}} {{in lang|sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait Bust of Paul Engdahl by Rafael Radberg |url=https://www.1stdibs.com/furniture/decorative-objects/sculptures/portrait-bust-paul-engdahl-rafael-radberg/id-f_556355/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=1stDibs.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Britain, Goldschmidt's endowment of an infirmary for children in her honour in [[Norwich]] is perpetuated in its present form as the [[Jenny Lind Children's Hospital]] of the [[Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust » Jenny Lind Children's Hospital |url=https://www.nnuh.nhs.uk/our-services/our-hospitals/jennylind/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=www.nnuh.nhs.uk}}</ref> There is a Jenny Lind Park in the same city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jenny Lind Park |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505151613/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1673 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=Norwich City Council}}</ref> A chapel is named for Lind at the [[University of Worcester]] City Campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worcester.ac.uk/discover/fundraising-campaign-launched-for-stained-glass-window-at-former-hospital.html |title=Fundraising Campaign Launched for Stained Glass Window at Former Hospital|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031152847/http://worcester.ac.uk/discover/fundraising-campaign-launched-for-stained-glass-window-at-former-hospital.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=University of Worcester}}</ref> A hotel and pub is named after her in the Old Town of [[Hastings]], [[East Sussex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jennylindhastings.co.uk/ |title=A hot time in the Old Town|publisher=The Jenny Lind Inn|access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> [[Hereford County Hospital]] has a psychiatric ward named for Jenny Lind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/health/8842179.Hereford_man_who_gave_up_rock_n_roll_to_become_metal_health_nurse_has_retired_/ |title=David Craig who left roadie job to become mental health nurse retires|publisher=Hereford Times|date=10 February 2011}}</ref> A [[Jenny Lind, Glasgow|district]] in [[Glasgow]] is named after her.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow Population and Size |url=http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-facts1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005005820/http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-facts1.html |archive-date=5 October 1999 |website=Glasgow Guide Organisation}}</ref> In [[Sutton, London|Sutton]], London, the pub "The Jenny Lind", next to Lind Road, has been renamed "The Nightingale".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenightingalesutton.co.uk/history |title=What's In A Name?|publisher=thenightingalesutton.co.uk|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whatpub.com/pubs/CRO/11627/nightingale-sutton |title=Nightingale, formerly Jenny Lind|publisher=whatpub.com|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

In the US, Lind is commemorated by street names in [[Amelia, Ohio]]; [[Fort Smith, Arkansas]]; [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]]; [[Taunton, Massachusetts]]; [[McKeesport, Pennsylvania]]; [[North Easton, Massachusetts]]; [[North Highlands, California]] and [[Stanhope, New Jersey]]; and in the name of [[Jenny Lind, Arkansas]]. The town of [[Jenny Lind, California]] is likely named after her, although there are several tales about its naming.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n168 169]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.malakoff.com/goldcountry/jennylin.htm | title=The California Gold Country: Highway 49 Revisited | first=Elliot H. | last=Koeppel | date=December 1996 | publisher=Malakoff & Co. | location=La Habra, CA | isbn=0-938121-12-X}}</ref> An elementary school in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], Minnesota,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://jennylind.mpls.k12.mn.us/Home |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=jennylind.mpls.k12.mn.us}}</ref> and the [[Jenny Lind Tower]], a stone tower in [[North Truro, Massachusetts|North Truro]], Massachusetts, are named for her.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Berlin |first1=Michael |title=Truro looks back: The Jenny Lind tower comes to town |url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/truro/news/lifestyle/celebrations/x1008347583/Truro-looks-back-The-Jenny-Lind-tower-comes-to-town |newspaper=Provincetown Banner, reprinted on Wickedlocal.com |access-date=3 January 2011 |author2=Richard F. Whalen |date=12 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109201028/http://www.wickedlocal.com/truro/news/lifestyle/celebrations/x1008347583/Truro-looks-back-The-Jenny-Lind-tower-comes-to-town |archive-date= 9 November 2012 }}</ref> She visited [[Mammoth Cave]] in central Kentucky in 1851, and a feature in the cave was named in her honour, called "Jenny Lind's Armchair".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenny Lind (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/jenny-lind.htm |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Cottage-style spindled furniture is still named for her, especially Jenny Lind cribs and beds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will the Real Jenny Lind Please Stand Up? |url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/will-the-real-jenny-lind-pleas-144764 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Apartment Therapy |language=en}}</ref> [[Andover, Illinois]], has the [[Jenny Lind Chapel]], a Swedish Lutheran Chapel that Lind donated $1,500 to construct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/jennylindchapelsite/history|title=History|publisher=Jenny Lind Chapel, Andover, Illinois|date=15 July 2018|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225175929/https://sites.google.com/site/jennylindchapelsite/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jenny Lind Wing is part of a student residence building at [[Augustana College (Illinois)|Augustana College]], [[Rock Island, Illinois|Rock Island]], Illinois, which was founded by the [[Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America]] in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://augustana.net/student-life/housing/first-year-students/westerlin/first-floor-jenny-lind|title=First floor Jenny Lind|publisher=Westerlin Hall, Augustana College|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141526/https://augustana.net/student-life/housing/first-year-students/westerlin/first-floor-jenny-lind|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Deirdre |date=6 July 2017 |title=Augustana residence project in final phase |url=https://qctimes.com/news/local/education/augustana-residence-project-in-final-phase/article_af6a524c-8e7e-5ec2-ad51-3f6f01efc457.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=The Quad-City Times |language=en}}</ref> The college also named a Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iandolo |first=Mark |title=Augustana College announces three 2017 concerts for Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble |url=https://rockislandtoday.com/stories/511073689-augustana-college-announces-three-2017-concerts-for-jenny-lind-vocal-ensemble |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Rock Island Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Jenny Lind soup]] is a soup named for her.<ref>{{cite book | last=Rumble | first=V.R. | title=Soup Through the Ages: A Culinary History with Period Recipes | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated Publishers | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-7864-5390-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQtCKmQG4rsC&pg=PA66 | access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref> The [[American Swedish Historical Museum]]'s Jenny Lind Room is devoted to her and the lasting effects of her widespread popularity in America. Her [[Jenny Lind tour of America, 1850–52|1850–1852 tour of America]] is a plot point in the 1980 musical ''[[Barnum (musical)|Barnum]]'' and the 2017 film ''[[The Greatest Showman]]'', both of which include a fictionalised relationship between Lind and Barnum with "romantic undertones".<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

[[Norwegian Air Shuttle]]'s Boeing [[Boeing 737 MAX|737-8JP]] registration [[:c:Category:LN-DYG (aircraft)|LN-DYG]] is called ''Jenny Lind'' and has a drawing of Lind on its tail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Marisa |date=5 September 2016 |title=Two Inspiring Swedish Women Grace Norwegian's Latest Aircraft |url=https://flightchic.com/2016/09/05/two-inspiring-women-feature-on-norwegians-latest-commemorative-aircraft-tails/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=FlightChic |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Justina Casagli]]
*[[Elisabeth Frösslind]]
*[[Elisabeth Olin]]
*[[Lina Sandell]]
*[[List of Swedes in music]]
*[[Jenny Lind locomotive]], a [[2-2-2]] steam locomotive named after her.
* [[James_Braid_(surgeon)#Jenny_Lind_and_James_Braid|Jenny Lind and James Braid]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n|colwidth=60em}}

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite journal|last=Biddlecombe|first=George|year=2013|title=Secret Letters and a Missing Memorandum: New Light on the Personal Relationship between Felix Mendelssohn and Jenny Lind|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Musical Association]]|volume=138|issue=1|pages=47–83|doi=10.1080/02690403.2013.771961|s2cid=170879707}}
* {{cite book|last=Chorley|first=Henry F.|author-link=Henry Chorley|editor=Ernest Newman|editor-link=Ernest Newman|year=1926|title=Thirty Years' Musical Recollections|location=New York and London|publisher=Knopf|oclc=347491}}
* {{cite book|last=Elkin|first=Robert|year=1944|title=Queen's Hall 1893–1941|location=London|publisher=Ryder|oclc=604598020}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Goldschmidt|editor1-first=Otto|editor1-link=Otto Goldschmidt|editor2-first=Henry|editor2-last=Scott Holland|editor3-first=W. S.|editor3-last=Rockstro|year=1891|title=Jenny Lind the artist, 1820–1851. A memoir of Madame Jenny Lind Goldschmidt, her art-life and dramatic career|location=London|publisher=John Murray|oclc=223031312 }}
* {{cite book|last=Yeates|first=Lindsay B.|year=2013|title=James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist|location= |publisher=School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales (Ph.D. Dissertation)|url=http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/52626|oclc=}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Clive|title=A Portrait of Mendelssohn|location=New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-300-09539-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofmendel00cliv}}
* {{cite book|last= Bulman |first=Joan |year=1956 |title=Jenny Lind: A Biography |location= London|publisher=Barrie |oclc=252091695 }}
* {{cite book|last= Holland |first=Henry Scott |title=Memoir of Madame Jenny Lind-Goldschmidt: Her Early Art-Life and Dramatic Career, 1820–1851 (2 volumes)|publisher=London: J. Murray; New York: C. Scribner's Sons|year=1891}} 
* {{cite book|last= Jorgensen |first= Cecilia |author2=Jens Jorgensen |year=2003 |title=Chopin and The Swedish Nightingale |location= Brussels |publisher= Icons of Europe |isbn= 2-9600385-0-9 }}
* {{cite book|last= Kielty |first= Bernadine| year= 1959|title= Jenny Lind Sang Here |url= https://archive.org/details/jennylindsangher00kiel |url-access= registration |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |oclc=617750 }}
* {{cite book|last= Kyle |first =Elisabeth |year= 1964|title= The Swedish Nightingale: Jenny Lind |location=New York |publisher= Holt Rinehart and Winston |oclc= 884670 }}
* {{cite book|last=Maude |first=Jenny M. C. |year=1926 |title=The Life of Jenny Lind, Briefly Told by Her Daughter, Mrs. Raymond Maude, O.B.E. |location=London |publisher= Cassell|oclc=403731797 }}
* {{cite book|last=Mercer-Taylor|first=Peter|title=The Life of Mendelssohn|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-63972-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmendelssoh0000merc}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ware |first1=W. Porter |last2=Lockard |first2=Thaddeus |title=P. T. Barnum Presents Jenny Lind: The American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale |date=1980 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |location=Baton Rouge, LA |isbn=9780807106877}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jenny Lind}}
{{EB1911 poster|Lind, Jenny}}
{{Wikisource|Century Magazine/Volume 45/Issue 2/Notable Women. Jenny Lind|Ronald J. McNeill in ''Century Magazine'' "Notable Women: Jenny Lind"}}
*[http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/nightingale/ Profile of and links to information about Jenny Lind], the Barnum's American History Museum site
*Boyette, Patsy M. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011060719/http://kinstonpress.com/history/jenny_lind111705.html "Jenny Lind Sang Under This Tree"]}}, ''Olde Kinston Gazette'', Kinstonpress.com (March 1999)
*{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Lind-Goldschmidt, Jenny|year=1892 |short=x}}
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lind, Jenny|year=1920 |short=x}}
*[http://www.worldofopera.org/component/k2/item/829-episode-131-chopin-and-the-swedish-nightingale-mazurka-in-a-flat-major-op-24-no-3 Lind and Chopin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503034005/http://www.worldofopera.org/component/k2/item/829-episode-131-chopin-and-the-swedish-nightingale-mazurka-in-a-flat-major-op-24-no-3 |date=3 May 2017 }} at World of Opera website
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Jenny Lind |sopt=t}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=EvEPAAAAYAAJ ''Jenny Lind: Her Life, Her Struggles and Her Triumphs''] by G. G. Rosenberg (1850)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=2aQNAAAAIAAJ Lind's Memoirs (1820–1851)]
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022238202 Biography] by N. Parker Willis (1951)
* {{Digitaltmuseum}}

{{Barnum}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lind, Jenny}}
[[Category:Jenny Lind| ]]
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Swedish actresses]]
[[Category:19th-century Swedish women opera singers]]
[[Category:Academics of the Royal College of Music]]
[[Category:Burials in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:People from Malvern, Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Singers from Stockholm]]
[[Category:Pupils of Manuel García (baritone)]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in England]]
[[Category:Swedish Lutherans]]
[[Category:Swedish operatic sopranos]]
[[Category:Swedish stage actresses]]