View source for Jeremiah

{{short description|Biblical prophet}}
{{about|the prophet}}
{{Redirect|Jeremias}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Jeremiah
| image              = SA 160-Jeremia op de puinhopen van Jeruzalem.jpg
| caption            = ''Jeremiah on the ruins of Jerusalem'' by [[Horace Vernet]], 1844
| birth_date         = {{circa|650 BC}}
| birth_place        = [[Anathoth]]
| death_date         = {{circa|570 BC|lk=no}}
| death_place        = [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
| occupation         = [[Prophet]]
| parents            = [[Hilkiah]]
}}

'''Jeremiah'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɛr|ᵻ|ˈ|m|aɪ|.|ə}};{{sfn|Wells|1990|p=383}}}}{{Efn|{{langx|he|יִרְמְיָהוּ|Yirmĭyāhu|[[Yahweh|Yah]] shall raise}},<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Geoffrey|title=The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1|publisher=Open Book Publishers|year=2020|isbn=978-1783746767}}</ref> {{langx|grc-x-koine|Ἰερεμίας|Ieremíās}}}} ({{circa|650}} – {{circa|570 BC|lk=no}}),<ref name="britannica.com" /> also called '''Jeremias''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jeremias |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08334a.htm |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> was one of the [[major prophet]]s of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. According to Jewish tradition, Jeremiah authored the [[Book of Jeremiah|book that bears his name]], the [[Books of Kings]], and the [[Book of Lamentations]],{{sfn|Hillers|1972|pp=xix–xxiv}} with the assistance and under the editorship of [[Baruch ben Neriah]], his [[scribe]] and disciple.

According to the narrative of the Book of Jeremiah, the prophet emerged as a significant figure in the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC. Born into a [[Kohen|priestly lineage]], Jeremiah reluctantly accepted his [[religious calling|call to prophethood]], embarking on a tumultuous ministry more than five decades long. His life was marked by opposition, imprisonment, and personal struggles, according to [[Jeremiah 32]] and [[Jeremiah 37|37]]. Central to Jeremiah's message were [[Bible prophecy|prophecies]] of impending [[divine judgment]], forewarning of the nation's idolatry, social injustices, and moral decay. According to the Bible, he prophesied the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|siege of Jerusalem]] and [[Babylonian captivity]] as consequences for disobedience. Jeremiah's teachings encompassed [[lament]]ations, oracles, and symbolic acts, emphasising the urgency of [[repentance]] and the restoration of a [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] relationship with [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]].

Jeremiah is an essential figure in both [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]]. His words are read in [[synagogue]]s as part of the [[haftara]] and he is quoted in the [[New Testament]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|2:18}}, {{bibleverse|Hebrews|8:8–12}}, {{bibleverse|Hebrews|10:16–17}}</ref> [[Islam]] also regards Jeremiah as a prophet and his narrative is recounted in [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic tradition]].{{sfn|Wensinck|1913–1936}}

== Biblical narratives ==
=== Lineage and early life ===
[[File:Jeremiah by Enrico Glicenstein.jpg|thumb|''Jeremiah'' by [[Enrico Glicenstein]]]]
Jeremiah was known as a prophet from the thirteenth year of [[Josiah]], [[Kingdom of Judah|king of Judah]] (626&nbsp;BC),{{sfn|Douglas|1987|p=559–560}} until after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|fall of Jerusalem]] and the destruction of [[Solomon's Temple]] in 587&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Sweeney|2004|p=917}} This period spanned the reigns of five kings of Judah: Josiah, [[Jehoahaz of Judah|Jehoahaz]], [[Jehoiakim]], [[Jehoiachin]], and [[Zedekiah]].{{sfn|Douglas|1987|p=559–560}} The prophetess [[Huldah]] was a relative and contemporary of Jeremiah, while the prophet [[Zephaniah]] was his mentor.{{sfn|Singer|1926|p=100,130}}

Jeremiah was the son of [[Hilkiah]], a priest from the land of Benjamin in the village of [[Anathoth]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:1}}</ref> The difficulties he encountered, as described in the books of Jeremiah and [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]], have prompted scholars to refer to him as "the weeping prophet".{{sfn|Henderson|2002|pp=191–206}}

Jeremiah was called to prophecy {{circa|626|lk=no}}&nbsp;BC{{sfn|Longman|2008|p=6}} by God to proclaim Jerusalem's coming destruction<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:14–16|HE}}</ref> by invaders from the north.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|4|HE}}</ref> This was because Israel had forsaken God by worshiping the [[Idolatry|idols]] of [[Baal]]<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|2|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|3|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|5|HE}}, {{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|9|HE}}</ref> and burning their children as offerings to Baal.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|19:4–5|HE}}</ref> The nation had deviated so far from God's laws that they had broken the covenant, causing God to withdraw his blessings. Jeremiah was guided by God to proclaim that the nation of Judah would suffer famine, foreign conquest, plunder, and captivity in a land of strangers.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|10|HE}},{{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|11|HE}}</ref>

According to {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:2-3|HE}}, Yahweh called Jeremiah to prophesy in about 626&nbsp;BC,{{sfn|Longman|2008|p=6}} about five years before Josiah's famous reforms.<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:3-13|HE}}</ref> However, they were insufficient to save Judah and Jerusalem from destruction, because of the sins of [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]], Josiah's grandfather,<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|23:26–27|HE}}</ref> and Judah's return to the idolatry of foreign gods after Josiah's death.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|11:10|HE}}, {{bibleverse|2 Kings|23:32|HE}}</ref> Jeremiah was said to have been appointed to reveal the sins of the people and the punishment to come.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:1–2:37|HE}}</ref>{{sfn|Ryken|2001|pp=19–36}}

Jeremiah resisted the call by complaining that he was only a child and did not know how to speak,{{sfn|Freedman|1992|p=686}} but the Lord placed the word in Jeremiah's mouth,<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:6–9|HE}}</ref> commanding "Get yourself ready!"<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah |1:17|HE}}</ref> The qualities of a prophet listed in [[Jeremiah 1]] include not being afraid, standing up to speak, speaking as told, and going where sent.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:4–10|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|1:17–19|HE}}</ref> Since Jeremiah is described as emerging well trained and fully literate from his earliest preaching, his relationship with the [[Shaphan]] family has been used to suggest that he may have trained at the scribal school in Jerusalem over which Shaphan presided.<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|22:8–10|HE}}</ref>{{sfn|Freedman|1992|p=687}}

In his early years of being a prophet, Jeremiah was primarily a preaching prophet,<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah |1:7|HE}}</ref> preaching throughout Israel.{{sfn|Freedman|1992|p=687}} He condemned idolatry, the greed of priests, and false prophets.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|3:12–23|HE}},{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|4:1–4|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|6:13–14|HE}}</ref> Many years later, God instructed Jeremiah to write down these early oracles and his other messages.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|36:1–10|HE}}</ref> [[Charles Cutler Torrey]] argues that the prophet accuses priests and scribes of altering the [[Torah|actual Scriptures]] with "scribal additions" to accommodate the worship of other deities.<ref>Torrey, Charles C. "The Background of Jeremiah 1–10". ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', vol. 56, no. 3, 1937, pp. 193–216. {{doi|10.2307/3259609}}. Retrieved 5 June 2023.</ref>

=== Persecution ===
[[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Jeremia treurend over de verwoesting van Jeruzalem - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|[[Rembrandt van Rijn]], ''Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem'' ({{Circa|1630|lk=no}})]]

Jeremiah's prophecies prompted plots against him.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|11:21–23|KJV}}</ref> Unhappy with Jeremiah's message, possibly from concern that it would shut down the [[Anathoth]] sanctuary, his priestly kin and the men of Anathoth plotted to kill him. However, the Lord revealed the conspiracy to Jeremiah, protected his life, and declared disaster for the people of Anathoth.{{sfn|Freedman|1992|p=687}}<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|11:18–2:6|KJV}}</ref> When Jeremiah complains to the Lord about this persecution, he is told that the attacks on him will become worse.{{sfn|Sweeney|2004|p=950}}

A priest, [[Pashur]] the son of Immer, a temple official in Jerusalem, had Jeremiah beaten and put in the stocks at the Upper Gate of Benjamin for a day. After this, Jeremiah laments the travails and mockery that speaking God's word have caused him.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|20:7|KJV}}</ref> He recounts how, if he tries to shut God's word inside, it burns in his heart and he is unable to hold it in.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|20:9|KJV}}</ref>

=== Conflict with false prophets ===
While Jeremiah was prophesying the coming destruction, he denounced a number of other prophets who were prophesying peace.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|6:13–15|KJV}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|14:14–16|KJV|14:14–16}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|23:9–40|KJV|23:9–40}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|27:1–28:17||27:1–28:17}}, {{bibleverse|Lamentations|2:14|KJV|2:14}}</ref>

According to the book of Jeremiah, during the reign of King Zedekiah, the Lord instructed Jeremiah to make a yoke with the message that the nation would be subject to the king of Babylon. The false prophet Hananiah took the yoke off Jeremiah's neck and broke it, prophesying that within two years the Lord would break the yoke of the king of Babylon, but Jeremiah prophesied in return: "You have broken the yoke of wood, but you have made instead a yoke of iron."<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|28:13|KJV}}</ref>

=== Relationship with the Northern Kingdom (Samaria) ===
Jeremiah was sympathetic to, as well as descended from, the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|northern Kingdom of Israel]]. Many of his first reported oracles are about, and addressed to, the Israelites at Samaria. He resembles the northern prophet Hosea in his use of language and examples of God's relationship to Israel. Hosea seems to have been the first prophet to describe the desired relationship as an example of ancient Israelite marriage, where a man might be polygamous, while a woman was only permitted one husband. Jeremiah often repeats Hosea's marital imagery.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|2:2|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|2:3|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|3:1–5|HE}},{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|3:19–25|HE}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|4:1–2|HE}}</ref>{{sfn|Anon.|1971|p=126}}

=== Babylon ===
The biblical narrative portrays Jeremiah as being subject to additional persecutions. After Jeremiah prophesied that Jerusalem would be handed over to the Babylonian army, the king's officials, including Pashur the priest, tried to convince King Zedekiah that Jeremiah should be put to death for disheartening the soldiers and the people. Zedekiah allowed them, and they cast Jeremiah into a [[cistern]], where he sank down into the mud. The intent seemed to be to kill Jeremiah by starvation, while allowing the officials to claim to be innocent of his blood.{{sfn|Barker|Youngblood|Stek|1995|p=1544}} [[Ebed-Melech]], an Ethiopian, rescued Jeremiah by pulling him out of the cistern, but Jeremiah remained imprisoned until Jerusalem fell to the Babylonian army in 587&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|38:7-13}}</ref>

The Babylonians released Jeremiah, and showed him great kindness, allowing him to choose the place of his residence, according to a Babylonian edict. Jeremiah accordingly went to [[Mizpah in Benjamin]] with [[Gedaliah]], who had been made governor of [[Judea]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|40:5–6|KJV}}</ref>

=== Egypt ===
[[Johanan]] succeeded [[Gedaliah]], who had been assassinated by an Israelite prince in the pay of [[Ammon]] "for working with the Babylonians." Refusing to listen to Jeremiah's counsel, Johanan fled to Egypt, taking with him Jeremiah and [[Baruch ben Neriah|Baruch]], Jeremiah's faithful [[scribe]] and servant, and the king's daughters.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|43:1–13|KJV}}</ref> There, the prophet probably spent the remainder of his life, still seeking to turn the people back to God.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> There is no authentic record of his death. The [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|Elephantine papyrus]] reflects that the Yahweh's wife or consort is still acknowledged in worship and liturgy at the site as late as 419 BC, and several scholars have noted that this feature of the cultural landscape in the place of his exile is likely to have left him disconsolate or perturbed during the final years of his life.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The story of the Jews: finding the words; 1000 BC - 1492 AD |date=2014 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-09-954668-9 |editor-last=Schama |editor-first=Simon |location=London |pages=4, 9-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/jeremiahnewtrans0021unse |title=Jeremiah : a new translation with introduction and commentary |date=1965 |publisher=Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-385-00823-5 |pages=238,263,320 |language=English}}</ref>

== Historicity ==
The consensus is that there was a historical prophet named Jeremiah and that portions of the book probably were written by Jeremiah or his scribe Baruch.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Book-of-Jeremiah Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The Book of Jeremiah". ''Encyclopedia Britannica'']</ref> Views range from the belief that the narratives and poetic sections in Jeremiah are contemporary with his life (W. L. Holladay), to the view that the work of the original prophet is beyond identification or recovery (R. P. Carroll).{{sfn|Anon.|1971|p=125}}{{sfn|Marsh|2018|p=}}

According to Rainer Albertz, first there were early collections of oracles, including material in ch. 2–6, 8–10, 13, 21–23, etc. Then there was an early [[Deuteronomist]]ic redaction which Albertz dates to around 550 BC, with the original ending to the book at 25:13. There was a second redaction around 545–540 BC which added much more material, up to about ch. 45. Then there was a third redaction around 525–520 BC, expanding the book up to the ending at 51:64. Then there were further post-exilic redactions adding ch. 52 and editing content throughout the book.<ref>{{harvnb|Albertz|2003|pp=302–344}}</ref>

Although Jeremiah was often thought of traditionally as the author of the [[Book of Lamentations]], it may also be a collection of individual and communal laments by others composed at various times throughout the [[Babylonian captivity]]--interpretations on this question continue to swing both ways.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delbert R. Hillers |url=http://archive.org/details/lamentationsanch0000unse |title=Lamentations: The Anchor Bible |date=1972 |publisher=New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. |others=Internet Archive |pages=22}}</ref>

=== Archaeology ===
==== Nebo-Sarsekim tablet ====
In July 2007, Assyrologist Michael Jursa translated a [[cuneiform]] tablet dated to 595&nbsp;BC, as describing a Nabusharrussu-ukin as "the chief [[eunuch]]" of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] of [[Babylon]]. Jursa hypothesized that this reference might be to the same individual as the [[Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet|Nebo-Sarsekim]] mentioned in {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|39:3}}.{{sfn|Reynolds|2007}}{{sfn|Hobbins|2007}}

==== Seals ====
A 7th-century BC [[Jehucal|seal of Jehucal, son of Shelemiah]] and another of [[Gedaliah, son of Pashhur]] (mentioned together in [[Jeremiah 38:1]]; Jehucal also mentioned in [[Jeremiah 37:3]]) were found during excavation by [[Eilat Mazar]] in the [[City of David (Silwan)|city of David]], [[Jerusalem]], in 2005 and 2008, respectively.{{sfn|Kantrowitz|2012}}

==== Tel Arad ostraca ====
Pottery shards at [[Tel Arad]] were unearthed in the 1970s that mention [[Pashhur]], and this reference may be to the same individual mentioned in [[Jeremiah 20:1]].<ref name="mfa.gov.il" />

== Religious views ==
He was first added to [[Bede|Bede's Martyrology]].<ref name="Jeremiasz">{{Cite web |title=Jeremiasz |url=https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/jeremiasz,4541 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=DEON.pl |language=pl}}</ref>

{{Infobox saint|name=Jeremiah|image=Jeremiah.jpg|caption=Russian Orthodox icon of Jeremias|titles=Prophet|feast_day=|venerated_in=All [[Christian denominations]] that [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]<br>[[Judaism]]<br>[[Islam]]<br>[[Baháʼí Faith]]<br>[[Rastafari]]|major_shrine=|patronage=|major_works=Book of Jeremiah|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]|honorific_suffix=[[biblical prophet|Prophet]]|birth_name=}}

=== Judaism ===
[[File:Jeremiah scroll.png|thumb|Scroll of the Book of Jeremiah]]
In Jewish [[rabbinic literature]], especially the [[aggadah]], Jeremiah and [[Moses]] are always mentioned together,<ref>This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', a publication now in the [[public domain]].</ref> An ancient [[midrash]], in connection with {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|18:18|HE}} presented their life and works in parallel, in which "a prophet like Moses" is promised, states Jeremiah's time as prophet was similar with Moses, which is 40 years. Moses also prophesied that his own tribe, [[Tribe of Levi]], will rebel against Judah, while Jeremiah's tribe would in turn rebel against Jeremiah himself. In the year of the prophesied event, Moses also said that he himself will be exiled into watery areas, while Jeremiah will be jailed in a pit. Then Moses will be saved by a slave of [[Pharaoh]]'s daughter, while subsequently Jeremiah will be rescued by a slave named [[Ebed-melech]]; After such, the Deuteronomy closed the chapter with Moses reprimanded the people in discourses; so did Jeremiah.<ref>[[Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana|Pesiqta]], ed. Buber, xiii. 112a.</ref> The prophet [[Ezekiel]] was a son of Jeremiah according to rabbinic literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5950-ezekiel|title=EZEKIEL – JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> In [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Maccabees+2&version=DRA 2 Maccabees 2:4ff], Jeremiah is credited with hiding the Ark, incense altar, and tabernacle on the mountain of Moses.{{sfn|Collins|1972|pp=101–}}

=== Christianity ===
Christian worship [[Church service|services]] regularly include readings from the Book of Jeremiah.{{sfn|Schroeder|2018| pp=414-436}} The author of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] is especially mindful of how the events in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus fulfill Jeremianic prophecies.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266036 | jstor=3266036 | last1=Dahlberg | first1=Bruce T. | title=The Typological Use of Jeremiah 1:4-19 in Matthew 16:13-23 | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | date=1975 | volume=94 | issue=1 | pages=73–80 | doi=10.2307/3266036 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> There are about forty direct quotations of the book in the New Testament, most appearing in [[Revelation 18]] in connection with the destruction of Babylon.{{sfn|Dillard|Longman|1994|p=339}} The [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] also picks up the fulfilment of the prophetic expectation of the new covenant.<ref>{{bibleverse|Hebrews|8:8-12|KJV}}, {{bibleverse|Hebrews|10:16–17|KJV|10:16–17}}</ref>

In Christianity, there are several feast days which commemorate Jeremiah:
* 16 January – commemoration of overthrowing the Idols by prophet Jeremiah ([[Oriental Orthodox Churches|OO]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian synaxarium |url=https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825213718/https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 7 April – [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] delivers Jeremiah from prison ([[Oriental Orthodox Churches|OO]])<ref name=":0" />
* 30 April – Martyrdom of Jeremiah the Prophet ([[Oriental Orthodox Churches|OO]])<ref name=":0" />
* 1 May – commemoration in Catholic Church<ref name="Jeremiasz"/> and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ИЕРЕМИЯ |url=https://www.pravenc.ru/text/293630.html#part_7 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.pravenc.ru}}</ref>
* 26 June – commemoration in [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod|LCMS]] ([[Liturgical colours|R]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commemorations - Church Year - The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod |url=https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/commemorations |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.lcms.org}}</ref>

=== Islam ===
{{Infobox person
| name               = Irmiya
| honorific_suffix   = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| native_name        = {{langx|ar|إِرۡمِيَا|Irmiya̅}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image              = Chester Beatty T 414 fol 92v Irmiya in the wilderness.jpg
| caption            = Irmiya taming animals in the wilderness.
| birth_name         = Irmiya ibn Halqiya
| birth_date         = 650 [[Common Era|BC]]
| birth_place        = [[Kingdom of Judah]]
| death_date         = 570 [[Common Era|BC]] (age 80)
| death_place        = [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]]
| predecessor        = [[Jonah in Islam|Yunus]]
| successor          = [[Dhu al-Kifl]]
| father             = [[Hilkiah|Halqiya]] (father)
}}

'''Jeremiah''' ({{Langx|ar|إِرۡمِيَا بۡنُ حَلۡقِيَا|Irmiya ibn Halqiya|Jeremiah, son of [[Hilkiah]]}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Jeremiah one of the Prophets of Allah in whom we are obliged to believe? - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/240242/is-jeremiah-one-of-the-prophets-of-allah-in-whom-we-are-obliged-to-believe |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=islamqa.info |language=en}}</ref> 650 [[Before Christ|BC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Steve |date=2023-02-07 |title=Who was Prophet Armiya/Jeremiah? |url=https://lifeinsaudiarabia.net/prophet-armiya-jeremiah-story/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Life in Saudi Arabia |language=en-US}}</ref> – 570 [[Before Christ|BC]])<ref name=":1" /> is regarded as a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet in Islam]]. In Arabic, Jeremiah's name is usually vocalised ''Irmiyā'', ''Armiyā'' or ''Ūrmiyā''.<ref>see ''Tād̲j̲ al-ʿArūs'', x. 157.</ref><!-- and these forms are occasionally given with madd also (''Irmiyāʾ'').---- Comment this back in once you clarify what "madd" means. Answer: "Madd" is prolonged vowel of certain word or character, as example, Irmiyā was pronounced as "Irmiyaa" instead of "Irmiya".. there are various types of "Madd" which influenced how long it is, depended on the context of the words and the sentences--> However, since the name of Jeremiah is not explicitly mentioned in the [[Quran]] and [[Hadith]], belief in Jeremiah was considered not part of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] by the academic community of Islam, who regarded Jeremiah instead as historical supplementary material, since his name was only found in the [[tafsir]] and other non-canonical Islamic [[literature]]. Nevertheless, since his status as prophet was generally undisputed in Islam, Muslims apply "PBUH" or "Peace Belong Upon Him" as an honorific for Jeremiah.<ref name="Jeremiah according to Islamic tenet" />

The narratives of Jeremiah in Islamic belief closely correspond with the account given in the [[Hebrew Bible]], and are found in the [[Ibn Kathir]] work of [[al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya]] & ''Qisas Al-Anbiya'' (History of prophets), [[Al-Tabari]] work of "[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]", and [[Ibn Asakir]] work of "History of Damascus".<ref name="Jeremiah according to Islamic tenet">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=هل " أرميا " نبي من أنبياء الله ، يجب علينا الإيمان به ؟ |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/240242/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87 |publisher=[[IslamQA.info]] |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=Ar |date=2016}}</ref>

Islamic [[literature]] narrated a detailed account of the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)]], which parallels the account given in the [[Book of Jeremiah]].<ref>''Tabari'', i, 646ff.</ref>

==== Interpretation of Quran and Hadith ====
[[File:Istanbul, TİEM, Manuscript 1973, Zübdet-üt Tevarih, fol 38r Irmiya, Yunus and Uzayr uncropped.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic illustration of Irmiya hiding in the wilderness (top), Yunus and the fish (middle) and Uzayr awaking after the destruction of al Qods (bottom) from the 1583 [[Zubdat al-Tawarikh (TIEM 1973)|Cream of Histories]]]]
The oldest Islamic narration about Jeremiah was found in the tradition from [[Ibn Abbas]], which identified Jeremiah as [[Khidr]].{{efn|similar narration about the identification as Khidr also found in the record of Tabari, which detailed the event was during the destruction of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780873957274 |year=1984 |page=260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIXpFtvp2JYC |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>}} However, This Hadith tradition was considered inauthentic and not generally accepted by Ibn Kathir in his work, al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya.<ref name="Jeremiah according to Islamic tenet" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ibn Kathir |author1-link=Ibn Kathir |editor=Artawijaya |title=Kisah Para Nabi |trans-title=Stories of prophets |publisher=Pustaka Al-Kautsar |year=2011 |isbn=9789795925576 |translator=Dudi Rosyadi |page=870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68jcDwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=Id}}</ref>

According to [[al-Qurtubi]], the interpretation of the 11th verse Quran chapter [[Al-Anbiya]] has mentioned the unnamed figure in the verse as Jeremiah, which musing in the similar narrative with the biblical version of Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Jerusalem. However, al-Qurtubi also further added in his interpretation that during the meeting of Jeremiah with Nebuchadnezzar, Jeremiah revealed to him about the prophesied advent of [[Muhammad]] in the land of [[Hejaz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=التفسير Tafsir (explication) القرطبي - Al-Qurtubi الأنبياء (21:11) ; Tafseer al-Qurtubi|website=quran.ksu.edu.sa |publisher=[[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] |url=https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/qortobi/sura21-aya11.html |series=القرآن الكريم |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref>

Ibn Kathir [[tafsir]] narrate that the [[Parable of the Hamlet in Ruins]], which from the 259th verse of [[Al-Baqara]] chapter focused about Jeremiah, when he was commanded by God to reconstruct the devastated Jerusalem after Nebuchadnezzar's invasion.<ref>''Tafsir al-Qurtubi'', vol. 3, p. 188; ''Tafsir al-Qummi'', vol. 1, p. 117.</ref><ref name="Ibn Kathir; chapter Jeremiah" />

In Quran [[Sura]] (chapter) 17 ([[Al-Isra]]), [[Ayah]] (verse) 4–7, that is about the two corruptions of [[Israelites|children of Israel]] on the earth, some hadith and tafsir cite that one of these corruptions is the imprisonment and persecution of Jeremiah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Isra 17:4 Tafsir Ibn Kathir|url=https://quran.com/id/17:4/tafsirs/tazkirul-quran-en |publisher=Quran.com. |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Isra 17:6 Tafsir Ibn Kathir|url=https://quran.com/id/17:5/tafsirs/tazkirul-quran-en |publisher=Quran.com. |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Isra 17:6 Tafsir Ibn Kathir|url=https://quran.com/id/17:6/tafsirs/tazkirul-quran-en |publisher=Quran.com. |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Isra 17:7 Tafsir Ibn Kathir|url=https://quran.com/id/17:7/tafsirs/tazkirul-quran-en |publisher=Quran.com. |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Separately, Ibn Kathir interpretation of the 11th verse  of al-Isra also discussed about Jeremiah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Isra 17:11 Tafsir Ibn Kathir|url=https://quran.com/id/17:11/tafsirs/tazkirul-quran-en |publisher=Quran.com. |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

==== Other traditions ====
Ibn Asakir has mentioned in his work titled ''Tarikh Dimashq'' (History of Damascus), that Jeremiah was a son of [[Hilkiah]], who hailed from the tribe of Levy which descended from [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]].<ref name="Jeremiah according to Islamic tenet" /> According to one tradition which recorded by Ibn Kathir, Wahb has narrated that the timeline of Jeremiah as prophet was between the era of [[David in Islam|David]] and the era of [[Zechariah in Islam|Zechariah]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wisnu Sasongko |title=Jejak Yakjuj Dan Makjuj |publisher=Hikmah |isbn=9786028767149 |year=2010 |page=363 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGhiZpqzEnIC |access-date=21 July 2024 |language=Id |chapter=14}}</ref>

[[Wahb ibn Munabbih]], who gave [[Israʼiliyyat]] account about Jeremiah which turned "upon the main points of the Old Testament story of Jeremiah: his call to be a prophet, his mission to the king of Judah, his mission to the people and his reluctance, the announcement of a foreign tyrant who is to rule over Judah."{{sfn|Wensinck|1913–1936}}

According to some Jewish narratives and Ibn Kathir, [[Zoroaster]] was once a disciple of Jeremiah.{{efn|[[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]] instead stated that some older narration said that Zoroaster was a former disciple of [[Uzair]].<ref>{{cite web |title=هل بوذا" أو "زرادشت" من الأنبياء؟ |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/425695/ |website=إسلام ويب |publisher=Islamweb |year=2020 |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref>}}<ref name="IbnKathir">[[Ibn Kathir]], ''Stories of the Prophets'', ''The Story of the Prophet Jeremiah''</ref>  However, the two of them came into conflict which ended with Jeremiah disowning Zoroaster. Jeremiah then cast a curse upon Zoroaster, causing him to suffer [[leprosy]]. Zoroaster later moved to a place in modern-day [[Azerbaijan]], ruled by Bashtaasib, governor of Nebuchadnezzar, and spread his teaching of [[Zoroastrianism]] there. Bashtaasib then followed his teaching, forced the inhabitants of [[Persia]] to convert to Zoroastrianism and killed those who refused.<ref name="Ibn Kathir; chapter Jeremiah">{{cite web |author1=Ibn Kathir |title=The Reconstruction of Jerusalem In the Era of Jeremiah |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Prophets/reconstruction.html |website=islamawareness |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=هل زاردشت كان نبيا ؟ |trans-title=Was Zoroaster a prophet? |year=2017 |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/258698/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7 |website=[[IslamQA.info|islamqa.info]] |publisher=islamqa.info |access-date=3 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> Ibn Kathir quoted the original narrative which was borrowed from Tabari's record of the "History of Jerusalem". He also mentioned that Zoroastrian was synonymous with [[Majus]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ibn Kathir |translator=Dar Al Kalam Staff |title=Stories of the Prophets (Peace be upon them): Qasas Al-Anbiya |year=2018 |publisher=دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع - بيروت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3hjDwAAQBAJ |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ibn Kathir |title=Stories Of The Prophets |url=https://islambasics.com/chapter/prophet-aramaya-jeremiah/ |website=islambasics |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

==== Religious ritual ====
Jeremiah is listed amongst the prophets in the work of [[salawat]] [[Dalail al-Khayrat]], an Islamic prayer collection made by [[Muhammad al-Jazuli]] from [[Shadhili]] order of Sufi.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Baháʼí Faith===
In the [[Baháʼí Faith]], Jeremiah is regarded as one of the prophets along with David, Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and others.<ref>{{Citation |title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith |page=108 |first=Peter |last=Smith |year=2008}}</ref>

== Cultural influence ==
Jeremiah inspired the [[French language|French]] noun ''jérémiade'', and subsequently the [[English language|English]] ''[[jeremiad]]'', meaning "a lamentation; mournful complaint,"{{sfn|Anon.|1989|p=766}} or further, "a cautionary or angry harangue."<ref name="merriam-webster.com" />

Jeremiah has periodically been a popular first name in the [[United States]], beginning with the early [[Puritan]] settlers, who often took the names of biblical prophets and apostles. Jeremiah was substituted for the Irish ''Diarmuid/Diarmaid'' (also anglicised as Dermot), with which it has no etymological connection, when Gaelic names were frowned upon in official records. The name [[Jeremy (name)|Jeremy]] also derives from Jeremiah.

[[Sohrab Sepehri]], an Iranian poet and painter, has mentioned Jeremiah in his work as "The weeping prophet".<ref>{{citation |author1=Mansoureh Ebrahimi |author2=Sayyed Kazem Mousavi |author3=Saeed Ghashghaei |title=Recognition of National and Religious Myths in Sohrab Sepehri's "The Traveler": An Investigation on Traditions and Cultural Beliefs |year=2015 |url=http://icsai.org/procarch/2icllce/2icllce-7.pdf |access-date=25 July 2024 |publisher=Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Faculty of Islamic Civilization; Malaysia Department of Persian Language & Literature; Shahrekord University; Department of Persian Language & Literature; slamic Azad University |language=En}}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
=== Explanatory footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Jeremiah |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeremiah-Hebrew-prophet |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|date=15 March 2024 }}</ref>

<ref name="mfa.gov.il">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/arad%20-%20canaanite%20city%20and%20israelite%20citadel%20in%20the.aspx|title=Arad-Canaanite city and Israelite citadel in the Negev – Site No. 6|date=20 Nov 2000|publisher=Israeli Foreign Ministry|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>

<ref name="merriam-webster.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jeremiad |title=jeremiad |access-date=2008-09-23 |work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |year=2008}}</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book|last=Albertz|first=Rainer |title=Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC |year=2003|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-055-4}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Anon.|1971}} |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Judaica|edition=2nd|volume=11|article=Levirate Marriage and Halizah |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediajud0011unse/page/n75/mode/2up|publisher=MacMillan |date= 1971}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Anon.|1989}} |title=Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language |year=1989 |publisher= Portland House |location=New York |isbn= 978-0-517-68781-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/webstersunabridg00newy/page/766}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Commentary of Jeremiah|title= The NIV Study Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/nivstudybibleper00kenn|url-access= registration |publisher= Zondervan|date=1995 |isbn= 978-0-31092588-0 |editor1-first= Kenneth L. |editor1-last=Barker|editor2-first= Ronald F. |editor2-last= Youngblood |editor3-first= John H. |editor3-last= Stek}}
*{{cite journal|last=Collins|first= Marilyn F. |title=The Hidden Vessels in Samaritan Traditions |journal= Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period|volume=3|issue= 2|date= 1972 |pages= 97–116 |doi= 10.1163/157006372X00018 |jstor=24656260}}
*{{cite book|last= Coogan|first= Michael David |title= A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk48ygAACAAJ |year=2012 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-983011-4}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dillard|first1=Raymond B. |last2=Longman|first2=Tremper |title=An Introduction to the Old Testament |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRSzg2oh5eMC |edition= 2nd |year= 1994 |publisher= Zondervan |isbn= 978-0-310-43250-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Douglas|first=James D.|title=The New Bible Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1AwvwEACAAJ |edition= 2nd|year= 1987 |publisher= Tyndale Press|isbn=978-0-85110-820-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Freedman |first1=David Noel |title=The Anchor Bible Dictionary: A-C |date=1992 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-19351-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fT0mAQAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last1= Henderson|first1= Joseph|title= Who Weeps In Jeremiah VIII 23 (IX 1)? Identifying Dramatic Speakers In The Poetry Of Jeremiah |journal= [[Vetus Testamentum]] |volume=52|issue= 2|year= 2002|pages= 191–206 |issn= 0042-4935|doi=10.1163/156853302760013857}}
*{{cite book|last=Hillers|first=Delbert R. |title=The Anchor Bible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqMExgEACAAJ|volume=Lamentations|year= 1972}}
*{{cite book|last=Hillers|first=Delbert R. | author-mask = 3 |editor1=Bruce M. Metzger|editor2=Michael David Coogan |title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/419 |year= 1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-974391-9 |chapter= The Lamentations of Jeremiah}}
*{{cite web|first=John |last=Hobbins|year=2007|url= http://ancienthebrewpoetry.typepad.com/ancient_hebrew_poetry/2007/07/jeremiah-393-an.html |title= Jeremiah 39:3 and History: A New Find Clarifies a Mess of a Text | work = Ancient Hebrew Poetry|publisher= Typepad}}
*{{cite web| url=http://archaeologynewsreport.blogspot.com/2012/01/seals-of-jeremiahs-captors-discovered.html |title= Archaeology News Report: Seals of Jeremiah's Captors Discovered!|first=Jonathan|last=Kantrowitz|date=3 January 2012|access-date=8 December 2016}}
*{{cite book|title=Jeremiah, Lamentations|first=Tremper |last=Longman|author-link=Tremper Longman |publisher= Hendrickson |date=2008|isbn=978-1-85364735-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G-oQAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite thesis|type=Ph.D|date=April 2018|last1=Marsh |first1= Allen Bythel |url= https://www.sats.edu.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Thesis_PhD_2018_MarshA.pdf |access-date=7 April 2020 |title= How ובּש ׁand םַחָנ contribute to understanding the meaning of Jeremiah 4:28, 15:6-7, 18:7-10 and 26:3, 13 and 19}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine|year=1978|url=http://kilyos.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/Ext/Zubdat.html|first= G’nsel |last= Renda|title=The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh}}
*{{Cite web |title=Ancient Document Confirms Existence of Biblical Figure |last=Reynolds |first=Nigel |work=The New York Sun |date= 11 July 2007 |access-date= 26 March 2020 |url= https://www.nysun.com/foreign/ancient-document-confirms-existence-of-biblical/58185/ }}
*{{cite book|last=Ryken|first=Philip Graham |title=Jeremiah and Lamentations: From Sorrow to Hope|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5ggPhhDke8MC |year= 2001 |publisher=Crossway Books|isbn=978-1-58134-167-6}}
* {{cite book | editor1-last=Lundbom |editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Evans | editor2-first=C.A. | editor3-last= Anderson | editor3-first= B. | title= The Book of Jeremiah: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation | publisher= Brill | series= Vetus Testamentum, Supplements | year= 2018 | isbn= 978-90-04-37327-3 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lKNyDwAAQBAJ | last= Schroeder|first= Joy A.|chapter= Medieval Christian Interpretation of the Book of Jeremiah}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Jeremiah|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|volume= VII |location= New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnall|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/jewishencycloped07sing/page/100/mode/2up |editor-first= Isadore|editor-last=Singer|date=1926|oclc=426865}}
*{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Marvin A.|editor=Adele Berlin|editor2=Marc Zvi Brettler|title=The Jewish Study Bible |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515 |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/917 917]|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-529751-5|chapter= Introduction to Jeremiah|via=Jewish Publication Society Tanakh Translation}}
*{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Marvin A.|editor=Carolyn Sharp|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ |date= 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-985956-6 |chapter=Contemporary Jewish Readings of the Prophets}}
*{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXFAngEACAAJ|year=1990 |publisher= Pearson Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8117-3}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wensinck |first= A. J. |title= Jeremiah |encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition= 1st |date= 1913–1936 |editor1= M. Th. Houtsma |editor2= T. W. Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas W. Arnold |editor3= R. Basset |editor4=R. Hartmann}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter R.|title=Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought in the Sixth Century BC|url=https://archive.org/details/exilerestoration0000ackr|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780664223199 }}
* {{cite book|last=Bright|first=John|title=The Anchor Bible: Jeremiah|year=1965|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite EBD|title=Jeremiah}}
* [[Richard Elliott Friedman|Friedman, Richard E.]] (1987). ''Who Wrote the Bible?'' New York: Harper and Row.
* [[Abraham Joshua Heschel|Heschel, Abraham Joshua]] (1975). ''The Prophets''. [[HarperCollins]] Paperback. {{ISBN|978-0-06-131421-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Howard|first=Reggie|title=Indomitable Spokesperson for Deity: Prophet Jeremiah|year=2019|publisher=BookBaby|location=Wewak, Papua New Guinea|isbn=978-1-5439-5739-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Meyer|first=F. B.|title=Jeremiah, Priest and Prophet|year=1980|publisher=Christian Literature Crusade|location=Fort Washington, PA|isbn=0-87508-355-2|edition=Revised}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Perdue|editor1-first=Leo G.|editor2-last=Kovacs|editor2-first=Brian W.|title=A Prophet to the Nations: Essays in Jeremiah Studies|year=1984|publisher=Eisenbrauns|location=Winona Lake, IN|isbn=0-931464-20-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Joel|editor1-last=Alter|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Kermode|editor2-first=Frank|title=The Literary Guide to the Bible|year=1987|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-674-87530-3|chapter=Jeremiah and Ezekiel|url=https://archive.org/details/literaryguidetot00alte}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|PBUH}}
{{Commons category|Jeremiah (Biblical figure)}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=إرميا |encyclopedia=world history encyclopedia |author=Rebecca Denova |translator=Mahmud Ismail |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/ar/1-20620/ }}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jeremiah |volume=15 |pages=323–325 |first=Thomas Kelly |last=Cheyne |short=1}}
* {{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Jeremias (the Prophet) |volume=8 |first=Michael |last=Faulhaber |short=1}}
* Hirsch, Emil G., et al. (1906). "[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8586-jeremiah Jeremiah]". ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]''.

{{Prophets of the Tanakh}}
{{Muslim saints}}
{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jeremiah| ]]
[[Category:650s BC births]]
[[Category:570s BC deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century BC writers]]
[[Category:6th-century BCE Jews]]
[[Category:7th-century BC writers]]
[[Category:7th-century BCE Jews]]
[[Category:English masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Jewish priests]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Tribe of Levi]]
[[Category:People in the Book of Jeremiah]]