View source for Jharkhand

{{Short description|State in eastern India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Jharkhand
| official_name = State of Jharkhand
| type = State
| image_seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 300
| image_style              =
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/2/2
| image1         = Views of Shikharji on way to Anantnatha Tonk 3.jpg
| caption1       = [[Shikharji|Sammet Shikhar Tirth]], [[Parasnath|Parasnath Hill]], [[Giridih]]
| image2         = Wild Abode.jpg
| caption2       = [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| image3         = Pine trees of Netarhat Hill station.jpg
| caption3       = [[Netarhat|Netarhat Hill Station ]]
| image4         = Cluster of temples in the village of Maluti at Dumka district in Jharkhand State.jpg
| caption4       = [[Maluti temples]]
| image5         = Maithon Dam.jpg
| caption5       = [[Maithon Dam]], [[Dhanbad]]
| image6         =  Baidyanathdham.jpg
| caption6       = [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Jyotirlinga]], [[Deoghar]]
| image7         = 17th century Jagannath temple Ranchi Jharkhand - 9.jpg  
| caption7       = [[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]]
| image8         = Heritage Building at IIT Dhanbad 1.jpg
| caption8       = [[IIT Dhanbad]]
| image9         = Bhatinda Falls 1.jpg
| caption9       = [[Bhatinda Falls]], [[Dhanbad]]
}}
| etymology = "Forest Land"
| nickname = "Land of Forests"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]])<br />
"Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| image_map = IN-JH.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23.35|85.33|region:IN-JH_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = East India
| before_was = Part of [[Bihar]]
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 15 November 2000
| capital = Ranchi
| largestcity = Jamshedpur
| districts = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|24 (5 divisions)]]
| Governor = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Hemant Soren]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| judiciary = [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| Chief_secretary = Avinash Kumar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tigga |first1=Shubham |date=30 September 2025 |title=Jharkhand appoints senior IAS officer Avinash Kumar as new Chief Secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-appoints-senior-ias-officer-avinash-kumar-as-new-chief-secretary-10280905/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Government of Jharkhand State |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/Home/WebDirectory?rbCategory=1&department=15 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 81 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 6 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 14 seats
| area_total_km2 = 79716
| area_rank = 15th
| length_km = 463
| width_km = 380
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_max_m = 1,365
| elevation_max_point = [[Parasnath]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Important Tourist attraction of Giridih|url=http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018105211/http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath |archive-date=18 October 2005 }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 
| elevation_min_point = [[Ganges|Ganges River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf |title= Jharkhand Profile 2011 Census |publisher= Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date= 13 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071627/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf |archive-date= 22 April 2016 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_total = {{Increase}} 32,988,134
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 14th
| population_urban = 24.05%
| population_rural = 75.95%
| population_density = 414
| population_demonym = [[List of people from Jharkhand|Jharkhandi]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name="NCLM52nd">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 43–44 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref>
| additional_official = {{hlist |[[Angika]] |[[Bengali language|Bengali]] |[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |[[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] | [[Ho language|Ho]]| [[Kharia language|Kharia]] | [[Khortha language|Khortha]] | [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] | [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] | [[Magahi language|Magahi]] | [[Maithili language|Maithili]]|[[Mundari language|Mundari]] | [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] | [[Odia language|Odia]] | [[Santali language|Santali]] |[[Urdu]]<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Avenue Mail |date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|556286|c|lk=r}} (nominal)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2025-26 | title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 }}</ref><br/>
{{Increase}} $278.02 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2025-26
| GDP_rank = 19th
| GDP_per_capita = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|136653|lk=r}} (nominal)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2025-26 | title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 }}</ref><br>
{{Increase}} $6,905 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 29th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.600<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> {{color|Orange|Medium}}
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 35th
| literacy = 76.7%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 32nd
| sex_ratio = 948[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| sexratio_rank = 26th
| iso_code = IN-JH
| registration_plate = JH
| website = jharkhand.gov.in
| foundation_day = Jharkhand Day
| mammal = [[Indian elephant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |archive-date= 4 March 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>
| bird = [[Koel]]
| fish = [[Clarias magur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Desi Magur declared state fish of Jharkhand |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/desi-magur-declared-state-fish-of-jharkhand-1503511031.html |work=The Statesman |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025 |location=Ranchi |publisher=The Statesman News Service}}</ref>
| flower = [[Butea monosperma|Palash]]
| tree = [[Shorea robusta|Sal]]
| image_highway = SH IN-JH.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Jharkhand|JH SH1 - JH SH]]
| year_start = 
}}
'''Jharkhand''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Jhārkhaṇḍ|}}, {{IPA|hi|d͡ʒʱaːɾkʰəɳɖ|pron|LL-Q1568 (hin)-Flashthomsom-Jharkhand.wav}}; {{lit|the land of forest }}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[East India|eastern India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand – At a Glance|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/|access-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505155252/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The state shares borders with the states of [[West Bengal]] to the east, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west, [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the northwest, [[Bihar]] to the north and [[Odisha]] to the south. It is the [[List of states and territories of India by area|15th largest state by area]], and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|14th largest by population]]. [[Hindi]] is the official language of the state.<ref name="NCLM52nd" /> The city of [[Ranchi]] is its capital, and [[Dumka]] its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Dham]], [[Parasnath]], [[Maa Dewri Temple|Dewri]] and [[Rajrappa]] are major religious sites.<ref name="nyoooz.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nyoooz.com/features/travel/adventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html/249/|title=Adventure capital of the east, Jharkhand will drive you crazy|website=nyoooz.com|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051841/https://www.nyoooz.com/features/travel/adventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html/249/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|title=Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities as of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf|title=Census India|last=Jharkhand Profile|date=2011|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071627/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a [[resource curse]]: it accounts for more than 40% of [[Mining in India|India's mineral production]] but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Resource%20Curse%20and%20Jharkhand.pdf |title= Resource Curse and Jharkhand |publisher= Economic & Political Weekly |access-date= 12 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202341/http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Resource%20Curse%20and%20Jharkhand.pdf |archive-date= 13 December 2017 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html|title=Jharkhand: Here is why India's richest mineral state is not even close to development|date=31 March 2014|publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195830/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/jharkhand_factsheet.pdf|title=UNDP- Jharkhand: Economic and Human Development Indicators|website=www.in.undp.org|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127124643/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/jharkhand_factsheet.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "''Jhar''{{-"}} means 'forest' and "''Khand''{{-"}} means 'land' in various [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Thus, "Jharkhand" means 'the land of forests'.<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Minahan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2WcCIm6WaQC&pg=PA839|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0313316171|pages=839|access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

In the ancient period, in the [[Mahabharata]], the region was referred as ''Kark Khand'' due to location near ''Kark Rekha'', that is, [[Tropic of Cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Shravan Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091 |title=Nagpuri Sisth Sahitya |year=1972 |pages=1}}</ref> It was also known as ''Ark Khand''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Vishwa Nath Prasad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jharkhand/PnhuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Khand&dq=%22kark%20khand%22&printsec=frontcover |title=Jharkhand: Land and People |last2=Singh |first2=Lal Keshwar Prasad |date=2003 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |isbn=978-81-85891-44-6 |language=en}}</ref> During the Medieval period, the region was known as ''Jharkhand''. According to [[Bhavishya Purana]] (1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the seven [[Pundra]] desa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate in [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada]], Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. Forest land from [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidhnath dham]] to [[Puri]] was known as Jharkhand. In [[Akbarnama]], from [[Panchet]] in the east to [[Ratanpur]] to west, [[Rohtasgarh]] to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand.<ref name="Gautam Kumar Bera-2008">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=32–44|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170932/https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Bihar|author=Ram Chandra Prasad|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1983|page=69|access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Jharkhand}}

===Ancient period===
The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings.<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting-2016">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi|title=India – Pre-historic and Proto-historic periods|date=2016|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123023458|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi/page/14 14]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect">{{cite news|date=13 March 2008|title=Cave paintings lie in neglect|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp|url-status=dead|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp|archive-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|page=220|language=en|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225190408/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|url-status=live}}</ref> 
Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods.<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting-2016" /> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]] which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE).<ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect" /> During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and these find complexes are known as the [[Copper Hoard Culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"|first=Paul|last=Yule|date=8 January 2019|journal=Man in Environment|volume=26|pages=117–120|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045917/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the [[Son River|Son]] and [[North Koel River|North Koel]] rivers in [[Palamu district]] various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the [[Neolithic]] to the medieval period and [[Sherd|pot-sherds]] of [[Redware]], [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]], black ware, [[Slipware|black slipped ware]] and [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBP ware]] are from [[Chalcolithic]] to the late medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|title=KABRA – KALA|website=www.asiranchi.org|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008093453/http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|archive-date=8 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Several [[Slag|iron slags]], [[microlith]]s, and [[potsherds]] have been discovered from [[Singhbhum district]] that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age.<ref name="Pearson Education India" /> The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]], [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] during ancient period.

In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.<ref name="Nagpuri Shist Sahitya">{{Cite web |title=Nagpuri Shist Sahitya |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091/2015.322091.Nagpuri-Sisth_djvu.txt |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and [[Anga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand's Historical References in the Mahabharata |url=https://riseranchi.in/jharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata/ |website=riseranchi.in |date=22 July 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103124505/https://riseranchi.in/jharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata/ |url-status=live }}.</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept the [[hegemony]] of the [[Maurya empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site of [[Saridkel]], burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Saridkhel.html|title=Asura Site Saridkhel|website=asiranchicircle|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514095642/https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Saridkhel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893|title=Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study|author=Lalit Aditya|date=October 2018|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> [[Samudragupta]], while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region ([[North Chotanagpur division|North]] and [[South Chotanagpur division|South]]), directed the first attack against the kingdom of [[Dakshina Kosala]] in the [[Mahanadi]] valley.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |last1=Sharma |first1= Tej Ram |year=1978}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
In the 7th century, the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] passed through the region. He described the kingdom as [[Karnasuvarna]], with [[Shashanka]] as its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43|title=The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda|isbn=9789352669431|last1=Kiro|first1=Santosh|date=15 September 2020|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004131103/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the medieval period, the region was governed by [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]], [[Khayaravala dynasty|Khayaravala]], [[Ramgarh Raj]] and [[Chero dynasty|Chero]] rulers.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=119}}<ref name="https">{{cite book|last1=Sinha|first1=Anuj Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ|title=Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement|date=January 2017|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9789352660001|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004131104/https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> A Buddhist monastery has been found in [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Sanjoy |date=23 February 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html |title=10th century Buddha Vihar discovered in Jharkhand's Hazaribag |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhim Karn]] was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated the [[Raksel dynasty]] of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html|title=Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand|date=11 May 2009|website=oneindia|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112145948/https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Khakparta Temple.jpg|thumb|Khakparta Temple, a 9th-century Shiva temple in Lohardaga]]

===Modern period===
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influence reached [[Palamu district|Palamu]] during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] when it was conquered by [[Rajput]] [[Raja Mansingh]] in 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule.<ref name="latehar.nic.in">{{Cite web | url=https://latehar.nic.in/history/ | title=History &#124; Latehar, Government of Jharkhand | access-date=30 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104338/https://latehar.nic.in/history/ | archive-date=28 March 2019 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> During the reign of the Nagvanshi King [[Madhu Singh (king)|Madhu Singh]], Akbar's general invaded [[Khukhragarh|Khukhra]]. Also there was an invasion during the reign of [[Durjan Shah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis and the Cheros|website=archive.org|year=1969}}</ref>

[[File:Map of present-day Jharkhand region by Rennell, 1779.jpg|thumb|Administrative jurisdictions of present-day Jharkhand region in 1770s]]

King [[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]] ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built the [[Kapilnath Temple]] in 1643. He was succeeded by his son [[Raghunath Shah]]. Thakur [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]] built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis|title=Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis|publisher=livehistoryindia|date=27 April 2019|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928024431/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis|url-status=live}}</ref> The King [[Medini Ray]] ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=24}} His rule extended to areas in South [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Hazaribagh]]. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the [[Nagvanshi Kingdom|Nagvanshi]] Maharaja of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhotanagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html |title=Palamufort |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118184001/http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chero rule in the [[Palamu division|Palamu]] region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the [[East India Company]]. Later Palamu estates were sold by the British.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://latehar.nic.in/history/|title=history|website=latehar.nic.in|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104338/https://latehar.nic.in/history/|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:IMGJagannathpur Temple.jpg|[[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]] at Ranchi built by king [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]]
File:Malooti3.jpg|[[Maluti temples]] in [[Dumka]]
File:Palamau Fort.jpg|[[Palamu Forts]]
File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|[[Navratangarh|Navratangarh fort]], c. 1670
</gallery>

During the 18th century, regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty, [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] and [[Kharagdiha]] became parts of territories of [[East India Company]]. Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. The [[Kharagdiha]] [[Rajas]] were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were [[Koderma]], [[Parasnath|Gadi Palganj]] and [[Baghochia|Ledo Gadi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hazaribagh District Gazetteer |year=1905|publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5}}</ref> The princely states in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] came within the [[sphere of influence]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]] and became known as [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191 |title=Gazetteer - Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 - South Asia Archive |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032345/http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. [[Chuar Rebellion]], the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769, [[Raghunath Mahato]] also revolted against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] (EIC).<ref>{{cite news |title=चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/362948 |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=21 March 2015 |language=hi |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129172559/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/362948 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1771, the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by [[Tilka Manjhi|Tilka Majhi]], a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from [[Srinagar]]. The [[Munda people|Munda]] tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]], two landowners, fought against the British East India Company in 1812.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-free-for-all/article5904577.ece |title=A parallel conversation: Martyrs, rebels, and peasants |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230181112/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-free-for-all/article5904577.ece |archive-date=30 December 2018 |url-status=live  |last1=Yadav |first1=Anumeha }}</ref>

The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a [[Kol uprising|Kol revolt]] occurred in 1832. Also in 1832 the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]] revolted again against the British, this time under the leadership of [[Ganga Narayan Singh]], known as the [[Bhumij rebellion|Bhumij Rebellion]]. During the 19th century, large numbers of santals from [[Manbhum]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Midnapore]] were settled by British in [[Damin-i-koh]] to cultivate the land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against tax imposition.
The [[Santhal rebellion]] broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu|Sidhu and Kanhu]]. Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jha|first=Amar Nath|title=Locating the Ancient History of Santal Parganas|date=2009|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=185–196|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44147668}}</ref>
[[File:Attack by 600 Santhals upon a party of 50 sepoys, 40th regiment native infantry.jpg|thumb|left|[[Santhal rebellion]] against tax imposition during British [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] in 1855]]

[[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] and [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] rebelled against the British East India Company in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]. In the [[Battle of Chatra]], conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=44143953 |title=The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar |author=Mathur Das Ustad |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |year=1997 |pages=493–500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html |title=Raghubar pays tributes to Thakur Vishwnanth Sahdeo on his birth anniversary |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107011635/http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html |archive-date=7 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html |title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari |website=news.webindia123.com |access-date=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151037/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The brothers [[Nilambar and Pitambar]] were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the [[Kharwar]] tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many [[Chero]] Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company.<ref name="latehar.nic.in"/>

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown in the person of [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617125740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> who, in 1876, was proclaimed [[Empress of India]]. The [[Chero]]s and [[Kharwar]]s again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm |title=Historical Background, Latehar District, Jharkhand |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013031700/http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Then [[Birsa Munda]] revolt,<ref>Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983</ref> broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the [[Munda people|Munda]] belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking states of [[Chang Bhakar]], [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]], [[Korea State|Koriya]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], and [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]] was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the [[Central Provinces]], while the two [[Oriya language|Oriya]]-speaking states of [[Gangpur State|Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] were attached to the [[Orissa Tributary States]], leaving only [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]] answerable to the Bengal governor.<ref>Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the [[Eastern States Agency]], the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces.

In March 1940, the INC 53rd Session<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php |title=All India Congress Committee - AICC |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601092332/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php |archive-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Danik jagran Ranchi, p. 14, 2 October 2011</ref> occurred under the presidency of [[Maulana Azad]] at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is now [[Ramgarh Cantonment]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images/Photographs/Personalities/Mahatma_Gandhi/1940&image=IMPHPEMG|title=Error|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002845/http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images%2FPhotographs%2FPersonalities%2FMahatma_Gandhi%2F1940&image=IMPHPEMG|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Acharya J.B. Kripalani]], Industrialist [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] and other great leaders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm|title=Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001101/http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html|title=RAMGARH SESSION-1940|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211141544/http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html|archive-date=11 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html|title=Chronology 1940|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215617/http://gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html|archive-date=22 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At that time, under the leadership of Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]] a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party.
[[File:Nehru bajaj sarojini khan azad1940a.jpg|thumb|250px|Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.|alt=|right]]

===Post Independence===
After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of many states chose to accede to the [[Dominion of India]]. [[Changbhakar]], [[Jashpur]], [[Koriya]], [[Surguja]] and [[Udaipur]] after that became part of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], but [[Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] became part of the state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela]] became part of the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: ''Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States,'' 1936</ref> In 1928, a separate state was demanded by ''Unnati Samaj'', the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to the [[Simon Commission]] to constitute a tribal state in eastern India.<ref name="Gautam Kumar Bera-2008"/> Prominent leaders like [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] and [[Ram Narayan Singh]] also demanded a separate state. In 1955, the [[Jharkhand Party]], led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to the [[States Reorganization Commission]] for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1998|pages=115–118|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103090828/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307065102/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later the [[Sadan people]], the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/> In 1972, [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], [[Shibu Soren]] and [[A. K. Roy]] founded [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. [[Nirmal Mahto]] founded the [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]. They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of [[Ram Dayal Munda]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari|B. P. Keshri]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ|title=India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|author=Vinay Kumar Srivastava|page=212|year=2020|isbn=978-9353886608|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103082228/https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Jharkhand co-ordination committee was then led by Congress General Secretary [[Ram Ratan Ram]], who urged [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to pay attention to the issue at hand.

In July 1988, the [[Bharatiya Janata party]] led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] decided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar in [[Jamshedpur]]. [[Inder Singh Namdhari]], [[Samresh Singh]], and [[Rudra Pratap Sarangi]] were the leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state.<ref name="jagran2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html|title=वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम|publisher=jagran|date=17 August 2018|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052550/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of [[Assam]]. Other [[tribal]] areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and [[Santal]] Pargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.<ref name="https"/><ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/>

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice [[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]] was leading the movement. In 1998, the [[Union government]] decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] to which [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, the [[All Jharkhand Students Union]], and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in the Bihar legislature. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html|title=Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo|date=10 January 2018|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802104126/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html|title=Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary|date=10 January 2019|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802124203/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes.<ref name="jagran2018"/> After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, [[RJD]]'s dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000|Bihar reorganisation Bill]]. Finally, with the support from both RJD and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the [[Chota Nagpur Division]] and [[Santhal Pargana Division]] of South Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html|title=History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History|author=gigisoftsolutions|work=traveljharkhand.com|access-date=20 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419014954/http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] formed the government with [[Babulal Marandi]] as chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand.<ref name="jagran2018"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14|title=Uttaranchal, Vananchal and Chhattisgarh celebrate their statehood|publisher=indiatoday|date=13 December 2012|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002055912/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Babulal Marandi]] took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leader [[Birsa Munda]].<ref name="https"/>

===Jharkhand statehood===
The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of [[Bihar]]. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is [[tribal]] while 12% of the people belong to [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after [[Chhattisgarh]] state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/about|title=About : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand|website=www.jharkhand.gov.in|language=en-US|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123154219/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/about|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Naxal insurgency===
{{See also|Tritiya Prastuti Committee|People's Liberation Front of India}}
Jharkhand has been at the centre of the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]. Since the uprising of the [[Naxalites]] in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the [[Jharkhand Police|police]], and its [[paramilitary]] groups such as the [[Salwa Judum]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7871976.stm | work=BBC News | title=Cell phones to fight India rebels | date=5 February 2009 | access-date=6 May 2010 | first=Subir | last=Bhaumik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208112321/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7871976.stm | archive-date=8 February 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area<ref name="globalpolitician.com">{{cite web|url=http://globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411005134/http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |archive-date=11 April 2010 }}</ref> (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "[[Red Corridor]]" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,<ref name="globalpolitician.com"/> where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/opinion/17iht-edbowring.html Maoists who menace India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017052957/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/opinion/17iht-edbowring.html |date=17 October 2015 }}, New York Times, 17 April 2006</ref> Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.<ref name="atimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html |title=Hidden civil war drains India's energy |publisher=Asia Times Online |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040548/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=unfit  }}</ref> The impoverished state provides ample recruits for [[communist]] insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions.<ref name="atimes.com"/> As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the [[tribal]] population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.<ref name="atimes.com"/> In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.<ref name="globalpolitician.com"/>

On 5 March 2007, [[Sunil Kumar Mahato|Sunil Mahato]], a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by [[Naxalite]] rebels near [[Kishanpur]] while watching a football match on the [[Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]]. His widow, [[Suman Mahato]], the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate, won the [[Jamshedpur]] Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jayesh |last=Thaker |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140412/jsp/jharkhand/story_18182208.jsp |title=Ex-MPs add she might to LS fight |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000704/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140412/jsp/jharkhand/story_18182208.jsp |archive-date=21 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Geography ==
Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by [[West Bengal]] to the eastern side, [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the western side, [[Bihar]] to the northern part and [[Odisha]] to the southern part.

Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of {{convert|79716|sqkm}}. Much of Jharkhand lies on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: [[Damodar River|Damodar]], [[North Koel River|North Koel]], [[Barakar]], [[South Koel River|South Koel]], [[Sankh River|Sankh]] and [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] rivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers.
[[File:India Jharkhand relief map.png|thumb|Physical map of Jharkhand]]

===Climate===
Climate of Jharkhand varies from [[Humid subtropical]] in the north to [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry]] in the south-east.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/region/772/ |title=Climate: Jharkhand |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114510/https://en.climate-data.org/region/772/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around {{cvt|37|C|F}} and low temperatures around {{cvt|25|C|F}}. The [[Monsoon of South Asia|southwest monsoon]], from mid-June to October, brings nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about {{cvt|40|in|mm|sigfig=1|order=flip}} in the west-central part of the state to more than {{cvt|60|in|mm|sigfig=2|order=flip}} in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures in [[Ranchi]] in December usually vary from {{cvt|10-24|C|F}}. Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jharkhand-climate-1373963187-1 |title=Jharkhand: Climate |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418025101/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jharkhand-climate-1373963187-1 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

===Hills and mountain ranges===
* [[Parasnath]]: Parasnath Hill is also called as [[Sri Sammed Sikharji]] by Jains and [[Marang Buru]] by [[Santal]] tribes. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chief [[Jain pilgrimage site]] and the holy place for [[Jain]]s. Additionally, for [[Santal]] tribes, their supreme deity [[Marang Buru]] is prayed and ''Jug Jaher'' is the holy enshrine in its valley where ''Jaher Ayo'' being worshiped. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,365 meters.
* [[Netarhat]]: Netarhat is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the "Queen of Chotanagpur", it is a hill station. [[Netarhat Residential School]] is located here. Netarhat Dam is also located in this area.
* [[Rajmahal Hills]]: These hills are located in [[Sahibganj]] and [[Godda]] districts of Eastern part of Jharkhand. The [[Rajmahal hills]] belong to the Jurassic era. These hills like others also have many waterfalls, lakes and greenery.
* [[Trikut]]: Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.
* [[Tagore Hill]]: The [[Tagore Hill]] is also recognised as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/tagore-hill/ |title=Tagore Hill |date= |website=ranchi.nic.in |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802161327/https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/tagore-hill/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Main Rivers===
{{Further|List of rivers of Jharkhand}}
* [[Ganga River]]: The [[holy river]] Ganga passes through the north-eastern district of Sahebganj. Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand: Sahebganj, Rajmahal
* [[Son River]]: Origin of Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Son River: Sidhi
* [[Subarnarekha River]]: Origin of Subarnarekha River: (Nagdi Ranchi) Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Ranchi, Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur
* [[Kharkai River]]: Origin of Kharkai River: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha; Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River: Rairangpur, Adityapur, and enters the Subarnarekha river in north-western Jamshedpur.
* [[Damodar River]]: Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tori latehar), Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: latehar, lohardaga, Ramgarh, Gridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
* [[North Koel River]]: Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel River: Daltonganj
* [[South Koel River]]: Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Nagdi Ranchi), Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela
* [[Lilajan River]]: Also known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore: Gaya
* [[Ajay River]]: Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
* [[Mayurakshi River]]: Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri
* [[Barakar River]]: Origin: Padma in Hazaribagh, Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh, etc.

For the list of dams built across these revere refer to [https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_jharkhand]

=== Flora and Fauna ===
Jharkhand has a rich variety of [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. The wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and zoological gardens in the state present a panorama of this variety. There are several wildlife sanctuaries and national park in the state, including [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary]], [[Palamu Tiger Reserve]] and [[Betla National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utkarsh |first=Kumar |date=18 December 2024 |title=5 Best Wildlife And Nature Destinations In Jharkhand |url=https://travel.india.com/guide/photos/5-best-wildlife-and-nature-destinations-in-jharkhand-414758/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |work=Tavelindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/web-stories/knowledge/prominent-national-park-sanctuaries-of-jharkhand|title=Prominent national-l park sanctuaries of jharkhand|work=news9live|date=13 November 2023|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref> Palamu Tiger Reserve reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palamu.nic.in/forestchap4.htm |title=Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district |publisher=Official website of the Palamau district |access-date=5 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112121518/http://palamu.nic.in/forestchap4.htm |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}</ref> as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Forest of jharkhand.jpg|Forest in jharkhand
File:Palaash flowers.jpg|[[Palash]] flowers, bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest fire
File:Muta crocodile park.jpg|A crocodile at Muta Crocodile Breeding Centre at [[Ormanjhi]], Ranchi
File:RAJNI.jpg|A female [[Indian elephant]] at [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Jharkhand
</gallery>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Sadan peoples|Nagpuria people|Tribes of Jharkhand}}
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1901 | 6068233
| 1911 | 6747122
| 1921 | 6767770
| 1931 | 7908737
| 1941 | 8868069
| 1951 | 9697254
| 1961 | 11606489
| 1971 | 14227133
| 1981 | 17612069
| 1991 | 21844911
| 2001 | 26945829
| 2011 | 32988134
|align = right
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Indian Census]], Jharkhand has a population of 32.96&nbsp;million, consisting of 16.93&nbsp;million males and 16.03&nbsp;million females.<ref name=2011census/> The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 947 females to 1,000 males.<ref name=2011census/> In 2017 The literacy rate of the state was 73.40% with [[Ranchi district]] being most educated at 83.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf|title=Jharkhand Provisional Result-Census 2011-Data Sheet|work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517080810/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In social demographics, Jharkhand's [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes]] populations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western district [[Simdega district|Simdega]] (78.23%), [[Khunti district|Khunti]] (77.77%), [[Gumla district|Gumla]] (72.11%), [[West Singhbhum district|Paschim Singhbhum]] (71.1%), [[Latehar district|Latehar]] (66.85%), and in [[Lohardaga district]] (60.21%).

===Languages===
[[File:Linguistic map of Jharkhand.png|thumb|Majority languages spoken by district, 2011 Census]]
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jharkhand (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020533/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 23.46 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 21.40 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 9.74 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 8.77 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] |value5 = 7.23 |color5 = burlywood
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 5.96 |color6 = green
|label7 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value7 = 4.14 |color7 = crimson
|label8 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value8 = 3.01 |color8 = deepskyblue
|label9 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value9 = 2.92 |color9 = teal
|label10 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value10 = 2.88 |color10 = mediumseagreen
|label11 = 'Other' Hindi{{efn|Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census}} |value11 = 2.32 |color11 = hotpink
|label12 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value12 = 2.29 |color12 = gold
|label13 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value13 = 1.82 |color13 = pink
|label14 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value14 = 1.61 |color14 = saddlebrown
|other= yeas |other-color = grey
}}

Jharkhand is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages. [[Hindi]] is the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state,<ref name="NCLM52nd" /> although different regional languages exist.<ref name="language"/> Some of which, including [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] are categorised as 'Hindi languages' in the Indian census 2011.<ref name="language"/> Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadani language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref name="The Avenue Mail" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Bedlam & bill rush in Assembly |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 June 2018 |language=en |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034431/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NCLM52nd" />
===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Jharkhand}}

[[Image:Sun Temple, Bundu, Ranchi.jpg|thumb|[[Sun Temple]] at Ranchi; Hinduism is the majority religion in the state|alt=|left]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religion in Jharkhand (2011)<ref name="Religion"/><ref name=ORP/>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| color1 = DarkOrange
| value1 = 67.83
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| color2 = green
| value2 = 14.53
<!-- ORP ≠ Sarnaism , DON'T ASSUME ORP FIGURE AS SARNA -->| label3 = [[Sarnaism]]
| color3 = Maroon
| value3 = 12.52
| label4 = [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]
| color4 = dodgerblue
| value4 = 4.3
| label5 = [[Sikhism]]
| color5 = darkkhaki
| value5 = 0.22
| label6 = [[Buddhism]]
| color6 = yellow
| value6 = 0.03
| label7 = [[Jainism]]
| color7 = blue
| value7 = 0.05
| label8 = ''Not stated''
| color8 = Black
| value8 = 0.21
| other = yes
| footer = 
}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Hinduism is the largest religion in the state, with 67.8% of the population, followed by Islam (14.5%), Christianity (4.3%), Sikhism (0.2%), Jainism (0.05%), and Buddhism (0.03%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509181739/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref> Ethnic religions are also practised by a substantial proportion of the population,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals|title=In Jharkhand's Singhbhum, religion census deepens divide among tribals|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923000231/http://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> the largest being Sarnaism (12.5% or 4,131,282 persons), followed by Addi Bassi (0.1% or 42,422) and Bidin (0.1% or 29,187). Other smaller ethnic faiths include Adi (9,135), Gond/Gondi (2,419), Birsa (2,392), Tana Bhagat (1,107), Santal (1,034), Ho (830), Oraon (797), Sarnam (792), Munda (754), Paharia (537), Kharwar (429), Nature Religion (315), Saranath (304), Parsi/Zoroastrian (188), Krupa (133), and Dupub (122).<ref name=ORP>{{cite web |title=C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029192517/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hindus form the majority in 19 out of the 24 districts of the Jharkhand. [[Christianity]] forms majority in [[Simdega district]] (51.04%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> [[Sarna (religion)|Sarna]] forms majority in [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]] (51.01%), [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] (62.29%) and plurality in [[Gumla district|Gumla]] (44.62%) and [[Khunti district|Khunti]] (45.37%).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=22 September 2017 |title=Census data shows the outcry against Christian missionaries by Hindutva groups is propaganda |url=https://scroll.in/article/850957/census-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda |work=Scroll.in |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802130313/https://scroll.in/article/850957/census-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims have the highest presence in [[Pakur district]] and [[Sahebganj district]] of Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of the population, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Treated as Mere Vote Bank,' Say Muslims Left Out of Jharkhand's Grand Alliance|url=https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims|website=thewire.in|language=en|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802171159/https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Jharkhand}}

The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the [[Governor (India)|governor]], who is appointed by the [[president of India]]. The real executive power rests with the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]]. Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the [[Indian Administrative Service]], [[Indian Police Service]], [[Indian Forest Service]] and different wings of the state civil services.
 
The [[judiciary]] is headed by the [[chief justice]]. Jharkhand has a [[Jharkhand High Court|High Court]] which has been functioning since 2000. 
All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi.

===Administrative districts===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Jharkhand|Districts of Jharkhand}}

The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/districts|title=Districts of Jharkhand|website=www.jharkhand.gov.in|publisher=Government of Jharkhan|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080855/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/districts|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Each district is administered by a [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (who also functions as ''District Collector/District Magistrate''), an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the government. 

For land revenue administration, each district is divided into subdivisions, headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub Divisional Officer]] (SDO), and each subdivision again divided into circles/anchals, headed by Circle Officers (CO).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Administrative divisions of Jharkhand |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2013/Jharkhand_Report_1_Revenue_2013_Chap_5.pdf}}</ref>

For development administration, each district is divided into blocks (also known as C.D Blocks), headed by [[Block (district subdivision)|Block Development Officers]] (BDO). A block consists several rural subdivisions (panchayats).<ref name=":0" />

===Divisions and districts===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Palamu division]]'''
** [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
** [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
** [[Latehar district|Latehar]]
|
* '''[[North Chotanagpur division]]'''
** [[Chatra district|Chatra]]
** [[Hazaribag district|Hazaribag]]
** [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
** [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
** [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
** [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
** [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
|
* '''[[South Chotanagpur division]]'''
** [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
** [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
** [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
** [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
** [[Khunti district|Khunti]]
|
* '''[[Kolhan division]]'''
** [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
** [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
** [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
|
* '''[[Santhal Pargana Division]]'''
** [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
** [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
** [[Dumka district|Dumka]]
** [[Godda district|Godda]]
** [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
** [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
|}

===Major cities===
Largest Cities in Jharkhand<br />{{nobold|<small>(2011 Census of India estimate)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Jharkhand.html |title=Jharkhand |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034959/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Jharkhand.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=live  }}</ref></small>}}

{| -
! Rank !! City !! District !! Population !! Rank !! City !! District !! Population !! rowspan="11" |
[[File:Cityscapes of Jamshedpur.jpg|thumb|100px|Jamshedpur]] [[File:Hotel Classic Bokaro.jpg|thumb|100px|Bokaro]]
|-
| align="center" | 01 || align="left" | '''[[Jamshedpur]]''' || [[East Singhbhum district|East Singbhum]] || 1,339,438 || align="center" | 06 || align="left" |'''[[Phusro]]''' || [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] || 186,139
|-
| align="center" | 02 || align="left" | '''[[Dhanbad]]''' || [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] || 1,196,214 || align="center" | 07 || align="left" | '''[[Hazaribagh]]'''|| [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] || 153,595
|-
| align="center" | 03 || align="left" | '''[[Ranchi]]''' || [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] || 1,126,741 || align="center" | 08 || align="left" | '''[[Giridih]]''' ||[[Giridih district|Giridih]] || 143,630
|-
| align="center" | 04 || align="left" | '''[[Bokaro Steel City]]''' || [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] || 564,319 || align="center" | 09 || align="left" |'''[[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]]''' || [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]] || 132,441
|-
| align="center" | 05 || align="left" | '''[[Deoghar]]''' || [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]] || 203,123 || align="center" | 10 || align="left" | '''[[Medininagar]]''' ||[[Palamu district|Palamu]] || 120,325
|}

==Economy==
The [[gross domestic product]] of Jharkhand is estimated at {{INRConvert|5.56|lc}} in 2025-26. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2024-25 was {{INRConvert|115960}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2023-24 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2023-24 |website=PRSIndia |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325052022/https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2020-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|left|Open-cast coal mining in [[Dhanbad]]]]
Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Jharkhand_261211.pdf |title=Jharkhand |publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032403/http://www.ibef.org/download/Jharkhand_261211.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Jharkhand also has immense [[mineral]] resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from [[iron]] [[ore]] (4th), [[coal]] (3rd), [[copper]] ore (1st), [[mica]] (1st), [[bauxite]] (3rd), [[manganese]], [[limestone]], [[china clay]], [[fire clay]], [[graphite]] (8th), [[kainite]] (1st), [[chromite]] (2nd), [[asbestos]] (1st), [[thorium]] (3rd), [[sillimanite]], [[uranium]] (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even [[gold]] ([[Rakha Mines]]) (6th) and [[silver]] and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of [[Industrial sector|industry]], in centres like [[Jamshedpur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] and Ranchi. [[Tata Steel]], a ''[[NSE NIFTY 500]]'' conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Steel > Listing Details > Steel – Large > Listing Details of Tata Steel – BSE: 500470, NSE: TATASTEEL|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tatasteel/listing/TIS|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062130/http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tatasteel/listing/TIS|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It reported a gross income of {{Indian Rupee}}. 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 18&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm|publisher=business.rediff.com|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165021/http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2006, the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft), which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Ranjan |date=10 February 2006 |title=Craft hub on the cards |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/craft-hub-on-the-cards/cid/820787 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229105803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/craft-hub-on-the-cards/cid/820787 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sahuliyar |first=Arti |date=2 June 2015 |title=Jharcraft platform for ethnic Inc. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc/cid/1428426 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229114900/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc/cid/1428426 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Agriculture is another major economic sector. Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots, cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/jharkhand-economy.html |title=Jharkhand Economy |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001750/https://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/jharkhand-economy.html |archive-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Jharkhand}}

===Cuisine===
{{see also|Cuisine of Jharkhand}}
[[File:Rice plate Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A Jharkhand Rice Plate]]

Staple foods of Jharkhand are [[rice]], [[dal]], [[roti]], [[vegetable]]s, and [[tuber]]s. Spices are sparingly used in cuisine. Famous dishes include [[Chhilka Roti]], [[Malpua]], [[Pitha]], [[Dhooska]], Arsa roti, Dudhauri, and [[Panipuri]] (Gupchup).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|title=10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life|date=30 September 2016|newspaper=Great Indian Food|language=en-US|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080725/https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|title=Jharkhand Tourism::Cusines|website=www.jharkhandtourism.in|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226222111/http://jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre. [[Bamboo shoot]] are a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions, particularly in Jharkhand cuisine. They can be boiled, steamed, stir-fried, or pickled, making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups, curries, and salads. Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with, enhancing the overall taste of the dishes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Prerna |date=13 July 2020 |title=Traditional savory food of Jharkhand |url=https://buddymantra.com/food-of-jharkhand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102105657/https://buddymantra.com/food-of-jharkhand/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=www.buddymantra.com |language=en}}</ref> The leaves of Munga ([[Moringa oleifera]]) and Koinar ([[Bauhinia variegata]]) trees are used as a leafy vegetable or [[Saag]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianvagabond.com/2016/04/15/tribal-food-of-chota-nagpur/ |title=Tribal Food of Chota Nagpur |date=15 April 2016 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418061544/https://indianvagabond.com/2016/04/15/tribal-food-of-chota-nagpur/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handi or [[Handia (drink)|Handia]], named after the vessel, handi (earthen pot), used to make it. Handia is culturally associated with natives, i.e., Sadans and Tribals; this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/general-domain/rice-facts/hadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand|title=Hadia is a popular beverage of Jharkhand {{!}} Rice Knowledge Management Portal – Rice, Paddy, Dhan, Chawal, Rice Research Domain, Rice Extension Domain, Rice Farmers Domain, Rice General Domain, Rice Service Domain, RKMP, Rice in India, Rice Government Schemes, Rice ITKs, Rice FLDs, Rice Package of Practices|website=www.rkmp.co.in|language=en|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203162516/http://www.rkmp.co.in/general-domain/rice-facts/hadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040303/asp/jharkhand/story_2832423.asp|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Jharkhand|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203161946/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040303/asp/jharkhand/story_2832423.asp|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another common liquor is called ''Mahua [[Desi daru|daru]]'', made from flowers of the Mahua tree ([[Madhuca longifolia]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|title=High time to make most of mahua – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209082700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|archive-date=9 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Folk music and dance===
{{see also|Folk dances of Jharkhand}}
[[File:Chhau Dancers.jpg|thumb|Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village]]

There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as: [[Jhumair]], [[Mardani Jhumar]], [[Janani Jhumar]], [[Domkach]], Vinsariya, Jhumta, Fagua, [[Janani Jhumar|Angnai]], [[Paiki dance|Paiki]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Firkal dance|Firkal]], [[Munda people#Culture and tradition|Mundari]], and [[Santal people#Culture|Santali]] dance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art |title=Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805212613/http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

===Festivals===
Major festivals of Jharkhand are [[Sarhul]], [[Baha parab|Baha Parab]], [[Karam festival|Karam Parab]], [[Mage Parab]], [[Sohrai]], [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu festival]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Jitiya]], [[Manasa|Manasa Puja]], [[Rath Yatra]], [[Saraswati Puja]], [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], Phagua and the Sendra festival.<ref name="Khanna-2010">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWhBQAAQBAJ&q=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge+festivals&pg=PA53|title = Jharkhand General Knowledge|isbn = 9788174822468|last1 = Khanna|first1 = C. L.|date = September 2010| publisher=Upkar Prakashan |access-date = 14 November 2020|archive-date = 4 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170933/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWhBQAAQBAJ&q=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge+festivals&pg=PA53|url-status = live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Karam puja in jharkhand.jpg|[[Karam (festival)|Karam festival]] in Jharkhand
File:Holy Prayer.jpg| [[Sarhul]] in Jharkhand
File:Crossing_Baha_festival_2025_80.jpg|Baha Parab in Jharkhand 
File:Durgas Puja in a Pandal.jpg|[[Durga Puja]] in Jharkhand
File:Mansa Puja in Bhagalpur.jpg|[[Manasa]] in Jharkhand 
</gallery>

===Paintings===
[[File:A Munda tribesman sitting in front of wall decorated with Munda style Sohrai Painting at Isko Village, Hazaribagh.jpg|thumb|Sohrai wall painting at Isko Village, [[Hazaribagh district]], [[Jharkhand]]]]
[[Sohrai and Khovar painting]] is a mural art form practised by women. Sohrai painting is traditionally done at the [[Sohrai]] harvest festival, while Khovar painting is done at weddings.<ref name="Khanna-2010" />

===Tattoo===
The tattoo making tradition of [[Godna]] is an essential part of local tradition.<ref name="Khanna-2010" />

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Jharkhand}}

Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages including [[Nagpuri cinema|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha cinema|Khortha]], [[Santali cinema|Santali]], [[Ho language|Ho]], and [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/03/jharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html |title=Jharkhand govt gives approval for production of 20 films |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165012/http://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/03/jharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html |archive-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known as '''Jhollywood'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11|title=Here comes Jollywood|date=11 March 2017 |publisher=India today|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627140916/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2648/jhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry/|title=Jollywood gets moving forward in regional film industry|date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Jharkhandstatenews|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627140917/http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2648/jhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media==
There are some television channels, newspapers, and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand. [[DD Jharkhand]] is an important channel in Jharkhand. [[All India Radio]] operates from Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/media.html|title=Jharkhand Media|website=mapsofindia.com|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430072908/https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/media.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]], [[Dainik Jagran]], Sokal Sokal, [[Prabhat Khabar]], and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and [[The Hindu]], [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[Navbharat Times]], [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]], and [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] are some English newspapers in Jharkhand.

==Transport==

===Airways===
*[[Birsa Munda Airport]] is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranchi Airport crosses one million mark of passengers. PASSENGERS|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html|website=Pioneer|publisher=www.dailypioneer.com|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730152209/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Deoghar Airport]] is the second busiest airport located in the state of Jharkhand, [[India]]. It is the second operational airport in state of Jharkhand after [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=3 September 2020|title=Construction work at Jharkhand's Deoghar airport to be completed soon: AAI|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/construction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119181941/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/construction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sonari Airport]] at [[Jamshedpur]] is the third operational airport in the state and it has daily flight to [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Kolkata]].
*[[Bokaro Airport]] is under [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] and 4th operational airport of the state. It is being developed under [[UDAN]] scheme.
*Other airports present in the state are [[Chakulia Airport]], [[Dumka Airport]], [[Giridih Airport]], [[Dhalbhumgarh Airport]] and [[Dhanbad Airport]] which mostly run private and [[charter flights]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhanbad, Dumka on chartered flight path |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235804/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Roadways===
Jharkhand has extensive network of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] and [[State highways in India|State Highways]].<ref name="Highways">{{cite web|title=National highways in Jharkhand|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201556/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There is {{convert|2661.83|km|miyd|abbr=on}} of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.<ref name="Highways" /> The National highways present in the state are numbered [[National Highway 18 (India)|18]], [[National Highway 19 (India)|19]], [[National Highway 20 (India)|20]], [[National Highway 22 (India)|22]], [[National Highway 33 (India)|33]], [[National Highway 39 (India)|39]], [[National Highway 43 (India)|43]], [[National Highway 114 (India)|114A]], [[National Highway 118 (India)|118]], [[National Highway 133 (India)|133]], [[National Highway 133A (India)|133A]], [[National Highway 133B (India)|133B]], [[National Highway 139 (India)|139]], [[National Highway 143 (India)|143]], [[National Highway 143A (India)|143A]], [[National Highway 143AG (India)|143AG]], [[National Highway 143D (India)|143D]], [[National Highway 143H (India)|143H]], [[National Highway 218 (India)|218]], [[National Highway 220 (India)|220]], [[National Highway 320 (India)|320]], [[National Highway 320D (India)|320D]], [[National Highway 320G (India)|320G]], [[National Highway 333 (India)|333]], [[National Highway 333A (India)|333A]], [[National Highway 343 (India)|343]], [[National Highway 419 (India)|419]] and [[National Highway 522 (India)|522]].<ref name="Highways" /> The [[Golden Quadrilateral]] network of [[Delhi]] – [[Kolkata]] route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network|url=https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/|website=roadtraffic-technology.com|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202042/https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NHAI|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|website=www.nhai.org|publisher=National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Government of India|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ports===
Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Multi-model port to come up at Sahibganj: Gadkari |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/multi-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html |publisher=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220148/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/multi-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref> A [[Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port|multi-modal port]] has been planned at [[Sahebganj]] where river [[Ganges]] flows.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sahibganj to be exim hub with a multimodal plan: Nitin Gadkari |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html |publisher= [[Business Standard]] |date= 13 October 2016 |access-date= 17 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html |archive-date= 22 August 2017 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The project is estimated to cost {{INR}}65,000 million and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rajat|last=Arora|title=L&T to construct Sahibganj Multi modal transportation terminal|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/lt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal/articleshow/54937877.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=19 October 2016|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629231331/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/lt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal/articleshow/54937877.cms|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Railways===
{{See also|Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
Jharkhand is very well connected by railways. The state has numerous [[Railway stations in Jharkhand|railway stations]] and railway junctions.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/rail-funds-up-this-time-206613 Rail funds up this time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211230/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/rail-funds-up-this-time-206613 |date=30 March 2018 }} [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] 7 February 2018</ref> [[Dhanbad Junction]] is the largest railway station in the state which is connected to almost all big cities of India. Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Ranchi Airport Night View.jpg|[[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi Airport (IXR)]]
File:NH 33 Between Ramgarh and Chutupallu.jpg|[[National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 20]] near [[Ramgarh Cantonment]]
File:Sahibganj railway station.jpg|View from the [[Sahibganj]] Railway Station
File:Dhanbad station night view.jpg|Night View of [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]]. (Largest Railway Station in Jharkhand)
</gallery>

==Education==
As per the 2011 census conducted by [[Government of India]] the official literacy rate for the state was 66.41% (male: 76.84%; female: 55.42%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:<ref>{{cite web |author=Arun C. Mehta |url=http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html |title=District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001 |publisher=Educationforallinindia.com |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414170051/http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Family Health Survey, 1998–99: Fact Sheet, Jharkhand, Section: Basic Socio-Demographic Features of Jharkhand|page=3|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/data/jh/jhfctsum.pdf|access-date=21 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003195738/http://www.nfhsindia.org/data/jh/jhfctsum.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]: 76.06% (male: 84.26%; female: 67.44%)
*
* [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]: 75.49% (male: 83.75%; female: 66.81%)
* [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]: 74.52% (male: 83.81%; Female: 64.29%)
*
* [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]: 73.17% (male: 82.44%; female: 63.09%)
* [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]: 72.01% (male: 82.51%; female: 60.63%)
* [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]: 69.75% (male: 80.01%; female: 58.95%)
* [[Simdega district|Simdega]]: 67.99% (male: 76.08%; female: 59.92%)
* [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Khasawan]]: 67.70% (male: 79.03%; female: 55.88%)
* [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]: 67.61% (male: 77.21%; female: 57.69%)
* [[Koderma district|Koderma]]: 66.84% (male: 79.78%; female: 53.23%)

Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.<ref>{{cite web|title=The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State|first=Sanjay|last=Pandey|date=16 October 2007|website=MyNews.in|url=http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=89}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

===Schools===
The medium of instruction in schools is [[Hindi]]/[[English language|English]] with [[English language|English]]/[[Hindi]]/[[Sanskrit]]/[[Bengali language|Bengali]]/[[Odia language|Odia]] as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join two years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in [[Arts]], [[Science]] and [[Commerce]]. This is followed by three years of degree courses (graduation) or four years of [[Engineering]]/[[Agriculture]]/[[Medicine]] degree.

The school system comprises various private and public schools. The government schools are abundant. Few notable schools are: [[St. Thomas School, Ranchi]], [[Sainik School, Tilaiya|Sainik School Tilaiya]], [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur]], [[Delhi Public School, Bokaro]], [[Delhi Public School, Ranchi]], [[Bishop Westcott Boys' School]], [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar]], [[De Nobili School, FRI|De Nobili School]] and [[St. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh]].

In 2009 [[Franz Gastler]] established [[Yuwa-India|Yuwa School]] a NGO in [[Hutup]] village in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combat [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], [[Education in India#Women's education|illiteracy]] and [[Human trafficking in India|human trafficking]] in rural India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20929762 | title=How football is changing lives of Indian slum girls | date=23 January 2013 | access-date=27 February 2022 | author=Sarkar, Monica | publisher=[[BBC]] | archive-date=18 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018121112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20929762 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=And the Laureus World Sports Awards 2019 Winners are...|url=https://www.laureus.com/news/and-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are|access-date=27 February 2022|website=Laureus|language=en|date=18 February 2019|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227084113/https://www.laureus.com/news/and-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Universities and colleges===
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand}}
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [[AISECT University, Jharkhand]], Hazaribagh
* [[Arka Jain University]], Jamshedpur
* [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]], Dhanbad
* [[Birsa Agricultural University]], Kanke, Ranchi
* [[Central University of Jharkhand]], Brambe, Ranchi
* [[Jharkhand Rai University]], Ranchi
* [[Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University]], Ranchi
* [[Kolhan University]], Chaibasa
* [[National University of Study and Research in Law]], Ranchi
* [[Nilamber-Pitamber University]], Medininagar
* [[Radha Govind University]], Ramgarh
* [[Ranchi University]], Ranchi
* [[Sarala Birla University]], Ranchi
* [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]], Dumka
* [[Vinoba Bhave University]], Hazaribagh
* [[Usha Martin University]], Ranchi

====Autonomous====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]], formerly Ranchi college
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]
* [[National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology]] (NIFFT), Ranchi
* [[National University of Study and Research in Law]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]
* [[Xavier Institute of Social Service]] (XISS), Ranchi
* [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management|Xavier Labour Relations Institute]] (XLRI), Jamshedpur

====Agriculture====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [[Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology]], Ranchi

====Engineering====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
[[Image:Bitmesra.JPG|thumb|[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]], Ranchi]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]], Ranchi
* [[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]], Dhanbad
* [[DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology]], Daltonganj
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]], Dhanbad
* [[National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology]] (NIFFT), Ranchi
* [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]

====Management====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]] IIM-Ranchi
* [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management]], Jamshedpur
* [[Netaji Subhas University|NSIBM - Netaji Subhas Institute of Hotel & Business Management]], Jamshedpur

==== Medical colleges ====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]], Deoghar
* [[Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital]], Hazaribagh
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (MGM)]], Jamshedpur
* [[Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu]], Palamu
* [[Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], Dumka
* [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS)]], Ranchi
* [[Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad]], Dhanbad
* [[Shaheed Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College and Hospital]], Hazaribagh

====Psychiatry====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]], Ranchi

==Public health==
Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of [[mentally challenged]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cipranchi.nic.in/intro.htm |title=Introduction to Cip, Ranchi |quote= The British established this hospital on 17th May 1918 with the name of Ranchi European Lunatic Asylum. |access-date= 4 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404173734/http://cipranchi.nic.in/intro.htm |archive-date=4 April 2005}}</ref>

European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively.
In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like [[tuberculosis]] (TB). In fact, TB has assumed [[epidemic]] proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug-resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/index.htm |title=Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre |publisher=Tatamemorialcentre.com |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218152943/http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/index.htm |archive-date=18 February 2010 }}</ref> is rendering pioneering work. In the same way, Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart-related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals.

[[Fluoride]] in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the [[Birla Institute of Technology]], Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with [[UNICEF]] in the northwest districts of [[Palamau]] and [[Garhwa]] found fluoride levels above the drinking [[WHO]] drinking water guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp |title=Fluoride alert for groundwater |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |date=11 January 2008 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103738/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to [[dental fluorosis]], prevalent bone fractures, and [[skeletal fluorosis]], an irreversible disabling condition.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khandare|first1=AL|last2=Harikumar|first2=R|last3=Sivakumar|first3=B|s2cid=21536934|title=Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India|journal=Calcified Tissue International|volume=76|issue=6|pages=412–8|year=2005|pmid=15895280|doi=10.1007/s00223-005-0233-2}}</ref> Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabled-world.com/news/india/fluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml |title=Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India |publisher=Disability News India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090107153452/http://www.disabled-world.com/news/india/fluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml |archive-date= 7 January 2009 |access-date=4 February 2017 }}</ref> Researchers at [[Princeton University]] and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.<ref>"Fluoride alert for groundwater," The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008.[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206135154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp|date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref>MacDonald, L. "Water and Health:[http://www.princeton.edu/~lmacdona/water-health.html An effective, sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State, India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175037/http://www.princeton.edu/~lmacdona/water-health.html |date= 1 December 2008 }}</ref>

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8178636.stm |title=Jharkhand farmers despair at drought |work=BBC News |date=1 August 2009 |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110141736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8178636.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
[[JRD Tata Sports Complex|JRD TATA Sports Complex, Jamshedpur]] hosts football matches of [[Indian Super League]] and is the home of ISL based football club [[Jamshedpur FC]].
[[Cricket]], [[Field hockey|hockey]], and [[Association football|football]] are common games in Jharkhand. Players like [[Jaipal Singh]], a former Indian hockey captain and [[Olympic Games|Olympian]], and [[Manohar Topno]] currently play for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey team]]. [[Jaipal Singh]] was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in [[Amsterdam]]. [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], a former captain of [[Indian cricket team]] who led the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] to [[ICC Cricket World Cup]] glory on 2 April 2011, 28 years after former Indian captain [[Kapil Dev]] won the World Cup in 1983 at [[Lord's|Lord's, England]], is from here.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports-news/dhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337 |title=Dhoni's world cup bat sold for Rs. 72 lakhs |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007225807/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports-news/dhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand are [[Varun Aaron]], [[Shahbaz Nadeem]], and [[Saurabh Tiwary]]. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the [[2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup]] in [[Malaysia]]. Other sportspeople include [[Deepika Kumari]], a young archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event. [[Nikki Pradhan]] currently a member of the [[India women's national field hockey team|national hockey team]]. Pradhan was the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India in the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]].

An [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium]] and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International match between India and England on 19 January 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Ranchis-new-stadium-set-to-host-maiden-One-Day-International-on-January-19/articleshow/16870995.cms | title=Ranchi's new stadium set to host maiden One-Day International on January 19 | date=19 October 2012 | access-date=18 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509010706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/ranchi/34583646_1_jsca-jharkhand-state-cricket-association-foundation-stone | archive-date=9 May 2013 | url-status=live | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two [[IPL 6]] matches for [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] and qualifier 2 of [[IPL 8]] between [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated by [[Sania Mirza]] and [[Shoaib Malik]], also runs besides the cricket stadium.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204 |title=Tennis takes Sania-Shoaib to Ranchi |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408165410/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Ranchi is among six cities in [[Hockey India League]] to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named [[Ranchi Rhinos]] which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as [[Ranchi Rays]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Ranchi-franchise-becomes-third-team-in-Hockey-India-League/articleshow/16394320.cms | title=Ranchi franchise becomes third team in Hockey India League | date=14 September 2012 | access-date=18 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508225654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/top-stories/33845464_1_hockey-india-league-sport-joint-venture | archive-date=8 May 2013 | url-status=live | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Keenan Stadium aerial view.jpg|Aerial view of [[Keenan Stadium]] in Jamshedpur
File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|JRD Tata Sports Complex
</gallery>

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Jharkhand}}

Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/tourism.html|title=Places to Visit in Jharkhand|website=Maps of India|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403080016/https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/tourism.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyoooz.com" /> [[Parasnath]], [[Baidyanath Dham]], [[Maa Dewri Temple]] and [[Chhinnamasta Temple]] are major religious places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|title=Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Priya |title=Worshipping 'headless deity' at Chinnamasta Temple in Jharkhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/worshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand/as65375480.cms |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] Travel |date=12 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425131051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/worshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand/as65375480.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8&nbsp;km from [[Latehar]]. The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Rich in sulphur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://latehar.nic.in/tourist-place/tattapani/ |title=Tattapani |website=latehar.nic.in |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625074122/https://latehar.nic.in/tourist-place/tattapani/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Itkhori Block|Itkhori]] is a holy place for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is believed to be the place from where [[Gautama Buddha]] started his journey for [[Bodh Gaya]]. Many sculptures of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaipuriar |first1=Vishvendu |title=Cop picket plan for temple |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266 |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729061057/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=S. |title=Deciphering the past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 May 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802114959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rankini Temple, Jadugora|Rankini Temple]] of [[Jadugora]] is famous in Jharkhand, as well as in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranjan |first1=Rakesh |title=Lockdown: आंशिक लॉकडाउन का जादूगोड़ा रंकिनी मंदिर पर पड़ा जबर्दस्त असर, कपाट खुले, भक्त नदारद |url=https://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Jagran |date=26 Apr 202 |language=hi |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602203535/https://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मां रंकिणी का पाषाण और जागृत रूप, जानिए मां की महिमा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/importance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur/jh20201024054741151 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129142928/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/importance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur/jh20201024054741151 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several waterfalls in the state including [[Jonha Falls]], [[Hundru Falls]], [[Dassam Falls]], [[Perwaghagh Falls]] and [[Panchghagh Falls]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots/cid/1679147|title=Jharkhand steps up plastic policing at picnic spots|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051633/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/jharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots/cid/1679147|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/emerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm/article24534940.ece|title='Emerging' tourist destinations vie for attention at IITM|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802155751/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/emerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm/article24534940.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/adventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html|title=Adventure tourism extravaganza kick-starts today|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051253/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/adventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Netarhat]] is a hill station in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/autumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat/cid/1670312|title=Autumn of thrill at hill station of Netarhat|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051609/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/autumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat/cid/1670312|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69239/a-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station|title=Netarhat: Jharkhand's Secret Hill Station|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051728/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69239/a-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news-travel/netarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554/|title=Netarhat is Home to Innumerable Waterfalls And Unlimited Peace|website=[[India.com]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051730/https://www.india.com/news-travel/netarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are several wildlife sanctuaries and national park in Jharkhand including [[Betla National Park]] and [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]], which are major attraction for tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm|title=BETLA NATIONAL PARK & TIGER RESERVE|website=WebIndia123|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403063337/https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news-travel/you-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450/|title=You Can Walk Amid Wildlife at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand|website=[[India.com]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051744/https://www.india.com/news-travel/you-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501|title=Winter holiday rush at Betla, Netarhat|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051715/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html|title=Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary bursts at the seams of autumn season|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051250/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[State Museum Hotwar]] and [[Tribal Research Institute and Museum]] showcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Heritage meet at Hotwar museum|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331|website=telegraphindia|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419172520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Saurav |title=What holds back tribal students in an urban milieu? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board/cid/1794632 |access-date=12 April 2022 |work=the Telegraph |date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412141938/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board/cid/1794632 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Temples at Deorgag, Santal Parhanas, Bihar - William Hodges, 1782 - BL Foster 396.jpg|The ancient [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple]] in [[Deoghar]]
File:Shikharji Jain temple.jpg|Jain temple at Samet Shikharji, the place from where twenty [[Tirthankars]] attained nirvana
File:Jonha falls.jpg|[[Jonha Falls]]
File:Sunset point.jpg|[[Netarhat]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of museums in Jharkhand]]
* [[List of people from Jharkhand]]
* [[Political families of Jharkhand]]
* [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]]

==References==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Sources ===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Lahiry |first=Sangam |title=Pugmarks In Palamau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckYlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |year=2014 |publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-81115-64-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}

==External links==
'''Government'''
* [http://jharkhand.gov.in/ Government of Jharkhand, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422103228/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ |date=22 April 2016 }}

'''General information'''
* {{osmrelation-inline|1960191}}

{{Jharkhand}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jharkhand
|North = [[Bihar]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[West Bengal]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Odisha]]
|Southwest = [[Chhattisgarh]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{states and territories of India}}
}}
{{Subject bar|auto=1|voy=Jharkhand|India|Asia|Geography}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jharkhand| ]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Bengali is an official language]]