View source for Jin Mao Tower

{{Short description|Supertall skyscraper in Shanghai, China}}
{{WikidataCoord}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Jin Mao Tower
| native_name      = 金茂大厦
| native_name_lang = zh-hans
| image            = Jin Mao Tower 2007.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| caption          = The Jin Mao Tower in April 2007
| start_date       = {{start date and age|1994}}
| completion_date  = {{start date and age|1999}}
| status           = Complete
| building_type    = [[Skyscraper]]<br/>(incl. [[office building|office]], [[hotel]], [[tourist attraction|tourism]], & [[shopping mall|retail]])
| location         = 88 [[Century Avenue]]<br/>[[Pudong]] District, [[Shanghai]] 200121, China
| architectural    = {{convert|420.5|m|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jin Mao Tower - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/jin-mao-tower/189|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
| tip              = {{convert|420.5|m|sp=us}}
| antenna_spire    = {{cvt|35|m}}
| roof             = {{cvt|385.5|m}}
| top_floor        = {{convert|375|m|sp=us}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building/ |title=Jin Mao Building - The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524052647/http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building |archive-date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>
| observatory      = {{nowrap|{{convert|374.5|m|sp=us}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/>}}
| floor_count      = 88<br/>(+5 spire floors)<br/>(+3 basement floors)<ref name=skyscraperCenter/>
(Total: 96 floors)
| floor_area       = {{convert|289500|m2|sqft|sp=us|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/>
| elevator_count   = 61<ref name=skyscraperCenter/>
| architect        = [[Adrian Smith (architect)|Adrian Smith]] at [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill|SOM]]
| developer        = China Jin Mao Group
| structural_engineer = [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill|SOM]]<ref name=skyscraperCenter/>
| architectural_style = [[Neo-Futurism]]
| cost             = US$530 million (1999)
| references       = <ref name=skyscraperCenter/><ref>{{skyscraperpage|9}}</ref>
}}
The '''Jin Mao Tower''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|金|茂|大厦}}|t={{linktext|金|茂|大廈}}|p=Jīnmào<!--NOT Jīn Mào--> Dàshà}}; [[Shanghainese]]:'' Cinmeu Dagho''; lit. ‘Golden Prosperity Building’), also known as the {{nowrap|'''Jinmao Building'''}} or {{nowrap|'''Jinmao Tower'''}}, is a {{convert|420.5|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-tall|sp=us}}, 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark [[skyscraper]] in [[Lujiazui]], [[Pudong]], [[Shanghai]], China. It contains a [[#Occupants|shopping mall]], [[#Occupants|offices]] and the [[#Grand Hyatt Shanghai|Grand Hyatt Shanghai]] hotel which starts from the 53rd floor; at the time of completion it was the highest hotel in the world. Along with the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]], the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] and the [[Shanghai Tower]], it is part of the Lujiazui skyline seen from [[the Bund]].
In Shanghai, the tallest structure is the Shanghai Tower, which stands at 632 meters. It is followed by the Shanghai World Financial Center at 492 meters, the Oriental Pearl Tower at 468 meters, and the Jin Mao Tower at 420.5 meters. While Jin Mao Tower is the fourth tallest structure by height, it is often referred to as the third tallest building because the Oriental Pearl Tower is technically classified as a television and observation tower rather than a traditional skyscraper. This distinction explains why some sources list Jin Mao as the third tallest building, even though it is actually the fourth tallest overall structure.

==Structure==
[[File:JinMaoTower.JPG|thumb|Looking up at the Jin Mao Tower]]
The building is located on a {{convert|24000|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} plot of land near the [[Lujiazui Station|Lujiazui]] [[Shanghai Metro|metro station]] and was built at an estimated cost of [[U.S. dollar|US$]]530 million.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

It was designed by the [[Chicago]] firm of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (SOM). Its [[postmodern architecture|postmodern form]], whose complexity rises as it ascends, draws on [[traditional Chinese architecture]] such as the tiered [[pagoda]], gently stepping back to create a rhythmic pattern as it rises. Like the [[Petronas Towers]] in [[Kuala Lumpur|Malaysia]], the building's proportions revolve around the [[8 (number)|number 8]], [[numerology#Lucky and unlucky numbers|associated with prosperity]] in [[Chinese culture]]. The 88 floors (93 if the spire floors are counted) are divided into 16 segments, each of which is 1/8 shorter than the 16-story base. The tower is built around an octagon-shaped [[concrete]] [[braced wall line|shear wall]] core surrounded by 8 exterior [[composite material|composite]] supercolumns and 8 exterior steel columns. Three sets of 8 two-story high outrigger [[truss]]es connect the columns to the core at six of the floors to provide additional support.

The [[foundation (architecture)|foundation]]s rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles driven {{convert|83.5|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} deep in the ground to compensate for poor upper-strata soil conditions. At the time of construction, these were the longest steel piles ever used for a land-based building. The piles are capped by a 4 m-thick concrete [[floating raft system|raft]] {{convert|19.6|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} underground. The basement's surrounding [[slurry wall]] is {{nowrap|1 m}} thick, {{nowrap|36 m}} high and {{nowrap|568 m}} long. It is composed of {{convert|20,500|m3|sp=us|abbr=on}} of [[reinforced concrete]].

The building employs an advanced [[structural engineering]] system of [[wind engineering|wind]] and [[earthquake engineering]] which fortify it against [[typhoon]] winds of up to 200&nbsp;km/h (with the top [[oscillation|swaying]] by a maximum of {{convert|75|cm|sp=us|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[earthquake]]s of up to 7 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. The steel shafts have [[Shear stress|shear]] joints that act as [[shock absorber]]s to cushion the lateral forces imposed by winds and quakes. The swimming pool on the 57th floor is also said to act as a passive [[Damping ratio|damper]]. The exterior [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]] is made of glass, [[stainless steel]], [[aluminum]], and [[granite]] and is criss-crossed by complex [[latticework]] [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] made of aluminum alloy pipes.

==Operations==
Official dedication was August 28, 1998, a date also chosen with the number 8 in mind. The building was fully operational in 1999. The Jin Mao Tower is owned by the China Jin Mao Group Co. Ltd (formerly "China Shanghai Foreign Trade Center Co. Ltd"). It reportedly has a daily maintenance cost of 1 million [[Renminbi|RMB]] ([[US$]]121,000).<ref>[http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0220/fo5-1.html ''Shanghai Star''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705184321/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0220/fo5-1.html |date=2013-07-05 }}</ref>

The building has 3 main entrances to the [[Lobby (room)|lobby]]: two for the office portion and one for the hotel. The basement has express elevators to the observation deck and a parking area for 600 vehicles and 7,500 bicycles. In total, 61 [[Mitsubishi]] elevators and 19 escalators carry visitors throughout the building. Levels 51, 52, and 89&ndash;93 are [[mechanical floor]]s, accessible only by service elevators.

===Occupants===
The 3-level basement has a food court, while the first two floors include the [[Grand Hyatt Shanghai|Hyatt]]'s conference and banquet facilities. The first six floors include a shopping mall, restaurants, and nightclubs, include Pu-J's.

The lower 50 floors (in the first 4 segments of the tower) are made up of {{convert|123000|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} of offices, divided into 5 elevator zones (3-6, 7-17, 18-29, 30-40, and 41-50). Office spaces are open-plan (column-free), with a floor-to-floor gross height of {{convert|4.0|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} and net height of {{convert|2.7|m|sp=us|abbr=on}}.

===Grand Hyatt Shanghai===
{{main|Grand Hyatt Shanghai}}
[[File:Bar de la tour Jinmao (1).jpg|thumb|The interior of the Cloud 9 Bar, located at the 87th floor of the Jinmao Tower]]

The building's anchor tenant is the [[hotel rating|five-star]] 555-room [[Grand Hyatt Shanghai]] hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87. It is one of the highest hotels in the world, second in Shanghai only to its sister property, the Shanghai Park Hyatt, occupying the 79th to 93rd floors of the immediately adjacent [[Shanghai World Financial Center]]. These have since been surpassed by [[The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong]], which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the [[International Commerce Center]] in Hong Kong. However, the tallest building to be used exclusively as a hotel is the [[JW Marriott Marquis Dubai]].{{refn|Excluding the taller [[Ryugyong Hotel]] which was never actually in use.}} Additionally, the world's longest laundry chute runs down the full length of the tower to the basement, incorporating buffers to slow the laundry during its descent.

The Hyatt's famous [[barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]] [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] starts at the 56th floor<!-- NOT the 54th --> and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is {{convert|27|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} in diameter with a clear height of approximately {{convert|115|m|sp=us|abbr=on}}.{{refn|A commonly quoted atrium height of {{nowrap|152 m}} is owed to a mistaken assumption of 38 floors of {{nowrap|4 m}} each rather than the actual 32 floor of around {{nowrap|3.5 m}} each. (The last few are a little taller.)}} It is one of the tallest atria in the world, the tallest being the [[Burj Al Arab]]'s.

The hotel floors also feature:
* 53: The Piano Bar, a jazz club.
* 54: The hotel lobby and Grand Café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor.
* 55: Canton, a high-end [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese restaurant]] that takes up the entire floor.
* 56: A collection of restaurants including The Grill, the [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] Cucina, the [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] Kobachi, and the Patio Lounge located at the base of the atrium.
* 57: Club Oasis, a [[gym|fitness club]] featuring what was once the world's highest [[swimming pool]].
* 85: The highest level of rooms in the hotel and elevators to the two levels above
* 86: Club Jin Mao, a [[Shanghai cuisine|Shanghainese restaurant]].
* 87: Cloud 9, a sky bar with panoramic view.

===Skywalk===
The Skywalk, a {{convert|1520|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} indoor [[observation deck]] with a capacity of 1,000+ people, occupies the 88th floor of the building. In addition to the panoramic views of Shanghai, it offers a topside view of the hotel atrium below. It also includes a small [[China Post|post office]]. Access is through two express elevators from the basement that travel at 9.1&nbsp;m/s and take 45 seconds to reach the top. As of 2009, admission to the 88th floor costs 88 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for adults and 45 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for children.

==Events==
* On February 18, 2001, Han Qizhi, a 31-year-old shoe salesman from [[Anhui]] province "struck by a rash impulse", climbed the building barehanded and in street clothes.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/spiderman-seeks-vengeance-for-china-climb-1.56755#.VIr-72SUc4R "'Spiderman' seeks vengeance for China climb"] at Independent Online. 2 Mar 2001.</ref> He was arrested with bleeding hands and detained for about two weeks.<ref>[https://telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559172/Prison-for-scaling-Chinas-tallest-skyscraper.html "Prison for Scaling China's Tallest Skyscraper"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130000/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559172/Prison-for-scaling-Chinas-tallest-skyscraper.html |date=2015-07-13 }} 1 Aug 2007.</ref>
* On October 5, 2004, as part of Shanghai's [[Holidays in the People's Republic of China|National Day]] celebrations, a multi-national group of [[BASE jumping|BASE jumpers]] invited by the Shanghai Sports Bureau leapt from the top of the tower. The 34-year-old [[Australians|Australian]] jumper [[Roland "Slim" Simpson|Roland Simpson]]'s [[parachute]] malfunctioned and he crashed himself against an adjacent building. He fell into a [[coma]] and died in Australia on October 22.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070223195047/http://english.cri.cn/2008/2004-10-27/17@162680.htm ''CRI Online'']</ref><ref>[http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/001201.html ''Blog of Death''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101525/http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/001201.html |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>
* In early 2007, the building was illuminated with the name [[Windows Vista]] as part of [[Microsoft]]'s marketing campaign for the [[operating system]].<ref name="WindowsVistaAdvertisement">{{cite web|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Windows-Vista-Advertisement-46397.shtml|title=The Largest Windows Vista Advertisement|last=Oiaga|first=Marius|date=February 6, 2007|publisher=[[Softpedia]]|access-date=May 3, 2015}}</ref>
* Also in 2007, after years of being refused permission to climb the building,<ref>[http://www.mountaineering.ie/news/2001/news0105climb.htm ''Climbing News''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025022648/http://www.mountaineering.ie/news/2001/news0105climb.htm |date=2007-10-25 }}, [http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=qw9835093823B241 ''Independent Online'']</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070531/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_china_climber;_ylt=As3g6Bm7yfEzMIukj.1w0zbMWM0F |title=90-minute high = 15 days in jail - Yahoo! News |access-date=2017-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602203844/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070531/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_china_climber |archive-date=2007-06-02 }}</ref> the [[French people|French]] [[buildering|urban climber]] [[Alain Robert]] was arrested, jailed for 5 days, and expelled from China for his unauthorized ascent and descent, made while wearing a [[Spider-Man]] costume.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090216143031/http://chinaeconomicreview.com/quirkies/category/alain-robert "Spiderman Climbs Jin Mao Tower"] in Yahoo News. 4 Jun 2007. Hosted at the ''China Economic Review'' & Archive.com.</ref>
* On April 3, 2009, [[Shanda]] used a laser-light show on the tower to advertise the open beta of ''[[Aion: Upheaval|Aion: The Tower of Eternity]]''. The image made by the lasers could be seen from 7:30 pm to 10:00 pm and ran until April 12, 2009.<ref>[https://mods.curse.com/news/aion/12183-aion-online-advertises-on-the-second-largest "Aion Online Advertises on the Second Largest Building in Shanghai"]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2009-04-08 Retrieved on 2017-08-18</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="150" heights="120" perrow="5" caption="Jin Mao Tower">
File:Shopping by the Jin Mao Tower.JPG|The Jin Mao Tower's retail area in the lower floors
File:Inside Jinmao Tower from 88th Floor.jpg|The hotel's atrium, viewed from the Skywalk on the 88th floor
File:Shanghai from the SWFC.jpg|The four [[mechanical floor|mechanical stories]] forming the spire of the building are brightly illuminated at night
File:SWFC and JM.JPG|The [[Shanghai World Financial Center|SWFC]] and {{nowrap|Jin Mao Tower}}, displaying the latter's latticework cladding of aluminum alloy pipes.
File:Shanghai panorama 2006.JPG|A view from the Jin Mao Tower's Skywalk, showing the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] in [[Lujiazui]] and, across the [[Huangpu River]], Shanghai's [[The Bund (Shanghai)|Bund]], [[Nanjing Road]], and the [[Waibaidu Bridge|Garden Bridge]] across [[Suzhou Creek]]
File:Jin Mao Building-2005.JPG|The Jin Mao Tower with the construction of the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] at the background
File:JinMao Tower von oben.jpg|The Jin Mao Tower seen from the 100th floor of the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]]
File:Tower pudong shanghai jinmao tower(cropped).jpg|The Jin Mao Tower at night
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Shanghai]]
* [[List of skyscrapers]]
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world]]
* [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world]]

==Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons+cat|Jin Mao Tower}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019005547/http://www.jinmao88.com/html/index.php Jinmao88.com], the management company's official website {{in lang|en|zh}}
* [http://shanghai.grand.hyatt.com Grand Hyatt Shanghai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006180254/http://shanghai.grand.hyatt.com/ |date=2008-10-06 }} {{in lang|en|zh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052154/http://www.concordelift.com/shownews.asp?id=77 Elevator Layout]
* [http://skyscrapermodels.us/models/Jin_Mao_SHA.html A scale paper model]
* Overviews at [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810041316/http://chinaguides.shanghai-window.com/destination/shanghai/attractions/pudong/jingmao/jinmao.html China Guides], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060125040943/http://www.ctbuh.org/htmlfiles/featured_buildings/bom_jm.html CTBUH], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120524052647/http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building Skycraper Center], [http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/jin-mao-tower/ Architravel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617144641/http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/jin-mao-tower/ |date=2018-06-17 }}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040825075545/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103803 Emporis]}}, and [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9 SkyscraperPage]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230002115/http://www.chinapicturespub.com/municipality/shanghai-china/jinmao-building.html Photos of the Jinmao Building]}} at China Pictures
* {{Osmway|376075961}}

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{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[King Tower]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of tallest buildings in Shanghai|Tallest Building in Shanghai]]|years=1998 &ndash; 2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shanghai World Financial Center]]}}
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{{Pudong}}
{{Shanghai Skyscrapers}}
{{Supertall skyscrapers | current}}
{{Skidmore, Owings & Merrill}} {{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|China|Architecture}}

[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1998]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Hotels in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings]]
[[Category:Postmodern architecture in China]]
[[Category:Hyatt Hotels and Resorts]]
[[Category:Retail buildings in China]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Sinochem Group]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Shanghai]]