View source for Jin dynasty (266–420)

{{Short description|Chinese dynasty}}
{{hatnote group|{{distinguish|text=the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]}}
{{Other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{langn|zh|晉}}
| conventional_long_name = Jin
| status                 = Empire
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start             = 266 (265.12.17 in [[Chinese calendar]])
| year_end               = 420
| p1                     = Cao Wei
| p2                     = Eastern Wu
| s1                     = Sixteen Kingdoms
| s2                     = Liu Song dynasty{{!}}Liu Song
| event_start            = Establishment
| event_end              = Abdication to [[Liu Song]]
| event1                 = Reunification of China proper
| date_event1            = 280
| event2                 = Eastern Jin begins; evacuation south of the [[Huai River]]
| date_event2            = 317
| image_map = Western Jeun Dynasty 280 CE.png
| image_map_caption = The Western Jin at its greatest extent, {{circa|280}}
| image_map_size = 300
| capital                = {{ubl|[[Luoyang]] (266–311)|[[Chang'an]] (312–316)|[[Jiankang]] (317–420)}}
| common_languages       = [[Eastern Han Chinese]]
| religion               = [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Chinese folk religion]]
| currency               = [[Ancient Chinese coinage|Chinese coin]], [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|Cash]]
| leader1                = [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Emperor Wu]]
| leader2                = [[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Emperor Yuan]]
| leader3                = [[Emperor Gong of Jin|Emperor Gong]]
| year_leader1           = 266–290
| year_leader2           = 318–323
| year_leader3           = 419–420 (last)
| title_leader           = [[List of rulers of China#Jin dynasty|Emperor]]
| title_deputy           = [[Grand chancellor (China)|Chancellor]]|
| stat_year1             = 280 (Western Jin peak)
| stat_area1             = 3100000
| ref_area1              = <ref name="Taagepera128">{{cite journal |year = 1979 |title = Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D. |journal = Social Science History |volume = 3 |issue = 3/4 |page = 128 |last1 = Taagepera |first1 = Rein |doi = 10.2307/1170959 |jstor = 1170959 }}</ref>
| stat_year2             = 347 (Eastern Jin peak)
| stat_area2             = 2800000
| ref_area2              = <ref name="Taagepera128" />
| today                  = {{ubl|[[China]]|[[Mongolia]]|[[North Korea]]|[[Vietnam]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|t=晉朝
|s=晋朝
|p=Jìncháo
|w={{tonesup|Chin4 ch‘ao2}}
|mi=tɕîn
|t2=司馬晉
|s2=司马晋
|p2=Sīmǎ Jìn
|w2={{tonesup|Ssu1-ma4 Chin4}}
|t3=兩晉
|s3=两晋
|p3=Liǎng Jìn
|w3={{tonesup|Liang3 Chin4}}
|l3=Two Jins
}}
{{History of China |BC = 1 }}
The '''Jin dynasty''' or the '''Jin Empire''', officially '''Jin''', sometimes distinguished as the {{nowrap|'''Sima Jin'''}} or the {{nowrap|'''Two Jins'''}}, was an [[Dynasties of China|imperial dynasty in China]] that existed from 266 to 420. It was founded by [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]], eldest son of [[Sima Zhao]], who had previously been declared the King of Jin. There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The {{nowrap|'''Western Jin'''}} (266–316) was established as the successor to [[Cao Wei]] after Sima Yan usurped the throne from [[Cao Huan]]. The capital of the Western Jin was initially in [[Luoyang]], though it later moved to [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xi'an]]). In 280, after conquering [[Eastern Wu]], the Western Jin ended the [[Three Kingdoms]] period and reunited [[China proper]] for the first time since the end of the [[Han dynasty]].

From 291 to 306, a series of civil wars known as the [[War of the Eight Princes]] were fought over control of the Jin state which weakened it considerably. In 304, the dynasty experienced a wave of [[Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians|rebellions]] by non-[[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnicities termed by [[exonym]] as "[[Five Barbarians]]". The "[[barbarian]]s" went on to establish nonpermanent dynastic states in [[northern China]]. This helped to usher in the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] era of Chinese history, in which states in the north rose and fell in rapid succession, constantly fighting both one another and the Jin. [[Former Zhao|Han-Zhao]], one of the northern states established during the disorder, [[Disaster of Yongjia|sacked Luoyang in 311]], [[Fall of Chang'an|captured Chang'an in 316]], and executed [[Emperor Min of Jin]] in 318, ending the Western Jin era. [[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Sima Rui]], who succeeded Emperor Min, then reestablished the Jin dynasty with its capital in [[Jiankang]] (modern [[Nanjing]]), inaugurating the {{nowrap|'''Eastern Jin'''}} (317–420).

The Eastern Jin dynasty remained in near-constant conflict with its northern neighbors for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north with the aim of recovering its lost territories. In 383, the Eastern Jin [[Battle of Fei River|inflicted a devastating defeat]] on the [[Former Qin]], a [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]]-ruled state that had briefly unified northern China. In the aftermath of that battle, the Former Qin state splintered, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the [[Yellow River]]. The Eastern Jin was eventually usurped by General [[Emperor Wu of Liu Song|Liu Yu]] in 420 replaced with the [[Liu Song dynasty]]. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the [[Six Dynasties]].

== History ==
{{main|History of the Jin dynasty (266–420)}}

{{See also|Timeline of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)|Military history of the Jin dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms}}

=== Background ===
{{See also|Three Kingdoms|Incident at the Gaoping Tombs|Conquest of Shu by Wei}}
During the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, the [[Sima (Chinese surname)|Sima]] clan—with its most accomplished individual being [[Sima Yi]]—rose to prominence within the kingdom of [[Cao Wei]] that dominated northern China. Sima Yi was the [[regent]] of Cao Wei, and in 249 he instigated a coup d'état known as the [[Incident at the Gaoping Tombs]], the Sima clan began to surpass the Cao clan's power in the kingdom. After Sima Yi's death in 251, Sima Yi's eldest son [[Sima Shi]] succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's tight grip on the Cao Wei political scene. After Sima Shi's death in 255, Sima Shi's younger brother [[Sima Zhao]] became the regent of Cao Wei. Sima Zhao further assisted his clans' interests by suppressing rebellions and dissent.

In 263, he directed Cao Wei forces in conquering [[Shu Han]] and capturing [[Liu Shan]] (the son of [[Liu Bei]]), marking the first demise of one of the Three Kingdoms. Sima Zhao's actions awarded him the title of King of Jin, the last achievable rank beneath that of emperor. He was granted the title because his ancestral home was located in [[Wen County, Henan|Wen County]], on the territory of the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]]-era [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]], which was centered on the Jin River in [[Shaanxi]]. Sima Zhao's ambitions for the throne were visible, but he died in 265 before any usurpation attempt could be made, passing the opportunity to his ambitious son [[Sima Yan]].

=== Western Jin (266–316) ===
==== Founding ====
{{See also|Conquest of Wu by Jin}}
[[File:Western Jin Porcelain Female Figure (9832737224).jpg|thumb|Western Jin-era porcelain figurine]]
The Jin dynasty was founded by Sima Yan, who was known posthumously as [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Emperor Wu]] (the "Martial Emperor of Jin"). After succeeding [[Sima Zhao|his father]] as the King of Jin and regent of [[Cao Wei]] in 265, Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty in February 266 and forced the final Wei ruler [[Cao Huan]] to abdicate. Emperor Wu permitted Cao Huan to live with honour as the Prince of Chenliu, and buried him with imperial ceremony. Under Emperor Wu, the Jin dynasty conquered [[Eastern Wu]] in 280 and united China proper, thus ending the Three Kingdoms period. The period of unity was relatively short-lived, as the Jin state was soon weakened by corruption, political turmoil, and internal conflicts. Emperor Wu's son Zhong, posthumously known as [[Emperor Hui of Jin|Emperor Hui]], was [[Developmental disability|developmentally disabled]].

==== Decline ====
{{main|War of the Eight Princes|Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|Disaster of Yongjia}}
Emperor Wu died in 290, and in 291 conflict over his succession caused the devastating [[War of the Eight Princes]]. The dynasty was greatly weakened by this civil conflict, and it soon faced more upheaval when the [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians]] began in 304. During this unrest, the Jin capital [[Luoyang]] was [[Disaster of Yongjia|sacked]] by [[Han-Zhao]] ruler [[Liu Cong (Han Zhao)|Liu Cong]] in 311, and Jin emperor Sima Chi, posthumously known as [[Emperor Huai of Jin|Emperor Huai]], was captured and later executed. Emperor Huai's successor Sima Ye, posthumously known as [[Emperor Min of Jin|Emperor Min]], was then also captured and executed by Han-Zhao forces when they seized [[Chang'an]] (present-day [[Xi'an]]) in 316. This event marked the end of the Western Jin.<ref name="Rene" /> The surviving members of the Jin imperial family, as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the [[North China Plain]], subsequently fled to southern China. These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to—for example, they gave [[Quanzhou]]'s [[Jin River (Fujian)|Jin River]] its name upon their settlement there.

=== Eastern Jin (317–420) ===
[[File:Funerary panels, from the tomb of Sima Jinlong, 484 CE. Datong, Shanxi Province.jpg|thumb|Lacquer screen, from the tomb of [[Sima Jinlong]], 484 CE. Untypical of the [[Northern Wei]] style, it was probably brought from the court of the Jin dynasty by Sima Jinlong's father.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dien |first1=Albert E. |title=Six Dynasties Civilization |year=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07404-8 |pages=295–296 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zp6iMZoqt0C&pg=PA295 |language=en}}</ref> Alternatively, it could be a Northern Wei work strongly influenced by Jin artistic styles, such as the work of [[Gu Kaizhi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=James C. Y. |title=China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD |date=2004 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-126-1 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbdS-R3y72MC&pg=PA159 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Western Jin Celadon Figures (10111627465).jpg|thumb|Western Jin celadon figures]]

==== Establishment ====
{{See also|Sixteen Kingdoms}}
After the fall of [[Chang'an]] and the execution of [[Emperor Min of Jin]], Sima Rui, posthumously known as [[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Emperor Yuan]], was enthroned as Jin emperor in 318. He reestablished the Jin government at [[Jiankang]] (modern [[Nanjing]]), which became the dynasty's new capital and marked the beginning of the Eastern Jin period.<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 56–57] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 }}</ref> Since one of Sima Rui's titles was the prince of [[Langya Commandery|Langya]], the newly established [[Sixteen Kingdoms|northern states]], which denied the legitimacy of his succession, sometimes referred to his empire as "Langya".

The Eastern Jin period saw the peak of ''menfa'' ({{lang|zh-hant|門閥}} 'gentry clan') politics. The authority of the emperors was limited, while national affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite clans like the Wang ({{lang|zh-hant|王}}) clans of [[Langya Commandery|Langya]] and [[Taiyuan Commandery|Taiyuan]], the Xie ({{lang|zh-hant|謝}}) clan of [[Chenliu Commandery|Chenliu]], the Huan ({{lang|zh-hant|桓}}) clan of [[Qiao Commandery]], and the Yu ({{lang|zh-hant|庾}}) clan of [[Yingchuan Commandery|Yingchuan]]. Among the people, a common remark was that "[[Wang Dao]] and [[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Sima Rui]], they dominate the nation together" ({{lang|zh-hant|王與馬，共天下}}).<ref>{{Cite book| title= Book of Jin | title-link= Book of Jin
| editor= Fang Xuanling
| editor-link= Fang Xuanling
| display-editors=etal
| orig-date= 648 | date= 1974
| publisher= Zhonghua Shuju| place= Beijing
| script-title= zh:晉書
<!-- | ref={{sfnref|Book of Jin|648}} -->
| at = vol. 98, [[:zh:s:晉書/卷098#王敦|biography of Wang Dun]]
|quote=帝初鎮江東，威名未著，敦與從弟導等同心翼戴，以隆中興，時人為之語曰：「王與馬，共天下。」}}</ref> It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers, but Wang Dao declined the offer.<ref>{{Cite web | url= http://www.jssdfz.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=133&id=4623 | script-title= zh:司马睿 | title= Sima Rui | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063531/http://www.jssdfz.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=133&id=4623 | archive-date= 2 February 2017 | date= 2014 | publisher= Office of the Committee for Local Records, Jiangsu Province | url-status= dead | access-date= 28 January 2017 }}</ref>

==== Wars with the north ====
{{See also|Battle of Fei River|Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions|Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions}}
In order to recover the lands lost during the fall of the Western Jin, the Eastern Jin dynasty launched several military campaigns against the northern states, such as the [[Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions|expeditions led by Huan Wen]] from 354 to 369. Most notably, in 383, a heavily outnumbered Eastern Jin force inflicted a devastating defeat on the state of Former Qin at the [[Battle of Fei River]]. After this battle, the Former Qin—which had recently unified northern China—began to collapse, and the Jin dynasty recovered the lands south of the [[Yellow River]]. Some of these lands were later lost, but the Jin regained them once more when [[Emperor Wu of Song|Liu Yu]] defeated the northern states in [[Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions|his northern expeditions]] of 409–416.

Despite successes against the northern states like the Battle of Fei River, paranoia in the royal family and a constant disruptions to the throne often caused loss of support for northern campaigns. For example, lack of support by the Jin court was a major cause of Huan Wen's failure to recover the north in his expeditions. Additionally, internal military crises—including the rebellions of generals [[Wang Dun]] and [[Su Jun]], but also lesser ''fangzhen'' ({{lang|zh|方鎮}} 'military command') revolts—plagued the Eastern Jin throughout its 104-year existence.

==== Mass migration to the south ====
The local aristocrat clans of the south were often at odds with the immigrants from the north. As such, tensions increased, and rivalry between the immigrants and southern locals loomed large in the domestic politics of the Jin. Two of the most prominent local clans, the Zhou ({{lang|zh-hant|周}}) clan of [[Yixing]] and the Shen ({{lang|zh-hant|沈}}) clan of [[Huzhou|Wuxing]], were dealt a bitter blow from which they never quite recovered. There was also conflict between the various northern immigrant clans. This led to a virtual balance of power, which somewhat benefited the emperor's rule.

Special "commanderies of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive amounts of northern Han Chinese who moved south during the Eastern Jin.{{sfnb|Gernet|1996| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&dq=Yellow+registers+white+chin&pg=PA182 182]}} The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring of these migrants.<ref>{{cite thesis | date= 2006 | publisher=Columbia University|degree=PhD|first= Nicolas Olivier | last=Tackett | url=http://history.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/slides/Dissertation.pdf | title=The Transformation of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–1000 C.E.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220551/http://history.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/slides/Dissertation.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|page= 81}}</ref> Particularly in the [[Jiangnan]] region, [[Celestial Masters]] and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Jin dynasty.<ref name="LagerweyLü2009 34">{{cite book |editor1=John Lagerwey |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA831 |title=Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 AD) |editor2=Lü Pengzhi |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17585-3 |page=831 | chapter= The Revelation and Classification of Daoist Scriptures | author= Wang Chengwen | volume= 2 | doi= 10.1163/ej.9789004175853.i-1564.98}}</ref> Southern China overtook the north in population due to depopulation of the north and the migration of northern Chinese to southern China.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ |title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2 |page=2.25 |last= Haywood | first= John}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haywood |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492 |last2=Jotischky |first2=Andrew |last3=McGlynn |first3=Sean |publisher=Barnes & Noble |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7607-1976-3 |page=3.21}}</ref> Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times resulted in distinct groups of aristocratic lineages.<ref name="Clark2007">{{cite book |author=Hugh R. Clark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA37 |title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-962-996-227-2 |pages=37–38}}</ref>

[[File:Celadon jar Eastern Jin 317 420 CE.jpg|thumb|Eastern Jin celadon jar]]

=== Demise ===
In 403, [[Huan Xuan]], the son of esteemed general [[Huan Wen]], usurped the Jin throne and declared the dynasty of [[Huan Chu]]. Huan Xuan was soon toppled by [[Emperor Wu of Liu Song|Liu Yu]], who reinstated Jin rule by installing Sima Dezong on the throne, posthumously known as [[Emperor An of Jin|Emperor An]]. Meanwhile, the civilian administration suffered, as there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun, and [[Western Shu]] became an independent kingdom under [[Qiao Zong]]. In 419, Liu Yu had Sima Dezong strangled and replaced by his brother Sima Dewen, posthumously known as [[Emperor Gong of Jin|Emperor Gong]]. Finally, in 420, Sima Dewen abdicated in favour of Liu Yu, who declared himself the ruler of the new [[Liu Song dynasty|Song dynasty]] (which is referred to as the Liu Song dynasty by historians in order to prevent confusion with the [[Song dynasty]] established in 960). Sima Dewen was then asphyxiated with a blanket in the following year. In the north, [[Northern Liang]], the last of the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]], was conquered by [[Northern Wei dynasty|Northern Wei]] in 439, ushering in the [[Northern dynasties]] period.

The Xianbei [[Northern Wei]] accepted the Jin refugees {{ill|Sima Fei|zh|司馬朏}} ({{lang|zh|司馬朏}}) and {{ill|Sima Chuzhi|zh|司馬楚之}} ({{lang|zh|司馬楚之}}). They both married Xianbei princesses. Sima Fei's wife was named Huayang ({{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|華|陽|公主}}}}), who was a daughter of [[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaowen]]; Sima Chuzhi's son was [[Sima Jinlong]], who married a [[Northern Liang]] princess who was a daughter of the [[Lushuihu]] king [[Juqu Mujian]].<ref>{{citation |title=China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JbdS-R3y72MC&pg=PA18 |year=2004 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-126-1 |page=18 ff | last= Watt | first= James C.Y.| mode=cs1}}</ref> More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the [[Southern dynasties]] who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493331/TANG-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |title= Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century) |pages=151–153 |last=Tang |first=Qiaomei |date=May 2016 |degree = PhD |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Much later, [[Sima Guang]] (1019–1086), who served as [[chancellor (China)|chancellor]] for the [[Song dynasty|Song]] and created the comprehensive history ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', claimed descent from the Jin dynasty (specifically, [[Sima Fu]], brother of [[Sima Yi]]).

== Government and demography ==
[[File:Eastern Jin 382.png|thumb|250px|Administrative divisions of Eastern Jin dynasty as of 382]]

=== ''Qiaoren'' and ''baiji'' ===
The [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians|uprising of the five barbarians]] led to one in eight northerners migrating to the south. These immigrants were called ''qiaoren'' ({{lang|zh-hant|僑人}} 'lodged people'), accounting for one-sixth of the population of the south at the time. With consideration of the material loss refugees had experienced before arrival, they were exempt from the ''diao'' ({{lang|zh-hant|調}}) tax, and other services. Those whose registers were bound in white paper were called ''baiji'' ({{lang|zh-hant|白籍}}), while the others with registers bound in yellow paper were called ''huangji'' ({{lang|zh-hant|黃籍}}). When the crisis had subsided, this preferential increasingly seemed a heavy burden on the people, arousing dissatisfaction in the natives. Hence, ''tu duan'' was an increasingly important issue for the Eastern Jin.{{clarification needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Lodged administrative divisions ===
The Eastern Jin court established three levels of administrative divisions which served as strongholds for the ''qiaoren'': the ''qiaozhou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|僑州}}, 'province'), ''qiaojun'' ({{lang|zh-hant|僑郡}}, 'commandery'), and qiaoxian ({{lang|zh-hant|僑縣}}, the lodged county), these lodged administrative divisions were merely nominal without possessing actual domain, or rather, they were local government in exile; what could scarcely be denied was their significance in Jin's legitimacy for the northern territory as somewhat an announcement. Furthermore, it was also an action done to appease the refugees' homesickness, which was evoking their desire to reacquire what had been lost.

[[File:Ornamental plaque, Eastern Jin dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.JPG|thumb|Ornamental plaque, Eastern Jin dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]
During the rule of Emperor Yuan, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Cheng, the lodged administrative divisions were concentrated in the area south of the Huai River and the Lower Yangtze Plain. At first there was the lodged Langya Commandery within lodged Fei County in Jiankang, but when it began is not exactly known. Then the lodged Huaide County was also established in Jiankang, around 320. According to the ''Book of Song'':<blockquote>晉永嘉大亂，幽、冀、青、並、兗州及徐州之淮北流民，相率過淮，亦有過江在晉陵郡界者……又徙流民之在淮南者于晉陵諸縣，其徙過江南及留在江北者，並立僑郡縣以司牧之。徐、兗二州或治江北，江北又僑立幽、冀、青、並四州……(After Disaster of Yongjia, the refugees from You, Ji, Qing, Bing, Yan and Xu provinces came across the Huai River, some even came across the Yangtze River and stayed in Jinling Commandery... The lodged administrative divisions were established to govern them. The seats of Xu and Yan provinces perhaps were moved to the area north of the Yangtze River, where the lodged You, Ji, Qing, Bing provinces were established.)<ref>{{Cite book| title-link=Book of Song | author-link= Shen Yue | date=1974 |orig-date=493 |at=[[:zh:s:宋書/卷35|vol. 35]] | title= Book of Song | publisher= Zhonghua Shuju | author= Shen Yue}}</ref></blockquote>

The lodged Pei, Qinghe, Xiapi, Dongguang, Pingchang, Jiyin, Puyang, Guangping, Taishan, Jiyang, and Lu commanderies were established when Emperor Ming ruled. The rebellions and invasions occurring in Jianghuai area led to more refugees switching to settle in the south of the Yangtze River, where the lodged Huainan Commandery was established afterwards.

However, carrying these out was more complex than the policy was formulated. Several actual counties were under the jurisdiction of the lodged commanderies.

A few lodged administrative divisions are still retained in China nowadays. For instance, [[Dangtu County]] was originally located in the area of [[Bengbu]], however, the lodged Dangtu County was established in where it is now, and the latter replaced the former, inheriting its place name.

=== Tu Duan policy ===
{{Continental Asia in 400 CE|right|{{center|The Eastern Jin dynasty and contemporary Asian polities {{circa}} 400}}|{{Annotation|222|83|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|60px]]}}}}
The ''tu duan'' ({{lang|zh-hant|土斷}}) is the abbreviation for ''yi tu duan'' ({{lang|zh-hant|以土斷}}, means classifying people according to their present habitation to register). It was a policy to ensure the ancient [[hukou system]] working since the Western Jin. These terms were first recorded in the biographies of Wei Guan and Li Chong included in the ''[[Book of Jin]]'':<blockquote>今九域同規，大化方始，臣等以為宜皆蕩除末法，一擬古制，'''以土斷'''，定自公卿以下，皆以所居為正，無復懸客遠屬異土者。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7036|title=Book of Jin, Vol. 36}}</ref></blockquote><blockquote>然承魏氏凋弊之跡，人物播越，仕無常朝，人無定處，郎吏蓄於軍府，豪右聚於都邑，事體駁錯，與古不同。謂九品既除，宜先開移徙，聽相並就。且明貢舉之法，不濫於境外，則冠帶之倫將不分而自均，即'''土斷'''之實行矣。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7046|title=Book of Jin, Vol. 46}}</ref></blockquote>Hence, it was perhaps initially proposed by these two people, but was only seriously implemented during the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.

== Society and culture ==
=== Religion ===
[[File:Ku K'ai-chih 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Scene of the ''[[Admonitions Scroll]]'', traditionally considered as a Jin court painting by [[Gu Kaizhi]] ({{circa|345}}–406)]]
Taoism was polarised in the Jin dynasty. The Jin emperors repressed Taoists harshly, but also tried to exploit it, given the way it had been used near the end of the [[Han dynasty|Han era]] in the [[Yellow Turban Rebellion]]. Amidst the political turmoil of the era, many successful merchants, small landowners, and other moderately comfortable people found great solace in Taoist teachings and a number of major clans and military officers also took up the faith. [[Ge Hong]] emphasized loyalty to the emperor as a Taoist virtue; he even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B1%E6%9C%B4%E5%AD%90/%E5%8D%B703|title=Baopuzi, Vol. 3|quote=欲求仙者，要當以忠孝和順仁信為本。若德行不修，而但務方術，皆不得長生也。}}</ref> which made Taoism more palatable to the imperial hierarchy. As a result, popular Taoist religions were considered [[heterodoxy]] while the official schools of the court were supported, but the popular schools like Tianshi [[Taoism]] were still secretly held dear and promulgated amongst ordinary people.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Disunity, disintegration, and chaos also made Buddhism more popular, in part due to the focus on addressing suffering. The Jin dynasty marked a critical era for the [[Mahayana]] school in China. [[Dharmarakṣa]]'s 286 translation of the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' was the most important one before [[Kumārajīva]]'s 5th-century translation. It was said that there were 1,768 Buddhist temples in the Eastern Jin.<ref>「東晉偏安一百四載，立寺乃一千七百六十有八，可謂侈盛……」Liu Shiheng (劉世珩,1874–1926) ''南朝寺考'' quoted from ''釋迦氏譜''</ref>

Furthermore, Taoism advanced [[chemistry]] and medicine in China, whereas the contribution of Mahayana was concentrated in [[philosophy]] and literature.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

{{wide image|Gu Kaizhi 001.jpg|3000px|The [[British Museum]] copy of ''The Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies'', attributed to [[Gu Kaizhi]] ({{circa|344}}–406), but likely a [[Tang-era]] copy|dir=rtl}}

=== Material culture ===
The Jin dynasty is well known for the quality of its greenish [[celadon]] porcelain wares, which immediately followed the development of [[proto-celadon]]. Jar designs often incorporated animal, as well as Buddhist, figures.<ref>[[Shanghai Museum]] permanent exhibit</ref> Examples of [[Yue ware]] are also known from the Jin dynasty.<ref>[[Guimet Museum]] permanent exhibit</ref>

<gallery>
File:Yue ware with motif 3rd century Western Jin Zhejiang.jpg|[[Yue ware]] with motif, 3rd century CE, Western Jin, [[Zhejiang]].
File:Western Jin Pottery Tower.jpg|Pottery tower, Western Jin, 265–317 CE.
File:Celadon lion shaped Bixie Western Jin period 265 317CE.jpg|[[Celadon]] lion-shaped ''[[bixie]]'', Western Jin, 265–317 CE.
File:Celadon Lian bowl with Buddhist figures Western Jin 265 317CE.jpg|Celadon ''lian'' bowl with Buddhist figures, Western Jin, 265–317 CE.
Image:JinJar.JPG|upright|''[[Hunping]]'' jar of the Western Jin, with [[Buddhist]] figures.
</gallery>

== List of emperors and eras ==<!-- linked from list of emperors of the Jin dynasty -->
{{See also|Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Jin Dynasty and Chu |label 1 = Emperor's family tree||Family tree of Sima Yi}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Posthumous name]]s
![[Chinese surname|Family name]] and [[Chinese name|given names]]
!Durations of reigns
![[Regnal year|Era name]]s and their according range of years
!Territories
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center" | '''Western Jin dynasty 266–316'''
|-
|[[Emperor Wu of Jin|Wu]]
|Sima Yan
|266–290
|
*''Taishi'', 266–274
*''Xianning'', 275–280
*''Taikang'', 280–289
*''Taixi'', 28 January 290 – 17 May 290
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center" |
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = File:Western_Jeun_Dynasty_280_CE.png
| picsize = 200px
| piccap = Territorial extent of the Jin {{circa|lk=no|280}}
| title = Western Jin
| t = {{linktext|西晉}}
| s = {{linktext|西晋}}
| p = Xījìn
| w = Hsi Chin
| y = Sai<sup>1</sup> Jeun<sup>3</sup>
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|ai|1|-|z|eon|3}}
}}
|-
|[[Emperor Hui of Jin|Hui]]
|Sima Zhong
|290–307
|
*''Yongxi'', 17 May 290 – 15 February 291
*''Yongping'', 16 February – 23 April 291
*''Yuankang'', 24April 291 – 6 February 300
*''Yongkang'', 7 February 300 – 3 February 301
*''Yongning'', 1 June 301 – 4 January 303
*''Taian'', 5 January 303 – 21 February 304
*''Yongan'', 22 February – 15 August 304; 25 December 304 – 3 February 305
*''Jianwu'', 16 August – 24 December 304
*''Yongxing'', 4 February 305 – 12 July 306
*''Guangxi'', 13 July 306 – 19 February 307
|-
|''none''
|[[Sima Lun]]
|301
|
*''Jianshi'', 3 February – 1 June 301
|-
|[[Emperor Huai of Jin|Huai]]
|Sima Chi
|307–311
|
*''Yongjia'', 307 – 313
|-
|[[Emperor Min of Jin|Min]]
|Sima Ye
|313–316
|
*''Jianxing'', 313–316
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center" | '''Eastern Jin dynasty 317–420'''
|-
|[[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Yuan]]
|Sima Rui
|317–323
|
*''Jianwu'', 317–318
*''Taixing'', 318–322
*''Yongchang'', 322–323
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center" |
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic = File:China400ce.png |picsize = 200px |piccap = The Jin Empire ''(yellow)'', {{circa|lk=no|400}}<br /><small>(Eastern Jin)</small>
|title = Eastern Jin |t = {{linktext|東晉}} |s = {{linktext|东晋}} |p = Dōngjìn |w = Tung Chin |y = Dung<sup>1</sup> Jeun<sup>3</sup> |ci = {{IPAc-yue|d|ung|1|-|z|eon|3}}
}}
|-
|[[Emperor Ming of Jin|Ming]]
|Sima Shao 
|323–325
|
*''Taining'', 323–326
|-
|[[Emperor Cheng of Jin|Cheng]]
|Sima Yan
|325–342
|
*''Xianhe'', 326–335
*''Xiankang'', 335–342
|-
|[[Emperor Kang of Jin|Kang]]
|Sima Yue
|342–344
|
*''Jianyuan'', 343–344
|-
|[[Emperor Mu of Jin|Mu]]
|Sima Dan
|344–361
|
*''Yonghe'', 345–357
*''Shengping'', 357–361
|-
|[[Emperor Ai of Jin|Ai]]
|Sima Pi
|361–365
|
*''Longhe'', 362–363
*''Xingning'', 363–365
|-
|''none''
|[[Emperor Fei of Jin|Sima Yi]]
|365–372
|
*''Taihe'', 365–372
|-
|[[Emperor Jianwen of Jin|Jianwen]]
|Sima Yu
|372
|
*''Xianan'', 372–373
|-
|[[Emperor Xiaowu of Jin|Xiaowu]]
|Sima Yao
|372–396
|
*''Ningkang'', 373–375
*''Taiyuan'' (太元), 376–396
|-
|[[Emperor An of Jin|An]]
|Sima Dezong
|396–419
|
*''Longan'', 397–402
*''Yuanxing'', 402–405
*''Yixi'', 405–419
|-
|[[Emperor Gong of Jin|Gong]]
|Sima Dewen
|419–420
|
*''Yuanxi'', 419–420
|}

== Major events ==
{{Infobox Chinese
|s = {{linktext|晋朝}} |t = {{linktext|晉朝}} |p = Jìn cháo |w = Chin<sup>4</sup> Ch'ao<sup>2</sup> |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|in|4|-|ch|ao|2}} |gr = Jinn Chaur |tl = Tsìn Tiâu |y = Jeun<sup>3</sup> Chiu<sup>4</sup> |ci= {{IPAc-yue|z|eon|3|-|c|iu|4}} |j = Zeon<sup>3</sup> Ciu<sup>4</sup> |mc = Tsìn Djew |ipa = {{IPAc-cmn|j|in|4|-|ch|ao|2}}
|altname = Sima Jin |t2 = {{linktext|司馬|晉}} |s2 = {{linktext|司马|晋}} |p2=Sīmǎ Jìn |w2 = Ssu-ma Chin |y2 = Si<sup>1</sup>ma<sup>5</sup> Jeun<sup>3</sup>|ci2= {{IPAc-yue|s|i|1|-|m|aa|5|-|z|eon|3}}
|altname3 = Liang Jin |t3 = {{linktext|兩|晉}} |s3 = {{linktext|两|晋}} |p3=Liǎng Jìn |w3 = Liang Chin |l3 = Two Jins |y3 = Leung<sup>2</sup> Jeun<sup>3</sup> |ci3= {{IPAc-yue|l|oeng|2|-|z|eon|3}}
}}
* [[Conquest of Wu by Jin]]
* [[Battle of Fei River]]
* [[Butterfly Lovers]]
* [[War of the Eight Princes]]
* [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|History}}
* [[List of tributaries of Imperial China]]
* [[Liu Song dynasty]]
* [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]
* [[Fugan Temple]]
* [[Five Barbarians]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first = Jacques |last = Gernet |title = A History of Chinese Civilization |url = https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0 |year = 1996 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-49781-7 |url-access = registration }}
* {{cite web |last=de Crespigny |first=Rafe |title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD |url = https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/3KWJin_sources.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813213458/https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/3KWJin_sources.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |access-date = 11 July 2016 }}

{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jin Dynasty (266-420)}}
* [http://english.people.com.cn/200307/09/eng20030709_119804.shtml Largest Jin Dynasty Tomb Discovered in NW China]

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Three Kingdoms]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Jin dynasty (265-420)|Jin dynasty]]|years=266–420}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Liu Song]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Jin dynasty (265–420) topics}}
{{Administrative divisions of the Jin dynasty}}
{{16 Kingdoms |state = autocollapse }}
{{Empires}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jin dynasty (265-420)}}
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