View source for Jinan

{{Short description|Capital of Shandong, China}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Jinan
| official_name      = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
| native_name        = 济南市
| native_name_lang   = zh-Hans
| other_name         = Tsinan, Chi-nan
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[sub-provincial city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | border                 = infobox
 | total_width            = 300
 | image_style            =
 | perrow                 = 1/2/2/3/1
| image1 = Skyline_of_CBD,_Jinan,_China.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline of Jinan CBD
 | image2                 = China Jinan 5196975.jpg
 | caption2=[[Baotu Spring]]
 | image3                 = China Jinan 5207305.jpg
 | caption3=[[Thousand Buddha Mountain|Qianfo Mountain]]
 | image4                 = China Jinan 5196869.jpg
 | caption4= [[济南西站|Jinanxi Station]]
 | image5                 = Zhixin Tower of SDU.jpg
 | caption5= [[Shandong University]]
 | image6                 = Jinan Greenland Puli Center.jpg
 | caption6=[[Greenland Puli Center]] and [[Quancheng Square]]
 | image7                 = Jinan Tragedy Memorial Hall.jpg
 | caption7 = [[Jinan Incident|Jinan Incident Monument]]
 | image8                 =China Jinan 5207356.jpg
 | caption8  =Gate of [[Thousand Buddha Mountain|Qianfo Mountain]]
 | image9                 = Daming Lake.jpg
 | caption9 = [[Daming Lake]]
 }}
| image_seal         = 
| seal_size          = 
| image_shield       = 
| shield_size        = 
| nickname           = City of Springs ({{lang|zh|泉城}})
| motto              = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7}}
| image_map1         = 济南市省内位置概览图.svg
| mapsize1           = 250px
| map_caption1       = Location of Jinan City within Shandong
| pushpin_map        = Shandong#China Northern Plain#China
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[North China Plain]]
| coor_pinpoint      = Shandong People's Government
| coordinates        = {{coord|36.6702|N|117.0207|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-37_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Province (China)|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|County-level&nbsp;divisions]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township&nbsp;divisions]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Shandong]]
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 12
| subdivision_name4  = 166
| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = [[Lixia District]]
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2  = 
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3  = 
| government_type    = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]]
| governing_body     = [[Jinan Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Sun Licheng]]
| leader_title1      = [[Jinan Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = Yin Luqian
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Yu Haitian]]
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Lei Jie
| unit_pref          = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes     = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by area|ranked 29th]]) -->
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 10247<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
| area_land_km2      = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_urban_km2     = 6122.4
| area_metro_km2     = 3304
| elevation_footnotes = ([[Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport|Airport]])<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 23
| elevation_ft       = 
| population_total   = 9,202,432
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/shandong/admin/|title=China: Shāndōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303113532/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/shandong/admin/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 8,352,574
| population_metro   = 5,452,335
| population_metro_footnotes = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = <!-- Mun. Density rank -->
| population_blank1  = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by population density|4th]]) -->
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_blank2_title = Major [[Nationalities of China|nationalities]]
| population_blank2  = <!-- [[Han Chinese|Han]] - 96%<br />[[Manchu]] – 2%<br />[[Hui people|Hui]] – 2%<br />[[Mongol]]ian – 0.3% -->
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shandong Statistical Yearbook-2016|url=http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/tjnj/nj2016/indexch.htm|website=www.stats-sd.gov.cn|access-date=28 February 2024|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505054752/http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/tjnj/nj2016/indexch.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = City
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 785.6&nbsp;trillion<br />[[US$]] 118.7&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 106,302<br />US$ 16,064
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 250000
| area_code          = [[+86|0531]]
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SD-01]]
| website            = {{URL|http://www.jinan.gov.cn|jinan.gov.cn}}
| footnotes          = {{center|'''City [[tree]]''': [[Chinese Willow]]; '''City [[flower]]''': [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] and [[Rosa rugosa|Rose]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=济南增选玫瑰为市花 增选后济南市市花为荷花和玫瑰_新视听|url=http://news.jnnc.com/jinan/p/821931.html|access-date=13 February 2022|work=news.jnnc.com|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310003653/http://news.jnnc.com/jinan/p/821931.html}}</ref>}}
| image_dot_map      = 
| timezone           = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset         = +8
| blank_name         = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
| blank_info         = {{lang|zh-cn|{{linktext|鲁}}A, 鲁S}}
| named_for          = Ji (济) as in [[Ji River]] (济河) + Nan (南) meaning "South" i.e. "South of the Ji River"
| total_type         = City
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Jinan_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Jǐnán" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.4
| s = 济南
| t = 濟南
| p = Jǐnán
| w = {{tonesup|Chi3-nan2}}
| bpmf = ㄐㄧˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄋㄢˊ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|i|3|.|n|an|2}}
| j = Zai2-naam4
| y = Jái-nàahm
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ai|2|.|n|aam|4}}
| wuu = Tsi<sup>{{lang|zh|去}}</sup>noe<sup>{{lang|zh|平}}</sup>
| poj = Chè-lâm
| tl = Tsē-lâm
| l = "South of the [[Ji River|Ji]]{{nbsp}}[River]"
| order = st
}}

'''Jinan'''{{efn|{{zh|s=济南|p=Jǐnán}}; [[Postal Map Romanization|alternately romanized]] as '''Tsinan'''}} is the capital of the province of [[Shandong]] in [[East China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Shandong|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43600.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|year=2001|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619213427/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43600.htm|archive-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> With a population of 9.2 million, it is one of the largest cities in Shandong in terms of population. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub.<ref name="hktdc"/> The city has held [[Sub-provincial city|sub-provincial]] administrative status since 1994.<ref name="hktdc">{{cite web
  |url=http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Jinan-Shandong-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09W9EV.htm
  |title=Jinan (Shandong) City Information
  |publisher=HKTDC
  |access-date=28 April 2014
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044744/http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Jinan-Shandong-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09W9EV.htm
  |archive-date=29 April 2014
  |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |publisher=Docin |date=19 February 1995 |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref> Jinan is often called the "City of Springs" for its famous 72 [[Artesian aquifer|artesian]] springs.<ref name=spr>{{cite web|url=http://news.163.com/09/0914/09/5J5OKPRJ000120GR.html|script-title=zh:济南新72名泉评定前后 |work=[[163.com]] news |access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603115445/http://news.163.com/09/0914/09/5J5OKPRJ000120GR.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Jinan is listed as the # 27 city in the world for scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] according to the Nature Index 2025 Science Cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> The city is home to [[List of universities and colleges in Shandong|several major universities]], including [[Shandong University|Shandong]], [[Shandong Normal University|Shandong Normal]], [[Shandong Jianzhu University|Shandong Jianzhu]], [[University of Jinan]], [[Qilu University of Technology]], [[Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] and [[Shandong University of Finance and Economics]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Jinan |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=jinan |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031051236/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=jinan |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably, [[Shandong University]] is one of [[List of universities in China|China's most prestigious universities]] as a member of the [[Double First-Class Construction]]. The city is rated Beta- (Global second-tier city) by the biannual [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GAWC]] ratings in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|access-date=21 June 2021|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The modern-day name ''Jinan'' literally means "south of the Ji" and refers to the old [[Ji River]] (濟水) that had flowed to the north of the city until the middle of the 19th century. Similar names can be found in [[Jiyuan]] (lit. "source of Ji River") and [[Jiyang, Jinan|Jiyang]] (lit. "[[Yang (concept)|''yang'' (north) side]] of Ji River"), The Ji River disappeared in 1852 <ref name="pletcher2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVN0Gwx67YC&pg=PA170|title=The Geography of China|date=15 August 2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=9781615301348|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323172554/https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVN0Gwx67YC&pg=PA170|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> when the [[Yellow River]] changed its course northwards and took over its bed. The current pronunciation of the character "Ji" with the third tone (''jǐ'') was established in the late 1970s. Prior to this, it was pronounced with the fourth tone (''jì''). Older western texts spell the name as "Tsinan" ([[Chinese postal romanization|Postal]] romanization) or "Chi-nan" ([[Wade-Giles]] romanization).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In ancient times, Jinan was also called the "city of Luo" (濼邑), Luo refers to [[Baotu Spring]], this can be seen in [[Oracle bone script|oracle bone scripts]] of [[Di Yi]] and [[Di Xin]]. The [[Battle of An]], which was fought in the area during  [[Spring and Autumn period]] (in 589 BCE) between the states of [[Qi (state)|Qi]] and [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]], is named for the ancient city of An ({{zh|c={{linktext|鞍}}|p=Ān|links=no}}) which stood within the city limits of present-day Jinan. [[Marco Polo]] gives a brief description of Jinan under the name "Chingli"<ref name="eb">{{cite web |title=Jinan |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jinan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307213315/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jinan |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=11 February 2016 |publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref> or "Chinangli".<ref name="polo">The Travels of Marco Polo – The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition, Volume II</ref>

From [[Zhou dynasty]] (1045-256 BC) to [[Western Jin|Western Jin dynasty]] (266–316 AD), the main settlement of Jinan was called the "city of East Pingling" (東平陵), which is located in current day [[Zhangqiu, Jinan|Zhangqiu]]. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the administrative center was moved westward to [[Licheng, Jinan|Licheng]], and this was kept until [[Qing dynasty]].19th and early 20th century texts frequently give the name of the city as "Tsinan Fu" where the additional "Fu" ({{zh|c=府|links=no}}) is the word [[Prefecture]] in Chinese. 

Currently the city of Lixia ({{zh|s={{linktext|历|下}}|t={{linktext|歷|下}}|hp=Lìxià}}) was the major settlement in the area. The name "Lixia" refers to the location of Jinan at the foot of Mount Li, which lies to the south of the city. 

Jinan is also referred to by the nickname "City of Springs" ({{zh|c={{linktext|泉|城}}|links=no}}), because of the many artesian springs in the urban city centre and its surroundings.<ref name="spr" />

==History==
===Early history===
The area of present-day Jinan has been inhabited for more than 4000 years. The [[Neolithic]] [[Longshan culture]] was first discovered at [[Chengziya]] to the east of Jinan ([[Zhangqiu District]]) in 1928. One of the characteristic features of the Longshan culture are the intricate wheel-made pottery pieces it produced. Most renowned is the black "egg-shell pottery" with wall thicknesses that can go below 1 millimeter.<ref name="twmus">[http://digital.nmh.gov.tw/collection/pda/en/30145.htm Neolithic Painted Pottery, National Museum of History, Taipeh]</ref>
[[File:Four Gates Pagoda, 2020-09-11 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Four Gates Pagoda]] near Jinan is the only stone pagoda in China that can be dated back to [[Sui dynasty]]]]
During the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (722–481 BCE) and [[Warring States period]] (475–221 BCE), the area of Jinan was split between two states: the [[state of Lu]] in the west and the [[state of Qi]] in the east. In 685 BCE, the state of Qi started to build the [[Great Wall of Qi]] across Changqing county. Portions of the wall still remain today and are accessible as open air museums. [[Bian Que]], according to the legend the earliest Chinese physician and active around 400–300 BCE, is said to have been a native of present-day Changqing County. [[Zou Yan]] (305–240 BCE), a native of [[Zhangqiu City]], developed the concepts of [[Yin-Yang]] and the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]]. [[Joseph Needham]], a British [[sinologist]], describes Zou as "The real founder of all Chinese scientific thought."<ref name=Needham>Needham, Joseph. 1978. ''The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China''. Colin A. Ronan, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.142–143 {{ISBN|0-521-21821-7}}</ref>

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Jade Mask.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jade]] mask recovered from the [[Tomb of the Jibei King|Han dynasty tombs on Shuangru Mountain]] ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|双|乳|山|汉|墓}}}}), Jinan]] -->
During the times of the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE – 220 CE), Jinan was the capital of the feudatory [[Kingdom of Jibei]] ({{zh|t={{linktext|濟|北|國}}}}) and evolved into the cultural and economic hub of the region. The [[Tomb of the Jibei King|Han dynasty tomb]] where the last king of Jibei, Liu Kuan ({{zh|labels=no|s={{linktext|刘|宽}} |t={{linktext|劉|寬}} |p=Liú Kuān}}), was buried at Shuangru Mountain <!--already mentioned in picture--> was excavated by archaeologists from [[Shandong University]] in 1995 and 1996.<ref name="multiple1">{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2007-09/18/content_11176999.htm|script-title=zh:《第五批重点文物保护单位: 汉济北王墓(古墓葬)》|access-date=3 October 2009|script-work=zh:中国文明网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002182732/http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2007-09/18/content_11176999.htm|archive-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 2000 artifacts such as jade swords, jade masks, and jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, emphasizing the wealth of the city during the period.<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.dzwww.com/qiluwanbao/qilujinzhoumo/200212130655.htm|script-title=zh:《济北王墓: 一个诸侯王的身后事》|access-date=3 October 2009|author=Liu Guolin ({{lang|zh-hans|刘国林}}) |script-website=zh:大众网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903113226/http://www.dzwww.com/qiluwanbao/qilujinzhoumo/200212130655.htm|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cao Cao]] (155 – 220 CE) was an official in Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of the Han dynasty.<ref>de Crespigny, p.39</ref> His son, [[Cao Pi]], overthrew the last emperor of the [[Han dynasty|Han]] and founded the [[Cao Wei|Wei Kingdom]] (220 – 265 CE) of the [[Three Kingdoms period]].

Beginning in the 5th century CE, [[Buddhism]] flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple ({{zh|labels=no |c={{linktext|朗|公|寺}} |p=Lǎnggōng Sì}}, later renamed Shentong Temple, ({{zh|labels=no |c={{linktext|神|通|寺}} |p=Shéntōng Sì}}, and now in ruins) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive construction of Buddhist sites in the southern counties of [[Licheng District, Jinan|Licheng]] and [[Changqing District|Changqing]] such as the [[Lingyan Temple (Jinan)|Lingyan Temple]] and the [[Thousand-Buddha Cliff]]. In particular, a large number of cave temples were established in the hills south of Jinan.<ref name="eb"/>

Jinan remained the cultural center of the region during the [[Song dynasty]] (960 – 1279 CE). The Song rulers promoted Jinan to a superior prefecture in 1116 CE. Two of the most important poets of the [[Southern Song]] were both born in Jinan: [[Li Qingzhao]] (1084–1151 CE), the most renown female poet in Chinese history, and [[Xin Qiji]] (1140–1207 CE), who was also a military leader of the Southern Song dynasty. Both poets witnessed [[Jin campaigns against the Song dynasty|a series of crushing defeats]] of the Song dynasty at the hands of the [[Jurchens]] who gained control over almost half of the Song territories and established the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in northern China. After Jinan came under control of the Jin dynasty, both Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji had to abandon their homes and reflected this experience in their works.{{fact|date=September 2025}}
[[File:老濟南城.jpg|thumb|Old town of Jinan]]
During the Civil War that followed the proclamation of [[Kublai Khan]] as [[Great Khan]] in 1260 CE, Jinan was at the center of a rebellion by Yizhou governor Li Tan against Mongol rule in 1262 CE. The rebellion was crushed in a decisive battle that was fought not far from Jinan in late March or early April 1262 CE. After losing 4000 of his troops in the battle, Li Tan retreated to Jinan to make his last stand. After defections of his defenders had made his position untenable, Li Tan tried to commit suicide by drowning himself in [[Daming Lake]]. However, he was rescued by the Mongols in order to execute him by trampling him to death with their horses.<ref name=rossabi>Morris Rossabi (1988): "Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times" Berkeley: University of California Press</ref>

Despite such violent conflicts, culture in Jinan continued to thrive during the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] (1115–1234) and [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] (1271–1368) dynasties: One of the most renowned artists of the Yuan dynasty, [[Zhao Mengfu]] (1254–1322) was appointed to the post of governor of Jinan in 1293 and spent three years in the city. Among the extraordinary art works he completed during his stay in Jinan, the best known painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains" ({{zh|labels=no|s=《{{linktext|鹊|华|秋|色}}》}}). Geographer [[Yu Qin]] (1284–1333) also served as an official in Jinan and authored his geography book ''[[Qi Cheng]]'' there.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

{{Panorama
|image   = 2a Zhao Mengfu Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains (central part)Handscroll, ink and colors on paper, 28.4 x 93.2 cm National Palace Museum, Taipei.jpg
|height  = 190px
|caption = ''Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains'' ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|鹊|华|秋|色}}) by [[Zhao Mengfu]]
|dir     = rtl
}}
When [[Shandong]] province was established under the [[Ming dynasty]], Jinan became its capital.<ref name="eb"/> Jinan was the site of a siege during the [[Jingnan Campaign]] where the city was defended by loyalists of the [[Jianwen Emperor]] led by [[Tie Xuan]] against the rebel [[Prince of Yan]] [[Zhu Di]]'s army.

In 1852, the northward shift of the Yellow River into a new bed close to the city triggered the modern expansion of Jinan. The new course of the Yellow River connected the city to the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] and regional waterways in northern Shandong and southern [[Hebei]].<ref name="eb"/>

German influence in Jinan grew after the [[Qing dynasty]] ceded [[Qingdao]] to the German Empire in 1897. A German concession area was established to the west of the historical city center (in the vicinity of the Jinan Railway Station first established by the Germans). The [[Jiaoji Railway|Jiaoji (Qingdao–Jinan) railway]] was built by the Germans against local resistance.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Li |first1=Si (李斯)|script-title=zh:1904年06月01日 胶济铁路通车|url=http://www.todayonhistory.com/6/1/jiaojitielutongche.html|website=www.todayonhistory.com|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061227/http://www.todayonhistory.com/6/1/jiaojitielutongche.html|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Discontent over the construction of the railway was one of the sources fueling the [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1899–1901).<ref name=boxerorigins>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC|title=The Origins of the Boxer War|isbn=9780700715633|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323132421/https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live|last1=Xiang|first1=Lanxin|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> During the rebellion, foreign priests were evacuated from Jinan and Chinese Christians became a target of violence. The Jiaoji railway was completed in 1904, three years after the Boxer Rebellion had been put down, and opened the city to foreign trade.<ref name="eb"/> The importance of Jinan as a transportation hub was cemented with the completion of the north–south [[Jinpu railway]] from [[Tianjin]] to [[Pukou]] in 1912.<ref name="eb"/> Jinan became a major trading center for agricultural goods in northern China. Traded commodities included [[cotton]], grain, [[peanut]]s, and [[tobacco]].<ref name="eb"/> Jinan also developed into a major industrial center, second in importance to Qingdao in the province.

===Republican era===
In 1919, after [[World War I]], the Japanese took over the German sphere of influence in Shandong, including control of the Jiaoji railway, and established a significant Japanese influence in Jinan.<ref name="eb"/> According to estimates by a contemporary Japanese government official, about 2,000 Japanese were living in Jinan in 1931, about half of whom were involved in the [[opium]] trade for which the Japanese had a loosely controlled monopoly that was exploited with the participation of Chinese traders.<ref name=websofsmoke>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNknjDjfH6AC|title=The Soap Opera Paradigm|isbn=9780742520035|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323144644/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNknjDjfH6AC|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live|last1=Wittebols|first1=James H.|last2=Meyer|first2=Kathryn|last3=Parssinen|first3=Terry M.|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}</ref>

During the [[Warlord era]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], [[Zhang Zongchang]], nicknamed the "Dogmeat General",<ref>{{cite book|last=Waldron|first=Arthur|title=From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924–1925|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=978-0-521-52332-5|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOK2HJ7BHigC|access-date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323175409/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOK2HJ7BHigC&g=PA105|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ruled Shandong from Jinan for a period that lasted from April 1925 until May 1928. Zhang was unpopular for his heavy-handed rule and in particular his heavy taxation.<ref name=buckley>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUcdH6opOlcC|title=Chinese Civilization|isbn=9781439188392|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323151651/https://books.google.com/books?id=CUcdH6opOlcC|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> Besides heavy taxes, he relied financially on opium to finance his periodic wars.<ref name="websofsmoke"/> Zhang even planned to use some of the wealth extracted from these sources for building a living shrine and a large bronze statue for himself on the shore of [[Daming Lake]], but these plans were not realized as his rule came to an end.
[[File:Japanese troops in Jinan (July 1927).png|left|thumb|Japanese soldiers marching into Jinan during the [[Jinan incident]]]]
In the spring of 1928, the [[Kuomintang]]'s [[Northern Expedition]] reached Jinan.<ref>Iriye, ''After Imperialism,'' 195–200.</ref> On 3 May 1928, clashes developed between Japanese troops stationed in Jinan and the Kuomintang troops moving into the city ([[Jinan incident]]).<ref>Iriye, ''After Imperialism,'' 199–201.</ref> [[Cai Gongshi]], a Kuomintang emissary sent to negotiate and 16 members of his entourage were cruelly executed by the Japanese. Japanese officers placed an order to slice off his nose and ears, and to gouge out his eyes and tongue. Sixteen other members of his negotiation team were also stripped naked, recklessly whipped, dragged to the back-lawn, and slaughtered by machine guns on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ji'nan Government |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8702.html |date=1 September 2005 |access-date=16 August 2013 |title=The Year of 1928 |quote="{{lang|zh-hans|蔡公时用日语抗议, 日兵竟将其耳鼻割去, 继又挖去舌头、眼睛.日军将被缚人员的衣服剥光, 恣意鞭打, 然后拉至院内用机枪扫射}}" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724101408/https://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8702.html |archive-date=24 July 2012 }}</ref> After the incident, Japanese reinforcements were sent to Shandong and by 11 May, Japanese troops pushed the Chinese troops from the area, inflicted thousands of casualties<ref>C. Martin Wilbur, "The Nationalist Revolution: from Canton to Nanking, 1923–1928," ''Cambridge History of China'', Volume 12 ''Republican China, 1912–1949'' Pt I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 702–706.</ref> and killed over 2000 Chinese civilians.<ref name=anxiang>{{cite web|url=http://orbat.com/site/history/volume5/534/1928%20Northern%20Campaign%20Part%20II.pdf |title=Orbat.com |access-date=9 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311010252/http://orbat.com/site/history/volume5/534/1928%20northern%20campaign%20part%20ii.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2016 }}</ref> The Japanese occupied Jinan for more than six months until they withdrew to their garrison in Qingdao on 28 March 1929. When Chiang lectured a group of Chinese army cadets, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment.<ref>Jay Taylor, ''The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China'' (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,  2009), 82–83.</ref> The Kuomintang government later decreed that 3 May be designated a "National Humiliation Memorial Day."

During the [[Nanjing decade]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], [[Han Fuju]], a military commander from the warlord era who had aligned himself with the Kuomintang, was rewarded with the military governorship of Shandong, after fighting against the rebel troops of [[Yan Xishan]] and his former commander [[Feng Yuxiang]] in the [[Central Plains War]] in 1930.<ref>Frank Dorn, ''The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor'' (New York: Macmillan, 1974), pg. 81–82</ref> He established his base in Jinan and is credited with curtailing banditry and drug trading, thereby bringing a measure of peace and prosperity to the city.<ref>Dorn, pg. 81–82</ref> However, from 1935 onwards Han was under heavy pressure from the Japanese consul in Jinan to declare Shandong an "independent state" allied with Japan.

After the start of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the Japanese invasion force crossed the Yellow River {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} north-east of Jinan on 23 December 1937.<ref name=larywar>Diana Lary: "Treachery, Disgrace and Death: Han Fuju and China's Resistance to Japan" War in History 2006 13 (1) 65–90</ref> Han Fuju abandoned Jinan the next day against orders to hold the city to the death.<ref name="larywar"/> He ordered the offices of the provincial government and the Japanese consulate in Jinan to be burned down<ref name="larywar"/> and the ensuing power vacuum led to widespread looting in the city.<ref name="larywar"/> Japanese troops from the 10th Division of the Manchurian Area Army<ref name=pacificwar>{{cite web|url=http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/s/Tsinan.htm|title=The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Tsinan|author=Kent G. Budge|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330195537/http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/s/Tsinan.htm|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> entered Jinan on 27 December 1937.<ref name="larywar"/> Han Fuju was arrested and executed for disobeying orders from superior commanders and retreating on his own accord<ref>Dorn, pg. 82</ref> by Chiang Kai-Shek's chief of staff, General [[Hu Zongnan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China|first1=Stephen R.|last1=MacKinnon|first2= Robert|last2= Capa|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|
isbn= 978-0-520-25445-9|page=18}}</ref><ref name=MacKinnon>Stephen MacKinnon, "The Tragedy of Wuhan, 1938", Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4, Special Issue: War in Modern China (October 1996), pp. 931-943</ref>

===After World War II===
[[File:Japanese surrender shandong 1945 12 27.jpg|thumb|Japanese surrender in Jinan, 27 Dec 1945]]
[[File:Jinan Liberation Pavilion.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Jinan Liberation Pavilion]] witnessed the takeover of the city by communists in the civil war]]
Japanese troops controlled Jinan until their defeat in 1945. After this, the Kuomintang regained short-lived control of the city during the period from 1946 to 1948. The provincial government during this time was led by Lieutenant-General [[Wang Yaowu]], who also commanded the KMT army in the region. KMT rule over Jinan ended in September 1948 with the [[Battle of Jinan]] in which units of the [[People's Liberation Army]] under the command of [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]] took the city. The battle for Jinan took a decisive turn in favor of the attackers when KMT Lieutenant-General [[Wu Huawen]] <!--denoting lifespan of a modern figure is less important than that of an ancient figure--> defected to the Communist side with about 8,000 of his troops.<ref name=time1948_10_04>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799241,00.html|title=OHINA: Province for a Poet|date=4 October 1948|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823173912/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799241,00.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most likely explanation for his defection is that he had been pressured through relatives of his who were held captive by the Communist forces.<ref name="time1948_10_04"/> Lieutenant-General Wu had been in charge of the vital outer ring of defenses that protected the main airfield, the railroad station, and the commercial district.<ref name="time1948_10_04"/> With these critical assets lost, the situation of the city's defenders became untenable. Following the weakening of the city's defenses, the People's Liberation Army breached the city wall and entered Jinan on 24 September 1948.

===Cultural Revolution===
[[File:Hero hill monument jinan 2009 07 18.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Monument commemorating the war dead of the battle of Jinan on Hero Hill]]
In March 1966, the largest among the drawn-out sequence of earthquakes that made up the [[1966 Xingtai earthquake|Xingtai earthquake]] damaged about 36,000 houses in Jinan.<ref name=gov1966up>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8758.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1966 (1st half) |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171700/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8758.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 27 May 1966, the [[Cultural Revolution]] started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News" ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|济南|晚报}}) that denounced vice-governor Yu Xiu as a [[Bourgeoisie|Bourgeois]] agent within the government.<ref name="gov1966up"/> Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time, [[big-character poster]]s started to appear in the city.<ref name="gov1966up"/> [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] took to the streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards, damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When [[Zhang Chunqiao]] and [[Yao Wenyuan]], both later reviled as members of the [[Gang of Four]], visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader Wang Xiao Yu, fighting erupted in the front of the provincial government between two rival factions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting.<ref name=gov1967up>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8760.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1967 (1st half) |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109165559/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8760.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 11 October 1967, the tallest statue of [[Mao Zedong]] in Shandong province was erected on the campus of [[Shandong Normal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8761.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1967 (2nd half) |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109231025/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8761.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 17 September 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrated the arrival of a [[mango]] fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80 percent of all government institutions shut down.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8762.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1968 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109172459/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8762.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Large public protests were staged on 4 and 5 April 1969, in which approximately 500,000 people protested the occupation of [[Zhenbao Island]] by the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8763.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1969 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109212939/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8763.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 29 July 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's educational system: The liberal arts departments of Shandong University were moved to [[Qufu]] and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences were to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8764.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1970 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109183817/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8764.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University" was abolished in early 1974.<ref>[http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8768.htmlJinan City Government online records for 1974]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The first reversals of Cultural Revolution policies started in early 1971: On 23 May of that year, the [[Shandong Provincial Museum]] was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8766.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1971 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171233/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8766.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between the name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiyin as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8767.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1972 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109185253/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8767.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the [[United States Congress]] between 8 and 11 August 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8769.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1975 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109211646/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8769.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 18 September 1976, Mao's death was mourned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's 1 August Square.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8770.html |title=Jinan City Government online records for 1976 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109182352/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/9/1/art_40_8770.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Post 1990s===
[[File:濟南芙蓉街.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Entrance to [[Water Lily Street]], a historical shopping street in Jinan.]]
Jinan was the host of the 11th All China Games during October 2009. These games are the selection games for the Chinese Olympic champions. For this occasion, security was heightened and a full volunteer force was out on the streets directing visitor traffic. The city conducted major renovations in its transportation and recreation services in anticipation of the Games' visitors.<ref>http://www.11th-games.org.cn/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216114558/http://www.11th-games.org.cn/ |date=16 December 2008 }} 11th All China Games website</ref> In early January 2019, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] approved the approval of Shandong Province to adjust the administrative division of [[Laiwu City]] and [[Jinan City]], cancel Laiwu City, and all jurisdiction of former Laiwu City belongs to Jinan City; establish [[Laiwu District]] of Jinan City to replace the former [[Laicheng District]] of Laiwu City with the same administrative area; establish [[Gangcheng District]] of Jinan City to replace the former Gangcheng District of Laiwu City with the same administrative area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-01/09/c_1123965998.htm?baike|script-title=zh:国务院批复同意山东省调整济南市莱芜市行政区划-新华网|work=[[Xinhua]] |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011919/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-01/09/c_1123965998.htm?baike|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Climate==
Jinan has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwa''), considering an [[contour line#Temperature and related subjects|isotherm]] of −3&nbsp;°C, or a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dwa''), considering an isotherm of 0&nbsp;°C, with four well-defined seasons. The city is dry and nearly rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold (with little snow) in winter. The average annual temperature is {{convert|14.9|°C|1|}}, and the annual precipitation is {{convert|734|mm|in|1}}, with a strong summer maximum, and high variability from year to year. January is the coldest and driest month, with a mean temperature of {{convert|−0.3|°C|1}} and {{convert|5.0|mm|in|2}} of equivalent rainfall. July is the hottest month, with a mean temperature of {{convert|27.4|°C|1}}. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 40% in July to 58% percent in May, the city receives 2,226 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Due to the mountains to the south of the city, [[Inversion (meteorology)|temperature inversions]] are common, occurring on about 200 days per year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinacp.org.cn/eng/cpcities/cp_jinan.html |title=Cleaner Production in China |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121125103/http://www.chinacp.org.cn/eng/cpcities/cp_jinan.html |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The high precipitation for [[North China|northern Chinese]] standards, in tandem with the topography (mountains surrounding the city on three sides), leads to particularly oppressive summer weather and the city being named as a candidate for the fourth "furnace", c.e. [[Three Furnaces]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://news.qq.com/a/20070731/001245.htm
 |script-title = zh:高温逼出新"火炉"之争 济南城热门候选_山东新闻_新闻_腾讯网
 |publisher = QQ News
 |language = zh-hans
 |date = 31 July 2007
|access-date = 27 April 2013
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130526122452/http://news.qq.com/a/20070731/001245.htm
 |archive-date = 26 May 2013
|url-status = live
 |df = dmy-all
 }}
</ref>
Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−19.7|°C|0}} on 17 January 1953, to {{convert|42.5|°C|0}} on 24 July 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=24 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/home.do |script-title=zh:中国气象科学数据共享服务网 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302053152/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/home.do |archive-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed =
| location = Jinan ([[Changqing District]]), elevation {{convert|99|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan high C = 4.2
| Feb high C = 8.2
| Mar high C = 14.8
| Apr high C = 21.5
| May high C = 27.1
| Jun high C = 31.8
| Jul high C = 32.0
| Aug high C = 30.4
| Sep high C = 27.0
| Oct high C = 21.2
| Nov high C = 12.9
| Dec high C = 5.8
| Jan mean C = -0.7
| Feb mean C = 2.9
| Mar mean C = 9.1
| Apr mean C = 15.7
| May mean C = 21.5
| Jun mean C = 26.2
| Jul mean C = 27.4
| Aug mean C = 25.8
| Sep mean C = 21.6
| Oct mean C = 15.5
| Nov mean C = 7.9
| Dec mean C = 1.1
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -4.6
| Feb low C = -1.4
| Mar low C = 4.2
| Apr low C = 10.4
| May low C = 16.2
| Jun low C = 21.0
| Jul low C = 23.3
| Aug low C = 22.0
| Sep low C = 17.2
| Oct low C = 11.0
| Nov low C = 3.8
| Dec low C = -2.7
| Jan record high C = 20.2
| Jan record low C = -19.7
| Feb record high C = 25.7
| Feb record low C = -16.5
| Mar record high C = 30.2
| Mar record low C = -11.3
| Apr record high C = 36.3
| Apr record low C = -1.9
| May record high C = 39.7
| May record low C = 4.2
| Jun record high C = 41.2
| Jun record low C = 10.9
| Jul record high C = 42.5
| Jul record low C = 14.0
| Aug record high C = 40.7
| Aug record low C = 12.8
| Sep record high C = 38.5
| Sep record low C = 6.4
| Oct record high C = 33.7
| Oct record low C = 0.0
| Nov record high C = 26.5
| Nov record low C = -10.1
| Dec record high C = 23.1
| Dec record low C = -16.0
| year high C =
| year low C =
| year high F =
| year low F =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 5.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 10.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 9.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 34.1
| May precipitation mm = 61.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 82.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 189.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 160.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 60.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 27.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 23.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 6.5
| Jan humidity = 56
| Feb humidity = 53
| Mar humidity = 48
| Apr humidity = 52
| May humidity = 56
| Jun humidity = 57
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 58
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 2.6
| Feb precipitation days = 3.6
| Mar precipitation days = 3.2
| Apr precipitation days = 5.0
| May precipitation days = 6.4
| Jun precipitation days = 7.9
| Jul precipitation days = 11.8
| Aug precipitation days = 10.7
| Sep precipitation days = 7.4
| Oct precipitation days = 5.3
| Nov precipitation days = 4.5
| Dec precipitation days = 2.9
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 152.6
| Feb sun = 155.2
| Mar sun = 209.9
| Apr sun = 234.9
| May sun = 259.6
| Jun sun = 233.1
| Jul sun = 195.7
| Aug sun = 198.0
| Sep sun = 187.0
| Oct sun = 188.9
| Nov sun = 162.6
| Dec sun = 155.2
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 49
| Feb percentsun = 50
| Mar percentsun = 56
| Apr percentsun = 59
| May percentsun = 59
| Jun percentsun = 53
| Jul percentsun = 44
| Aug percentsun = 48
| Sep percentsun = 51
| Oct percentsun = 55
| Nov percentsun = 54
| Dec percentsun = 52
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 2.8
| Feb snow days = 3.4
| Mar snow days = 0.8
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.9
| Dec snow days = 2.1
| year snow days =
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-cn |access-date=29 November 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年)|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=21 September 2013
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url          = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
 |script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
 |publisher    = [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 |language     = zh
 |access-date  = 2023-04-11
 |title        = Experience Template
 |archive-date = 4 April 2023
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>
| source =
}}

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Jinan ([[Laiwu District]]), elevation {{convert|229|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 	3.9
|Feb high C = 	7.5
|Mar high C = 	13.8
|Apr high C = 	21.0
|May high C = 	26.6
|Jun high C = 	30.5
|Jul high C = 	31.2
|Aug high C = 	30.0
|Sep high C = 	26.3
|Oct high C = 	20.4
|Nov high C = 	12.4
|Dec high C = 	5.5
|Jan mean C = 	-1.4
|Feb mean C = 	1.9
|Mar mean C = 	7.9
|Apr mean C = 	14.9
|May mean C = 	20.8
|Jun mean C = 	25.0
|Jul mean C = 	26.6
|Aug mean C = 	25.4
|Sep mean C = 	21.0
|Oct mean C = 	14.7
|Nov mean C = 	7.1
|Dec mean C = 	0.5
|Jan low C = 	-5.4
|Feb low C = 	-2.5
|Mar low C = 	2.8
|Apr low C = 	9.4
|May low C = 	15.2
|Jun low C = 	19.8
|Jul low C = 	22.7
|Aug low C = 	21.6
|Sep low C = 	16.6
|Oct low C = 	10.0
|Nov low C = 	2.9
|Dec low C = 	-3.3
|Jan record high C = 17.3 |Jan record low C = -19.3
|Feb record high C = 21.1 |Feb record low C = -17.0
|Mar record high C = 28.5 |Mar record low C = -10.3
|Apr record high C = 32.9 |Apr record low C = -3.8
|May record high C = 36.2 |May record low C = 2.4
|Jun record high C = 38.7 |Jun record low C = 9.6
|Jul record high C = 39.9 |Jul record low C = 12.7
|Aug record high C = 36.6 |Aug record low C = 12.0
|Sep record high C = 35.7 |Sep record low C = 6.3
|Oct record high C = 33.9 |Oct record low C = -3.6
|Nov record high C = 25.0 |Nov record low C = -12.4
|Dec record high C = 18.5 |Dec record low C = -18.0
|year high C =  |year low C = 
|year high F =  |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	5.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 	11.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 	13.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 	30.2
|May precipitation mm = 	54.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 	94.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 	190.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 	183.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 	69.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 	28.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 	25.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	8.5
|Jan humidity = 	56
|Feb humidity = 	53
|Mar humidity = 	49
|Apr humidity = 	50
|May humidity = 	54
|Jun humidity = 	59
|Jul humidity = 	74
|Aug humidity = 	76
|Sep humidity = 	69
|Oct humidity = 	63
|Nov humidity = 	62
|Dec humidity = 	59
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	2.5
|Feb precipitation days = 	3.5
|Mar precipitation days = 	3.6
|Apr precipitation days = 	5.6
|May precipitation days = 	6.8
|Jun precipitation days = 	8.3
|Jul precipitation days = 	12.7
|Aug precipitation days = 	12.5
|Sep precipitation days = 	7.4
|Oct precipitation days = 	5.7
|Nov precipitation days = 	4.5
|Dec precipitation days = 	3.4
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 	158.4
|Feb sun = 	159.8
|Mar sun = 	207.1
|Apr sun = 	228.0
|May sun = 	250.7
|Jun sun = 	212.5
|Jul sun = 	175.7
|Aug sun = 	180.5
|Sep sun = 	184.3
|Oct sun = 	189.6
|Nov sun = 	161.7
|Dec sun = 	158.4
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	51
| Feb percentsun = 	52
| Mar percentsun = 	56
| Apr percentsun = 	58
| May percentsun = 	57
| Jun percentsun = 	49
| Jul percentsun = 	40
| Aug percentsun = 	44
| Sep percentsun = 	50
| Oct percentsun = 	55
| Nov percentsun = 	53
| Dec percentsun = 	53
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 	4.0
|Feb snow days = 	3.1
|Mar snow days = 	1.7
|Apr snow days = 	0.3
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.2
|Dec snow days = 	2.6
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date =12 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
}}

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Map of Jinan, 1950s.jpg|thumb|Map of Jinan (labeled as CHI-NAN (TSINAN))]]
The sub-provincial city of Jinan has direct jurisdiction over ten [[District of China|districts]] and 2 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]] after the annexation of [[Laiwu]] to Jinan in 2019:
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |<div class="center" style="position: relative">{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Jinan.png|width=550|link=}}
{{Image label|x=860|y=1130|scale=550/1800|text=[[Lixia District|{{small|'''Lixia'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=710|y=1210|scale=550/1800|text=[[Shizhong District, Jinan|{{small|'''Shizhong'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=630|y=1100|scale=550/1800|text=[[Huaiyin District, Jinan|{{small|'''Huaiyin'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=710|y=980|scale=550/1800|text=[[Tianqiao District|{{small|'''Tianqiao'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=980|y=1170|scale=550/1800|text=[[Licheng District, Jinan|'''Licheng''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=1430|scale=550/1800|text=[[Changqing District|'''Changqing''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1250|y=1020|scale=550/1800|text=[[Zhangqiu District|'''Zhangqiu''']]}}
{{Image label|x=850|y=700|scale=550/1800|text=[[Jiyang District, Jinan|'''Jiyang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1410|y=1540|scale=550/1800|text=[[Laiwu District|'''Laiwu''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1520|y=1820|scale=550/1800|text=[[Gangcheng District|'''Gangcheng''']]}}
{{Image label|x=110|y=1700|scale=550/1800|text=[[Pingyin County|'''Pingyin<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=940|y=300|scale=550/1800|text=[[Shanghe County|'''Shanghe<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!Subdivision
!Simplified Chinese
!Hanyu Pinyin
!Population (2010)
!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
!Dens. (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Inner city'''
|-
| align="left" |[[Lixia District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|历下区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Lìxià Qū}}
| align="center" |754,136
| align="center" |101.18
| align="center" |7476.13
|-
| align="left" |[[Shizhong District, Jinan|Shizhong District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|市中区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Shìzhōng Qū}}
| align="center" |713,581
| align="center" |281.49
| align="center" |2545.51
|-
| align="left" |[[Huaiyin District, Jinan|Huaiyin District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|槐荫区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Huáiyìn Qū}}
| align="center" |476,811
| align="center" |151.61
| align="center" |3144.13
|-
| align="left" |[[Tianqiao District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|天桥区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Tiānqiáo Qū}}
| align="center" |688,415
| align="center" |258.97
| align="center" |2660.94
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Inner suburbs'''
|-
| align="left" |[[Licheng District, Jinan|Licheng District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|历城区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Lìchéng Qū}}
| align="center" |1,124,306
| align="center" |1301.21
| align="center" |862.27
|-
| align="left" |[[Changqing District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|长清区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Chángqīng Qū}}
| align="center" |578,740
| align="center" |1208.59
| align="center" |478.88
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiyang District, Jinan|Jiyang District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|济阳区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Jǐyáng Qū}}
| align="center" |517,948
| align="center" |1098.81
| align="center" |472.09
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Outer suburbs'''
|-
| align="left" |[[Zhangqiu District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh|章丘区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Zhāngqiū Qū}}
| align="center" |1,064,210
| align="center" |1719.09
| align="center" |618.26
|-
| align="left" |[[Laiwu District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh|莱芜区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Láiwú Qū}}
| align="center" |989,535
| align="center" |1739.61
| align="center" |518.93
|-
| align="left" |[[Gangcheng District]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|钢城区}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Gāngchéng Qū}}
| align="center" |308,994
| align="center" |506.42
| align="center" |910.04
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" |'''Rural counties'''
|-
| align="left" |[[Pingyin County]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|平阴县}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Píngyīn Xiàn}}
| align="center" |331,712
| align="center" |715.06
| align="center" |463.81
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanghe County]]
| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|商河县}}
| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Shānghé Xiàn}}
| align="center" |564,125
| align="center" |1162.40
| align="center" |484.98
|}
These are further divided into 146 [[Administrative divisions of China#Township level|township-level divisions]], including 65 [[Towns of China|towns]], 27 [[Townships of China|townships]] and 54 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistricts]].

==Economy==
With the shift of the Yellow River to a new bed right to the north of Jinan (in 1852) and the establishment of a railroad hub, the city became a major market for agricultural products from the productive farming regions to the north.<ref name="eb"/>
Following the trade in agricultural goods, the city developed a textile and clothing industry, flour mills, oil presses, as well as factories producing paper, cement, and matches.<ref name="eb"/> In the 1950s, large iron and steel works as well as chemical factories were established around Jinan. The large metal works produce [[pig iron]], [[ingot]] steel, as well as finished steel.<ref name="eb"/> In the 1970s, [[China National Heavy Duty Truck Group|Sinotruk]] established its headquarters and factories for the production of trucks and construction vehicles in the city.<ref>"[http://www.cnhtc.com.cn/en/index2.htm Introduction CNHTC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508070126/http://www.cnhtc.com.cn/en/index2.htm |date=2008-05-08 }}." [[China National Heavy Duty Truck Group]]. Retrieved on 8 July 2010. "The headquarters of China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co., Ltd. (CNHTC) is located in Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China."</ref>

=== General Economy ===
Jinan has long stably ranked third in Shandong Province, and before the merger with Laiwu City in 2019, Jinan surpassed Yantai to become the second largest economy in the province.  
* According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics yearbook, the city’s total economic output in 2007 was 256.3 billion yuan, with the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries accounting for 5.9%, 45.2%, and 48.9% respectively.  
* In 2008, Jinan achieved a GDP of 301.7 billion yuan, ranking sixth among provincial capitals, behind [[Guangzhou]] (821.5), [[Hangzhou]] (478.1), [[Wuhan]] (396.0), [[Chengdu]] (390.1), and [[Nanjing]] (377.5).  
* In 2009, Jinan’s GDP reached 335.0 billion yuan, an increase of 11.3% over 2008, ranking 21st nationwide and 7th among provincial capitals. Among provincial capitals and [[municipalities]], it followed [[Shanghai]] (1,490.09), [[Beijing]] (1,186.59), Guangzhou (911.27), [[Tianjin]] (750.08), [[Chongqing]] (652.87, of which [[Chongqing|Chongqing urban core]] 569.74), Hangzhou (508.8), Wuhan (456.0), Chengdu (450.26), [[Shenyang]] (435.9), Nanjing (423.02), and [[Changsha]] (374.5), but ahead of [[Zhengzhou]] (330.0).  
* In 2011, the city’s GDP was 440.629 billion yuan, an increase of 10.6% over the previous year. Calculated per permanent resident, the per capita GDP was 64,331 yuan, up 8.9%, equivalent to 9,960 US dollars.  
* In 2016, Jinan’s GDP reached 653.61 billion yuan, an increase of 7.8% over the previous year. Per permanent resident, GDP was 90,999 yuan, up 6.5%; converted at the average annual exchange rate, it equaled 13,700 US dollars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122050201/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2022, Jinan’s GDP reached 1,202.75 billion yuan, an increase of 3.1% at constant prices. The added value of the primary industry was 42.05 billion yuan (up 3.1%); the secondary industry 418.02 billion yuan (up 3.2%); and the tertiary industry 742.67 billion yuan (up 3.0%). The industrial structure ratio was 3.5:34.8:61.7.<ref>{{cite web |author1=吴培利 |title=2022年济南市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=http://jntj.jinan.gov.cn/art/2023/4/12/art_18254_4748571.html |website=济南市统计局 |accessdate=2023-06-02 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230602094628/http://jntj.jinan.gov.cn/art/2023/4/12/art_18254_4748571.html |archivedate=2023-06-02 |language=zh-cn |date=2023-04-12}}</ref>  
* In 2024, the city’s GDP reached 1,352.76 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4% at constant prices compared with the previous year. The added value of the primary industry was 44.0 billion yuan (up 3.6%); the secondary industry 451.92 billion yuan (up 5.8%); and the tertiary industry 856.84 billion yuan (up 5.2%). The industrial structure ratio was 3.3:33.4:63.3.<ref name=":1" />  

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:40%;"
|+ Regional composition of Jinan's [[Gross domestic product]] in 2024<ref name=":1" />
! Division || [[Gross domestic product]] (billion yuan) || Share (%)
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Jinan
| '''1352.76'''
| 100.00
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Lixia
| 257.78
| 19.05
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Shizhong
| 138.44
| 10.23
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Huaiyin
| 87.99
| 6.50
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Tianqiao
| 84.46
| 6.24
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Licheng
| 140.88
| 10.41
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Changqing
| 45.60
| 3.37
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Zhangqiu
| 130.13
| 9.61
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Jiyang
| 34.86
| 2.57
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Laiwu
| 103.64
| 7.66
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Gangcheng
| 36.01
| 2.66
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Pingyin
| 33.31
| 2.46
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Shanghe
| 28.81
| 2.12
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Jinan High-Tech Zone
| 205.35
| 15.18
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Qibu Zone (direct administration)
| 17.83
| 1.31
|- style="text-align:right;"
! Southern Mountain Area
| 7.67
| 0.56
|}
=== Industry ===
[[File:Sinotruk Yellow River X7 HICEV IAA Transportation 2024 (DSC03606).jpg|thumb|Sinotruk Yellow River produced by the [[Sinotruk Group]]]]
Currently, Jinan’s major large-scale industrial enterprises include:

==== Heavy Industry ====

* [[Shandong Energy Group]]
* [[State Grid Corporation of China|Shandong Electric Power Corporation]]
* [[Shandong Heavy Industry]]
* [[Shandong Iron and Steel Group]]
* [[Shandong Gold Group]]
* [[China National Heavy Duty Truck Group]]
* [[Sinopec|Sinopec Jinan Branch]]
* [[Shandong Hi-Speed Group]]
* [[Luneng Group]]
* [[Shanshui Group]]
* [[Jichai Power Company Limited]]
* [[Jinan First Machine Tool Group]]

==== Light Industry ====

* [[Inspur Group]]
* [[Joyoung]]
* [[Hongjitang]]
* [[Dexinzhai]]
* [[Qilu Pharmaceutical]]
* [[China Qingqi Group]]
* [[Shandong Linuo Paradigma New Energy Co., Ltd.]]
* [[Shandong Sangle Solar Energy Co., Ltd.]]
* [[Jinan Baotu Spring Brewery Co., Ltd.]]
* [[Jinan Yuanshou Knitting Co., Ltd.]]

===Industrial zones===
Industrial zones include:
* Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of {{convert|83|km2|abbr=on}} that is divided into a central area covering {{convert|33|km2|abbr=on}}, an export processing district of {{convert|10|km2|abbr=on}}, and an eastern extension area of {{convert|40|km2|abbr=on}}. Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/jinan-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/|title=Ji'nan High-tech Industrial Development Zone|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061204/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/jinan-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone|archive-date=2 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Jinan Export Processing Zone
The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, to the east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/jinan-export-processing-zone/|title=Ji'nan Export Processing Zone|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002114/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/jinan-export-processing-zone|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:The South Mosque of Jinan 2009-03.JPG|upright|The [[Jinan Great Southern Mosque|Great Southern Mosque]], the oldest mosque in Jinan.|thumb|180px]]
As of the [[2020 Chinese census]], its total population (including [[Laiwu City]] merged recently) was 9,202,432 inhabitants and its built-up (''or metro'') area made of 6 out of 10 urban districts ([[Jiyang District, Jinan|Jiyang]], [[Zhangqiu District|Zhangqiu]], [[Laiwu District|Laiwu]] and [[Gangcheng District|Gangcheng]] not yet conurbated) was home to 5,452,335 inhabitants, most of them with Han ethnicity.

==Shopping centers==
Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around [[Spring City Square|City of Springs Square]] and Quancheng Road ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|泉|城|路}} |l=spring city road}}). City of Springs Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century

City of Springs Road was rebuilt at the same time that City of Springs Square was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, newly built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side by side along City of Springs Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore – the largest bookstore of the city – and Walmart (near the western end of City of Springs Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|贵|和|商|厦}}), the [[Sofitel]] Silver Plaza, the Shimao international shopping center, and the Wanda Shopping Mall ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|万|达|集团}}). Parc 66 ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|济南|恒|隆|广场}}) to the south of City of Springs Road (opposite of [[Water Lily Street]]), opened in August 2011, is Jinan's largest shopping mall with seven levels of retail space and a total gross floor area of 171,000 square meters.<ref name=hanglung>{{cite web|url=http://www.hanglung.com/en/mainland-china-properties/parc-66.aspx|title=Hang Lung – Home|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122124239/http://www.hanglung.com/en/mainland-china-properties/parc-66.aspx|archive-date=22 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Railways===
[[File:201908 Jinanxi Railway Station.jpg|thumb|[[Jinan West railway station|Jinan West Railway Station]]]]
Jinan is positioned at the intersection of two major railways: The [[Jinghu Railway]] that runs from [[Beijing]] to [[Shanghai]] is the major north–south backbone of the railway system in eastern China. In Jinan, it intersects with the [[Jiaoji Railway]] that connects Jinan to the sea port of [[Qingdao]] to the east. In addition, the [[Hanji Railway]] connects Jinan to the city of [[Handan]] ([[Hebei]] Province) in the west.
Within Shandong province, the Jinghu Railway connects Jinan with the cities of [[Dezhou]], [[Tai'an]], [[Jining, Shandong|Jining]], and [[Zaozhuang]]. The Jiaoji Railway provides a link to the cities of [[Zibo]], [[Qingdao]], and [[Weifang]] and the Hanji Railway serves the cities of Yancheng and [[Liaocheng]].

Central Jinan is served by [[Jinan railway station]], [[Jinan East railway station]], and [[:zh:大明湖站|Daminghu railway station]] (just by [[Daming Lake]]).

The [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway]] calls at [[Jinan West railway station]], which is outside the central metropolitan center and is in suburban western Jinan's [[Huaiyin District, Jinan|Huaiyin District]]. Since it opened for public service on 30 June 2011,<ref name=chinadaily201107>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shandong/e/2011-07/04/content_12829317.htm|title=Jinan welcomes high-speed rail|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100002/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shandong/e/2011-07/04/content_12829317.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> it has become a future hub with west–east running high speed railways to [[Taiyuan]], [[Shijiazhuang]] and [[Qingdao]]. [[Jinan East railway station]] opened in 2018. An additional station, [[Jinan North railway station]], is planned.

===Metro===
[[File:Beiyuan Station Jinan Metro 20221022 04.jpg|thumb|Beiyuan Station on the [[Jinan Metro]]]]
{{main|Jinan Metro}}

Construction of the [[Jinan Metro]] started in 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.e23.cn/content/2013-12-29/2013C2900252.html|script-title=zh:20131229济南新闻 济南轨道交通市域快线建设启动|author=田艳敏|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041530/http://news.e23.cn/content/2013-12-29/2013C2900252.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and it officially opened in 2019. Currently, Lines 1, 2 and 3 are operational, with a total of 48 stations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=定了!济南地铁3号线12月28日正式通车|url=http://sd.ifeng.com/a/20191213/7976177_0.shtml|access-date=24 June 2021|website=sd.ifeng.com|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212217/http://sd.ifeng.com/a/20191213/7976177_0.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Expressways===
Major expressways include [[China National Highway 104]], [[China National Highway 220]], and [[China National Highway 309]]. Because of Jinan's location and role as a road and rail transportation hub, the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180816120015/http://www.jnqczz.com.cn/ Jinan Coach Terminus] has one of the largest passenger flows nationally. On peak travel days, as many as 92,000 passengers per day have been counted, on off-peak days the number is around 42,000 passengers per day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnqczz.com.cn/qiyejianjie/qiyejianjie.htm |title=Jinan Coach Terminus official website (in Chinese) |access-date=28 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205201549/http://jnqczz.com.cn/qiyejianjie/qiyejianjie.htm |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Airport===
[[Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport]] is located about {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the city center and located in {{Interlanguage link|Yaoqiang Subdistrict|zh|遥墙街道}} of [[Licheng District, Jinan]], from which the name of the airport is derived. The airport is connected to the city center of Jinan by expressways. It has domestic flights to many of the major cities in China as well as to international destinations, in particular [[Helsinki]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finavia.fi/en/newsroom/2019/new-long-distance-route-asia-tibet-airlines-will-commence-flights-jinan-china|title=New long distance route to Asia: Tibet Airlines will commence flights from Jinan, China, to Helsinki Airport in the spring 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414075914/https://www.finavia.fi/en/newsroom/2019/new-long-distance-route-asia-tibet-airlines-will-commence-flights-jinan-china|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Osaka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airlineroute.net/2013/08/26/sc-tnakix-w13/|title=Shandong Airlines to Resume Jinan – Osaka Service from late-October 2013|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712213043/http://airlineroute.net/2013/08/26/sc-tnakix-w13/|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Seoul]], [[Paris]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Singapore]].

===Buses===
The conventional buses in the city have air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned buses. Air-conditioned lines have a K prefix on their route numbers. From 2018, most lines are air-conditioned lines (Include lines without K perfix).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://fangchan.qlwb.com.cn/news/2018/cjgh_0706/54323.html |script-title=zh:年底济南公交车全部更新为空调车 还将推虚拟公交卡 |trans-title=By the end of the year, all Jinan buses will be updated to air-conditioned vehicles, and virtual bus cards will also be introduced |work=Qilu Evening News
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622115233/http://fangchan.qlwb.com.cn/news/2018/cjgh_0706/54323.html |date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> These lines comprise more than 200 routes covering the whole city.

==Culture and contemporary life==
===Dialect===
{{main|Jinan dialect}}

Local residents in the city proper, as well as in the surrounding areas, have traditionally spoken the [[Jinan dialect]] of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] that is not readily understood even by native speakers of standard Mandarin. The younger people of Jinan are more likely to speak standard Mandarin, whereas many older residents retain strong local dialect elements in their speech. Nevertheless, even the younger residents of Jinan tend to retain a strong local accent and mix local vocabulary into the standardized Mandarin vocabulary. Due to the influx of migrant workers during the past decade of China's economic boom, many of the current population that are of working age are not natives of Jinan but have learned to understand the Jinan dialect.

===Cuisine===
Jinan has its own cuisine, the Jinan style of the [[Shandong cuisine]], one of the [[Cuisine of China|Eight Culinary Traditions]] of China. One of its features is the use of soup in its dishes. Modern cuisines in [[northern China]] —Beijing, Tianjin and the northeastern regions including [[Heilongjiang]], Jilin and [[Liaoning]]— are all branches of Shandong cuisine.

===Shopping centers===
[[File:济南泉城广场的郁金香.jpg|thumb|[[Spring City Square]]]]

Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around [[Spring City Square]] and Quancheng Road ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|泉|城|路}} |l=spring city road}}). City of Springs Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century; at the center is the statue "Spring" which has become a symbol of Jinan. The square borders on the ancient city moat. It has a music fountain, a 46,000 square meter underground shopping center and a memorial hall with statues of famous people from Shandong.

City of Springs Road was rebuilt at the same time that City of Springs Square was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, newly built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side by side along City of Springs Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore – the largest bookstore of the city – and Walmart (near the western end of City of Springs Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|贵|和|商|厦}}), the [[Sofitel]] Silver Plaza, the Shimao international shopping center, and the Wanda Shopping Mall ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|万|达|集团}}). Parc 66 ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|济南|恒|隆|广场}}) to the south of City of Springs Road (opposite of [[Water Lily Street]]), opened in August 2011, is Jinan's largest shopping mall with seven levels of retail space and a total gross floor area of 171,000 square meters.<ref name=hanglung/>

==Main tourist attractions==
{{Main|List of sites in Jinan}}

[[File:Sacredheartcathedraljinan.jpg|thumb|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral (Jinan)|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Jinan]]]]
Jinan is renowned across China for its numerous springs, the lakes fed by the spring water, and the [[Salix babylonica#Horticultural selections and related hybrids|weeping willows]] that grow along the water edges. The late-Qing author [[Liu E (writer)|Liu E]] describes Jinan's cityscape in his novel "The Travels of Lao Can" ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|老|残|游|记}}}}, written 1903–04, published in 1907) as "Every family has spring water, every household has a willow tree".<ref>Original {{zh|s=家家泉水, 户户垂杨 |t=家家泉水, 戶戶垂楊}}</ref> Jinan was also the historical center of Buddhist culture for the whole province which is still manifest in the many historic sites that are left behind in its southern counties.

===Springs and lakes===
[[File:Baotuspring 10000 bamboo garden courtyard 2008 09 14.jpg|thumb|Pavilion in the 10,000 Bamboo Garden of [[Baotu Spring|Baotu Spring Park]]|left]]
Jinan is known as the "City of Springs" because of the large number of natural artesian springs. The majority of the springs, many of which have been historically listed under the "[[List of sites in Jinan#Springs|72 Famous Springs]]" ({{linktext|lang=zh|七|十|二|名|泉}}) are concentrated in the downtown district and flow north to converge in [[Daming Lake]].<ref name="spr"/> The [[Baotu Spring|Baotu Spring Park]] is the most popular of the springs in the City of Jinan proper. Besides the Baotu Spring, the park contains several other springs that are listed among the "72 Famous Springs". "Bào tū" ({{linktext|lang=zh|趵|突}}) means "jumping and leaping" in Chinese. The water in the spring pool can be seen foaming and gushing, looking like a pot of boiling water. The spring was visited by the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1711–1799) of the [[Qing dynasty]] who declared it "the best spring under the heaven" ({{zh|c={{linktext|天下第一泉}}|p=tiān xià dì yī quán}}). A tablet with the Emperor's handwriting "Baotu Spring" has since been erected beside the spring pool.
[[File:Liberation Pavilion Overlooking Black Tiger Spring Sunset.jpg|thumb|The [[Liberation Pavilion]] overlooking [[Black Tiger Spring]]]]
Not far away to the northeast of Baotu Spring Park is the [[Daming Lake]], which, together with Baotu Spring and the [[Thousand-Buddha Mountain]] is often regarded as the "Three Greatest Attractions in Jinan". Other notable parks in the city include the [[Five Dragon Pool]] ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|五|龙|潭}}) near the Baotu Spring Park, the [[Black Tiger Spring]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|黑|虎|泉}}) on the southern city moat, and the [[Baimai Springs]] ({{linktext|lang=zh|百|脉|泉}}) of [[Zhangqiu City]] to the east of Jinan.
===Museums and libraries===
[[File:山東省博物館正廳.jpg|thumb|Hall of Shandong Provincial Museum]]
The [[Shandong Provincial Museum]] located at the foothill of [[Thousand-Buddha Mountain]] is the largest museum in the province. It has a large collection of natural as well as historical treasures from the whole province. The museum was established in its present form in 1982 and currently has 8 exhibition halls: "Treasures of Shandong Province"; "Stone Sculptures"; "Warship of the [[Ming dynasty]]"; "Ancient Coins"; "Art Treasures"; "Fossil Collections"; "Dinosaurs"; and "Specimens". The museum has more than 210,000 relics and specimens, making up ⅓ of the collections in museums of whole province.

The Jinan Municipal Museum is located at the south-western foot of the Thousand-Buddha Mountain, in the north of the city center. Although much smaller than the provincial museum, the municipal museum still houses a collection of more than 20,000 items, most of which were recovered in the city area.<ref>[http://www.jnmuseum.com Jinan Municipal Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107093019/http://www.jnmuseum.com/ |date=7 January 2008 }}</ref> The [[Shandong Art Museum]] is a large museum of [[fine arts]] built near the Provincial Museum.

The Shandong Provincial Library <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sdlib.com/ |title=Shandong Provincial Library |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403025546/http://www.sdlib.com/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the eastern High-tech Park (address: 2912 Second Ring East Road) is the principal library of the province and is ranked among the Top 10 Chinese libraries. {{As of|2004}}, the library had more than 5.18 million documents, many of which date back many centuries and are important sources for research on Chinese history. The library also has a large collection of western journals/books. Originally, the library was built close to Daming Lake in 1909 by the then governor of Shandong. In the late 1990s, a project was undertaken to move the library to the eastern part of the city, and it reopened in 2002 with 35 reading rooms and more than 2000 seats.

=== Parks and Nature Reserves ===
[[Jinan Hundred Miles Yellow River Scenic Area]] is located in No.166 Luokou Huancheng Road in [[Tianqiao District]].<ref name="travelchina.gov.cn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelchina.gov.cn/sitefiles/gjly_en/html/meijing/4203.shtml|title=Jinan Baili Yellow River Scenic Area-Shandong-Places To Go-Exploring China – China – Beyond Your Imagination, China Overseas Tourism Promotion Website|website=www.travelchina.gov.cn|language=en|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127194438/http://www.travelchina.gov.cn/sitefiles/gjly_en/html/meijing/4203.shtml|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It is designed as an ecological cultural theme park which focuses on ecological tourism, cultural tourism, and healthy tourism. The Yellow River of this section stretches 51.98 kilometers.<ref>Jinan Baili Yellow River Scenic Area http://www.travelchina.gov.cn/sitefiles/gjly_en/html/meijing/4203.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127194438/http://www.travelchina.gov.cn/sitefiles/gjly_en/html/meijing/4203.shtml |date=27 November 2018 }} Retrieved 27 November 2018</ref> [[Jinan Hundred Miles Yellow River Scenic Area]] was awarded the title "Fifty Scenes of the Yellow River in China" on 12 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/253482207_100027872/|script-title=zh:"中国黄河50景"新鲜出炉_旅游|date=12 September 2018|website=www.sohu.com|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034922/https://www.sohu.com/a/253482207_100027872/|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Levee extending along the Yellow River in this scenery area, is praised as "the Great Wall over water".<ref name="travelchina.gov.cn"/>
[[File:Foshandaoying.jpg|thumb|Daming Lake]] 
[[Yellow River Forest Park (Jinan)]] is located on the north bank of the [[Yellow River]]. The Yellow River Forest Park sprawls over 1500mu (100 hectares) and has 300,000 trees of various breeds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zhongwenhelp.com/jinan.html|title=Jinan – ZhongWenHelp|last=Li|first=Lina|website=www.zhongwenhelp.com|language=en|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506111403/http://zhongwenhelp.com/jinan.html|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Yellow River Forest Park is the only park equipping with a forest [[Race track|racecourse]], which has a course of 3 [[Li (unit)]], in Jinan City. Yellow River Forest Park provides not only an area covering 5000 square meters for visitors to freely barbecue but also a fishing pond covering 1,800 square meters. Visitors can participate in various activities here, such as [[roller skating]], [[cue sports]], table tennis, [[archery]], [[shooting]], etc.

Daming Lake Park is located in the center of Jinan City, covering an area of 46.5 hectares. Daming Lake Park is considered one of the three must-see tourist spots of Jinan (the others are Baotu Spring Park and [[Thousand Buddha Mountain]]). Daming Lake Park has many scenic spots, such as the [[Daming Lake]] and the Lixia Pavilion. Daming Lake is a natural lake consisting of many springs. It is unique because the lake has constant water level unaffected by heavy rains or drought.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/jinan/daming_lake.htm|title=Daming Lake Park, Jinan|website=www.travelchinaguide.com|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234320/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/jinan/daming_lake.htm|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Lixia Pavilion, which was built in the [[Northern Wei period]], is in the center of the Daming Lake. There are so many ancient buildings in Daming Lake Park that it has a title describing them, which is "One terrace, three gardens, three towers, four ancestral halls, six isles, seven bridges and ten pavilions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wutongzi.com/a/57508.html|script-title=zh:济南三大名胜之大明湖|website=www.wutongzi.com|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225137/http://www.wutongzi.com/a/57508.html|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Wide image|China_Jinan_5207289-Pano.jpg|1400px|Panorama of Jinan, taken in 2015|center|alt=}}

==Education and research==
[[File:山东大学（中心校区）南门（正门）.jpg|thumb|Central Campus of [[Shandong University]]]]
[[File:Building of Shandong Normal University.jpg|thumb|[[Shandong Normal University]]]]
Jinan is listed as the # 27 city in the world for scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] according to the Nature Index 2025 Science Cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> Notably, [[Shandong University]] is one of [[List of universities in China|China's most prestigious universities]] as a member of the former [[Project 985]] and the current [[Double First-Class Construction]].

===Universities and colleges===
* Qilu Normal University ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|齐鲁|师范|学院}}}}, formerly Shandong Educational Institute: {{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|教育|学院}}}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qlnu.edu.cn/|script-title=zh:齐鲁师范学院|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423010540/http://www.qlnu.edu.cn/|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Qilu University of Technology]] ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|轻工业|学院}}}}, or Shandong Polytechnic University)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.qlu.edu.cn/|title=QILU UNIVERSITY OF TECHROLOGY|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511104221/http://english.qlu.edu.cn/|archive-date=11 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shandong Architectural Institute ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|建筑|大学}}}})
* Shandong College of Electronic Technology ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|电子|职业|技术|学院}}}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdcet.cn/|script-title=zh:欢迎访问山东电子职业技术学院|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516222608/http://www.sdcet.cn/|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shandong Jiaotong University ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|交通|学院}}}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sdjtu.edu.cn/ |title=Shandong Jiaotong University official website |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329211149/http://www.sdjtu.edu.cn/ |archive-date=29 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Shandong Normal University]] ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|师范|大学}}}})
* Shandong Polytechnic ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|济南|铁道|职业|技术|学院}}}}, formerly Jinan Railway Polytechnic)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdp.edu.cn/index.htm|script-title=zh:山东职业学院(原济南铁道职业技术学院)|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031308/http://www.sdp.edu.cn/index.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shandong Sport University ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|体育|学院}}}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdpei.edu.cn|script-title=zh:山东体育学院|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521121644/http://www.sdpei.edu.cn/|archive-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shandong University]]
* Shandong University of Art and Design ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|工艺|美术|学院}}}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdada.edu.cn/wsb/ |script-title=zh:外事办|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531203053/http://www.sdada.edu.cn/wsb/|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Shandong University of Arts ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|山东|艺术|学院}}}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdca.edu.cn/english.html |script-title=zh:欢迎访问山东艺术学院|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623051820/http://www.sdca.edu.cn/english.html|archive-date=23 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Shandong University of Finance and Economics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdufe.edu.cn/|script-title=zh:山东财经大学欢迎您|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523054549/http://www.sdufe.edu.cn/|archive-date=23 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shandong University of Science and Technology]], which also has campuses in Qingdao and Tai'an.
* [[Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]]<ref>[http://www.sdutcm.edu.cn/english.html Shandong University of Chinese Traditional Medicine official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410012825/http://www.sdutcm.edu.cn/english.html |date=10 April 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Shandong Women's University]]
* [[University of Jinan]]

===Provincial high schools===
* [[Shandong Experimental High School]]
* [[Jinan Foreign Language School]]
* The High School Affiliated to Shandong Normal University ({{lang|zh-hans|山东师范大学附属中学}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fuzhong.sd.cn/ |title=Senior High School Attached to Shandong Normal University official website |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331162928/http://www.fuzhong.sd.cn/ |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Palmeiras x Shandong Luneng 2015 (16592174827).jpg|thumb|[[Palmeiras]] v. [[Shandong Luneng]] in 2015]]
The most renowned sports team in Jinan is [[Shandong Hi-Speed Kirin]]. They have been playing in the [[Chinese Basketball Association]] (CBA) since 1995. In the [[2012–13 CBA season]] they reached the final, but lost 4–0 to [[Guangdong Southern Tigers]].

The [[Shandong Taishan F.C.|Shandong Taishan]] Football Club is the most widely known football team in Jinan. The club currently plays in the highest tier of Chinese football, the [[Chinese Super League]]. They have been playing in the top tier for every season since the league became professional in 1994. Shandong Taishan has won five top division titles, eight [[Chinese FA Cup]]s, and one [[Chinese FA Super Cup]]. Jinan was also one of four host cities of China during the [[2004 AFC Asian Cup]].

In 2009, Jinan hosted the [[2009 National Games of China]], the premier sports event at the national level in China and the first major multi-sports event held in China after the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]]. The National Games' main venue was the [[Jinan Olympic Sports Center]].<ref name=Opening>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-10/17/content_8805502.htm 11th Chinese National Games opens in Jinan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044735/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-10/17/content_8805502.htm |date=29 April 2014}}. [[Xinhua News Agency]] (17 October 2009). Retrieved on 21 October 2009.</ref>

Since 2014, Jinan has also been known as the site of China's national winter swimming festivals at [[Daming Lake]], since 2016 organized in cooperation with the [[International Winter Swimming Association]] (IWSA). In the 2019–20 season, Jinan hosted the 8th Winter Springs-swimming International Invitational.<ref>[https://iwsa.world/events/4 IWSA official website]</ref>

== International relations ==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
: {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Augsburg]], [[Bavaria]], Germany (29 January 2004)
: {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Coventry]], [[England]], United Kingdom (5 May 1983)
: {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Joondalup]], [[Western Australia]], Australia (4 September 2004)
: {{flagdeco|BUL}} [[Kazanlak]], [[Stara Zagora Province]], Bulgaria (21 January 2013)
: {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Kharkiv]], Ukraine (31 July 2006)
: {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Kfar Saba]], Israel (16 July 2007)
: {{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Marmaris]], [[Muğla Province]], Turkey (19 September 2011)
: {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia (22 September 1994)
: {{flagdeco|PNG}} [[Port Moresby]], Papua New Guinea (29 February 1988)
: {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Porto Velho]], [[Rondônia|State of Rondônia]], Brazil (19 September 2011)
: {{flagdeco|CPV}} [[Praia]], [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago Island]], Cape Verde (9 April 2009)
: {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], Canada (29 January 1985)
: {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Rennes]], [[Brittany (administrative region)|Brittany Region]], France (24 March 2000)
: {{flagdeco|US}} [[Sacramento, California]], United States (2 October 1984)
: {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Suwon]], [[Gyeonggi Province]], South Korea (16 June 1993)
: {{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Vantaa]], [[Uusimaa]], Finland (22 December 2000)
: {{flagdeco|BLR}} [[Vitebsk]], Belarus (17 August 2009)
: {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Wakayama (city)|Wakayama]], [[Honshu]], Japan (20 April 1982)
: {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi]], [[Honshu]], Japan (22 March 1985)
: {{flagdeco|IND}} [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India (8 December 2017)
: {{flagdeco|ETH}} [[Arba Minch]], [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region]], Ethiopia (4 September 2018)
{{div col end}}

===Partner cities===
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
: {{flagdeco|SRB}} [[Novi Sad]], [[South Bačka District]], Serbia (2 June 2025)<ref>{{cite web|title=NOVI SAD I ĐINAN PRODUBLJUJU SARADNJU: Stiže novi pešačko-biciklistički most preko Dunava! Mićin: Siguran sam u opipljive rezultate saradnje između dva grada|url=https://nsuzivo.rs/novi-sad/foto-novi-sad-i-djinan-produbljuju-saradnju-stize-novi-pesacko-biciklisticki-most-preko-dunava-micin-siguran-sam-u-opipljive-rezultate-saradnje-izmedju-dva-grada/|publisher=nsuzivo.rs|date=2 June 2025|access-date=2 June 2025|language=Serbian}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Notable people==
* [[Fu Sheng (scholar)|Fu Sheng]] (268–178 BC), [[Confucianism]] scholar
* [[Xin Qiji]] (1140-1207), famous poet
* [[Li Qingzhao]] (1084-1155), famous poet
* [[Zhang Yanghao]] (1270–1329), famous author
* [[Yan Ping (artist)|Yan Ping]] (1956-), painter
* [[Gong Li]] (1956-), actress

{{Portal|China}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=de Crespigny |first= Rafe |title= Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155–220 AD |publisher= Brill |location= Leiden Boston |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-90-04-18522-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Iriye |first=Akira |author-link=Akira Iriye |title=After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921-1931 |location=Chicago  |orig-year=1965 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Imprint Publications |year=1990 |pages=193–205 |isbn=978-1879176003}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jinan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004062741/http://jinan.gov.cn/ Jinan Government website]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Chi-nan Fu |volume=6 |page=231}}
{{National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in Shandong}}
{{Shandong topics}}
{{Shandong}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Provincial capitals of China}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Major cities along the Yellow River}}
{{Megacities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jinan| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Shandong]]
[[Category:Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]
[[Category:Winter swimming]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Shandong]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]