View source for Jingshan Park

{{Short description|Historic park in Beijing with vantage point}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=struct|date=November 2016}}
{{stack|{{Infobox park
| name = Jingshan Park
| alt_name = {{lang|zh|景山公园}}
| photo = Jingshan park.jpg
| photo_width = 
| photo_alt = 
| photo_caption = One of the peaks of Jingshan
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| coords = {{Coord|39|55|25|N|116|23|26|E|region:CN-11_type:landmark|display=inline,title|name=Jingshan Park}}
| area = {{convert|23|ha|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}
| created = 11th century (built the hill) <br/> 1179 (as imperial garden) <br/> 1267 (rebuilt) <br/> 1651 (rebuilt) <br/> 1928 (as public park)
| operator = 
| visitation_num = 
| status = 
| website = 
| map = Beijing#China
| map_label =Jingshan Park
| map_width = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title             = Jingshan
|collapse          = <!-- yes|no   -->
|pic               = Image:Jingshanpic1.jpg
|piccap            = ''[[Paifang]]''
|picsize           = <!-- 200px          (Default is 260px) -->
|pictooltip        = <!-- image 1 tooltip (use for [[WP:ALT|alt text]]) -->
|c                 = {{lang|zh|{{linktext|景山}}}}
|l                 = Prospect Hill
|p                 = Jǐngshān
|w                 = Ching-shan
|psp               = <!-- Chinese postal map -->
<!-- First alt name -->
|altname           = Wansui Hill
|t2                = {{lang|zh|{{linktext|萬歲山}}}}
|s2                = {{lang|zh|{{linktext|万岁山}}}}
|l2                = Long-life Hill<br>Ten-Thousand Year Hill
|p2                = Wànsuìshān
|w2                = Wan-sui Shan
|psp2              = <!-- Chinese postal map2 -->
<!-- Second alt name -->
|altname3          =  [[Feng Shui]] Hill
|t3                =  {{lang|zh|{{linktext|風水山}}}}
|s3                =  {{lang|zh|{{linktext|风水山}}}}
|p3                =  Fēngshuǐshān
|w3                =  Feng-shui Shan
|psp3              =  <!--Chinese postal map3 -->
<!-- Third alt name -->
|altname4          =  Coal Hill
|c4                =  {{lang|zh|{{linktext|煤山}}}}
|p4                =  Méishān
|w4                =  Mei-shan
|psp4              =  <!--Chinese postal map4 -->
}}}}
'''Jingshan Park''' is an imperial park covering {{convert|23|ha}} immediately north of the [[Forbidden City]] in the [[Imperial City, Beijing|Imperial City area]] of [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/jingshan.htm |title=Jingshan Park |publisher=Travelchinaguide.com |access-date=2012-03-02}}</ref> The focal point is the artificial hill Jingshan ({{lang|zh|景山}}, {{Lit|Prospect Hill}}).{{refn|The term {{lang|zh|景}} translated here as "prospect" is actually a [[term of art]] in [[Chinese gardening]], referring to "the scenic and emotional focal points in a garden’s design, the sites of richest sensory experience".<ref name=academiadotedu>Whiteman, Stephen. "From Upper Camp to Mountain Estate: Recovering Historical Narratives in Qing Imperial Landscapes", [https://www.academia.edu/4159162/_From_Upper_Camp_to_Mountain_Estate_Recovering_Historical_Narratives_in_Qing_Imperial_Landscapes_ pp. 14 ff.] ''Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly''. Taylor & Francis, 2013. Accessed 16 November 2013.</ref>}} Formerly a private [[Imperial China|imperial]] [[Chinese garden|garden]] attached to the grounds of the Forbidden City, the grounds were opened to the public in 1928.<ref name=cult/> The park was formally established in 1949.<ref name=cult>''Cultural China''. "[http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/109Scenery8651.html Jinshan Park in Beijing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512222004/http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/109Scenery8651.html |date=2013-05-12 }}". Accessed 16 November 2013.</ref> It is listed as a [[Key State Park of China|Key State Park]] and is administratively part of [[Xicheng District]] in downtown Beijing.

==History==
[[File:Maquette van de Verboden Stad en Jingshan Park.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Model showing Jingshan Park north of the Forbidden City.]]
Jingshan's history dates to the [[History_of_Beijing#Liao, Song and Jin dynasties|Liao and Jin dynasties]], almost a thousand years ago.<ref>[http://www.bjjsgy.com/Eindex.aspx Beijing Jingshan Park Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605210803/http://www.bjjsgy.com/Eindex.aspx |date=2013-06-05 }} Accessed 2013-06-18</ref> The {{convert|45.7|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on|sigfig=3}} high artificial hill was constructed in the [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle era]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] entirely from the soil excavated in forming the moats of the Imperial Palace and nearby canals. All of this material was moved by manual labor and animal power. Jingshan consists of five individual peaks, and on the top of each peak there lies an elaborate pavilion. These pavilions were used by officials for gathering and leisure purposes. These five peaks also draw the approximate historical axis of central Beijing.  

The dictates of ''[[feng shui]]'' long praised tombs and residences sited south of a nearby hill, serving to channel both harmful ''[[yin (concept)|yin]]'' and cold northern winds. With Jingshan serving that purpose, it gained the name '''Feng Shui Hill'''. It is also well known to locals as '''Coal Hill''', from an old rumor that the emperors kept a hidden stash in the park.<ref>''The China Guide''. "[http://www.thechinaguide.com/index.php?action=activity/view&activity_id=24 Jingshan Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413214940/http://www.thechinaguide.com/index.php?action=activity%2Fview&activity_id=24 |date=2016-04-13 }}". Accessed 16 November 2013.</ref>

The [[Chongzhen Emperor]], the last ruler of the Ming dynasty, committed suicide by hanging himself from [[Zuihuai|a tree]] in Jingshan in 1644 after Beijing fell to [[Li Zicheng]]'s rebel forces.

== Relationship with the Forbidden City ==
Jingshan Hill is separated from the [[Forbidden City]] by the palace moat. However, until 1928 the park sat directly by the moat and was accessible on the south side only from the Forbidden City via the [[Gate of Divine Might]]. In 1928, a new road (New Jingshan Street) was built to the north of the palace moat. This fully separated Jingshan Hill from the Forbidden City. The Gate of Divine Might became the back door of the Palace Museum, and the front gate of Jingshan Park now stood to the north of the new road.

The street addresses of both the Forbidden City and Jingshan Park are on New Jingshan Street. Jingshan Park is now a popular place for people to gather and socialize. One can often find elderly folks dancing, singing opera and doing other cultural activities, such as [[kuaiban]], at Jingshan Park.

==Access==
The park has four entrances, one in each of the cardinal directions, but only three are currently open to the public. The south entrance is located across Jingshan Front Street from the Forbidden City and is accessible by [[Beijing Bus]] routes 101, 103, 109, 124, 202, 211, 609 and 685. The west entrance on Jingshan West Street and Doushan Street is a short walk from the east gate of [[Beihai Park]] and is accessible by Bus routes 5 and 609. [[Beijing Trolleybus|Trolleybus]] routes 111 and 124 stop at the east entrance. The north entrance is currently closed to the public.  It is at the T-intersection between Jingshan Back Street and [[Di'anmen]] Inner Street and is accessible by Bus routes 5, 111, 124 and 609.

==Gallery==
{|
|<gallery heights="140px" mode="packed">
File:Jingshanpic4.jpg|View from the top of Jingshan
File:JingShan Park.jpg|A walk through the park
File:Beijing Jingshan Park.JPG|Stone tablets in Jingshan
Gfp-beijing-jingshan-down-the-slope.jpg|Steps leading uphill
File:景山富覽亭.JPG|Fulan Pavilion ({{lang|zh-hans|富览亭}})
File:Pagode im Jingshan Park.jpg|Wanchun Pavilion ({{lang|zh-hans|万春亭}})
File:Jingshan Park Peak Pagoda (fragment) (8022849885).jpg|Wanchun Pavilion close-up
File:Gfp-beijing-jingshan-small-pavilion.jpg|Guanmiao Pavilion ({{lang|zh-hans|观妙亭}})
File:Buddha at Jingshan hill top temple China.jpg|[[Vairocana]] Buddha statue in Wanchun Pavilion
China peking1-18.12.-27.12.2004.JPG|Zhoushang Pavilion ({{lang|zh-hans|周赏亭}})
File:景山倚望樓.JPG|Yiwang Building ({{lang|zh-hans|倚望楼}})
File:Jingshanpic6.jpg|The place where [[Chongzhen Emperor]] of [[Ming dynasty]] committed suicide
File:Jingshanpic7.jpg|View of hilltop pavilion, 2005
File:Jingshanpic3.jpg|Jingshan in autumn, 2007
</gallery>
|}

==See also==
* [[Jingshan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Zuihuai]]
* [[Nine Altars and Eight Temples]]
* [[List of Beijing landmarks]]
* [[Zhongnanhai]]
* [[Summer Palace]]
* [[Old Summer Palace]]

==References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Jingshan Park|Jingshan Park}}
{{Xicheng District}}
{{Beijing Parks}}
{{Old Beijing}}

[[Category:1928 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Xicheng District]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing]]
[[Category:Parks in Beijing]]
[[Category:1928 in Beijing]]