View source for Jockey

{{short description|Someone who rides horses in horse racing or steeplechase racing}}
{{about|the sports occupation}}
{{redirect|Horse racer|the snake|Lampropeltis getula{{!}}''Lampropeltis getula''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Missing information|[[African-American]] jockeys|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Tony dobbin.jpg|right|thumb|A jockey riding in a [[hurdle]] race]]

A '''jockey''' is someone who rides horses in [[horse racing]] or [[steeplechase (horse racing)|steeplechase]] racing, primarily as a profession. The word also applies to camel riders in [[camel racing]]. The word "jockey" originated from [[England]] and was used to describe the individual who rode horses in racing. They must be light, typically around a weight of 100–120&nbsp;lb. (45–55&nbsp;kg), and physically fit. They are typically self-employed, and are paid a small fee from the horse trainer, whose colors they wear while competing in a race. They also receive a percentage of the horse's winnings. The job has a very high risk of debilitating or life-threatening injuries, not only from racing accidents but also, because of strict weight restrictions, from eating disorders. 

Originally, in most countries, the jockeys were all male. Over time, female jockeys have been allowed to ride; thus, now there are many successful and well-known female jockeys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.life.com/history/female-jockeys-who-broke-down-barriers/|title=Female Jockeys Who Broke Down Barriers|first=Bill|last=Syken|date=7 March 2023}}</ref> The participation of African American jockeys has also had a complex history.<ref name=":2" />

==Etymology==
The word is by origin a diminutive of ''jock'', the [[Northern England|Northern English]] or [[Scots language|Scots]] colloquial equivalent of the first name ''[[John (name)|John]]'', which is also used generically for "boy" or "fellow" (compare ''[[Jack (name)|Jack]]'', ''[[Richard|Dick]]''), at least since 1529. A familiar instance of the use of the word as a name is in "Jockey of Norfolk" in Shakespeare's ''Richard III''. v. 3, 304.

In the 16th and 17th centuries the word was applied to horse-dealers, [[postilion]]s, itinerant [[minstrel]]s and vagabonds, and thus frequently bore the meaning of a cunning trickster, a "sharp", whence the verb ''to jockey'', "to outwit", or "to do" a person out of something. The current meaning of a person who rides a horse in races was first seen in 1670.<ref>{{OEtymD|jockey|accessdate=12 August 2008}}</ref> [[Polly Adler]] also used "[[jock (stereotype)|jock]]" as [[shorthand]] for "jockey" in her 1953 book, ''[[Polly Adler#Autobiography|A House Is Not a Home]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Polly |title=A House Is Not a Home |date=1953 |page=89|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press }}</ref>

==Physical characteristics==
[[File:Sun Downs Kennewick 02.JPG|thumb|Jockey being weighed post-race, holding equipment]]

Jockeys must be light to ride at the weights which are assigned to their mounts. There are horse carrying weight limits that are set by racing authorities. The [[Kentucky Derby]], for example, has a weight limit of {{convert|126|lb|kg|abbr=on}} including the jockey's equipment. The weight of a jockey racing on the flat usually ranges from {{convert|108|to|118|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="weight1"/> Despite their light weight, they must be able to control a horse that is moving at {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and weighs {{convert|1190.5|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} Though there is no height limit for jockeys, they are usually fairly short due to the weight limits.

Jockeys racing on the flat typically stand around {{convert|4|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} to {{convert|5|ft|7|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="weight1">{{cite web|publisher=[[Animal Planet]]|url=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/jockeys/horse-racing/jockeys-101/general-facts.html|title=General Jockey Facts|work=Animal Planet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008170040/http://animal.discovery.com/tv/jockeys/horse-racing/jockeys-101/general-facts.html|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|Jump jockeys]] are often taller, with multiple examples over {{convert|5|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=The World's Tallest Jockeys |url=https://www.greatbritishracing.com/features/the-worlds-tallest-jockeys/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Great British Racing |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Lester Piggott]], considered one of the greatest flat jockeys, was nicknamed "Longfellow" for his height of {{convert|5|ft|8|in|cm|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-29 |title=Lester Piggott: Record-breaking jockey dies aged 86 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/horse-racing/61623271 |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> and [[Jack Andrews (jockey)|Jack Andrews]], who is {{convert|6|ft|4|in|cm|abbr=on}}, can ride at a weight of {{convert|142|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1" /> [[Bruce Hobbs]] was at {{convert|6|ft|1.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} the tallest jockey ever to win the [[Grand National]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Aaron |date=2021-05-12 |title=The Top 10 Tallest Jockeys Of All Time |url=https://www.casino.org/blog/top-10-tallest-jockeys/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Casino.org Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Role==
[[File:(Albi) Le Jockey - 1899 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - Musée Toulouse-Lautrec.jpg |thumb|left|[[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]] – ''The Jockey'' (1899)]]

Jockeys are normally [[Self-employment|self employed]], nominated by [[horse trainer]]s to ride their horses in races, for a fee (which is paid regardless of the prize money the horse earns for a race) and a percentage of the purse winnings. In Australia, employment of apprentice jockeys is in terms of indenture to a master (a trainer); and there is a clear employee-employer relationship. When an apprentice jockey finishes their apprenticeship and becomes a "fully fledged jockey", the nature of their employment and insurance requirements change because they are regarded as "freelance", like contractors. Jockeys often cease their riding careers to take up other employment in racing, usually as trainers. In this way the apprenticeship system serves to induct young people into racing employment.

[[File:Racecourse In Chester3.jpg|thumb|Six jockeys and their horses taking a curve]]
Jockeys usually start out when they are young, exercising horses in the morning for trainers, and entering the riding profession as apprentice jockeys. It is normally necessary for an apprentice jockey to ride a minimum of about 20 barrier trials successfully before being permitted to ride in races.{{Clarify|date=May 2011}} An apprentice jockey is known as a "bug boy" because the asterisk that follows the name in the program looks like a bug.<ref>McGarr, Elizabeth, [http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2007-02-27/mcgarr-bugboys "A Jockey's Life, Stage 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209064950/http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2007-02-27/mcgarr-bugboys |date=9 December 2008 }}, ''Columbia News Service'', Retrieved 12 August 2008.</ref>  All jockeys must be licensed and usually are not permitted to bet on a race. An apprentice jockey has a master, who is a horse trainer, and the apprentice is also allowed to "claim" weight off the horse's back: in handicapped races, more experienced riders will have their horses given an extra amount of weight to carry, whereas a jockey in their apprenticeship will have less weight on their horse, giving trainers an incentive to hire these less-experienced jockeys. This weight allowance is adjusted according to the number of winners that the apprentice has ridden. After a four-year indentured apprenticeship, the apprentice becomes a senior jockey<ref name=":0">[http://www.racingnsw.com.au/Page.asp?page=tr.jockey Training: Apprentice Jockey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810080136/http://www.racingnsw.com.au/Page.asp?page=tr.jockey |date=10 August 2008 }}. Racing NSW.</ref> and usually develops relationships with trainers and individual horses. Sometimes senior jockeys are paid a retainer by an owner which gives the owner the right to insist the jockey ride their horses in races.

Racing modeled on the English Jockey Club spread throughout the world with colonial expansion.

== {{Anchor|Horse-racing colours|Racing colours|Racing silks}} Racing colours == <!-- Other articles link here. -->
{{See also|Horse racing colours in Great Britain}}
[[File:Owner Dr Cyrus Poonawalla.svg|thumb|right|upright=.8|The colours worn by jockeys when racing horses owned by [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla]]]]
The colours worn by jockeys in races are the registered "colours" of the owner or trainer who employs them. The practice of riders wearing colours probably stems from medieval times when jousts were held between knights. However, the origins of racing colours of various patterns may have been influenced by racing held in Italian city communities since medieval times. Purple, gold and or yellow/nude,<ref name=":0" /> Such traditional events are still held on town streets and are known for furious riding and the colorful spectacle they offer.<ref name="SH">Sun-Herald, 11 October 2010, p.77, ''Colour me fad''</ref>

While the term "silks" is used in the United States to refer to racing colours, technically "silks" are the white breeches and bib, stock or cravat. Obtaining them is a rite of passage when a jockey is first able to don silken pants and colors in their first race ride.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} At one time silks were invariably made of silk chosen for being a lightweight fabric, though now synthetics are used instead. Silks and their colours are important symbols of loyalty and festivity.

Many of the silks bear chequered patterns, polka dots, stripes or icons such as quatrefoils. The wearing of silks originated in the United Kingdom. They were first mentioned in 1515, and the current system was formally established in the 1700s. Horses are identified as they race by the colourful, traditional silk shirts and helmets their jockeys wear, these representing the horses' owners. The colours need to be significantly different to serve this purpose and are registered by each Australian state's Principal Racing Authority (PRA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian rules of racing |date=2020 |issue=April |url=https://racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/Australian_rules_of_Racing/Australian_Rules_of_Racing_01_April_2020.pdf}}</ref> 
The silks of famous jockeys, horses and owners can fetch high prices at auction, suggesting the esteem in which history and tradition are held in horse racing. Although Racing Australia requires that all jockeys wear approved helmets and safety vests, racegoers are unaware of this latter safety equipment as it is worn beneath the silks. Jockeys also wear a 'skivvy' under the silks. On race days the skivvy chosen is a lightweight mesh or microfibre bodysuit, sleeved or sleeveless, whereas, for track work, a more heavy-duty version may be worn. Summarising, during an Australian race day, jockeys must wear the following: the helmet (or skullcap), goggles, silks, vest, breeches, gloves, boots, saddle and girth and stirrups.

==Awards==
Various awards are given annually to jockeys by organizations affiliated with the sport of thoroughbred racing in countries throughout the world. They include:

*'''Australia'''
**[[Scobie Breasley Medal]]
*'''Canada'''
** [[Avelino Gomez Memorial Award]]
*'''United Kingdom'''
** [[Lester Award]]
** [[British flat racing Champion Jockey|Champion Flat Jockey Award]]
** [[British jump racing Champion Jockey|Champion Jump Jockey Award]]
*'''United States'''
** [[George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award]]
** [[Isaac Murphy Award]]

==Risk factors==
[[File:Tony McCoy fall.jpg|thumb|A race fall]]

Horse racing is a sport where jockeys may incur permanent, debilitating, and even life-threatening injuries. Chief among them include concussion, bone fractures, arthritis, trampling, and paralysis. Jockey insurance premiums remain among the highest of all professional sports.<ref>[http://www.kentucky.com/mld/kentucky/news/legislature/14156449.htm "Jockey insurance measure hits snag"], Kentucky.com. Lexington Herald-Leader. (accessed 2 April 2006)</ref> Between 1993 and 1996, 6,545 injuries occurred during official races for an injury rate of 606 per 1,000 jockey years.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/HorseJockey/ ''Safety and Health in the Horse Racing Industry'']. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed 10 October 2008.</ref> In Australia race riding is regarded as being the second most deadly job, after offshore fishing. From 2002 to 2006 five deaths and 861 serious injuries were recorded.<ref name="SH"/>

Eating disorders (such as [[anorexia nervosa|anorexia]]) are also very common among jockeys, as they face extreme pressure to maintain unusually low (and specific) weights, sometimes within a five-pound (2.3&nbsp;kg) margin.<ref>David Schmeichel, "{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20070623032604/http://winsun.canoe.ca/News/FoodFright/2006/03/21/1497775-sun.html Throwing up for a living - Bulimic jockeys common ... Going hungry]}}," Winnipeg Sun. (accessed 2 April 2006)</ref> The bestselling biography, ''[[Seabiscuit: An American Legend]]'' chronicled the eating disorders of jockeys living in the first half of the twentieth century. As in the cases of champion jockey [[Kieren Fallon]] and Robert Winston, the pressure to stay light has been blamed in part for jockeys suffering agonies of thirst from dehydration while racing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/racing-weight-rules-are-ruining-jockeys-health-says-dettori-473805.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520163728/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/racing-weight-rules-are-ruining-jockeys-health-says-dettori-473805.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 May 2009 |title=Racing: Weight rules are ruining jockeys' health, says Dettori |author=Chris McGrath |date=12 April 2006 |work=The Independent web page |publisher=independent.co.uk |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> Sports Dietitians Australia warns: "Dehydration and energy depletion may compromise concentration and coordination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsdietitians.com.au/content/166/Jockeys/ |title=Sports Dietitians Australia |author=Bronwen Greenaway, Helen O'Connor & Kelly Stewart |work=web page |publisher=Sports Dietitians Australia |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219044749/http://www.sportsdietitians.com.au/content/166/Jockeys/ |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indeed, recent research carried out in association with the Irish Turf Club measured the effects of rapid weight loss to make weight in professional and apprentice jockeys and found significant levels of dehydration; however, cognitive function was maintained, suggesting jockeys had become accustomed to performing in a dehydrated state and had potentially developed a preventative mechanism to enable them to perform under these conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cullen|first1=SJ|last2=Dolan|first2=E|last3=McGoldrick|first3=A|last4=O'Brien|first4=K|last5=Carson|first5=BP|last6=Warrington|first6=G|s2cid=43137685|title=The impact of making-weight on cognitive performance in apprentice|journal=Journal of Sports Sciences|date=2015|doi=10.1080/02640414.2014.1002104|pmid=25582959|volume=33|issue=15|pages=1589–95}}</ref>

In January 2016 it was announced that the International Concussion and Head Injury Research Foundation (ICHIRF) will run a new study. Named 'Concussion in Sport' it will be the first study to take a detailed look at the effects of concussion on sports people, including on around 200 retired jockeys.<ref>{{cite news|title=Richard Dunwoody among concussion project volunteers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/35364444|access-date=21 January 2016|work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>{{needs update|date=January 2025|reason=Conclusions of this study?}}

==Female jockeys==
Based on American statistics, women comprise only 14% of working jockeys, and ride only 10% of all race starts.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===Australia===
During the 1850s, women-only horse-racing events were held in [[Victoria, Australia]]; women were not permitted to ride as professional jockeys or on professional tracks with men.

Although women jockeys were barred from riding at registered race meetings, in the mid-1900s Wilhemena Smith rode as Bill Smith at north [[Queensland]] racecourses. She was nicknamed Bill ''Girlie'' Smith because she arrived on course with her riding gear on under her clothes and did not shower on course. It was only at the time of her death in 1975 that the racing world was officially told that Bill was really Wilhemena. Subsequent inquiries proved that William Smith was actually a woman who had been born Wilhemena Smith in a Sydney hospital in 1886.<ref>[http://www.justracing.com.au/features.php?news_page=1&artid=1446&catid=100 Just Racing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108100533/http://www.justracing.com.au/features.php?news_page=1&artid=1446&catid=100 |date=8 November 2009 }} Retrieved on 5 May 2009</ref> In an era when women were clearly denied equality, she had become known as a successful jockey in Queensland country districts as 'Bill Smith'. [[Elizabeth Williams Berry]] rode in [[Melbourne]] and internationally, disguised as a boy and using the name, Jack Williams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23805367/mother_berry_age_110_1964_p_1_of_2/|title='Mother' Berry Is 110 Years Old Today, Recalls Native Australia|last=Olds|first=Virginia|date=21 June 1964|work=The Independent-Record|access-date=8 July 2019|via=Newspapers.com}} and {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23805378/mother_berry_age_110_1964_p_2_of_2/|title='Mother' Berry Will Mark 110th Birthday Today|date=21 June 1964|work=The Independent-Record|access-date=8 July 2019|page=8|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

During the late 1960s, restrictions against female trainers were lifted in Australia, but female jockeys were still confined to "ladies only" events, which were held on non-professional tracks. The [[Victoria Racing Club]] in 1974 permitted women jockeys to be registered for professional "ladies only" events. In 1978, racing rules in New Zealand were amended to permit women jockeys.

In the late 1970s, pioneers such as Pam O'Neill in Australia and [[Linda Jones (jockey)|Linda Jones]] from New Zealand forced jockey club officials to grant women the right to compete on an equal footing in registered races against men. They were unquestionably the first women jockeys to be licensed to ride in the metropolitan areas of Australia. Previously women had been riding against men in Australia at the unregistered "all-height" meetings. O'Neill created a world record for any jockey, male or female, when she rode a treble at Southport on her first day's riding.<ref>[http://www.queenslandracing.com.au/get_involved/rich_history.asp QLD Racing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912102021/http://www.queenslandracing.com.au/get_involved/rich_history.asp |date=12 September 2009 }} Retrieved 11 May 2009</ref>
Australia's top woman jockey, Bev Buckingham, became the first woman in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] to win 1,000 races. In 1998, in a fall at the Elwick Racecourse (Hobart), she broke her neck. She used a wheelchair for some time afterward, but regained her strength and mobility and was able to walk again without assistance.<ref>[http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0259b.htm Australian Women] Retrieved 11 May 2009</ref>

In 2004–05, Clare Lindop won the Adelaide jockeys' premiership and became the first woman to win a metropolitan jockeys' premiership in mainland Australia. In 2005, Andrea Leek became the first woman to ride the winner of the Grand National Hurdle (4,300 m) at Flemington when she won aboard Team Heritage.<ref name="racingandsports.com.au">[http://www.racingandsports.com.au/racing/rsNewsArt.asp?NID=58666 RVL Recognises Role of Women in Racing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706111928/http://www.racingandsports.com.au/racing/rsNewsArt.asp?NID=58666 |date=6 July 2011 }} Retrieved 11 May 2009</ref>
 
In 2009 it was reported women account for 17% of jockeys in Victoria. But, they receive only 10% of the rides, and are often overlooked in favour of male jockeys, especially in the cities.<ref>[http://www.guidomedia.com/aws/dunn06.html AllWomenSport.com A history of women in racing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917174737/http://www.guidomedia.com/aws/dunn06.html |date=17 September 2009 }} Retrieved 11 May 2009</ref> In some regions of Australia about half of the apprentice jockey intakes are women.<ref name="racingandsports.com.au"/>

In January 2015 at [[Mount Gambier]], South Australia, all eight races on the card were won by women jockeys: Emily Finnegan (3 wins), Clare Lindop (2), Holly McKechnie (2) and Chelsea Jokic (1).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/sport/racing/female-jockeys-dominant|title=Female jockeys dominant|date=11 April 2017|website=[[Otago Daily Times]] }}</ref>

[[Michelle Payne]] became the first female jockey to win the [[Melbourne Cup]] on 3 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Get stuffed': how Michelle Payne and family beat odds to win Melbourne Cup|url = https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/nov/03/get-stuffed-how-michelle-payne-and-family-beat-odds-to-win-melbourne-cup|newspaper =[[The Guardian]] |access-date = 3 November 2015|first = Bridie|last = Jabour|date = 3 November 2015}}</ref>

===Great Britain and Ireland===
Women were initially banned from racing under Jockey Club rules in Britain, though records indicate that women rode, disguised as men, as early as 1804.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com|title=Women Raced in England as Long Ago as 1804.|last=Wall|first=Maryjean|date=2 February 1969|work=Lexington Herald-Leader|access-date=12 July 2019|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In the [[Victorian era]], Elizabeth Williams Berry of Australia, noted above, came to England and rode disguised as a man, continuing to use the name Jack Williams. To help her disguise, she smoked cigars and wore a [[bowler hat]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23805186/mother_berry_1959_age_105/|title=Mother Berry Will Be Honored with Reception on Her 105th Birthday|date=21 June 1959|work=The Independent-Record|access-date=8 July 2019|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In the 20th century, after many years of debate, a series of a dozen races was approved for female jockeys in 1972. [[Meriel Patricia Tufnell]] overcame childhood disability to ride the novice Scorched Earth to victory in the first race, the Goya Stakes at Kempton Park on 6 May 1972.<ref>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Jan 2006</ref> In 1976 [[Valerie Greaves (jockey)|Valerie Greaves]] became the first amateur woman to "beat professionals under Rules" at [[Hexham Racecourse]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1976-12-31 |work=Lincolnshire Standard and Boston Guardian |author=Woldsman   |title=Go racing with Woldsman |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005169/19761231/488/0022 |page=22 |location=Lincoln, UK }}</ref> In September, 1978, Karen Wiltshire, age 22, won a Salisbury handicap on The Goldstone, making her the first woman professional jockey to ride a winner in a British flat race. In 2024, Wiltshire published an account of the prejudice she had to deal with as a woman jockey in the 1970s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Karen Wiltshire: Pioneering female jockey on overcoming abuse and ridicule |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/articles/c937l91pd5ro |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hopkins |first=Jamie |date=2023-11-22 |title=Racing Trailblazers: Alex Greaves |url=https://horseracinghof.com/features/racing-trailblazers-alex-greaves/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Hall of Fame |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dench |first=Graham |date=2019-09-21 |title=The first generation of female riders who made the breakthrough |url=https://www.racingpost.com/news/features/the-last-golden-generation-alex-greaves-emma-ogorman-and-kim-tinkler-a0W0k6M44j44/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.racingpost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cook |first=Chris |date=2018-09-09 |title=Calls for financial incentives to boost chances for female jockeys |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/sep/09/karen-wiltshire-financial-incentives-female-jockeys-hayley-turner-horse-racing-tips |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wiltshire |first=Karen |title=No Place for a Girl |publisher=Pitch Publishing Ltd |year=2024 |isbn=9781801509923}}</ref>  In 1996, [[Alex Greaves]], the daughter of Valerie Greaves, became the first woman to ride in the [[Epsom Dash]] in [[Epsom Derby]]'s 216-year history.<ref>{{cite news |date=1996-06-07 |work=Aberdeen Evening Express |author=<!--Not stated-->   |title=On the right track |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000445/19960607/552/0059 |page=59 |location=Aberdeen, UK }}</ref> 

The first decade of the 21st century saw the profile of women jockeys rise considerably in British Flat racing. In 2005 [[Hayley Turner]] became [[British flat racing Champion Apprentice|Champion Apprentice]] rider, before becoming the first woman to ride 100 winners in a British season in 2008. Also in 2008, [[Kirsty Milczarek]] became the first woman to ride three winners at a single British race meeting, at Kempton in February. Milczarek rode 71 winners that year. This period saw the total number of female jockeys in British Flat racing rise significantly. Two further female jockeys have won the apprentice championship since Turner – Amy Ryan in 2012 and [[Josephine Gordon]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keogh|first1=Frank|title=Josephine Gordon: 'Woman will become champion jockey within 15 years'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/37718795|access-date=2 November 2016|date=20 October 2016}}</ref> This change has not applied in National Hunt racing, though amateur riders [[Nina Carberry]] and [[Katie Walsh (jockey)|Katie Walsh]] (sister of [[Ruby Walsh]]) have gained success in Ireland and ridden winners at the [[Cheltenham Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishracinggreats.com/pages/leading-jump-jockeys-text1.htm |title=Irish Racing Greats |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802101157/http://www.irishracinggreats.com/pages/leading-jump-jockeys-text1.htm |archive-date=2 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goracing.ie/HRI/Whats-On/About-Horse-Racing/Profiles/Jockey-Profiles/Katie-Walsh/|title=Jockey Data}}</ref> In the 2010 [[National Hunt Chase Challenge Cup|National Hunt Chase]] at the Cheltenham Festival the winner and runner-up were both ridden by female jockeys. Katie Walsh was on board Poker de Sivola finishing ahead of Becauseicouldntsee which was ridden by Nina Carberry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/cheltenham-festival/|title=Cheltenham Festival 2024 &#124; Tickets & Info &#124; The Jockey Club|website=Cheltenham Racecourse}}</ref>

On Boxing Day 2015 [[Lizzie Kelly]] became the first female jockey to win a grade one race in Britain, on Tea For Two in the [[Kauto Star Novices' Chase]] at [[Kempton Park Racecourse|Kempton Park]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lizzie Kelly becomes first female jockey to win Grade One race|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/35181623|access-date=26 March 2016|date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Lizzie Kelly won another grade 1 in 2017. It was the [[Betway Bowl]] at the Grand National Festival, on Tea For Two. In the 2016/17 season Rachael Blackmore became the first female jockey to win the Irish Conditional Jockeys title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tipperary jockey Rachael Blackmore crowned Conditional Riders champion|date=May 2017 |url=http://www.nationalist.ie/news/sport/247630/tipperary-jockey-rachael-blackmore-crowned-conditional-riders-champion.html|publisher=Nationalist|access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> In 2018 Lizzie Kelly became the first female professional jockey to ride a winner at the Cheltenham Festival. She rode Coo Star Sivola in the Ultima handicap chase. In 2019 Bryony Frost became the first female jockey to ride a grade 1 winner at the Cheltenham Festival. She rode Frodon in the Ryanair Chase. In 2021, [[Rachael Blackmore]] became the first female jockey to win the [[Grand National]], the most valuable jump race in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachael Blackmore: Historic Grand National triumph for modest trailblazer|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/56704524|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> The [[British Horseracing Authority]] (BHA) has set about encouraging the women who make up three quarters of the graduates from the two principal racing schools in the UK to stay in the profession as jockeys.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Female jockeys as good as males, suggests Thoroughbred Horseracing Industries MBA study {{!}} British Horseracing Authority |url=https://www.britishhorseracing.com/press_releases/female-jockeys-good-males-suggests-thoroughbred-horseracing-industries-mba-study/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.britishhorseracing.com}}</ref>

===New Zealand===

In [[Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand]] women constitute over 40% of jockeys.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thoroughbredracing.com/articles/numbers-new-zealand-racing-environment-equality/ |title=By the numbers: New Zealand racing an environment of equality &#124; Topics: Jockey, New Zealand, Danielle Johnson |website=www.thoroughbredracing.com |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>

The first win by a woman in New Zealand was visiting Canadian jockey Joan Phipps, at Te Awamutu in November 1977.

[[Linda Jones (jockey)|Linda Jones]] is believed to be the first New Zealand woman to apply for an apprentice's licence, however she was turned down. She had ridden in a number of lady riders events over many years in New Zealand and overseas such as in Brazil, which highlighted that New Zealand and Australia were outliers in not allowing women to compete with male jockeys in professional races.  She persevered and the New Zealand Racing Conference eventually accepted female jockeys.  They became eligible to ride on 15 July 1978 with the first New Zealand woman to ride in a totalisator race in New Zealand being [[Jo Giles|Joanne Hale (Giles)]] on that day at Waimate. Sue Day (Christchurch), Joanne Lamond (Oamaru) and Vivienne Kaye (Awapuni) also rode in later races on that same day.

Sue Day became the first New Zealand female jockey winner in a totalisator race against males on 22 July 1978 when she won with the Ned Thistoll-trained Jaws in the Waybrook Handicap at Timaru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2018/07/13/sue-historic-day-40-years-racing-milestone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713035821/https://horsetalk.co.nz/2018/07/13/sue-historic-day-40-years-racing-milestone/ |archive-date=July 13, 2018 |title=Sue's historic day: 40 years since NZ woman's horse racing milestone|date=July 13, 2018 |last=<!--no name--> |website=horsetalk.co.nz}}</ref> Another female jockey riding then was Cherie Saxon (Hastings).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/racing-stable-cheered-as-treble-earns-bonus/R64TIAC6G6N5IUZKQYH5MOHIAM/|title=Racing: Stable cheered as treble earns bonus|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref>

Linda Jones' first win was on Big Bickies at Te Rapa and soon after she won with Royal Petite, the first Open Handicap winner for a female jockey. Subsequent highlight wins for Jones were Lovaro in the Queen Elizabeth Handicap and Holy Toledo in the Wellington Derby on 22 January 1979 (possibly the first female jockey world-wide to win a Derby). Jones was also the first female jockey to win a professional race against males at a registered meeting in Australia, winning aboard Pay The Purple in the Labour Day Cup at [[Doomben Racecourse]], Brisbane on May 7, 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/racing-women-jockeys-have-had-long-rough-ride/BM56KSWY4LGBWTZEAEDRDTAYHE/|title=Racing: Women jockeys have had long, rough ride|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=11 July 2018 }}</ref>

In 1982 Maree Lyndon was the first female jockey to win a Group I race in New Zealand when winning the [[New Zealand Cup]] on Sirtain.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://loveracing.nz/News/34976/TheNewZealandCup158YearsofHistory.aspx | title=The New Zealand Cup: 158 Years of History }}</ref>

In 1986 Trudy Thornton became the first woman jockey to ride in New Zealand's longest thoroughbred race, the [[Great Northern Steeplechase]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/9648879/Trudy-Thornton-defying-age-with-strong-start|title=Stuff |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] }}</ref> In 1995, Tina Egan was the first woman to win the race.

In 1997 Catherine Hutchinson (née Tremayne) was the first female jockey to ride six winners in a day, which she did at Ruakaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Kiwi jockey lands first win as a trainer |url=https://www.racingnews.co.nz/former-kiwi-jockey-lands-first-win-as-a-trainer/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.racingnews.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.racingandsports.com.au/news/racing/news/2020-04-13/first-win-as-trainer-for-pioneering-female-jockey-cathy-tremayne/514946|title=First Win As Trainer For Pioneering Female Jockey Cathy Tremayne|website=www.racingandsports.com.au}}</ref>

In 2005 and 2006 Lisa Cropp won the New Zealand jockeys' premierships.<ref>[http://www.guidomedia.com/aws/dunn06.html AllWomenSport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917174737/http://www.guidomedia.com/aws/dunn06.html |date=17 September 2009 }} Retrieved 11 May 2009</ref> In recent years the New Zealand jockeys premiership has been won by [[Lisa Allpress]] (2012, 2016, 2019 and 2020), Samantha Collett (2018) and Danielle Johnson (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Horse Racing Statistics and Information - RaceBase |url=http://www.racebase.co.nz/ |website=racebase.co.nz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123050211/http://www.racebase.co.nz/ |archive-date= 23 November 2023 }}</ref>

In April 2017 at Timaru eight of the nine races on the card were won by women jockeys: Alysha Collett, Kylie Williams, Tina Comignaghi, Amanda Morgan and Samantha Wynne.<ref name="auto"/>

On 10 October 2019 at [[Tauherenikau Racecourse]] all eight races were won by women riders: Rosie Myers (4 races), Lisa Allpress (2), Charlotte O'Beirne (A) and Leah Mischewski.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loveracing.nz/News/29062/FemaleridersdominantintheCup.aspx|title=Female riders dominant in the Cup|website=loveracing.nz}}</ref>

===United States and Canada===
[[Eliza Carpenter]] (1851 – 1924) was an early [[African-American]] [[race horse]] owner. In [[Ponca City, Oklahoma]], she trained horses for racing, becoming one of the few African-American [[stable]] owners in the [[American West|West]].<ref name="TAA">{{cite web|title="Fans" mourn woman jockey|publisher= The Afro-American |date=20 December 1924 |page= 8|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19241220&id=SjUmAAAAIBAJ&pg=5174,946490|access-date= 21 February 2012 |via=Google News |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231222042401/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19241220&id=SjUmAAAAIBAJ&pg=5174,946490|archive-date=22 December 2023  }}</ref> When dissatisfied with the way a race was going, she sometimes would ride her own horses as a jockey, winning some races. Recorded names of her horses include "Irish Maid", "Blue Bird", "Jimmy Rain", "Sam Carpenter", and "Little Brown Jug", the last of which she reportedly raced at [[Tijuana]], [[Baja California]].<ref name="TAA"/>

[[Anna Lee Aldred]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cowgirl.net/home/anna-lee-aldred-1921-2006/ |title=Anna Lee Aldred |website=National Cowgirl Museum |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120429024633/http://www.cowgirl.net/home/anna-lee-aldred-1921-2006/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1921 – 2006) was given a license at age 18 in 1939 at [[Agua Caliente Racetrack]] in Tijuana, Mexico, when officials were unable to find a rule that would bar women jockeys and she finished second by a nose in her first professional race. Hollywood stuntwoman [[Alice Van-Springsteen]] (1918 – 2008) also rode as a jockey and was one of the first women ever to receive a trainer's license for Thoroughbred horses.

[[Wantha Davis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/statesman/obituary.aspx?n=wantha-lorena-davis&pid=160004745|title=Wantha Lorena Davis's Obituary |publisher=Austin American-Statesman |date=Sep 21, 2012 |website=[[Legacy.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906140458/https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/statesman/name/wantha-davis-obituary?id=20966395 |archive-date= 6 September 2023 }}</ref> (1918 – 2012) was known to have won over 1,000 races in the 1930s, 40s and 50s, including a famous 1949, six furlong match-race against [[Johnny Longden]] at Agua Caliente.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.girljockey.com/about.htm|title=Wantha Davis--About|website=Girl Jockey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906140444/http://www.girljockey.com/about.htm |archive-date= 6 September 2023 }}</ref> She rode at some state-sanctioned pari-mutuel tracks, but without a license, most events were of the dusty county fair and half-mile variety of the western circuit. Even though she was always in demand as a training jockey, her applications for a license were turned down in state after state.

Twelve years after Davis retired, the "modern era of female jockeys" began when [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Olympic equestrian]] and [[show jumping]] competitor [[Kathy Kusner]], who had also ridden as a jockey, successfully sued the Maryland Racing Commission for a jockey's license in 1967 under the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kathykusner.com/|title=Horse Expert Witness - Kathy Kusner |website= kathykusner.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231111170914/http://www.kathykusner.com/ |archive-date= 11 November 2023 }}</ref> She won her case in 1968 and became one of the earliest women to be licensed in the United States, though an injury prevented her from racing at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.makers.com/kathy-kusner|title=Kathy Kusner|work=MAKERS|access-date=31 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> In late 1968, [[Penny Ann Early]] was the first woman to earn a mount as a licensed Thoroughbred jockey in the U.S., when she entered three races at [[Churchill Downs]] in November, but the male jockeys announced a boycott of those races, and so she could not ride. On 7 February 1969, [[Diane Crump]] was the first licensed woman rider to ride in a parimutuel Thoroughbred race in the United States at the [[Hialeah Park Race Track]] in [[Florida]]. She required a police escort to get to the [[paddock]].<ref name="ChicTrib">{{cite web |last1=Zieralski |first1=Ed |title=Timeline: horse racing's women jockeys |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sdut-women-jockeys-horse-racing-2013jun08-htmlstory.html |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=November 10, 2021 |date=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Two weeks later, on 22 February at [[Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races|Charles Town]] in [[West Virginia]], [[Barbara Jo Rubin]] became the first woman to win a race,<ref name="ChicTrib"/> and went on to win 11 of her first 22.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jockthemovie.com/characters.html |title=Characters |website=Jock the movie |access-date=24 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220055558/http://www.jockthemovie.com/characters.html |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Others soon followed suit and over the years American women jockeys have proven their ability. [[Julie Krone]]'s 3,704 victories is the most by an American woman and {{as of|June 2012}}, at least nineteen others have each ridden more than 1,000 winners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women jockeys with 1000 wins |url=http://www.paceadvantage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=80862 |website=PaceAdvantage |access-date=November 10, 2021 |date=March 8, 2011}}</ref>

For the most part Canada has generally followed the lead of the U.S. in opportunities for women riders. Canada has far fewer tracks than the U.S. and to date Canada has only two female jockeys with 1,000 wins. However, in both actual and relative numbers as well as overall success rate, Canada has surpassed its southern neighbor in opportunities for women at the highest level;{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} their respective [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown series]]: Starting with [[Joan Phipps]] in the 1973 [[Breeders' Stakes]], 10 different women have competed in 30 [[Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Canadian Triple Crown]] races, with a combined 2 wins, 3 places, 4 shows.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Moreover, while no US Triple Crown race has ever featured more than one female rider, that feat has occurred on 10 occasions in Canada, and 3 different women—[[Francine Villeneuve]], [[Chantal Sutherland]] and [[Emma-Jayne Wilson]]—have raced in all three Canadian races. Sutherland has done it twice over and Wilson thrice over.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

By comparison, since Diane Crump rode in the 1970 [[Kentucky Derby]], six different women have competed in [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|U.S. Triple Crown]] events, some multiple times: 10 times in the Derby, four times in the [[Preakness Stakes|Preakness]]<ref name="ChicTrib"/> and nine times in the [[Belmont Stakes|Belmont]].<ref name="belmont"/> with a combined record of one win,<ref name=belmont/> one place,<ref name=belmont/> one show.<ref name=NapravnikStats/> [[Julie Krone]] is the only woman to have won a US Triple Crown race, on [[Colonial Affair]] in the 1993 Belmont.<ref name=belmont>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belmontstakes.com/history|title=History of Belmont Stakes Racing Festival &#124; Belmont Stakes &#124; Belmont Stakes|website=www.belmontstakes.com}}</ref> With appearances in the [[2011 Kentucky Derby]], the [[2012 Belmont Stakes]] and the [[2013 Preakness Stakes]], [[Rosie Napravnik]] became the first woman to ride in all three of the U.S. Triple Crown races.<ref>{{cite news |title=137th Kentucky Derby: Complete field including post, horse, jockey, trainer, odds at Churchill Downs |first=Jerry |last=Bossert |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/137th-kentucky-derby-guide-complete-field-post-horse-jockey-trainer-odds-churchill-downs-article-1.139802 |newspaper=NY Daily News |date=4 May 2011 |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="odds2">{{cite news |title=11th Race, Belmont Park, June 9, 2012
|publisher=Equibase
|date=9 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2012
|url=http://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/BEL060912USA11.pdf}}</ref><ref>Moran, Paul. [https://www.espn.com/horse-racing/triplecrown2013/story/_/id/9290235/the-old-beautiful-preakness-stakes "The old and the beautiful"]. espn.go.com. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref> In 2013, Napravnik also became the first woman to ride in all three US Triple Crown races in the same year, and is the only woman to have won the [[Kentucky Oaks]], which she has won twice.<ref name=NapravnikStats>{{cite web|url=http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=116189|title=Horse Racing - Horse Racing Entries - Horse Racing Results - Past Performances - Mobile - Statistics|last=Equibase.com}}</ref>
<!--need to add that Krone and Narpavnik have also each won a Breeders' Cup race-->

==Robot jockeys==
{{Main|Robot jockey}}

To replace child jockeys whose use had been deplored by human rights organizations, a [[camel racing|camel race]] in [[Doha, Qatar]], for the first time featured [[robot jockey|robots at the reins]]. On 13 July 2005, workers fixed robotic jockeys on the backs of seven camels and raced the machine-mounted animals around a track. Operators controlled the jockeys remotely, signalling them to pull their reins and prod the camels with whips.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050730014355/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0715_050715_robot_jockey.html Photo in the News: Robot Jockeys Race Camels in Qatar]''. National Geographic News. 15 July 2005. Accessed 30 April 2009.</ref>

==Early history of African American jockeys==
{{expandsection|date=February 2025}}
In North America during the 1800s, most aspects of horse racing were primarily performed by enslaved African Americans. Plantation owners would bring their enslaved workers and their horses to other plantations and organize and bet on races. When horse racing became more mainstream, enslaved and free black people were involved with horse racing though most were identified with grooming, feeding, backing, exercising, and other auxiliary chores connected with the sport. Then they would work their way up to trainers, and then become full-time racers. By the end of the 1800s, horse racing was almost exclusively run by African American jockeys. The three most successful black jockeys being [[Isaac Burns Murphy|Isaac Murphy]], [[Willie Simms]], and [[Jimmy Winkfield]], with Murphy winning the Kentucky Derby in 1884, 1887, and 1890. This dominance of the sport by African Americans came to an abrupt stop in 1896 when ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson|Plessy vs. Ferguson]]'' was decided, basically legalizing segregation. This led to the end of the supremacy of African American jockeys.<ref name=":2">Gilmore, Al-Tony. Black Athletes in an Historical Context: The Issue of Race, Association for the Study of African American Life and History, www.jstor.org/stable/44177147. Accessed 2 Oct. 2023.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of jockeys]]
*[[Disc jockey]]
*[[List of films about horse racing]]
*[[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|U.S. National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame]]
*[[Thoroughbred horse racing]]

==References==
{{EB1911|wstitle=Jockey|volume=15|page=427}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-128/ An Overview of Safety and Health for Workers in the Horse-Racing Industry]. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080722151730/http://www.jobguide.thegoodguides.com.au/occupation/view/399311A Job Guide: Jockey]. Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations. Australian Government.
*[http://www.racingmuseum.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=90 Jockeys: Darren Beadman]. The Australian Racing Museum.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085652/http://www.career-descriptions.co.uk/jockey-career-description.htm "Jockey Career Description"]. Career Descriptions
*[http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23154/at-the-races-the-jockeys At the Races: The Jockeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325214452/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23154/at-the-races-the-jockeys |date=25 March 2010 }} – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/seabiscuit/mammalsevents/e_jockey.html "Mammals & Events: A Jockey's Hard Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403061939/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/seabiscuit/mammalsevents/e_jockey.html |date=3 April 2009 }}. American Experience: Seabiscuit. PBS.org.
*[http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS77536 Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys and Workers: Examining On-track Injury Insurance and Other Health and Welfare Issues: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, May 9, 2006]
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo38820 A Review of Efforts to Protect Jockeys and Horses in Horseracing: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, April 30, 2012]

{{Equestrian sports|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jockeys| ]]
[[Category:Horse-related professions and professionals]]
[[Category:Horse racing]]
[[Category:Sports occupations and roles]]