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{{Short description|German composer, singer and teacher (1699–1783)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox classical composer
| name               = Johann Adolph Hasse
| image              = Johann Adolf Hasse (1699-1783).jpg
| caption            = Portrait of Hasse, 18th-century
| baptized           = 25 March 1699
| birth_place        = [[Bergedorf]] near [[Hamburg]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date         = {{Death-date and age|16 December 1783|25 March 1699}}
| death_place        = [[Venice]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| spouse             = [[Faustina Bordoni]]
| era                = [[Baroque music|Baroque]]
}}
'''Johann Adolph Hasse''' (baptised 25 March 1699 – 16 December 1783){{efn|Hasse italianized his name as 'Giovanni Adolfo', which lead to the alternative spelling 'Adolf'.}}{{sfn|Hansell|2001}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mgg-online.com/mgg/stable/12599|title=Johann Adolf, Johann Adolph, Giovanni Adolfo|work=[[Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart]]|author=Wolfgang Hochstein}}</ref> was an 18th-century German composer, singer and teacher of music. Immensely popular in his time, Hasse was best known for his prolific operatic output, though he also composed a considerable quantity of sacred music. Married to [[soprano]] [[Faustina Bordoni]] and a friend of [[librettist]] [[Pietro Metastasio]], whose libretti he frequently set, Hasse was a pivotal figure in the development of ''[[opera seria]]'' and 18th-century music.

==Early career==
Hasse was baptised in [[Bergedorf]] near Hamburg where his family had been church organists for three generations. His career began in singing when he joined the Hamburg [[Oper am Gänsemarkt]] in 1718 as a tenor. In 1719 he obtained a singing post at the court of [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], where in 1721 his first opera, ''Antioco'', was performed; Hasse himself sang in the production.

[[File:Hh-bgd-hasse.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Hasse in front of his birth house in Hamburg-Bergedorf]]

He is thought to have left Germany during 1722. During the 1720s he lived mostly in [[Naples]], dwelling there for six or seven years. In 1725 his [[serenata]] ''Antonio e Cleopatra'', was performed at Naples; the principal roles were sung by Carlo Broschi, better known as [[Farinelli]], and [[Vittoria Tesi]]. The success of this work not only earned Hasse many commissions from Naples's opera houses, but also, according to [[Johann Joachim Quantz]], brought him into contact with [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], who became his teacher and friend; Hasse also altered his style in several respects to reflect that of Scarlatti.

Hasse's popularity in Naples increased dramatically and for several years his workload kept him extremely busy. In this period he composed his only full ''[[opera buffa]]'', ''La sorella amante'', in addition to several ''[[intermezzi]]'' and serenatas. He visited the [[Venetian Carnival]] of 1730, where his opera ''[[Artaserse (Hasse)|Artaserse]]'' was performed at [[S Giovanni Grisostomo]]. Metastasio's libretto was heavily reworked for the occasion, and Farinelli took a leading role. Two of his arias from this opera he later performed every night for a decade for [[Philip V of Spain]].<ref>Reference for this section: {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§1 "Early years: Germany, Naples and Venice"}}</ref>

==Dresden and Venice==
In 1730 Hasse married Faustina Bordoni, and was also appointed ''[[Kapellmeister]]'' at the [[Dresden]] court, though he did not arrive at Dresden until July 1731; earlier in the year he had been active at [[Vienna]], supervising a performance of his [[oratorio]] ''Daniello'' at the court of the [[Habsburgs]]. Soon after the couple's arrival in Dresden, Faustina performed before the court. In September Hasse's ''[[Cleofide]]'' (set to a highly adapted [[Metastasio]] text) was given its premiere; it seems possible that [[J. S. Bach]] attended the performance; certainly [[C. P. E. Bach]] claimed that Hasse and his father had become good friends around this time. King [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II the Strong of Poland and Saxony]] granted him the title of the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Kapellmeister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.komponistenquartier.de/komponistenquartier/die-museen/johann-adolf-hasse-museum/|title=Johann Adolph Hasse Museum|website=KomponistenQuartier|access-date=28 November 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325045759/https://www.komponistenquartier.de/komponistenquartier/die-museen/johann-adolf-hasse-museum/|archive-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

In October Hasse left Dresden to direct premieres of his next operas at [[Turin]] and [[Rome]], and he also wrote music for the Venetian theatres at this time. By late 1732, Hasse was in Naples again, though he spent the winter at Venice where his ''Siroe'' was first performed in particularly lavish style. In February 1733 [[Augustus II the Strong]], Hasse's early royal patron at Dresden, died. As the court went into a year of mourning, Hasse was permitted to remain abroad. Many of his sacred works, composed for Venice's churches, date to this time.

For much of 1734 Hasse was at Dresden, but from 1735 until 1737 he was in Italy, largely at Naples. Faustina performed in the September 1735 premiere of ''Tito Vespasiano'' (another adapted Metastasio libretto) at [[Pesaro]]. Returning to the royal court in Dresden during 1737 Hasse composed five new operas, but when the court moved to Poland in the autumn of 1738 he and Faustina came back to Venice, where both of them were extremely popular. His next stay in Dresden was also his longest, between the first months of 1740 and January 1744. In this time he revised ''[[Artaserse (Hasse)|Artaserse]]'', composing new arias for Faustina, and also wrote a couple of original ''intermezzi''. His general avoidance of comic opera seems to have been due to Faustina, who feared that the style of singing demanded by ''opera buffa'' would damage her voice.<ref>Reference for this section: {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§2 "The first Dresden period, 1730–33"}}, and {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§3 "Dresden and Venice, 1734–44"}}</ref>

==Dresden: 1744–1763==
[[File:Johann Adolph Hasse by Balthasar Denner.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hasse in 1740, painted by [[Balthasar Denner]]]]
Between the winter of 1744 and late summer 1745, Hasse was in Italy, but then returned to Dresden for a year. [[Frederick the Great]], a keen flute player, visited the court in December 1745, and it is likely that many of Hasse's flute sonatas and concertos that date to this time were written for Frederick. The King of Prussia was also present at a performance of one of Hasse's ''Te Deum''s, and himself ordered a performance of the composer's opera ''Arminio''. Soon after Hasse visited Venice and Munich, returning to Dresden in June 1747 to stage his opera ''La spartana generosa'', performed to celebrate multiple royal weddings at this time. Also at this time the hierarchy at Dresden was restructured; [[Nicola Porpora]] was named ''Kapellmeister,'' while Hasse himself was promoted to ''Oberkapellmeister.''

In 1748 Hasse performed two of his operas, ''Ezio'' and ''[[Artaserse (Hasse)|Artaserse]],'' in [[Bayreuth]] in the half finished [[Markgräfliches Opernhaus]], because of the marriage of [[Elisabeth Fredericka Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]], the daughter of [[Wilhelmine of Bayreuth]]. The marriage of princess Maria Josepha of Saxony to the [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)|French Dauphin]] gave Hasse the opportunity to journey to Paris in the summer of 1750, where his ''Didone abbandonata'' was performed.

On 28 March 1750 Hasse presented his last oratorio ''La conversione di Sant' Agostino'' in the chapel of the royal palace in Dresden. The libretto, penned by the [[Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria|Dresden Electress Maria Antonia Walpurgis]] (1724–1780), concerns the conversion of a sinner to sainthood and was modeled after and edited by [[Pietro Metastasio|Metastasio]]. The Dresden premiere was followed by numerous performances of the work in [[Leipzig]], Hamburg, Mannheim, [[Padua]], Rome, [[Riga]], [[Prague]], Potsdam and Berlin which is a testament to the work's popularity in the latter half of the 18th century.

The 1751 Carnival in Dresden saw the retirement of Faustina from operatic performance. Hasse continued to produce new operas throughout the decade, including a setting of Metastasio's ''Il re pastore'', a text [[Il re pastore|later used]] by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]. In 1756 the [[Seven Years' War]] compelled the court at Dresden to move to [[Warsaw]], though Hasse himself lived mostly in Italy, travelling to Poland solely to supervise productions of his operas, if at all. In the autumn of 1760 he moved to Vienna, where he stayed for the next two years, returning to Dresden in 1763 to find much of his home destroyed and the musical apparatus of the court opera wrecked. Hasse's main patron at Dresden, king [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III of Poland and Saxony]] died soon after and his successor, who also died quickly, deemed elaborate musical events at the court superfluous. Hasse and Faustina were paid two years' salary but given no pension.<ref>Reference for this section: {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§5 "The final Dresden period, 1744–63"}}</ref>

==Vienna and Venice: last years==
[[File:Grab Johann Adolph Hasse.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The grave of Hasse in the church of [[San Marcuola]] in [[Venice]].]]
In 1764 Hasse travelled to Vienna, where the coronation of [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] was marked by a performance of his ''[[festa teatrale]]'' ''Egeria'', again set to a libretto by Metastasio. For the most part, he remained at Vienna until 1773. Mozart was present at a performance of his ''Partenope'' in September 1767. Most of his operas composed during this period were also successfully produced at Naples. He was the favourite of [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], and it can be argued that he took up the job of ''de facto'' court ''Kapellmeister.'' With the premiere of ''[[Piramo e Tisbe]]'' (September 1768) Hasse had intended to retire from opera but was compelled by Maria Theresa to compose a further work, ''Ruggiero'' (1771), again set to a Metastasian libretto. In 1771, when hearing 15-year-old Mozart's opera ''[[Ascanio in Alba]]'', Hasse is reported to have made the prophetic remark: "This boy will cause us all to be forgotten."<ref>[[Michael Kennedy (music critic)|Kennedy, Michael]]; Bourne, Joyce: ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music.'' Oxford University Press, 2007. {{page needed|date=July 2018}}</ref>

At this time operatic style was undergoing significant change, and the model of ''opera seria'' that Hasse and Metastasio had settled found itself assailed by the threat of the reforms of [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] and [[Ranieri de' Calzabigi]], as laid down in the music and libretto for Gluck's opera ''[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]''. [[Charles Burney]], visiting Vienna in 1773, reported on the debate.
{{blockquote|text=Party runs as high among poets, musicians and their adherents, at Vienna as elsewhere. Metastasio and Hasse, may be said, to be at the head of one of the principal sects; and Calsabigi and Gluck of another. The first, regarding all innovations as quackery, adhere to the ancient form of the musical drama, in which the poet and musician claim equal attention from an audience; the bard in the recitatives and narrative parts; and the composer in the airs, duos and choruses. The second party depend more on theatrical effects, propriety of character, simplicity of diction, and of musical execution, than on, what they style flowery description, superfluous similes, sententious and cold morality, on one side, with tiresome symphonies, and long divisions, on the other.<ref name="burney1773">{{cite book |last1=Burney |first1=Charles |title=The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces |date=1773 |publisher=T. Becket and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/presentstateofmu00burn}}</ref>{{rp|pp=232–233}}}}

Finding his music under siege from an ''avant-garde'' surge in a new direction, Hasse left Vienna in 1773 and spent the final ten years of his life in Venice, teaching and composing sacred works. Faustina died in November 1781, and Hasse himself, after a long period of suffering from arthritis, just over two years later. He was almost completely ignored after his death, until F. S. Kandler paid for his gravestone in Venice, where he is buried in [[San Marcuola]], and authored a biography of Hasse in 1820.<ref>Reference for this section: {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§6 "Last years"}}</ref>

==Relationship with Metastasio==
Hasse's friendship with Metastasio, and his appreciation of the art form the librettist had created, increased over the years. The early Metastasio texts he set were all greatly altered for the purpose, but [[Frederick the Great]] and [[Francesco Algarotti]] both exerted influence in order to make Hasse pay greater respect to Metastasio's works. In the early 1740s he began setting new Metastasian libretti unadapted, and his personal relations with the librettist also improved significantly at around this time. In one of his letters, dated to March 1744, Metastasio made the following comments:
{{blockquote|text=...never until now had I happened to see him [Hasse] in all his glory, but always detached from his many personal relationships in such a way that he was like an aria without instruments; but now I see him as a father, husband and friend, qualities which make an admirable union in him with those solid bases of ability and good behaviour, for which I will cherish him so many years...{{quote without source|date=January 2019}}}}

In the following years Hasse reset his earlier works based on Metastasio's texts, this time paying great attention to the poet's original intention, and during the 1760s, as Metastasio wrote new texts, Hasse was, as a general rule, the first composer to set them.<ref>Reference for this section: {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§4 "Hasse and Metastasio"}}</ref> Burney left the following note: {{blockquote|text=This poet and musician are the two halves of what, like [[Plato]]'s Androgyne, once constituted a whole; for as they are equally possessed of the same characteristic marks of true genius, taste, and judgement; so propriety, consistency, clearness, and precision, are alike the inseparable companions of both...<ref name="burney1773" />{{rp|pp=235–236}}}}

==Style and reputation==
Despite [[Giovanni Battista Mancini]]'s claim that Hasse was the ''padre della musica'', and despite the composer's massive popularity as a figure at the very forefront of 18th-century serious Italian opera, after his death Hasse's reputation vastly declined and his music lay mostly unperformed (with the exception of some of his sacred works, which were revived now and again in Germany). In particular, his operas sank without trace and revival only began as the 20th century approached its end: Gluck's reforms took opera away from Hasse's style and Metastasio's Arcadian ideals to a new direction from which it would not return.

In his day, Hasse's style was noted primarily for his lyricism and sense of melody. Burney put it this way:
{{blockquote|text=[Hasse] may without injury to his brethren, be allowed to be as superior to all other lyric composers, as Metastasio is to all other lyric poets.<ref name="burney1773" />{{rp|p=236}}}}

Careful choice of key was also a crucial factor in Hasse's style, with certain emotions usually marked out by certain key choices. Amorous feelings were expressed by A, for instance, while for expressions of aristocratic nobility Hasse used C and B flat; on the other hand, his supernatural and fear-inducing music usually went into the keys of C and F minor. Most of his arias begin in the major, switching only to minor for the B section before returning to major for the ''da capo''. As his career developed his arias grew much longer but a lyrical sense was still his overriding target.<ref>Reference for this section: {{harvnb|Hansell|2001|loc=§7 "Musical style and reputation"}}</ref>

In Hamburg, the [[Johann Adolph Hasse Museum]] is dedicated to his life and work.<ref>Lange Nacht der Museen Hamburg, [https://www.langenachtdermuseen-hamburg.de/museen/johann-adolf-hasse-museum/ Johann Adolf Hasse Museum] {{in lang|de}} {{dead link|date=July 2022}}</ref>

==Works==
{{Main|List of compositions by Johann Adolph Hasse|List of operas by Johann Adolph Hasse}}

==Notes and references==
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}
'''References'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Sources'''
* {{Cite Grove|doi=10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.90000380289|title=Hasse, Johann Adolf [Adolph]|year=2001|last=Hansell|first=Sven|author-link=Sven Hansell}}

==Further reading==
*Francesco Degrada: "Aspetti gluckiani nell'ultimo Hasse", Chigiana, xxix–xxx (1975), 309–329
*[[Sven Hansell|S. Hansell]]: "Sacred Music at the Incurabili in Venice at the Time of J. A. Hasse", ''[[Journal of the American Musicological Society]]'', xxiii (1970), 282–301, 505–521
*[[Daniel Heartz|D. Heartz]]: "Hasse, Galuppi and Metastasio", ''Venezia e il melodramma nel settecento'': Venice 1973–5, i, 309–339
*F. L. Millner: "Hasse and London's [[Opera of the Nobility]]", ''Music Records'', xxxv (1974), 240–246
*Frederick L. Millner: ''The Operas of Johann Adolf Hasse''. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1979 (Studies in Musicology, 2). {{ISBN|0-8357-1006-8}}
*Smither, Howard E.: ''A History of the Oratorio.'' University of North Carolina Press, 1977 {{ISBN|9780807812747}}
*[[Reinhard Strohm]]: ''Essays on Handel and Italian Opera'' (Cambridge, 1985)
*Imme Tempke: "Mozart und der 'Musick-Vatter' Hasse". In: ''{{ill|Lichtwark-Heft|de}}'' Nr. 71. Verlag HB-Werbung, Hamburg-Bergedorf, (2006). {{ISSN|1862-3549}}.
*Imme Tempke: "Hasses Musikausbildung in Hamburg". In: ''Lichtwark-Heft'' Nr. 67. Verlag HB-Werbung, Hamburg-Bergedorf, (2002). {{ISSN|1862-3549}}.
*Robert Torre: "Operatic Twins & Musical Rivals: Two Settings of Artaserse (1730)", ''Discourses in Music'', vol. 6, no. 1, (Summer 2006).
*Alan Yorke-Long: ''Music at Court: Four Eighteenth-century Studies'', (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954)

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id16.html Article: "Dresden in the time of Zelenka and Hasse"] by [[Brian Robins]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906111817/http://www.discourses.ca/v6n1a1.html Article: Torre, Robert. "Operatic Twins and Musical Rivals: Two Settings of Artaserse (1730)" Discourses in Music: Volume 6 Number 1 (Summer 2006)]
*[http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/acc/hasse.html More modern assessment of Hasse], David Charlton, classical.net
*[https://hasseproject.com/ The Hasse Project]
*{{IMSLP|id=Hasse, Johann Adolph}}
*{{ChoralWiki}}
*[http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HasseJA Free scores] at the [[Mutopia Project]]

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{{Johann Adolph Hasse |state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasse, Johann Adolph}}
[[Category:1699 births]]
[[Category:1783 deaths]]
[[Category:Composers from Hamburg]]
[[Category:Singers from Hamburg]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian composers]]
[[Category:German classical composers of church music]]
[[Category:Italian Baroque composers]]
[[Category:German Classical-period composers]]
[[Category:German opera composers]]
[[Category:German male opera composers]]
[[Category:Pupils of Nicola Porpora]]
[[Category:Pupils of Alessandro Scarlatti]]
[[Category:18th-century German composers]]
[[Category:18th-century German male musicians]]
[[Category:People from Bergedorf]]
[[Category:Chief conductors of the Staatskapelle Dresden]]