View source for Johann Heinrich Voss

{{Short description|German classicist, poet, translator (1751–1826)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2013}}
[[File:Johann Heinrich Voss (Schöner).jpg|thumb|right|Johann Heinrich Voss, 1797]]
'''Johann Heinrich Voss''' (German: Voß, {{IPA|de|fɔs|pron}}; 20 February 1751 – 29 March 1826) was a German [[classicist]] and poet, known mostly for his translation of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' (1781) and ''[[Iliad]]'' (1793) into German.

==Life==
Voss was born at [[Sommersdorf]] in [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] as the son of a farmer. After attending the [[gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] at [[Neubrandenburg]] from 1766 to 1769, he was obliged to accept a private tutorship in order to earn money to enable him to study at a university.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

At the invitation of [[Heinrich Christian Boie]], whose attention he had attracted by poems contributed to the ''[[Göttinger Musenalmanach]]'', he went to the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1772. Here he studied [[philology]], his studies encompassing both [[classics|classical]] and [[modern language]]s, and became one of the leading spirits in the [[Göttinger Hainbund]]. In 1775 Boie made over to him the editorship of the ''Musenalmanach'', which he continued to issue for several years. He married Boie's sister Ernestine in 1777.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In 1778 Voss was appointed rector of the school at [[Otterndorf]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In 1781, after the publication of several treatises, he produced a German-language text for [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''. This work made the poem national with the Germans (new ed. by Bernays, 1881).

In 1782, Voss accepted the rectorship of the gymnasium at [[Eutin]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} There, in 1789, he published translations of [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Eclogues]]'' and ''[[Georgics]]''. In 1793, his translation of Homer's ''Iliad'' appeared, along with the ''Odyssey'' in a new form. He also produced two volumes of controversial letters addressed to [[Christian Gottlob Heyne]] (''Mythologische Briefe'', 1794).

He retired from Eutin in 1802 with a pension of 600 [[thaler]]s, and settled at [[Jena]]. In 1805, although [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] used his utmost endeavours to persuade him to stay, Voss accepted a call to a professorship of classical literature at the [[University of Heidelberg]]. Here, in the enjoyment of a considerable salary, he devoted himself entirely to his literary labours, translations and antiquarian research until his death.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Work==

===Poetry and essays===
[[File:Joh hein voss grab.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Voss' grave in [[Heidelberg]]]]
[[Image:Otterndorf voss.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bust of Johann Heinrich Voss in [[Otterndorf]]]]

Voss was a man of a remarkably independent and vigorous character. From 1785 to 1795 he published in two volumes a collection of original poems, to which he afterwards made many additions.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} An edition of his poems in four volumes was issued in 1825. Of these original works, the idyllic poem "Luise" is uniformly singled out as his most successful. It was first printed in 1783, and reissued with changes in 1795. In this work, he sought to apply the style and methods of classical poetry to the expression of modern German thought and sentiment. The later works ''Wie ward Fritz Stolberg ein Unfreier'' (1819) and ''Antisymbolik'' (2 volumes, 1824–1826), the latter written in opposition to [[Georg Friedrich Creuzer]], have been characterized as painstaking and dignified, but dreary.

His poems were often set by contemporary composers such as [[C. P. E. Bach]], [[Johann Friedrich Reichardt]], and [[Johann Abraham Peter Schulz]], and also later composers such as [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], and [[Johannes Brahms]]. Many of his poems and settings of them were published in the ''Musenalmanach''. Based on his correspondence with Schulz, he favored a folklike style of [[Lied]] composition.<ref>{{Cite Grove|last=Barr|first=Raymond A.|title=Voss, Johann Heinrich|year=2001|id=29696}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

Voss's ''Mythologische Briefe'', his ''Antisymbolik'', and other writings made important contributions to the study of [[mythology]]. He was also prominent as an advocate of the right of free judgment in religion, and at the time when some members of the Romantic school were being converted to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], he produced a strong impression by a powerful article, in [[Heinrich Paulus]]'s journal ''Sophronizon'', on his friend [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Friedrich von Stolberg]]'s repudiation of [[Protestantism]] (1819).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===Translations===
It is, however, as a translator that Voss chiefly owes his place in German literature. His translations indicate not only sound scholarship but a thorough mastery of the laws of German diction and rhythm. The most famous of his translations are those of Homer. The translation of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', as originally issued in 1781, is singled out as the most successful. He also translated [[Hesiod]] (1806), [[Theocritus]], [[Bion of Smyrna|Bion]] and [[Moschus]] (1808), the whole of [[Virgil]] (1799, rev. ed. 1821), [[Horace]] (1806), [[Tibullus]] (1810), [[Propertius]] (1830) and selections from [[Ovid]] (1798). He prepared a critical edition of Tibullus. From 1818 to 1829, a translation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays in 9 volumes was published. This work Voss completed with the help of his sons {{ill|Heinrich Voß|de|Heinrich Voß (Philologe)|lt=Heinrich}} and {{ill|Abraham Voß|de|lt=Abraham}}, both of whom were scholars and writers of considerable ability,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} though the result has been characterized as less successful than [[August Wilhelm Schlegel|Schlegel]]'s work.<ref>{{multiref|{{cite book|last=Egbring|first=Heinrich|title=Johann Heinrich Voss der jüngere als übersetzer des Macbeth von W. Shakespeare|language=de|at=passim|publisher=Westfälische Vereinsdruckerei|location=Münster|year=1911|url=https://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/download/pdf/7818524.pdf|access-date=1 January 2025|ref=none}} (poor PDF quality)
|[https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/taylorian/2016/05/20/shakespeares-plays-in-german/ "Playing Shakespeare in German"] by Mary Boyle, 20 May 2016, [[Taylor Institution Library]]}}</ref>

Voss's ''Sämtliche poetische Werke'' were published by his son Abraham in 1835; new ed. 1850. A selection is in A. Sauer, ''Der Göttinger Dichterbund'', volume i. ([[Joseph Kürschner]]'s ''Deutsche National-literatur'', vol. 49, 1887). His ''Letters'' were published by his son in 3 or 4 volumes (Halberstadt, 1829–1833). Voss left a short autobiography, ''Abriß meines Lebens'' (1818).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} See also {{ill|Wilhelm Herbst|de|Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Herbst}}, ''Johann Heinrich Voß'' (3 volumes, Leipzig, 1872–1876); Friedrich Heussner, ''Johann Heinrich Voß als Schulmann in Eutin. Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Gedenktage seiner Ankunft daselbst'' (1882); and another life by Paulus{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=I suppose Paulus is Heinrich Paulus, but what does 'another life' men?}} (Heidelberg, 1826); also [[Robert Prutz]], ''Der Göttinger Dichterbund'' (Leipzig, 1841).

According to ''[[Bartlett's Familiar Quotations]]'', Voss is the most likely source for the phrase {{lang|de|Wein, Weib und Gesang}}, or, in English, "[[wine, women and song]]". Voss's full phrase is {{lang|de|Wer nicht liebt Wein, Weib und Gesang / Der bleibt ein Narr sein Lebelang}} ("He who loves not wine, woman and song / Remains a fool his whole life long").

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Voss, Johann Heinrich|volume=28|page=215}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Voss, Johann Heinrich|year=1905|ref=none}}
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Voss, Johann Heinrich|year=1920|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Voss, Johann Heinrich|year=1921 |short=1}}
*{{Cite Nuttall|title=Voss, Johann Heinrich|short=1}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Johann Heinrich Voss}}
* {{Librivox author |id=6778}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Voss, Johann Heinrich}}
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1826 deaths]]
[[Category:German classical scholars]]
[[Category:18th-century German poets]]
[[Category:19th-century German poets]]
[[Category:German translators]]
[[Category:People from Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Translators of William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:German male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:Translators of Homer]]
[[Category:Translators of Virgil]]
[[Category:18th-century German scholars]]