View source for John B. Fenn

{{Short description|American chemistry professor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image             = John B Fenn01.jpg
| caption           = Fenn in 2005
| birth_name        = John Bennett Fenn
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1917|6|15}}<ref name="natureobit">{{Cite journal | last1 = Robinson | first1 = Carol V. | author-link1 = Carol V. Robinson| title = John Fenn (1917–2010) Chemist who enabled mass spectrometry to weigh up biology| doi = 10.1038/469300a | journal = Nature | volume = 469 | issue = 7330 | pages = 300 | year = 2011 | pmid =  21248828| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| birth_place       = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2010|12|10|1917|6|15}}
| death_place       = [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]], U.S.
| field             = [[Chemistry]]
| work_institutions = [[Princeton University]]<br />[[Yale University]]<br />[[Virginia Commonwealth University]]
| alma_mater        = [[Berea College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br />[[Yale University]] ([[PhD]])
| thesis_title      = The thermodynamics of hydrochloric acid in methanol-water mixtures
| thesis_url        = https://www.proquest.com/docview/301749256/
| thesis_year       = 1940
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = [[Electrospray ionization]]
| prizes            = [[Humboldt Prize]] {{small|(1982)}}<br>[[International Mass Spectrometry Foundation#Awards|Thomson Medal]] {{small|(2000)}}<br>[[Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities#ABRF Award|ABRF Award]] {{small|(2002)}}<br>[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] {{small|(2002)}}<br>[[Wilbur Cross Medal]] {{small|(2003)}}
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''John Bennett Fenn''' (June 15, 1917{{spaced ndash}}December 10, 2010) was an American professor of [[analytical chemistry]] who was awarded a share of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 2002. He shared half of the award with [[Koichi Tanaka]] for their work in [[mass spectrometry]]. The other half went to [[Kurt Wüthrich]]. Fenn's contributions specifically related to the development of [[electrospray ionization]], now a commonly used technique for large molecules and routine liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Early in his career, he studied the field of jet propulsion at [[Project SQUID]] and focused on [[molecular beam]]s. He finished his career with more than 100 publications, including one book.

Fenn was born in [[New York City]], and moved to [[Kentucky]] with his family during the [[Great Depression]]. Fenn did his undergraduate work at [[Berea College]], and received his [[PhD]] from Yale. He worked in industry at [[Monsanto]] and at private research labs before moving to academic posts including Yale and [[Virginia Commonwealth University]].<ref name="Papers">{{cite book |url=http://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1071744~S6 |title=Papers of John B. Fenn, 1948–2010 (bulk 1970–1990) |website=[[Science History Institute]] |quote="Click on 'Fenn Papers Finding Aid 2014' for finding  aid to archive." |access-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329022514/http://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record%3Db1071744~S6 |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenn |first1=John B. |title=RESEARCH IN RETROSPECT:Some Biograffiti of a Journeyman Chemist |journal=Annual Review of Physical Chemistry |date=October 1996 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |doi=10.1146/annurev.physchem.47.1.1 |pmid=18290758 |bibcode=1996ARPC...47....1F |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.physchem.47.1.1 |language=en |issn=0066-426X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Fenn's research into electrospray ionization found him at the center of a legal dispute with [[Yale University]].  He lost the lawsuit, after it was determined that he misled the university about the potential usefulness of the technology.  Yale was awarded $500,000 in legal fees and $545,000 in damages.  The decision pleased the university, but provoked mixed responses from some people affiliated with the institution, who were disappointed with the treatment of a Nobel Prize winner with such a long history at the school.

==Early life and education==
Fenn was born in [[New York City]], and grew up in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]].  In the years preceding the [[Great Depression]], Fenn's father worked several different jobs, including briefly working as a [[draftsman]] at the Fokker Aircraft Company.  During this time, [[Charles Lindbergh]]'s plane ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis]]'' was briefly stored at one of the company's hangars.  Fenn recalled sitting in the cockpit as a ten-year-old, pretending to pilot the famous plane.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=John B. Fenn – Autobiography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/fenn.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=April 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221074047/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/fenn.html|archive-date=December 21, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>  When his family's fortunes took a turn for the worse with the advent of the Depression, they moved to [[Berea, Kentucky|Berea]], [[Kentucky]], because his aunt [[Helen Dingman]], who was on the faculty of [[Berea College]], agreed to help the family.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Chemist with Kentucky roots wins Nobel|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18229543/the_courierjournal/|access-date=12 March 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[The Courier-Journal]]|date=October 10, 2002|location=Louisville, Kentucky|page=4|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417160947/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18229543/the_courierjournal/|archive-date=April 17, 2019|url-status=live}} {{open access}}</ref> Fenn completed his education at Berea College and Allied Schools, formally finishing his high school education at the age of 15, but he took extra classes for another year rather than start college at such a young age.<ref name=bio /> He earned his [[bachelor's degree]] from Berea College in his new hometown, with the assistance of summer classes in [[organic chemistry]] at the [[University of Iowa]], and [[physical chemistry]] at [[Purdue University|Purdue]].<ref name=bio />

When Fenn was considering [[graduate school]], he was advised to take additional mathematics courses by Henry Bent, then a chemistry professor at [[Harvard University]]. His undergraduate program in chemistry had required minimal math courses, and he had been excused from these due to high marks in his high school courses.  Due to Bent's advice, Fenn added math classes to his schedule. Despite his future success, Fenn always felt that his lack of mathematical skills were a hindrance in his career.<ref name=bio /> After submitting several applications, Fenn received offers for teaching assistantships from [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Northwestern University|Northwestern]], and accepted the position at Yale.<ref name=bio /> Fenn did his graduate studies in physical chemistry under Gosta Akerlof.<ref name=bio /> He obtained his [[PhD]] in chemistry from Yale in 1940 and his thesis was 45 pages long, with only three pages of prose.<ref name=bio />

==Research career and academic posts==
After completing graduate school, Fenn's first job was with [[Monsanto]], working in the Phosphate Division and producing [[polychlorinated biphenyls]] (PCBs). Fenn and his colleague James Mullen became disenchanted with the direction of work at Monsanto, and they resigned together in 1943.<ref name = bio /> Fenn worked briefly at a small company named Sharples Chemicals that focused on the production of amyl chloride derivatives.<ref name=bio /> In 1945, he joined Mullen at his new startup, Experiment, Inc, focusing on research and development. Fenn's first publication came in 1949 as a result of his work with Mullen. That this publication came ten years after he completed graduate school made Fenn somewhat of a rarity amongst academics.<ref name=bio />

In 1952, Fenn moved to [[Princeton University]] as Director of [[Project SQUID]], a program to support research related to jet propulsion that was funded by the [[Office of Naval Research]].<ref name=bio /> During this period, Fenn started his work developing supersonic atomic and molecular beam sources, which are now widely used in chemical physics research. After working with Project SQUID, Fenn returned to Yale University in 1967.  He held a joint appointment in the chemistry and engineering departments until 1987, conducting much of his research in Mason Laboratory.<ref name=yaleobit /> In 1987, Fenn had reached Yale's mandatory retirement age.  He became a [[professor emeritus]], entitling him to office space at the university, but costing him most of his laboratory space and research assistants.<ref name=lawsuit />

After a dispute with Yale over his forced retirement and the rights to his invention of [[electrospray ionization]], Fenn moved to [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]] to join [[Virginia Commonwealth University]]'s (VCU) department of chemistry as an [[analytical chemistry]] professor. VCU established an engineering department in the late 1990s, and Fenn held a joint professorship between the two departments until his death.<ref name=obit /> Even in his 80s, Fenn enjoyed the opportunity to be in the lab doing research, saying, "I like to mingle and exchange with the young people. It gets me out from underfoot at home."<ref name=underfoot>{{cite web|title=Nobel winner Fenn still going strong |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2002/oct/21/nobel-winner-fenn-still-going-strong/ |work=Yale Daily News |date=December 21, 2002 |last=Lotstein |first=Joshua |access-date=April 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925005846/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2002/oct/21/nobel-winner-fenn-still-going-strong/ |archive-date=September 25, 2012 }}</ref>

==Research interests==
[[File:Fenn ESI Instrument.jpg|thumb|right|The instrument Fenn and his colleagues used to develop ESI is on display at the Science History Institute Museum in Philadelphia, PA]]
While Fenn was working with [[Monsanto]], the company's research was focused on the production of [[phosphoric acid]] and [[polychlorinated biphenyls]] (PCBs).<ref name=bio /> Fenn and his colleagues at Monsanto were largely unaware of the health hazards posed by PCBs, indeed because of their inertness, they "practically bathed in the stuff".<ref name=bio /> After spending several more years doing various industrial research, Fenn was looking to get back into the academic world. He had the opportunity to go to Princeton University, where he became the director of Project SQUID.<ref name=bio />

Fenn did not start his Nobel-winning research until later in his career. He was semi-retired when he first published his research on [[electrospray ionization]] for [[mass spectrometry]].<ref name=yaleobit /> Fenn felt that his work in electrospray ionization received "a kick in the pants" when [[proteomics]] emerged.<ref name=yalenobel />  In 2001, more than 1700 papers on proteomics were published, many using electrospray ionization.<ref name=underfoot />  Electrospray ionization provides a way to get accurate information about the mass of a large molecule very quickly, even when it is in a mixture of other molecules.<ref name=yalenobel />  The liquid sample is introduced into an electrospray source (at atmospheric pressure) and desolvated with a flow of heated [[nitrogen]] gas.  This forms small droplets which evaporate in a region under vacuum, which increases the charge on the droplets.<ref name=esi>{{cite web|title=Electrospray Ionization|url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/massSpec/ion/esi.php|publisher=School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009040842/http://www.scs.illinois.edu/massSpec/ion/esi.php|archive-date=October 9, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>  For large molecules like proteins, this often results in multiply charge species.  Increasing the charge on the molecules, decreased the [[mass-to-charge ratio]], which allows the mass to be more easily determined.<ref name=esi />

Despite getting a late start in publishing his research (he did not publish a paper until 10 years after finishing graduate school), Fenn had over 100 publications at the time of his death.<ref name=yaleobit /> He also wrote a book, entitled ''Engines, Energy, and Entropy: A Thermodynamics Primer''.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Engines, Energy, and Entropy: A Thermodynamics Primer|publisher=Global View Publishing|year=2003|edition=2nd|last=Fenn|first=John B.}}</ref> The Science History Institute Museum in Philadelphia, PA has the instrument Fenn and his graduate students built while they were developing electrospray ionization on display, after receiving it as a gift from Fenn.<ref name=museum>{{cite web|title=Objects|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/objects|publisher=Science History Institute|access-date=March 23, 2018|date=2016-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041050/https://www.sciencehistory.org/objects|archive-date=March 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Lawsuit===
Fenn's work with electrospray ionization was at the center of a lawsuit pitting him against his [[alma mater]] and former employer, Yale University. His initial dispute with the university began in 1987, when he turned 70 – Yale's mandatory retirement age.<ref name=lawsuit>{{cite web|title=Nobelist loses to Yale in lawsuit |url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2005_05/l_v.html |publisher=Yale Alumni Magazine |last=Moran |first=Kate |year=2005 |access-date=April 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120233/http://yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2005_05/l_v.html |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref>  Per university policy, Fenn was made an [[emeritus professor]], which resulted in a reduction to his lab space.<ref name=obit />  Emeritus professors at Yale are still provided with an office, but cannot conduct their own research, nor manage their own labs.<ref name=emeritus>{{cite web|title=Chemistry Nobel Prize winner's departure from Yale deserves more clarification |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2002/oct/21/chemistry-nobel-prize-winners-departure-from-yale/ |work=Yale Daily News |last=Tamarkin |first=Frank J. |date=October 21, 2002 |access-date=April 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925010037/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2002/oct/21/chemistry-nobel-prize-winners-departure-from-yale/ |archive-date=September 25, 2012 }}</ref> In 1989, when Yale University inquired about the progress and potential about his electrospray work, he downplayed its potential scientific and commercial value.<ref name=lawsuit />  Fenn believed he had the rights to the invention under the [[Bayh–Dole Act]].<ref name=lawsuit2>{{cite web|title=Former prof loses ruling over patent|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/feb/14/fomer-prof-loses-ruling-over-patent/|work=Yale Daily News|last=Poppick|first=Susie|date=February 14, 2005|access-date=April 6, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821023321/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/feb/14/fomer-prof-loses-ruling-over-patent/|archive-date=August 21, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>  Fenn patented the technology on his own, and sold licensing rights to a company he partly owned – Analytica of Branford. In 1993, a private company seeking to license the use of electrospray technology traced its invention to Yale, when the university discovered that Fenn held the patent.<ref name=lawsuit /><ref name=lawsuit2 /> Yale's policy regarding patents generated by faculty or students requires that a percentage of any royalties generated from the patent are used by the university to fund future research. They do not claim the rights to patents that are produced away from university facilities or not related to the researcher's "designated activities."<ref name=lawsuit2 /> Fenn claimed that he owned the technology because the work was completed after he had been forced to downsize at the university's mandatory retirement age.<ref name=lawsuit2 />

Yale University entered into its own licensing agreement with a private company, leading Fenn to file a lawsuit against the school in 1996. Yale countersued, requesting damages and reassignment of the patent.<ref name=lawsuit2 /> The two parties did not reach an out of court settlement, despite repeated attempts at mediation.  In 2005, U.S. District Judge [[Christopher Droney]] ruled against Fenn, awarding Yale $545,000 in royalties and $500,000 in legal fees.<ref name=lawsuit /> Judge Droney was critical of Fenn, saying "Dr. Fenn only obtained the patent through fraud, civil theft, and breach of fiduciary duty."<ref name=lawsuit2 />  Evidence presented in the case indicated that Fenn had served on panels at Yale University that reviewed the institution's policy on [[intellectual property]].<ref name=lawsuit />

A spokesperson for Yale said, "We are pleased by the result in this case and, in particular, by the court's vindication of the Yale patent policy."<ref name=lawsuit /> The ruling, and Yale's response produced a mixed reaction from some of Fenn's colleagues and former students, who wrote a letter to the ''Yale Daily News'' stating, "'Vindicating the Yale patent policy' is a poor excuse for treating a Nobel Laureate with a 68-year association with and dedicated service to the University, in such a contemptible manner."<ref name=letter>{{cite web|title=Yale's patent lawsuit was terrible mistake|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/mar/02/yales-patent-lawsuit-was-terrible-mistake/|work=Yale Daily News|date=March 2, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925005757/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/mar/02/yales-patent-lawsuit-was-terrible-mistake/|archive-date=September 25, 2012|access-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

===Nobel Prize===
[[File:Honor of John B. Fenn.jpg|thumb|Honor of Fenn's Nobel Prize award in the [[Berea College]] in Berea, Kentucky]]
Fenn shared the 2002 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with [[Koichi Tanaka]] and [[Kurt Wüthrich]] "for the development of methods for identification and  structure analyses of biological macromolecules."<ref name=02nobel>{{cite web|title=Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/press.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|date=October 9, 2002|access-date=April 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214210422/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/press.html|archive-date=December 14, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>  Fenn and Tanaka split half of the award for their work in developing ionization techniques for using [[mass spectrometry]] to analyze large biological molecules. Wüthrich was honored for his work in developing [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] techniques to analyze similar molecules in solution.<ref name=02nobel /> Fenn was honored largely for his contributions to the development of [[electrospray ionization]], which made the analysis of large molecules by mass spectrometry feasible.<ref name=yaleobit>{{cite web|title=In Memoriam: John B. Fenn|url=http://dailybulletin.yale.edu/article.aspx?id=8107|work=Yale Daily Bulletin|access-date=April 5, 2011|date=December 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814061504/http://dailybulletin.yale.edu/article.aspx?id=8107|archive-date=August 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>  Fenn's Nobel lecture after being presented with the award was entitled "Electrospray Wings for Molecular Elephants."<ref name=lecture>{{cite web|title=John B. Fenn Nobel Lecture|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/fenn-lecture.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604235833/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/fenn-lecture.html|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>  He was surprised by his selection as a Nobel winner, saying "It's like winning the lottery, I'm still in shock."<ref name=yalenobel>{{cite web|title=For Nobelist educated at Yale, "It's like winning the lottery" |url=http://yalemedicine.yale.edu/ym_wi03/faces.html |publisher=Yale Medicine |access-date=April 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173104/http://yalemedicine.yale.edu/ym_wi03/faces.html |archive-date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref>  At the time of his award, Fenn was working at Virginia Commonwealth University.<ref name=yaleobit />

===Other awards===
Fenn received his Nobel Prize fairly late in his career. Prior to being honored by the Nobel Foundation, Fenn had received numerous other awards. Early in his career, Fenn's research was focused on [[molecular beams]], leading him to be named an honorary president of the Sixth International Symposium on Molecular Beams in 1977, and the first fellow of the International Molecular Beam Symposium in 1985.<ref name=yaleobit /> In 1982, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation presented him with their U.S. Senior Scientist Award.<ref name=yaleobit />

Fenn's work in mass spectrometry earned him another spate of awards later in his career. In 1992, the [[American Society for Mass Spectrometry]] presented him with their Award for Distinguished Contributions in Mass Spectrometry. The International Society of Mass Spectrometry honored him with the Thomson Medal in 2000, and in the same year the [[American Chemical Society]] presented him with the Award for Advancements in Chemical Instrumentation. He was awarded the [[Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities]] Award for outstanding contributions to Biomolecular Technologies in 2002. In 2003, Fenn was honored by his alma mater with the [[Wilbur Cross Medal]], the Yale Graduate School Alumni Association's highest honor.<ref name=yaleobit />

Fenn maintained numerous professional affiliations, including membership in the [[American Chemical Society]], the [[American Society for Mass Spectrometry]], [[Sigma Chi]], the [[American Association of University Professors]] and the Alexander von Humboldt Association of America. In 2000, Fenn was made a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and in 2003 he was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=yaleobit />

==Personal life==
Fenn married Margaret Wilson at the end of his second year of graduate studies.<ref name=bio /> Together, they had three children – two daughters and a son.<ref name=obit>{{cite news|title=John Fenn|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/jan/13/john-fenn-obituary|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=April 2, 2011|last=Wynne|first=Kenneth J.|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407041700/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/jan/13/john-fenn-obituary|archive-date=April 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Margaret was killed in a car accident in [[New Zealand]] in 1992.<ref name=bio />  Fenn remarried, his second wife was named Frederica Mullen.<ref name=obit /> He died in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]] on December 10, 2010, at the age of 93,<ref name=yaleobit /> exactly 8 years to the day after receiving his Nobel Prize. Fenn was survived by Frederica, his three children,  seven grandchildren, and eleven great-grandchildren: Anika Fenn Gilman, Nora Fenn Gilman, Dominick Brown, Aaron Holloway, Michelle Holloway, Damarion Holloway, Tyrell Holloway, Eloise Whittington, JC Leslie, Manon Leslie, and Dino Steinberg.<ref name=obit2>{{cite web|title=John Fenn Dies At 93|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/88/i51/8851news3.html|work=Chemical & Engineering News|date=December 13, 2010|access-date=April 2, 2011|last=Arnaud|first=Celia}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|url=http://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1071744~S6 |title=Papers of John B. Fenn, 1948–2010 (bulk 1970–1990) | website=[[Science History Institute]]|quote="Click on 'Fenn Papers Finding Aid 2014' for finding  aid to archive."}}
*[http://www.biocompare.com/Multimedia/Video/55/Electrospray-Ionization-by-Professor-John-B-Fenn.html Interview where John Fenn discusses the history of the development of the Electrospray Ionization method]
*[http://www.annualreviews.org/page/audio#fenn Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with John B. Fenn] (video)
* {{Nobelprize|name=John B. Fenn}} including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2002 ''Electrospray Wings for Molecular Elephants''
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/fenn-john.pdf Dudley R. Herschbach and Charles E. Kolb, "John B. Fenn", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)]
{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 2001-2025}}
{{2002 Nobel Prize Winners}}
{{Recipients of the Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry Award}}
{{Thomson Medal Recipients}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fenn, John B.}}
[[Category:American physical chemists]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Mass spectrometrists]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]
[[Category:Thomson Medal recipients]]
[[Category:21st-century American chemists]]
[[Category:People from Hackensack, New Jersey]]<!--Childhood-->
[[Category:People from Berea, Kentucky]]
<!--Teenage years-->

[[Category:Scientists from New York City]]
<!--Born there, but never lived there-->
[[Category:Virginia Commonwealth University faculty]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science faculty]]
[[Category:Berea College alumni]]