View source for John Chrysostom

{{Short description|Archbishop of Constantinople (347–407)}}
{{About|the Christian saint||Chrysostomos (disambiguation)}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
| name             = John Chrysostom
| birth_date       = {{circa|347}}{{efn|The exact date of John's birth is in question, and dates between 344 and 349 are given. In the most recent general biography of Chrysostom, eminent patristics scholar [[John Norman Davidson Kelly]], after a review of the evidence and literature, favours 349 as the date that best fits all available evidence, in agreement with Robert Carter. See Kelly, ''Golden Mouth: (He was named Chrysostom because that means Golder mouth) The Story of John Chrysostom - Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop'', (Grand Rapids, Baker Academic 1998, originally published Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 4 fn. 12; esp. Appendix B ''passim''. For a discussion of alternatives presented in the literature, see Robert Carter, "The Chronology of St. John Chrysostom's Early Life", in ''Traditio'' 18:357–364 (1962); Jean Dumortier, "La valeur historique du dialogue de Palladius et la chronologie de saint Jean Chrysostome", in ''Mélanges de science religieuse'', 8:51–56 (1951). Carter dates his birth to the year 349. See also {{harvnb|Wilken|2004|p=5}}
}}
| death_date       = {{nowrap|14 September 407{{sfn|Baur|1910}}}}
| feast_day        = {{ubl|'''[[Church of the Byzantine Rite|Byzantine Christianity]]'''
{{ubl
|14 September (Departure)
|13 November (Celebration transferred from 14 September)
|27 January ([[Translation (relic)|Translation of relics]])
|30 January ([[Three Holy Hierarchs]])}}
| '''[[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Christianity]]'''
{{ubl
|[[Hathor 17|17 Hathor]] (Departure)
|[[Thout 16|16 Thout]] (Translocation of relics)
|[[Pashons 12|12 Pashons]] (Commemoration of relocation of relics from [[Comana Pontica|Comana]] to [[Constantinople]] 437)}}
| '''[[Western Christianity]]'''
{{ubl|13 September; 27 January}}
}}
| venerated_in     = {{ubl|[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]|[[Church of the East]]|[[Anglican Communion]]|[[Lutheranism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html |title=Notable Lutheran Saints |website=Resurrectionpeople.org |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516024927/http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html}}</ref>
}}
| caption          = [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] mosaic at the [[Hagia Sophia]], late 10th
century{{Sfn|Lechințan|2023|p=71}}
| image            = Johnchrysostom.jpg
| birth_place      = [[Antioch]], [[Roman Syria]], [[Roman Empire]]
| death_place      = [[Comana Pontica|Comana]], [[Diocese of Pontus]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]]{{sfn|Baur|1910}}
| titles           = {{ubl|East: Great [[Hierarch]] and Ecumenical Teacher|West: [[Bishop]] and [[Doctor of the Church]]}}
| canonized_date   = Pre-congregational
| attributes       = Vested as a [[bishop]], holding a [[Gospel Book]] or [[scroll]], right hand raised in [[blessing]]. He is depicted as emaciated from fasting, with a high forehead, balding with dark hair and a small beard. [[Symbol]]s: [[beehive]], a white [[dove]], a [[Frying pan|pan]], [[chalice (cup)|chalice]] on a [[bible]], [[pen]] and [[inkhorn]]{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
|patronage=[[Constantinople]], [[education]], [[epilepsy]], [[lecturer]]s, [[orator|public speakers]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.catholicherald.com/article/columns/a-patron-saint-for-public-speakers/ |title=Caughwell, Thomas J., "A patron saint for public speakers", ''Arlington Catholic Herald'', 7 September 2016 |work=Arlington Catholic Herald |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031758/https://www.catholicherald.com/article/columns/a-patron-saint-for-public-speakers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[preacher]]s<ref name=episcopal/>
}}

{{Catholic philosophy}}
{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}

'''John Chrysostom''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɪ|s|ə|s|t|ə|m|,_|k|r|ɪ|ˈ|s|ɒ|s|t|ə|m}}; {{langx|el|Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, [[Latin]]: Ioannes Chrysostomus}}; {{circa|347}} – 14 September 407)<ref>The exact date of John's birth is in question. Dates between 344 and 349 are often given, and limits set at 340 and 350 (Kelly 296). In the most recent general biography of Chrysostom, eminent patristics scholar [[John Norman Davidson Kelly]], after a review of the evidence and literature, favours 349 as the date that best fits all available evidence, in agreement with Robert Carter. See Kelly, ''Golden Mouth - The Story of John Chrysostom: Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop'', Grand Rapids, MI, Baker Academic, 1998, originally published Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 4 fn. 12; esp. 296–298 ''passim''. For a concurring analysis which is followed in most recent reconstructions of the early life of Chrysostomos, see Robert Carter, "The Chronology of St. John Chrysostom's Early Life", in ''Traditio'' 18:357–364 (1962). For a discussion of alternatives, often in older literature, see especially G. Ettlinger, ''Traditio'' 16 (1960), pp. 373–380, Jean Dumortier, "La valeur historique du dialogue de Palladius et la chronologie de saint Jean Chrysostome", ''Mélanges de science religieuse'', 8:51–56 (1951)</ref> was an important [[Church Father]] who served as [[Archbishop of Constantinople]]. He is known for his [[homilies|preaching]] and [[public speaking]], his denunciation of [[abuse of authority]]{{sfn|Wilken|2013|p=}}{{Incomplete short citation|date=June 2025}} by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, his ''[[Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom]]'', and his [[ascetic]] sensibilities. He was also the author of ''[[Adversus Judaeos]]'' and was strongly against Judaism. The epithet {{lang|grc|Χρυσόστομος}} (''Chrysostomos'', anglicized as Chrysostom) means "golden-mouthed" in Greek and denotes his celebrated eloquence.{{sfn|Baur|1910|p=}}<ref>[[Pope Vigilius]], ''Constitution of Pope Vigilius'', p. 553</ref> Chrysostom was among the most prolific authors in the [[Early Christianity|early Christian Church]].

He is honored as a [[saint]] in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Anglican]], and [[Lutheran]] churches, as well as in some others. The Eastern Orthodox, together with the [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]] [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholics]], hold him in special regard as one of the [[Three Holy Hierarchs]] (alongside [[Basil of Caesarea]] and [[Gregory of Nazianzus]]). Along with them and [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] he is also regarded as one of the four Great Greek [[Church Fathers]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=William Dool KILLEN |title=The Old Catholic - Or the History, Doctrine, Worship, and Polity of the Christians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQuV3kJWKAsC&dq=four+great+fathers++Augustine++Jerome++Gregory&pg=PA90 |year=1871 |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-85323-479-1 |page=90}}</ref> The feast days of John Chrysostom in the Eastern Orthodox Church are 14 September, 13 November and 27 January. In the [[Catholic Church]], he is recognised as a [[Doctor of the Church]]. Because the date of his death is occupied by the feast of the [[Exaltation of the Holy Cross]] (14 September), the [[General Roman Calendar]] celebrates him since 1970 on the previous day, 13 September; from the 13th century to 1969 it did so on 27 January, the anniversary of the [[translation (relic)|translation]] of his body to Constantinople.<ref name="romanum">{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/CalendariumRomanum1969 |title=Calendarium Romanum |date=1969 |publisher=Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis |pages=102–103 |language=la |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Of other [[Western Christianity|Western]] churches, including Anglican provinces and Lutheran churches, some commemorate him on 13 September, others on 27 January. John Chrysostom is honored on the calendars of the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Church of England]] and the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church]] on 13 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Calendar |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=The Church of England |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215173755/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John Chrysostom, Bishop and Theologian, 407 |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/john-chrysostom/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=The Episcopal Church |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719173310/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/john-chrysostom/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Church]] also recognizes him as a saint (with feast days on 16 [[Thout]] and 17 [[Month of Hathor|Hathor]]).<ref>[http://www.copticcentre.com/synaxarium.pdf Coptic synaxarium] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111102/http://www.copticcentre.com/synaxarium.pdf |date=27 March 2009}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
John was born in [[Antioch]], [[Roman Syria]] (modern-day [[Antakya]], [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], Turkey) in 347.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Donald Attwater |title=St. John Chrysostom – archbishop of Constantinople |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-Chrysostom |access-date=11 August 2020 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708082239/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-Chrysostom |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/11/13/103292-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of-constantinople |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=The Orthodox Faith – Lives of the Saints |publisher=The Orthodox Church in America |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190833/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/11/13/103292-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of-constantinople |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Wet |first=Chris L. de |title=John Chrysostom on Pythagoreanism |date=28 June 2022 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004517721/BP000019.xml |work=Ancient Philosophy and Early Christianity |pages=179–200 |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-51772-1 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315200518/https://brill.com/display/book/9789004517721/BP000019.xml |url-status=live}}</ref> Different scholars describe his mother Anthusa as a [[Paganism|pagan]] or as a Christian.<ref>The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' describes Chrysostom's mother as a pagan. In [[Pauline Allen]] and [[Wendy Mayer]], ''John Chrysostom'' (p. 5), she is described as a Christian.</ref> His father was a high-ranking military officer. John's father died soon after his birth and he was raised by his mother. He was [[baptism|baptised]] in 368 or 373,{{efn|{{harvnb|Wilken|2004|p=7}} prefers 368 for the date of Chrysostom's baptism, the ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' prefers the later date of 373}} and [[tonsure]]d as a [[Reader (liturgy)|reader]] (one of the [[minor orders]] of the Church). It is sometimes said that he was bitten by a snake when he was ten years old, resulting in infection from the bite.

As a result of his mother's influential connections in the city, John began his education under the rhetorician [[Libanius]].<ref>[[Averil Cameron]] (1998) "Education and literary culture" in Cameron, A. and [[Peter Garnsey]] (eds.) ''[[The Cambridge Ancient History|The Cambridge ancient history - Vol. XIII The late empire, A.D. 337–425]]'', Cambridge, [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 668.</ref> From Libanius, John acquired the skills for a career in [[rhetoric]], as well as a love of the Greek language and [[Greek literature|literature]].{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=5}} Eventually, he became a lawyer.

As he grew older, however, John became more deeply committed to Christianity and went on to study [[theology]] under [[Diodorus of Tarsus]], founder of the re-constituted [[School of Antioch]]. According to the Christian historian [[Sozomen]], Libanius was supposed to have said on his deathbed that John would have been his successor "if the Christians had not taken him from us".<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sozomen |editor=[[Philip Schaff]] |editor2=Wace, Henry |title=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume II: Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.html |access-date=29 March 2007 |chapter=Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, Book VIII, Chapter II - Education, Training, Conduct, and Wisdom of the Great John Chrysostom |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.xiii.ii.html |author-link=Sozomen |page=399 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |location=Peabody, MA |isbn=1-56563-118-8 |edition=reprint |date=1995 |orig-date=1890 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020160401/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

John lived in extreme [[asceticism]] and became a [[hermit]] in about 375; he spent the next two years continually standing, scarcely sleeping, and committing the [[Bible]] to memory. As a consequence of these practices, his stomach and kidneys were permanently damaged and poor health forced him to return to Antioch.<ref>Pauline Allen and Wendy Mayer, ''John Chrysostom'', [[Routledge]], 2000, p. 6</ref>

=== Diaconate and service in Antioch ===
{{Further|Meletian schism}}

John was first appointed as a [[Reader (liturgy)|reader]] in the church of [[Antioch]] by [[Zeno of Verona]] upon the latter's return from Jerusalem. Later, he was ordained as a [[deacon]] in 381 by the bishop [[Meletius of Antioch]] who was not then [[in communion]] with Alexandria and Rome. After the death of Meletius, John separated himself from the followers of Meletius, without joining [[Paulinus II of Antioch]], the rival of Meletius for the [[bishopric of Antioch]]. But after the death of Paulinus II (388) he was ordained a [[presbyter]] (priest) by [[Evagrius of Antioch]], the successor of Paulinus by the [[Eustathius of Antioch]] faction in the city.<ref>[[Socrates of Constantinople|Socrates Scholasticus]], [http://www.synaxis.org/cf/volume25/ECF00007.htm ''Ecclesiastical History''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222102659/http://www.synaxis.org/cf/volume25/ECF00007.htm |date=22 February 2020}}, VI, 3</ref> He was destined later to bring about reconciliation between [[Flavian I of Antioch]], Alexandria, and Rome, thus bringing those three sees into communion for the first time in nearly seventy years.<ref>Philip Hughes, ''History of the Church'', Sheed and Ward, 1934, vol I, pp. 231–232.</ref>

In Antioch, over the course of twelve years (386–397), John gained popularity because of the eloquence of his public speaking at the Golden Church, Antioch's [[cathedral]], especially his insightful expositions of Bible passages and moral teaching. The most valuable of his works from this period are his [[homilies]] on various books of the Bible. He emphasised charitable giving and was concerned with the spiritual and temporal needs of the poor. He spoke against abuse of wealth and personal property:<blockquote>Do you wish to honour the body of Christ? Do not ignore him when he is naked. Do not pay him homage in the temple clad in silk, only then to neglect him outside where he is cold and ill-clad. He who said: "This is my body" is the same who said: "You saw me hungry and you gave me no food", and "Whatever you did to the least of my brothers you did also to me"... What good is it if the [[Eucharist]]ic table is overloaded with golden chalices when your brother is dying of hunger? Start by satisfying his hunger and then with what is left you may adorn the altar as well.<ref>Chrysostom, John; ''In Evangelium S. Matthaei'', homily 50:3–4, pp. 58, 508–509</ref></blockquote>

His straightforward understanding of the Scriptures – in contrast to the Alexandrian tendency towards [[Allegorical interpretation of the Bible|allegorical interpretation]] – meant that the themes of his talks were practical, explaining the Bible's application to everyday life. Such straightforward preaching helped Chrysostom to garner popular support.{{sfn|Baur|1910}}

One incident that happened during his service in Antioch illustrates the influence of his homilies. When Chrysostom arrived in Antioch, Flavian, the bishop of the city, had to intervene with emperor [[Theodosius I]] on behalf of citizens who had gone on a rampage mutilating statues of the emperor and his family. During the weeks of [[Lent]] in 387, John preached more than twenty homilies in which he entreated the people to see the error of their ways. These made a lasting impression on the general population of the city: many pagans converted to Christianity as a result of the homilies. The city was ultimately spared from severe consequences.{{sfn|Wilken|2013|p=}}

=== Archbishop of Constantinople ===
{{Main|Origenist Crises}}
[[File:Augustins - Saint Jean Chrysostome et l'Impératrice Eudoxie - Jean Paul Laurens 2004 1 156.jpg|thumb|John Chrysostom confronting [[Aelia Eudoxia]], in a 19th-century [[anti-clerical art|anti-clerical painting]] by [[Jean-Paul Laurens]].]]

In the autumn of 397, John was appointed [[archbishop of Constantinople]], after having been nominated without his knowledge by the [[eunuch]] [[Eutropius (consul 399)|Eutropius]]. He had to leave Antioch in secret due to fears that the departure of such a popular figure would cause civil unrest.<ref>Allen and Mayer, 2000, p. 6</ref>

During his time as archbishop, he adamantly refused to host lavish social gatherings, which made him popular with the common people, but unpopular with wealthy citizens and the clergy. His reforms of the clergy were also unpopular. He told visiting regional preachers to return to the churches they were meant to be serving – without any pay-out.<ref>Farmer, David H.; ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Saints'' (2nd ed.), New York, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 232</ref> He also founded a number of hospitals in Constantinople.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r90OUzO9AP8C&pg=PA103 |title=Andrew Todd Crislip, ''From Monastery to Hospital - Christian Monasticism and the Transformation of Health Care in Late Antiquity'', University of Michigan Press, 2005, p. 103 |isbn=978-0-472-11474-0 |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045637/https://books.google.com/books?id=r90OUzO9AP8C&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Crislip |first1=Andrew Todd |date=26 March 2024 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]}}</ref><ref>Baluffi, Cajetan; ''The Charity of the Church'' (trans. Denis Gargan), Dublin, [[Gill (publisher)|University of Michigan Press]]</ref><ref>Baluffi, Cajetan; ''The Charity of the Church'' (trans. Denis Gargan), Dublin, [[Gill]], 1885, p. 39<br />Schmidt, Alvin J.; ''Under the Influence: How Christianity Transformed Civilization'', Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 2001, p. 157</ref>

His time in Constantinople was more tumultuous than his time in Antioch. [[Theophilus I of Alexandria]], the [[patriarch of Alexandria]], wanted to bring Constantinople under his sway and opposed John's appointment to Constantinople. Theophilus had disciplined four [[Roman Egypt|Egyptian]] [[monk]]s (known as "the [[Tall Brothers]]") over their support of [[Origen]]'s teachings. They fled to John and were welcomed by him. Theophilus therefore accused John of being too partial to the teaching of Origen. He made another enemy in [[Aelia Eudoxia]], wife of emperor [[Arcadius]], who assumed that John's denunciations of extravagance in feminine dress were aimed at her.{{sfn|Wilken|2013|p=}} Eudoxia, Theophilus and other of his enemies held a [[synod]] in 403 (the [[Synod of the Oak]]) to charge John, in which his connection to Origen was used against him. It resulted in his deposition and banishment. He was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as the people became "tumultuous" over his departure, even threatening to burn the imperial palace.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Socrates Scholasticus |editor=[[Philip Schaff]] |editor2=Wace, Henry |title=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume II - Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.html |access-date=29 March 2007 |chapter=Book VI, Chapter XVI - Sedition on Account of John Chrysostom's Banishment |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.ix.xvii.html |author-link=Socrates of Constantinople |page=149 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |location=Peabody, MA |isbn=1-56563-118-8 |edition=reprint |date=1995 |orig-date=1890 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020160401/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There was an earthquake the night of his arrest, which Eudoxia took for a sign of God's anger, prompting her to ask Arcadius for John's reinstatement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rea |first1=Robert F. |title=Why Church History Matters |date=5 June 2014 |publisher=[[InterVarsity Press]] |location=Downers Grove, Illinois |isbn=9780830828197 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiAkAwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045648/https://books.google.com/books?id=AiAkAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Peace was short-lived. A silver statue of Eudoxia was erected in the [[Augustaion]], near the [[Constantinian Hagia Sophia]], his cathedral. John denounced the dedication ceremonies as pagan and spoke against the empress in harsh terms: "Again [[Herodias]] raves, again she dances, and again desires to receive John's head on a charger",<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liebeschuetz |first1=J. H. W. G. |title=Ambrose and John Chrysostom - Clerics between Desert and Empire |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-959664-5 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgFREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045655/https://books.google.com/books?id=IgFREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> an allusion to the Biblical events surrounding the [[death of John the Baptist]]. Once again he was banished, this time to the [[Caucasus]] in [[Abasgoi|Abkhazia]].<ref>"John Chrysostom" profile, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Church History'' (ed. Jerald C. Brauer), Philadelphia, Westminster Press (1971)</ref> His banishment sparked riots among his supporters in the capital, and in the fighting the cathedral built by [[Constantius II]] was burnt down, necessitating the construction of the second cathedral on the site, the [[Hagia Sophia|Theodosian Hagia Sophia]].

Around 405, John began to lend moral and financial support to Christian monks who were enforcing the emperors' anti-pagan laws, by destroying temples and shrines in Phoenicia and nearby regions.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7XXYAAAAMAAJ&q=chrysostom Chuvin, Pierre, ''A chronicle of the last pagans''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624212541/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XXYAAAAMAAJ&q=chrysostom |date=24 June 2023}}, [[Harvard University Press]], 1990, p. 75 {{isbn|9780674129702}}</ref>

=== Exile and death ===
[[File:John Chrysostom in exile (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|The exile of John Chrysostom, scene from the 11th century [[Menologion of Basil II]].]]

The causes of John's exile are not clear, though [[Jennifer Barry]] suggests that they have to do with his connections to [[Arianism]]. Other historians, including [[Wendy Mayer]] and Geoffrey Dunn, have argued that "the surplus of evidence reveals a struggle between Johannite and anti-Johannite camps in Constantinople soon after John's departure and for a few years after his death".<ref name="barry" /> Faced with exile, John Chrysostom wrote an appeal for help to three churchmen: [[Pope Innocent I]]; [[Venerius (bishop of Milan)|Venerius]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|bishop of Mediolanum]] ([[Milan]]); and [[Chromatius]], the [[list of bishops and patriarchs of Aquileia|bishop of Aquileia]].<ref>(Ep. CLV: PG LII, 702)</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071205_en.html Vatican Library webpage] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233950/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071205_en.html |date=20 December 2014}}; accessed 20 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/public/palladius_john_chrysostom_letter_to_innocent_i.htm Appeal to the Pope] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812103106/https://earlychurchtexts.com/public/palladius_john_chrysostom_letter_to_innocent_i.htm |date=12 August 2023}}, earlychurchtexts.com; accessed 20 June 2015.</ref> In 1872, church historian William Stephens wrote:
<blockquote>The Patriarch of the Eastern Rome appeals to the great bishops of the West, as the champions of an ecclesiastical discipline which he confesses himself unable to enforce or to see any prospect of establishing. No jealousy is entertained of the Patriarch of the Old Rome by the patriarch of the New Rome. The interference of Innocent is courted, a certain primacy is accorded him, but at the same time he is not addressed as a supreme arbitrator; assistance and sympathy are solicited from him as from an elder brother, and two other prelates of Italy are joint recipients with him of the appeal.<ref>[[William Stephens (dean of Winchester)|William Stephens]], (2005) "Saint Chrysostom - His Life and Times", Elibron Classics, pp. 349–350</ref></blockquote>

Pope Innocent I protested John's banishment from Constantinople to the town of [[Göksun|Cucusus]] ([[Göksun]]) in [[Cappadocia]], but to no avail. Innocent sent a delegation to intercede on behalf of John in 405. It was led by [[Gaudentius of Brescia]]; Gaudentius and his companions, two bishops, encountered many difficulties and never reached their goal of entering Constantinople.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06393c.htm St Gaudentius profile] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401134745/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06393c.htm |date=1 April 2022}}, newadvent.org; accessed 20 June 2015.</ref>

John wrote letters which still held great influence in Constantinople. As a result of this, he was further exiled from Cucusus (where he stayed from 404 to 407) to [[Pitsunda|Pitiunt]] (Pityus) (in modern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]). He never reached this destination alive, as he died at [[Comana Pontica]] (modern-day Gümenek, [[Tokat Province|Tokat]], Turkey) on 14 September 407 during the journey.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wace |first1=Henry |last2=Piercy |first2=William C. |title=A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature |date=1911 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |pages=167–168}}</ref> He died in the Presbyterium or community of the clergy belonging to the church of Saint [[Basiliscus of Comana]].{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=297}} His last words are said to have been "{{lang|el|Δόξα τῷ Θεῷ πάντων ἕνεκεν}}" ("Glory be to God for all things").<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schaff |first1=Philip |title=History of the Christian Church, Vol. 3 |date=1867 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Charles Scribner and Company]] |location=New York |page=704, n.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA704 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045742/https://books.google.com/books?id=OBEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA704#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Veneration and canonisation ===
[[File:John Chrysostom Louvre OA3970.jpg|thumb|[[Byzantine]] 11th-century [[soapstone]] [[relief]] of John Chrysostom, [[Louvre]]]]

John came to be venerated as a [[saint]] soon after his death. Almost immediately after, an anonymous supporter of John (known as pseudo-Martyrius) wrote a funeral oration to reclaim John as a symbol of Christian [[orthodoxy]].<ref name="barry">{{Cite journal |last1=Barry |first1=Jennifer |title=Diagnosing Heresy - Ps.-Martyrius's Funerary Speech for John Chrysostom |journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies |date=2016 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=395–418 |doi=10.1353/earl.2016.0033 |s2cid=171226395 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15281337 |access-date=17 July 2017 |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428185607/https://www.academia.edu/15281337 |url-status=live}}</ref> But three decades later, some of his adherents in Constantinople remained in [[Schism in Christianity|schism]].<ref>Holum, K.G., (1982) "Theodosian Empresses", [[University of California Press]], p. 184</ref> [[Proclus of Constantinople|Proclus]], archbishop of Constantinople (434–446), hoping to bring about the reconciliation of the Johannites, preached a homily praising his predecessor in the Church of [[Hagia Sophia]]. He said, "O John, your life was filled with sorrow, but your death was glorious. Your grave is blessed and reward is great, by the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ O graced one, having conquered the bounds of time and place! Love has conquered space, unforgetting memory has annihilated the limits, and place does not hinder the [[miracle]]s of the saint."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR6ik72O5JUC&pg=PT8 |date=1980 |publisher=Primedia E-launch |isbn=978-1-61979-382-8 |pages=8–9}}</ref>

These homilies helped to mobilize public opinion, and the patriarch received permission from the emperor to return Chrysostom's [[relics]] to Constantinople, where they were enshrined in the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]] on 28 January 438. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] commemorates him as a "Great Ecumenical Teacher", with [[Basil of Caesarea]] and [[Gregory of Nazianzus]]. These three saints, in addition to having their own individual commemorations throughout the year, are commemorated together on 30 January, a feast known as the [[Synaxis]] of the [[Three Hierarchs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Holy Hierarchs - St Basil the Great, St Gregory the Theologian, and St John Chrysostom |url=http://myocn.net/three-holy-hierarchs-st-basil-great-st-gregory-theologian-st-john-chrysostom/ |website=Orthodox Christian Network |access-date=17 July 2017 |date=27 January 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714192453/http://myocn.net/three-holy-hierarchs-st-basil-great-st-gregory-theologian-st-john-chrysostom/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, there are several [[feast day]]s dedicated to him:
* 27 January, Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom from Comana to Constantinople.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/01/27/100327-translation-of-the-relics-of-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103163715/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/01/27/100327-translation-of-the-relics-of-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]]}}</ref>
* 30 January, Synaxis of the Three Great Hierarchs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs - Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/01/30/100350-synaxis-of-the-ecumenical-teachers-and-hierarchs-basil-the-great |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103172519/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/01/30/100350-synaxis-of-the-ecumenical-teachers-and-hierarchs-basil-the-great |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]]}}</ref>
* 14 September, Repose of Saint John Chrysostom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Repose of Saint John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/09/14/102611-repose-of-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of-constantinople |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103175356/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/09/14/102611-repose-of-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of-constantinople |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]]}}</ref>
* 13 November, celebration was transferred from 14 September by the 10th century AD as the [[Exaltation of the Holy Cross]] became more prominent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/11/13/103292-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of-constantinople |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103215021/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/11/13/103292-saint-john-chrysostom-archbishop-of-constantinople |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]]}}</ref> According to Brian Croke, 13 November is the date news of John Chrysostom's death reached Constantinople.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chronicle of Marcellinus - A translation with commentary (with a reproduction of Mommsen's edition of the text) |date=2017 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-34463-1 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |language=en |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045706/https://books.google.com/books?id=SNMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1908 [[Pope Pius X]] named him the [[patron saint]] of preachers.<ref name=episcopal>{{Cite web |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/chrysostom-john/ |title="Chrysostom, John", ''An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church'', The Episcopal Church |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528104732/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/chrysostom-john/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Writings ==
Some 700 sermons and 246 letters by John Chrysostom survive, plus biblical commentaries, moral discourses, and theological treatises.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

=== Homilies ===
[[File:Nicephorus III and chrysostome BnF Coislin79 fol2v.jpg|thumb|The Byzantine emperor [[Nicephorus III]] receives a book of homilies from John Chrysostom; the [[Archangel Michael]] stands on his left (11th-century illuminated [[manuscript]]).]]
[[File:Hosios Loukas (nave, south east conch) - John Chrysostom - detail.jpg|thumb|11th-century [[semi-dome|conch]] mosaic of John Chrysostom from the south-east apse of the [[nave]] of the [[Hosios Loukas]] monastery]]
==== General ====
Chrysostom's extant homiletical works are vast, including many hundreds of exegetical homilies on both the [[New Testament]] (especially the works of [[Paul the Apostle]]) and the [[Old Testament]] (particularly on [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]). Among his exegetical works are sixty-seven homilies on Genesis, fifty-nine on the [[Psalms]], ninety on the [[Gospel of Matthew]], eighty-eight on the [[Gospel of John]], and fifty-five on the [[Acts of the Apostles]].{{sfn|Baur|1910}} The best known of his many homilies is an extremely brief one, the [[Paschal Homily]] (''[[Euchologion|Hieratikon]]''), which is read at the first service of [[Easter#Eastern Christianity 2|Pascha (Easter)]], the midnight [[Orthros]] ([[Matins#Byzantine Rite|Matins]]), in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stjohndc.org/en/orthodoxy-foundation/orthodox-feasts-0/holy-pascha |title=Holy Pascha |work=Orthodox Feasts and Fasts |publisher=The Cathedral Church of St. John the Baptist, Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, Washington, D.C. |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901200423/https://stjohndc.org/en/orthodoxy-foundation/orthodox-feasts-0/holy-pascha |url-status=live}}</ref>

The homilies were written down by stenographers and subsequently circulated, revealing a style that tended to be direct and greatly personal, but formed by the rhetorical conventions of his time and place.<ref name="lewy">Yohanan (Hans) Lewy, "John Chrysostom" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' (ed. Cecil Roth), Keter Publishing House, 1997 {{ISBN|965-07-0665-8}}</ref> In general, his homiletical theology displays much characteristics of the [[Antiochian school]] (i.e., more literal in interpreting biblical events), but he also uses a good deal of the allegorical interpretation more associated with the [[Alexandrian school]].{{sfn|Baur|1910}}

John's social and religious world was formed by the continuing and pervasive presence of paganism in the life of the city. One of his regular topics was the paganism in the culture of Constantinople, and in his homilies, he thunders against popular pagan amusements: the [[Theatre of ancient Greece|theatre]], [[chariot racing|horseraces]], and the revelry surrounding holidays.{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=30}} In particular, he criticizes Christians for taking part in such activities:
<blockquote>If you ask [Christians] who is [[Amos (prophet)|Amos]] or [[Obadiah]], how many apostles there were or prophets, they stand mute; but if you ask them about the horses or drivers, they answer with more solemnity than [[Sophism|sophists]] or rhetors.{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=30}}</blockquote>

[[Cyril of Alexandria]] attributed the destruction of the [[Ephesus|Ephesian]] [[Temple of Artemis]] to John Chrysostom, referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and overthrower of the temple of Diana". A later Archbishop of Constantinople, [[Proclus of Constantinople]] repeated the allegation, saying "In Ephesus, he despoiled the art of Midas". Both claims are considered spurious.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple of Artemis at Ephesus |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045708/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Care of the needy====
One of the recurring features of John's homilies is his emphasis on care for the needy:<ref>Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. ''Barbarians and Bishops - Army, Church, and State in the age of Arcadius and Chrysostom'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990, pp. 175–176</ref> he was "perhaps the most ardent preacher on social justice" of all the eastern fathers.<ref>[[Pope Leo XIV]], [https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/apost_exhortations/documents/20251004-dilexi-te.html Dilexi te], paragraph 41, published on 4 October 2025, accessed on 6 November 2025</ref> Echoing themes found in the Gospel of Matthew, he calls upon the rich to lay aside materialism in favor of helping the poor, often employing all of his rhetorical skills to shame wealthy people to abandon [[conspicuous consumption]]: <blockquote>Do you pay such honor to your excrements as to receive them into a silver chamber-pot when another man made in the image of God is perishing in the cold?<ref>Chrysostom, John (quoted in Liebeschuetz, p. 176)</ref>
</blockquote>Along these lines, he wrote often about the need for [[alms]]giving and its importance alongside fasting and prayer, e.g. "prayer without almsgiving is unfruitful".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopko |first=Thomas |title=The Lenten Spring |publisher=[[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary|St. Vladimir's Seminary Press]] |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-88141-014-3 |pages=128–129 |chapter=32 - When You Give Alms}}</ref>

==== Homilies against Jews and Judaizing Christians ====
{{Main|Adversus Judaeos}}
[[File:Three Holy Hierarchs (Novgorod).jpg|thumb|John Chrysostom with [[Basil of Caesarea]] and [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] on a late-15th-century icon of the [[Three Holy Hierarchs]] from the [[Cathedral of St Sophia, Novgorod]]]]

During his first two years as a presbyter in Antioch (386–387), John denounced [[Jew]]s and [[Judaizers|Christians]] in a series of eight homilies delivered to Christians in his congregation who were taking part in [[Jewish festivals]] and other Jewish observances.{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=xv}}<ref>"John Chrysostom" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]''</ref> It is disputed whether the main targets were specifically the so called "[[Judaizers]]" or Jews in general. His homilies were expressed in the conventional manner, using the uncompromising [[rhetoric]]al form known as the ''psogos'' (Greek: blame, censure).{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=xv}}

One of the purposes of these homilies was to prevent Christians from participating in Jewish customs, and thus prevent the perceived erosion of Chrysostom's flock. In his homilies, John criticized those "Judaizing Christians", who were participating in Jewish festivals and taking part in other Jewish observances, such as the [[shabbat]], submitted to [[Circumcision in the Bible|circumcision]] and made pilgrimage to Jewish holy places.{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=xv}} There had been a revival of Jewish faith and tolerance in Antioch in 361, so Chrysostom's followers and the greater Christian community were in contact with Jews frequently, and Chrysostom was concerned that this interaction would draw Christians away from their faith identity.<ref>John Chrysostom, Discourses Against Judaizing Christians, trans. Paul W. Harkins, 2010, XXIX</ref>

John claimed that [[synagogue]]s were full of Christians, especially Christian women, on the shabbats and Jewish festivals, because they loved the solemnity of the Jewish liturgy and enjoyed listening to the [[shofar]] on [[Rosh Hashanah]], and applauded famous preachers in accordance with the contemporary custom.<ref>"John Chrysostom" profile, ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''<!-- page? -->.</ref> Due to Chrysostom's stature in the Christian church, both locally and within the greater church hierarchy, his sermons were fairly successful in spreading anti-Jewish sentiment.

In Greek, the homilies are called ''Kata Ioudaiōn'' ({{lang|el|Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων}}), which is translated as {{lang|la|Adversus Judaeos}} in Latin and "Against the Jews" in English.<ref name="trans">Chrysostom, John; "Discourses Against Judaizing Christians", ''Fathers of the Church'' (vol. 68), Paul W. Harkins (trans.), Washington, D.C., [[The Catholic University of America Press]], 1979, pp. x, xxxi<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref> The original [[Benedictine]] editor of the homilies, [[Bernard de Montfaucon]], gives the following footnote to the title: "A discourse against the Jews; but it was delivered against those who were Judaizing and keeping the fasts with them [the Jews]".<ref name="trans"/>

According to [[Patristics]] scholars, opposition to any particular view during the late 4th century was conventionally expressed in a manner, using the rhetorical form known as the psogos, whose literary conventions were to vilify opponents in an uncompromising manner; thus, it has been argued that to call Chrysostom an "[[Antisemitism|anti-Semite]]" is to employ anachronistic terminology in a way incongruous with historical context and record.{{sfn|Wilken|2004|pp=124–126}} This does not preclude assertions that Chrysostom's theology was a form of anti-Jewish [[supersessionism]].<ref>Charlotte Fonrobert, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uPC-fTBF1K8C "Jewish Christians, Judaizers, and Anti-Judaism"], ''Late Ancient Christianity'' (2010), Minneapolis, MN, [[1517 Media|Fortress Press]], pp. 234–254</ref>

His sermons against Jews gave further momentum to the idea that Jews are [[Jewish deicide|collectively responsible for the death of Jesus]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Roots of Hate - Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust |last=Brustein |first=William I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-77308-3 |page=52}}</ref>

==== Homily against homosexuality ====
John Chrysostom's most notable discourse in this regard is his fourth homily on [[Romans 1:26]],<ref>{{Bibleverse||Romans|1:26–27|ESV}}</ref> where he argues as follows:
<blockquote>All these affections then were vile, but chiefly the mad lust after males; for the soul is more the sufferer in sins, and more dishonored, than the body in diseases. ... [The men] have done an insult to nature itself. And a yet more disgraceful thing than these is it, when even the women seek after these intercourses, who ought to have more sense of shame than men.<ref name="Homilies on Romans">{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_XI/On_the_Epistle_to_the_Romans/Homily_IV_on_Rom._i._26,_27 |title=John Chrysostom: Homilies on Romans: Homily IV |website=en.wikisource.org |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119170931/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_XI/On_the_Epistle_to_the_Romans/Homily_IV_on_Rom._i._26,_27 |url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

He says the active male victimizes the passive male in a way that leaves him more enduringly dishonored than even a victim of murder since the victim of this act must "live under" the shame of the "insolency".<ref name="Homilies on Romans"/> The victim of a murder, by contrast, carries no dishonor. He asserts that punishment will be found in [[Hell]] for such transgressors and that women can be guilty of the sin as much as men. Chrysostom argues that the male passive partner has effectively renounced his manhood and become a woman – such an individual deserves to be "driven out and stoned". He attributes the cause to "luxury". "Do not, he means (Paul), because you have heard that they burned, suppose that the evil was only in desire. For the greater part of it came of their luxuriousness, which also kindled into flame their lust".<ref name="Homilies on Romans"/>

According to scholar Michael Carden, Chrysostom was particularly influential in shaping early Christian thought that same-sex desire was an evil, claiming that he altered a traditional interpretation of [[Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom]] as a place of inhospitality to one where the sexual transgressions of the Sodomites became paramount.<ref>Michael Carden, ''Sodomy - A history of a Christian Biblical Myth'', [[Routledge]], 2004, p. 32</ref> However, other scholars – such as Kruger<ref>Kruger, M. A., (1993) "Τούτοις in Jude:7", ''Neotestamentica'', 27 (1), p. 126</ref> and Nortjé-Meyer<ref>Nortjé-Meyer, L., (2014) "Effeminacy as vilification in the letter of Jude - female sexuality and the constitution of hierarchy and authority", ''Scriptura'', 113 (1), p. 5</ref> – dispute this, arguing that the author of the [[Epistle of Jude]] already interpreted the sin of Sodom as homosexuality in the [[New Testament]].

=== Treatises ===
Apart from his homilies, a number of John's other treatises have had a lasting influence. One such work is John's early treatise ''Against Those Who Oppose the Monastic Life'', written while he was a deacon (sometime before 386), which was directed to parents, pagan as well as Christian, whose sons were contemplating a monastic vocation.{{sfn|Wilken|2004|p=26}} Chrysostom wrote that, already in his day, it was customary for Antiochenes to send their sons to be educated by monks.<ref>Thomas Woods, ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization'', Washington, D.C., Regenery, 2005 {{ISBN|0-89526-038-7}}, p. 44</ref>

Another important treatise written by John is titled ''On the Priesthood'' (written 390–391, it contains in Book 1 an account of his early years and a defence of his flight from ordination by bishop [[Meletius of Antioch]], and then proceeds in later books to expound on his exalted understanding of the priesthood). Two other notable books by John are ''Instructions to Catechumens'' and ''On the Incomprehensibility of the Divine Nature''.<ref>''On the Priesthood'' was well-known already during Chrysostom's lifetime, and is cited by [[Jerome]] in 392 in his ''[[De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)|De Viris Illustribus]]'', chapter 129</ref> In addition, he wrote a series of letters to the [[deaconess]] [[St. Olympias|Olympias]], of which seventeen are extant.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11248b.htm |title=St. Olympias |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter |year=1911 |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |access-date=17 November 2009 |archive-date=29 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029233352/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11248b.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Liturgy ===
Beyond his preaching, the other lasting legacy of John is his influence on Christian liturgy. Two of his writings are particularly notable. He harmonized the liturgical life of the church by revising the prayers and rubrics of the [[Divine Liturgy]], or celebration of the Holy Eucharist. To this day, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches of the Byzantine Rite typically celebrate the [[Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom]] as the normal Eucharistic liturgy, although his connection with it remains a matter of debate among experts.<ref name="Parry 2001, pp. 268–269">Parry (2001), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vaukEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 268]–269</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
[[File:St.Patrick's Cathedral NYC2.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of John Chrysostom in [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|Saint Patrick's Cathedral]], New York City]]

During a time when city clergy were subject to criticism for their high lifestyle, John was determined to reform his clergy in Constantinople. These efforts were met with resistance and limited success. He was seen as an excellent preacher<ref name="Parry 2001, pp. 268–269"/> whose homilies and writings are still studied and quoted. As a theologian, he has been and continues to be very important in [[Eastern Christianity]], and is generally considered among the Three Holy Hierarchs of the Greek Church, but has been less important to Western Christianity. His writings have survived to the present day more so than any of the other [[Greek Fathers]].{{sfn|Baur|1910}}

=== Catechism of the Catholic Church ===
[[The Catechism of the Catholic Church]] cites him in eighteen sections, particularly his reflections on the purpose of prayer and the meaning of the [[Lord's Prayer]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PA9.HTM |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=vatican.va |archive-date=9 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031209070703/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PA9.HTM |url-status=live}}</ref>
<blockquote>Consider how [Jesus Christ] teaches us to be humble, by making us see that our virtue does not depend on our work alone but on grace from on high. He commands each of the faithful who prays to do so universally, for the whole world. For he did not say "thy will be done in me or in us", but "on earth", the whole earth, so that error may be banished from it, truth take root in it, all vice be destroyed on it, virtue flourish on it, and earth no longer differ from heaven.<ref>Chrysostom, John. ''Hom. in Mt'', 19,5, pp. 57, 280.</ref></blockquote>

=== Protestant clergy ===
Protestant clerics, such as [[Richard Salter Storrs]], refer to him as "one of the most eloquent preachers who ever since apostolic times have brought to men the divine tidings of truth and love",<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Storrs |first1=Richard Salter |title=Bernard of Clairvaux |date=1912 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location=New York City |page=357 |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardclairvau01storgoog/page/856/mode/2up?q=Chrysostom}}</ref> and the 19th-century [[John Henry Newman]], a former Anglican but by this stage a Catholic, described John as a "bright, cheerful, gentle soul; a sensitive heart".<ref>[[John Henry Newman]], "St. Chrysostom" profile, ''The Newman Reader'', Rambler: 1859 [http://www.newmanreader.org/works/historical/volume2/saints/chrysostom/chapter2.html available online (see esp. chapter 2)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625042104/https://www.newmanreader.org/works/historical/volume2/saints/chrysostom/chapter2.html |date=25 June 2023}}; retrieved 20 March 2007.</ref>

=== Music and literature ===
John's liturgical legacy has inspired several musical compositions, including [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]'s ''[[Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Rachmaninoff)|Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]]'', Op. 31, composed in 1910,<ref name="hyperion">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/tw.asp?w=W9203 |title=The Divine Liturgy of St John Chrysostom, Op. 31 |publisher=Hyperion Records, Ltd. |access-date=27 November 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032249/http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/tw.asp?w=W9203 |url-status=live}}</ref> one of his two major unaccompanied choral works; [[Pyotr Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Tchaikovsky)|Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]]'', Op. 41; and Ukrainian composer [[Kyrylo Stetsenko]]'s ''Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom'', [[Arvo Pärt]]'s ''Litany'' sets Chrysostom's twenty-four prayers, one for each hour of the day,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arvopart.org/composition_text.php?id=5 |title=Litany |website=arvopart.org |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519221030/http://www.arvopart.org/composition_text.php?id=5 |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> for soli, mixed choir and orchestra. And the compositions of [[Alexander Grechaninov]]s ''Liturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos'' No. 1, Op. 13 (1897), ''Liturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos'', No. 2, Op. 29 (1902), ''Liturgia Domestica (Liturgy Johannes Chrysostomos'' No. 3), Op. 79 (1917) and ''Liturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos'' No. 4, Op. 177 (1943) are noteworthy.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

[[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' includes a character named Mulligan who brings "Chrysostomos" into another character ([[Stephen Dedalus]])'s mind because Mulligan's gold-stopped teeth and his gift of the gab earn him the title which St. John Chrysostom's preaching earned him, "golden-mouthed":<ref>Blaimes (1996, 3).</ref> "[Mulligan] peered sideways up and gave a long low whistle of call, then paused awhile in rapt attention, his even white teeth glistening here and there with gold points. Chrysostomos".<ref>Joyce (1961, 3).</ref>

=== Legend of the penance of Saint John Chrysostom ===
[[File:Lucas Cranach the Elder - The Penance of St. John Chrysostom.jpg|thumb|''The Penance of St. John Chrysostom'', engraving by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], 1509. The saint can be seen in the background on all fours, while the princess and their baby dominate the foreground.]]

A late medieval legend relates that, when John Chrysostom was a [[hermit]] in the desert, he was approached by a royal princess in distress.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}{{efn|A variant relates that this was [[Genevieve of Brabant]], wife of Count Siegfried of [[Treves]], who was unjustly accused of infidelity and sentenced to death. She was led into the forest to be put to death, but her executioners relented and there abandoned her.}} John, thinking she was a demon, at first refused to help her, but the princess convinced him that she was a Christian and would be devoured by wild beasts if she were not allowed to enter his cave. He therefore admitted her, carefully dividing the cave in two parts, one for each of them. In spite of these precautions, the sin of [[fornication]] was committed, and in an attempt to hide it the distraught John took the princess and threw her over a precipice. He then went to Rome to beg absolution, which was refused. Realising the appalling nature of his crimes, Chrysostom made a vow that he would never rise from the ground until his sins were expiated, and for years he lived like a beast, crawling on all fours and feeding on wild grasses and roots. Subsequently, the princess reappeared, alive, and suckling John's baby, who miraculously pronounced his sins forgiven. This last scene was very popular from the late 15th century onwards as a subject for engravers and artists. The theme was depicted by [[Albrecht Dürer]] around 1496,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/stampe/schede/F0140-00156 |title=La penitenza di San Giovanni Crisostomo, Dürer, Albrecht – Stampe e incisioni – Lombardia Beni Culturali |first=Albrecht |last=Dürer |website=lombardiabeniculturali.it |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811080936/http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/stampe/schede/F0140-00156 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hans Sebald Beham]] and [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], among others. [[Martin Luther]] mocked this same legend in his ''[[Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo]]'' (1537) to analyse the pitfalls of the Christian [[Legendary (hagiography)]].<ref>Available [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10204257?page=5 online] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624212541/https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10204257?page=5 |date=24 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>Fenelli, Laura. [https://www.academia.edu/3740182/From_the_Vita_Pauli_to_the_Legenda_Breviarii_Real_and_imaginary_animals_as_a_Guide_to_the_Hermit_in_the_Desert, "From the Vita Pauli to the Legenda Breviarii: Real and imaginary animals as a Guide to the Hermit in the Desert"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044639/https://www.academia.edu/3740182/From_the_Vita_Pauli_to_the_Legenda_Breviarii_Real_and_imaginary_animals_as_a_Guide_to_the_Hermit_in_the_Desert |date=23 February 2022}}, ''Animals and Otherness in the Middle Ages - Perspectives Across Disciplines'', Oxford, Archaeopress (BAR International Series 2500), 2013, p. 41, fn. 40</ref>

=== Relics ===
[[File:Menologion of Basil 061.jpg|thumb|The return of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom to the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]] in [[Constantinople]]]]

John Chrysostom died in the city of [[Comana Pontica|Comana]] in 407 on his way to his place of exile. There his [[relic]]s remained until 438 when, thirty years after his death, they were transferred to [[Constantinople]] during the reign of the empress [[Aelia Eudoxia]]'s son, the emperor [[Theodosius II]] (408–450), under the guidance of John's disciple, [[Proclus of Constantinople]], who by that time had become archbishop of Constantinople (434–447).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Proclus, Archbishop of Constantinople |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2010/11/20/103341-saint-proclus-archbishop-of-constantinople |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=oca.org |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215132010/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2010/11/20/103341-saint-proclus-archbishop-of-constantinople |url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of John's relics were looted from Constantinople by [[Fourth Crusade|crusaders]] in 1204 and taken to Rome, but some of his bones were returned to the Orthodox Church on 27 November 2004 by [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Pope John Paul II |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20041127_consegna-reliquie_en.html |title=Letter to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, His Holiness Bartholomew I |access-date=30 March 2007 |archive-date=13 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113195212/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20041127_consegna-reliquie_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiese-ortodosse-di-tradizione-bizantina/relazioni-bilaterali/patriarcato-ecumenico/altri-documenti-ed-eventi/2004-celebrazione-ecumenica-reliquie-ss-gregorio-nazianzo-e-giov.html |title=Ecumenical celebration relics of Saints Gregory Nazianzus and John Chrysostom |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108061330/http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiese-ortodosse-di-tradizione-bizantina/relazioni-bilaterali/patriarcato-ecumenico/altri-documenti-ed-eventi/2004-celebrazione-ecumenica-reliquie-ss-gregorio-nazianzo-e-giov.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/1Eztvp0CN4Q Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200228220527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Eztvp0CN4Q Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Eztvp0CN4Q |title=Return of the Relics of Sts. Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom to Constantinople |website=[[YouTube]]|date=6 November 2012 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Since 2004 the relics have been enshrined in the [[Church of St. George, Istanbul]].<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/vatican-returns-relics-to-orthodox-church-1.478335 Relics of St. John Chrysostom at the Church of St. George, Istanbul] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918121613/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/vatican-returns-relics-to-orthodox-church-1.478335 |date=18 September 2020}}, [[CBC.ca]]; retrieved 13 September 2010.</ref>

The skull, however, having been kept at the monastery at [[Vatopedi]] on [[Mount Athos]] in northern Greece, was not among the relics that were taken by the crusaders in the 13th century. In 1655, at the request of [[Alexis of Russia|Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich]], the skull was taken to Russia, for which the monastery was compensated in the sum of 2,000 rubles. In 1693, having received a request from the [[Vatopedi|Vatopedi Monastery]] for the return of Saint John's skull, Tsar [[Peter the Great]] ordered that the skull remain in Russia but that the monastery was to be paid 500 rubles every four years. The Russian state archives document these payments up until 1735. The skull was kept at the [[Moscow Kremlin]], in the [[Cathedral of the Dormition|Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God]], until 1920, when it was confiscated by the [[Soviets]] and placed in the Museum of Silver Antiquities. In 1988, in connection with the 1,000th anniversary of the [[Baptism of Russia]], the head, along with other important relics, was returned to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and kept at the [[Epiphany Cathedral at Yelokhovo|Epiphany Cathedral]], until being moved to the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] after its restoration.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Today, the monastery at Vatopedi posits a rival claim to possessing the skull of John Chrysostom, and there a skull is venerated by pilgrims to the monastery as that of Saint John. Two sites in Italy also claim to have the saint's skull: the [[Florence Cathedral|Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore]] in Florence and the ''[[Camposanto Monumentale|Dal Pozzo]]'' chapel in Pisa. The right hand of Saint John is preserved at [[Philotheou Monastery]] on [[Mount Athos]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Madden |first1=Daniel M. |title=A Religious Guide to Europe |date=1975 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=0-02-097950-9 |page=238 |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousguideto0000madd/mode/2up}}</ref> and numerous smaller relics are scattered throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/13/europe/EU-REL-Cyprus-Visiting-Relic.php |access-date=20 June 2015 |date=13 November 2007 |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |title=Thousands queue outside Cyprus church after reports of miracle-working relic |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216233633/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/13/europe/EU-REL-Cyprus-Visiting-Relic.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Collected works ==
Widely used editions of Chrysostom's works are available in Greek, Latin, English, and French. The Greek edition is edited by [[Sir Henry Savile]] (eight volumes, Eton, 1613); the most complete Greek and Latin edition is edited by [[Bernard de Montfaucon]] (thirteen volumes, Paris, 1718–1738, republished in 1834–1840, and reprinted in Migne's ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'', volumes 47–64). There is an English translation in the first series of the ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'' (London and New York, 1889–1890). A selection of his writings has been published more recently in the original with facing French translation in ''[[Sources Chrétiennes]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volumes published Sources Chrétiennes Online |url=https://aboutbrepolis.files.wordpress.com/2022/10/sco-list-of-volumes-october-2022-bis.pdf |website=About Brepolis |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111160242/https://aboutbrepolis.files.wordpress.com/2022/10/sco-list-of-volumes-october-2022-bis.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 13|Saint John Chrysostom, patron saint archive]]

== Notes and references ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[Allen, Pauline]] and Mayer, Wendy (2000), ''John Chrysostom'', [[Routledge]], {{ISBN|0-415-18252-2}}.
* Attwater, Donald (1960), ''St. John Chrysostom: Pastor and Preacher'', London, Catholic Book Club.
* {{Cite CE1913 |first=Chrysostom |last=Baur |volume=8 |wstitle=St. John Chrysostom}}
* Blamires, Harry (1996), ''The New Bloomsday Book: A Guide Through Ulysses'', London, [[Routledge]] {{ISBN|0-415-13858-2}}.
* Brändle, R., V. Jegher-Bucher, and Johannes Chrysostomus (1995), Acht Reden gegen Juden (Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur 41), Stuttgart, Hiersemann.
* Brustein, William I. (2003), ''Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust'', [[Cambridge University Press]] {{ISBN|0-521-77308-3}}.
* {{Citation |last=Butler |first=Alban |title=The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA297 |access-date=3 August 2021 |date=1821 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127045640/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA297#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}.
* Carter, Robert (1962), "The Chronology of St. John Chrysostom's Early Life", ''Traditio 18'', 357–364.
* Chrysostom, John (1979), ''Discourses Against Judaizing Christians'', trans. Paul W. Harkins, The Fathers of the Church; V. 68. Washington, [[The Catholic University of America Press]].
* [[Pierre Chuvin|Chuvin, Pierre]] (1990), "A chronicle of the last pagans", [[Harvard University Press]].
* Dumortier, Jean (1951), "La valeur historique du dialogue de Palladius et la chronologie de saint Jean Chrysostome", ''Mélanges de science religieuse'', ''8'', 51–56.
* Hartney, Aideen (2004), ''John Chrysostom and the Transformation of the City'', London, [[Duckworth Books]] {{ISBN|0-520-04757-5}}.
* Joyce, James (1961), ''Ulysses'', New York, [[Modern Library]].
* Kelly, John Norman Davidson (1995), ''Golden Mouth - The Story of John Chrysostom-Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop'', Ithaca, New York, [[Cornell University Press]] {{ISBN|0-8014-3189-1}}.
* [[Walter Laqueur|Laqueur, Walter]] (2006), ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism - From Ancient Times To The Present Day'', [[Oxford University Press]] {{ISBN|0-19-530429-2}}.
* Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1990), ''Barbarians and Bishops - Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom'', Oxford, [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] {{ISBN|0-19-814886-0}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=Lechințan |first=Lucian |date=2023-11-29 |title=Paths of Devotion, Art, and Liturgy throughout the Palaiologan Era. The Enthroned Virgin with the Child, Holy Patrons, and Archangels, in the Semi-dome of the Main Apse of the Wallachian Church Dedicated to Saint Nicholas in Curtea de Argeş |journal=Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=47–76 |doi=10.35218/armca.2023.2.03 |issn=2392-862X|doi-access=free }}
* Lewy, Yohanan [Hans] (1997), "John Chrysostom", ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'', (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0), Ed. [[Cecil Roth]], Keter Publishing House {{ISBN|965-07-0665-8}}.
* Meeks, Wayne A. and Robert L. Wilken (1978), ''Jews and Christians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Common Era'' (The Society of Biblical Literature, Number 13), Missoula, Scholars Press {{ISBN|0-89130-229-8}}.
* [[Stephen Morris (theologian)]], "Let Us Love One Another" - Liturgy, Morality, and Political Theory in Chrysostom's Sermons on Rom, 12–13 and II Thess. 2", ''in: Speculum Sermonis - Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Medieval Sermon'', ed. Georgiana Donavin, Cary J. Nederman, and Richard Utz, Turnhout, [[Brepols]], 2004. pp.&nbsp;89–112.
* Palladius, Bishop of Aspuna, ''Palladius on the Life And Times of St. John Chrysostom'', transl. and edited by Robert T. Meyer, New York, Newman Press, 1985 {{ISBN|0-8091-0358-3}}.
* {{Cite book |title=Prelude to Dialogue |last1=Parkes |first1=James |date=1969 |publisher=[[Schocken Books]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/preludetodialogu0000jame/page/n9/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=David |editor2=David Melling |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |publisher=Blackwell |date=2001 |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-18966-1}}
* Pradels, W. (2002), "Lesbos Cod. Gr. 27 - The Tale of a Discovery", ''[[Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum]]'', 6, pp.&nbsp;81–89.
* Pradels, W., R. Brändle, and M. Heimgartner (2001), "Das bisher vermisste Textstück in Johannes Chrysostomus, Adversus Judaeos, Oratio 2", [[Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum]], 5, pp.&nbsp;23–49.
* Pradels, W., R. Brändle, and M. Heimgartner (2002), "The sequence and dating of the series of John Chrysostom's eight discourses Adversus Judaeos", [[Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum]], 6, pp.&nbsp;90–116.
* Schaff, Philip, and Henry Wace (eds.) (1890), ''Socrates, Sozomenus: Church Histories'', (''A Select Library of Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church'', second series, ''Vol. II''), New York, The Christian Literature Company.
* Stark, Rodney (1997), ''The Rise of Christianity. How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries'', [[Princeton University Press]].
* Stephens, W. R. W. (1883), ''Saint John Chrysostom, His Life and Times'', London, [[John Murray (publishing house)]].
* Stow, Kenneth (2006), ''Jewish Dogs, An Imagine and Its Interpreters - Continiuity in the Catholic-Jewish Encounter'', Stanford, [[Stanford University Press]] {{ISBN|0-8047-5281-8}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Wilken |first=R. L. |title=John Chrysostom and the Jews - Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th Century |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-59244-942-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDdLAwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127050218/https://books.google.com/books?id=pDdLAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert |editor-last=Ferguson |editor-first=Everett |title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity - Second Edition |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |series=Garland reference library of the humanities |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-61158-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127050216/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* Willey, John H. (1906), ''Chrysostom - The Orator'', Cincinnati, Jennings and Graham.
* [[Thomas Woods]] (2005), ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization'', Washington, D.C., Regenery {{ISBN|0-89526-038-7}}.

== Further reading ==
=== Primary sources ===
* ''Sermon on Alms'' Translated by Margaret M. Sherwood from the Parallel Greek and Latin Text of the Abbé [[Jacques Paul Migne]], New York, The New York School of Philanthropy, 1917
* ''The priesthood - a translation of the Peri hierosynes of St. John Chrysostom'', by W. A. Jurgens, (New York, Macmillan, 1955)
* ''Commentary on Saint John the apostle and evangelist - homilies 1–47'', translated by Sister Thomas Aquinas Goggin, Fathers of the Church, Vol. 33, (New York, Fathers of the Church Inc, 1957)
* ''Commentary on Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist'', translated by Sister Thomas Aquinas Goggin, Homilies 48–88, Fathers of the Church, Vol. 41, (Washington, D.C., [[The Catholic University of America Press]], 1959) [translation of ''Homiliae in Ioannem'']
* ''Baptismal instructions'', translated and annotated by Paul W Harkins, (Westminster, MD, Newman Press, 1963)
* ''Discourses against judaizing Christians'', translated by Paul W. Harkins, Fathers of the Church, Vol. 68, ([[Washington, D.C.]], [[The Catholic University of America Press]], 1979)
* ''On the incomprehensible nature of God'', translated by Paul W. Harkins, Fathers of the Church, Vol. 72, (Washington, D.C., [[The Catholic University of America Press]], 1984)
* ''On wealth and poverty'', translated and introduced by Catharine P. Roth, (Crestwood, New York, [[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary|St. Vladimir's Seminary Press]], 1984)
* {{Cite book |last=Chrysostom |first=John |others=Margaret A. Schatkin and Paul W. Harkins, trans |title=Apologist |date=1985 |publisher=[[The Catholic University of America Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-8132-0073-3}} [translations of ''Discourse on blessed Babylas'', and ''Against the Greeks - Demonstration against the pagans that Christ is God'']
* {{Cite book |last=Chrysostom |first=John |title=Homilies on Genesis |date=1986 |publisher=[[The Catholic University of America Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-8132-0074-1 |others=Robert C. Hill, trans}} [translation of Homilies on Genesis 1–17]
* {{Cite book |last=Chrysostom |first=John |title=On marriage and family life |date=1986 |publisher=[[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary|St. Vladimir's Seminary Press]] |location=Crestwood, N.Y. |isbn=0-913836-86-9 |others=Catherine P. Roth, trans}}
* Samuel NC Lieu, ed, ''The Emperor Julian - panegyric and polemic, Claudius Mamertinus, John Chrysostom, Ephrem the Syrian'', (Liverpool, [[Liverpool University Press]], 1986) [contains translation of John Chrysostom, ''Homily on St. Babylas, against Julian and the pagans'' XIV–XIX]
* ''Commentaries on the sages'', translated with an introduction by Robert Charles Hill, 2 vols, (Brookline, MA, [[Hellenic College Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology]], 2006) [Vol. 1 is a translation of the ''Commentary on Job''; Vol. 2 is a translation of the ''Commentary on Proverbs'']

=== Secondary sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Attwater |first=Donald |title=St. John Chrysostom - The Voice of Gold |date=1939 |publisher=Harvill |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baur |first=Chrysostomus |title=John Chrysostom and His Times |date=1959 |publisher=Sands |location=London |edition=2nd |others=M. Gonzaga, trans}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lim |first=Richard |title=Public disputation, power, and social order in late antiquity |date=1995 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-585-16041-4}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/it/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070810_giovanni-crisostomo.html |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI on the occasion of the 16th centenary of the death of St John Chrysostom 
|publisher=[[Vatican Publishing House]] |website=vatican.va |date=10 August 2007 |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115191101/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/it/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070810_giovanni-crisostomo.html |url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* [http://orthodoxchurchquotes.com/category/sayings-from-saints-elders-and-fathers/st-john-chrysostom Quotes by Saint John Chrysostom] by [http://orthodoxchurchquotes.com Orthodox Church Quotes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218074747/http://www.zenit.org/article-20539?l=english On Saint John Chrysostom's Antioch Years] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610033839/http://chrysostom1600.org/ Symposium Commemorating the 1600th Anniversary of Saint John's Repose]
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=497&letter=C&search=John%20Chrysostom Jewish Encyclopedia - Chrysostomus, Joannes]
* [http://www.patristique.org/+-Jean-Chrysostome-+ John Chrysostom on Patristique.org (French)]
* [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/phronema/antisemitism.aspx Was St. John Chrysostom Anti-Semitic?]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103292 Saint John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] (13 November [[feast day]])
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100327 Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople] (27 January feast day)
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100350 Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs - Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom] (30 January feast day)
* [http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20John%20Chrysostom-106/StJohnChrysostom.htm Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square]
* [http://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/john-chrysostom-hagia-sophia.html John Chrysostom Mosaic in Hagia Sophia]
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.cecs.acu.edu.au/chrysostombibliography.html |title=In the footsteps of John Chrysostom |publisher=[[Australian Catholic University]] Centre for Early Christian Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311155136/http://www.cecs.acu.edu.au/chrysostombibliography.html |archive-date=11 March 2019}} — online bibliography of scholarship on John Chrysostom

== Works ==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Chrysostom}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2129}}
* [http://www.orthodoxyork.org/liturgy.html The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]
* [http://www.byzcath.org/forums/ubbthreads.php/ubb/download/Number/1617/filename/Study-Liturgicon-Chrysostom.pdf Study Text of the Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom (Ruthenian Edition, with Scriptural references)]
* Writings of Chrysostom in the [http://ccel.org Christian Classics Ethereal Library] edition of the ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers''
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044220/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-09/TOC.htm On the Priesthood, Ascetic Treatises, Select Homilies and Letters, Homilies on the Statues]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044203/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-10/TOC.htm Homilies on the Gospel of St. Matthew]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044103/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-11/TOC.htm Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044022/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-12/TOC.htm Homilies on First and Second Corinthians]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044351/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-13/TOC.htm Homilies on the Epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925043512/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-14/TOC.htm Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and the Epistle to the Hebrews]
* [http://www.christopherklitou.com/the_easter_sermon_chrysostom_hieratikon.htm The ''Hieratikon''] Easter Sermon of St. John Chrysostom
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/chrysostom-jews6.html Eight Homilies Against the Jews]
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0345-0407-_Iohannes_Chrysostomus,_Sanctus.html ''Opera Omnia''] by Migne ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'' with analytical indexes
* [http://web.wlu.ca/history/cnighman/page12.html The Auxiliary Resources page on the Electronic Manipulus florum Project Website] provides digital transcriptions of the Latin translations of ''De laudibus sancti Pauli homeliae'' (PG 50, 473–514), ''Dialogus de sacerdotio'' (pp.&nbsp;48, 623–691), and ''In epistolam ad Hebraeos homeliae'' (pp.&nbsp;63, 9–236), as well as the Latin text of the [[Pseudo-Chrysostom]] ''[[Opus Imperfectum|Opus imperfectum in Mattheum]]'' (pp.&nbsp;56, 611–946). It also provides digital transcriptions of Anianus of Celeda's prologue on the homilies on Matthew and his Latin translations of the first eight homilies (pp.&nbsp;58, 975–1058) and also Anianus of Celeda's prologue and his Latin translations of Chrysostom's homelies 1–25 on Matthew from the ''[[editio princeps]]'' published in Venice in 1503
* [http://clioproject.net The ''Chrysostomus Latinus in Iohannem'' Online (CLIO) Project] is an Open Access resource that provides Burgundio of Pisa's translation of Chrysostom's 88 homilies on the Gospel of John (1173), which has never been printed, as well as the later Latin translations of {{ill|Francesco Griffolini|it}} (1462) and [[Bernard de Montfaucon]] (1728), along with Montfaucon's critical edition of the original Greek text
* [http://web.wlu.ca/history/cnighman/CLIMO/index.html The ''Chrysostomus Latinus in Mattheum'' Online (CLIMO) Project] is a new Open Access project that seeks to follow the successful format of the CLIO Project. At present (August 2022) it provides transcriptions of Burgundio's preface and Homilies 1–48
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chrysostom_homily_2_on_christmas.htm Ps.Chrysostom Homily 2 on Christmas] at Tertullian.org and [https://archive.org/details/JohnChrysostomHomily2OnTheNativityOfOurSaviorJesusChrist here] at Archive.org
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0012/html/lcp_ms1.html Saint John Chrysostom - Homilies]

== Orthodox feast days ==
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100327 27 January, Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom to Constantinople]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100350 30 January, Synaxis of the Three Great Hierarchs]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102611 14 September, Repose of Saint John Chrysostom]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103292 13 November, Saint John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|grt}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Nectarius of Constantinople|Nectarius]]
| title  = [[List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople|Archbishop of Constantinople]]
| years  = 398 – 404
| after  = [[Arsacius of Tarsus]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Patriarchs of Constantinople}}
{{History of Catholic theology}}
{{Catholic saints}}
}}

{{Subject bar
|portal1        = Biography
|portal2        = Christianity
|commons        = y
|commons-search = Category:John Chrysostom
|q              = y
|q-search       = John Chrysostom
|s              = y
|s-search       = Author:John Chrysostom
|d              = y
|d-search       = Q43706
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chrysostom, John}}
[[Category:John Chrysostom| ]]
[[Category:340s births]]
[[Category:407 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Antioch]]
[[Category:Antiochian Greek Christians]]
[[Category:5th-century Archbishops of Constantinople]]
[[Category:4th-century Archbishops of Constantinople]]
[[Category:4th-century Byzantine writers]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian theologians]]
[[Category:5th-century Byzantine writers]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Ancient Christian antisemitism]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman exiles]]
[[Category:Byzantine hermits]]
[[Category:Byzantine Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Byzantine theologians]]
[[Category:Ancient Christian anti-Judaism]]
[[Category:Church Fathers]]
[[Category:Christian radicals]]
[[Category:Doctors of the Church]]
[[Category:Greek Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Patristic mystics]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox theologians]]
[[Category:Saints from Constantinople]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Anatolia]]
[[Category:Sermon writers]]
[[Category:Syrian archbishops]]
[[Category:Syrian Christian saints]]
[[Category:Syrian Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Simple living advocates]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Syrian Roman Catholic writers]]