View source for John Dos Passos

{{short description|American novelist (1896–1970)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = John Dos Passos
| image = John dos Passos.jpg
| imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym =
| birth_name = John Roderigo Dos Passos
| birth_date = January 14, 1896
| birth_place = Chicago, [[Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date = {{nowrap|September 28, 1970 (aged 74)}}
| death_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S.
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* playwright
* poet
* journalist
* painter
* translator
}}
| movement = [[Modernist literature|Modernism]]<br />[[Lost Generation]]
| notableworks = ''[[Three Soldiers]]'' (1921), ''[[Manhattan Transfer (novel)|Manhattan Transfer]]'' (1925), [[U.S.A. (trilogy)|''U.S.A.'']] (1937)
| notableaward =
| spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives =
| awards = [[Antonio Feltrinelli Prize]]
| signature = Dos Passos Signature.svg | website = | portaldisp =
}}

'''John Roderigo Dos Passos''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɒ|s|ˈ|p|æ|s|ə|s|,_|-|s|ɒ|s}};{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=2016-01-21|Dos Passos}}}}{{refn|{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Dos+Passos,+John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308192422/https://www.lexico.com/search?filter=en_dictionary&query=dos%2Bpassos%2C%2Bjohn |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-03-08 |title=Dos Passos, John |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}}} January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist, most notable for his [[U.S.A. (trilogy)|''U.S.A.'' trilogy]].

Born in Chicago, Dos Passos graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1916. He traveled widely as a young man, visiting Europe and southwest Asia, where he learned about literature, art, and architecture. During [[World War I]], he was an ambulance driver for the [[American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps]] in Paris and Italy, before joining the [[United States Army Medical Corps]] as a private.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/image/649815437/ "Don Passos Sees The Better Side"], ''[[The Kansas City Star]]'', Kansas City, Missouri, volume 72, number 75, December 1, 1951, page 1B. {{subscription required}}</ref>

In 1920, his first novel, ''One Man's Initiation: 1917'', was published, and in 1925, his novel ''[[Manhattan Transfer (novel)|Manhattan Transfer]]'' became a commercial success. His [[U.S.A. (trilogy)|''U.S.A.'']] trilogy, which consists of the novels ''The 42nd Parallel'' (1930), ''1919'' (1932), and ''The Big Money'' (1936), was ranked by the [[Modern Library]] in 1998 as 23rd of the [[Modern Library 100 Best Novels|100 best English-language novels of the 20th century]]. Written in experimental, [[nonlinear narrative|non-linear]] form, the trilogy blends elements of biography and news reports to paint a landscape of early 20th-century American culture.

Beyond his writing, Dos Passos is known for his shift in political views. Following his experiences in World War I, he became interested in [[socialism]] and [[pacifism]], which also influenced his early work. In 1928, he traveled to the [[Soviet Union]], curious about its social and political experiment, though he left with mixed impressions. His experiences during the [[Spanish Civil War]] disillusioned him with [[left-wing politics]] while also severing his relationship with fellow writer [[Ernest Hemingway]]. By the 1950s, his political views had changed dramatically, and he had become more conservative. In the 1960s, he campaigned for presidential candidates [[Barry Goldwater]] and [[Richard Nixon]].

As an artist, Dos Passos created his own cover art for his books, influenced by the [[modernism]] of 1920s Paris. He died in [[Baltimore]], Maryland. [[Spence's Point]], his [[Virginia]] estate, was designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1971.

==Early life==
Born in Chicago, Dos Passos was the [[illegitimacy|illegitimate]] son of John Randolph Dos Passos (1844–1917), a lawyer of half-[[Madeira]]n [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] descent, and Lucy Addison (Sprigg) Madison of [[Petersburg, Virginia]]. His father was married at the time and had a son several years older than John. As a child, John traveled extensively with his mother, who was sickly and preferred Europe.

John's father married Lucy after the death of his first wife in 1910, when John was 14, but he refused to formally acknowledge John for another two years.<ref>[[Virginia Spencer Carr|Carr, Virginia Spencer]] (1984). ''Dos Passos: A Life''. Evanston, IL: [[Northwestern University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8101-2200-0}}. pages 114–117. The acknowledgement was never full or warm, nor were relations between the half-brothers Louis and John.</ref> John Randolph Dos Passos was an authority on [[Trust (monopoly)|trust]]s, and a staunch supporter of the powerful [[Monopoly|industrial conglomerates]] that his son expressly criticized in his fictional works during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>See, e.g., John R. Dos Passos, [https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/9913/67_12YaleLJ467_1902_1903_.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y "The Negro Question"], Vol. 12, No. 8, ''Yale Law Journal'' 467 (1903) (arguing for returning power to states governing African American voting).</ref>

After he returned with his mother to the US, Dos Passos was enrolled in 1907 at the [[Choate Rosemary Hall|Choate School]] (now Choate Rosemary Hall), a private [[college-preparatory school]] in [[Wallingford, Connecticut]], under the name John Roderigo Madison. His parents later arranged for him to travel with a private tutor on a six-month tour of [[France]], [[England]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], and southwest Asia, to study the masters of classical art, architecture, and literature.

In 1912, Dos Passos enrolled in Harvard College, where he became friends with classmate [[e.e. cummings]], who said there was a "foreignness" about Dos Passos, and that "no one at Harvard looked less like an American."<ref name="continuum">[https://books.google.com/books?id=LyJqIfNPSgcC&q=Did+the+E.E.+Cummings+family+have+Native+American+and+African+ancestry%3F&pg=PA288 ''The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature''], edited by Steven R. Serafin, Alfred Bendixen, A&C Black, 2005, page 288</ref>

Following his graduation ''cum laude'' in 1916,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gold|first=Michael|date=1933|title=The Education of John Dos Passos|jstor=804561|journal=The English Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=87–97|doi=10.2307/804561}}</ref> Dos Passos traveled to [[Spain]] to study art and architecture. In July 1917, with [[World War I]] raging in Europe, Dos Passos volunteered for the Sanitary Squad Unit (S.S.U.) 60 of the [[Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps]], along with friends Cummings and [[Robert Hillyer]]. Later, he also worked as a volunteer ambulance driver with the American Red Cross in north-central Italy.

By the late summer of 1918, Dos Passos had completed a draft of his first novel. At the same time, he had to report for duty with the U.S. Army Medical Corps at Camp Crane in [[Pennsylvania]]. On [[Armistice Day]], he was stationed in Paris, where the U.S. Army Overseas Education Commission allowed him to study [[anthropology]] at [[University of Paris|the Sorbonne]]. ''[[Three Soldiers]]'', his novel drawn from those experiences, features a character who has virtually the same military career as the writer and stays in Paris after the war.

==Literary career==
Considered one of the [[Lost Generation]] writers, Dos Passos published his first novel in 1920, ''One Man's Initiation: 1917'', which was written in the trenches during World War I. It was followed by the antiwar novel, ''[[Three Soldiers]]'', which brought him considerable recognition. His 1925 novel about life in New York City, titled ''[[Manhattan Transfer (novel)|Manhattan Transfer]]'', was a commercial success, and introduced experimental [[stream of consciousness writing|stream-of-consciousness]] techniques. Those ideas also coalesced into the [[U.S.A. (trilogy)|''U.S.A.'' trilogy]], of which the first book appeared in 1930.

A social revolutionary, Dos Passos came to see the [[United States]] as two nations, one rich and one poor. He wrote admiringly about the [[Industrial Workers of the World]], and the injustice in the criminal convictions of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], and joined with other notable figures in the United States and Europe in a failed campaign to overturn their [[capital punishment|death sentences]]. In 1928, Dos Passos spent several months in [[Russia]] studying socialism. He was a leading participant in the April 1935 First Americans Writers Congress, sponsored by the Communist-leaning [[League of American Writers]], but he eventually balked at the idea that [[Joseph Stalin]], leader of the Soviet Union, would have control over creative writers in the United States.

In 1936–1937, Dos Passos served on the American Committee for the Defense of [[Leon Trotsky]], commonly known as the "[[Dewey Commission]]", with other notable figures such as [[Sidney Hook]], [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], [[Norman Thomas]], [[Edmund Wilson]], and chairman [[John Dewey]]. It had been set up following the first of the [[Moscow Trials|Moscow "Show Trials"]] in 1936, part of the massive purges of Soviet party leaders and intellectuals in that period.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2710373 Review of ''Beard, Becker and the Trotsky Inquiry'', by Harold Kirker and Burleigh Taylor Wilkins (1961), The Johns Hopkins University Press]. ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter 1961), pages 516–525.</ref>

In the following year, he wrote the screenplay for the film ''[[The Devil Is a Woman (1935 film)|The Devil Is a Woman]]'', starring [[Marlene Dietrich]] and directed by [[Josef von Sternberg]], both exiles from Nazi Germany. It was adapted from the 1898 novel ''[[La Femme et le pantin]]'' by [[Pierre Louÿs]].

In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, Dos Passos returned to Spain with writer [[Ernest Hemingway]], whom he had met in Paris in the 1920s. However, his views on the Communist movement had already begun to change. Dos Passos broke with Hemingway and [[Herbert Matthews]] over what he considered their cavalier attitude towards the war, and their willingness to lend their names to deceptive [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] propaganda efforts, including the cover-up of the Soviet responsibility in the murder of [[José Robles]], Dos Passos's friend and translator of his works into [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. (In later years, Hemingway would give Dos Passos the derogatory moniker of "the [[pilot fish]]" in his [[memoir]] of 1920s [[Paris]], ''[[A Moveable Feast]]''.)

Of Communism, Dos Passos later wrote: "I have come to think, especially since my trip to Spain, that civil liberties must be protected at every stage. In Spain, I am sure that the introduction of [[State Political Directorate|GPU]] methods by the Communists did as much harm as their tank men, pilots, and experienced military men did good. The trouble with an all-powerful secret police in the hands of fanatics, or of anybody, is that once it gets started, there's no stopping it until it has corrupted the whole body politic. I am afraid that's what's happening in Russia."<ref>[[John Patrick Diggins|Diggins, John Patrick]], {{"'}}Organization is Death': John Dos Passos", and "Visions of Order: Dos Passos", in ''Up From Communism'', 1975, [[Columbia University Press]], then Harper & Row, pages 74–117, 233–268.</ref>

Dos Passos had attended the [[1932 Democratic National Convention]] and subsequently wrote an article for ''[[The New Republic]]'' in which he harshly criticized the selection of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] as the party's nominee. In the mid-1930s, he wrote a series of scathing articles about Communist political theory.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} In his novel ''The Big Money'', he features a character who is an idealist Communist gradually worn down and destroyed by [[groupthink]] in the party. As a result of socialism gaining popularity in Europe in response to the rise of [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]], there was a sharp decline in international sales of his books.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lynde|first=Lowell Frederic|title=John Dos Passos: The Theme Is Freedom|publisher=Louisiana State University Digital Commons|year=1967}}</ref>

Between 1942 and 1945, Dos Passos worked as a journalist and war correspondent, covering American operations in the Pacific and the post-World War II situation in Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich and Vienna.<ref>Bernhard Wenzl, "An American in Allied-occupied Austria: John Dos Passos reports on 'The Vienna Frontier'" in ''[https://www.google.at/search?hl=de&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=ISBN3643908121 Austria and America: 20th-Century Cross-Cultural Encounters]'' Ed. Joshua Parker and Ralph J. Poole, 2017, Lit Verlag, pages 73–80.{{ISBN|3643908121}}</ref>

In 1947, he was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]. Tragedy struck the same year when an automobile accident killed his wife of 18 years, Katharine Foster Smith, and cost him the sight in one eye. The couple had no children. Dos Passos married Elizabeth Hamlyn Holdridge (1909–1998) in 1949, by whom he had one daughter, Lucy Hamlin Dos Passos (b. 1950).

His politics, which had always underpinned his work, moved to the right, and Dos Passos came to have a qualified, and temporary, sympathy for the goals of [[Joseph McCarthy]] in the early 1950s.<ref>Diggins, pages 233–268.</ref> However, his long-time friend journalist [[John Chamberlain (journalist)|John Chamberlain]] believed that "Dos always remained a [[libertarianism|libertarian]]."<ref>[[John Chamberlain (journalist)|Chamberlain, John]], ''A Life With the Printed Word'', 1982, Regnery, page 113.</ref>

In the 1950s, Dos Passos also contributed to publications such as the history magazine [[American Heritage (magazine)|''American Heritage'']], for which he wrote essays on [[Thomas Jefferson]], the [[Marquis de Lafayette]], [[Aaron Burr]], and [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dos Passos|first1=John|title=Bio and list of essays by John Dos Passos|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/users/john-dos-passos|website=AmericanHeritage.com|publisher=American Heritage Publishing}}</ref> the libertarian journal ''[[The Freeman]]'' and the [[conservatism|conservative]] magazine ''[[National Review]]''.<ref>[[John Patrick Diggins|John P. Diggins]], {{"'}}Organization is Death': John Dos Passos", and "Visions of Order: Dos Passos", in ''Up From Communism'', 1975, [[Columbia University Press]], then Harper & Row, pages 74–117, 233–268.</ref>

In the same decade, he published the influential study ''The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson'' (1954), about which fellow ex-radical [[Max Eastman]] wrote: "I think John Dos Passos has done a great service to his country and the free world by lending his talents to this task. He has revived the heart and mind of Jefferson, not by [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytical]] lucubrations or soulful gush, but in the main by telling story after story of those whose lives and thoughts impinged upon his. And Jefferson's mind and heart are so livingly related to our problems today that the result seems hardly to be history."<ref>Dos Passos, ''The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson'', dust jacket, first edition, 1954, Doubleday.</ref>

Recognition for his significant contributions to literature came 30 years later in Europe, when, in 1967, he was invited to [[Rome]] to accept the prestigious [[Antonio Feltrinelli Prize]] for international distinction in literature. Although Dos Passos's partisans have contended that his later work was ignored because of his changing politics, some critics argue that the quality of his novels declined following ''U.S.A.''.

In the 1960s, he actively campaigned for Barry Goldwater's [[Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign|1964 presidential campaign]] and Richard M. Nixon's 1960 and [[Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign|1968 presidential campaigns]], and became associated with the group [[Young Americans for Freedom]].<ref>Diggins, ''Up From Communism''.</ref> He also joined the [[Citizens Committee for a Free Cuba]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Island in the Sun Which Gives the U.S. Such Fits |work=The Windsor Star |date=6 August 1968}}</ref> He continued to write until his death in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], in 1970. He is interred in [[Yeocomico Church|Yeocomico Churchyard Cemetery]] in Cople Parish, [[Westmoreland County, Virginia]], near where he had made his home.

Over his long career, Dos Passos wrote over forty books,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.johndospassos.com/ |title=John Dos Passos |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Estate of John Dos Passos |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130094710/https://www.johndospassos.com/ |archive-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> as well as numerous [[Poetry|poems]], essays, and plays, and created more than 400 pieces of art.

==''U.S.A.'' trilogy==
{{main|U.S.A. trilogy}}
Dos Passos's major work is the [[U.S.A. (trilogy)|''U.S.A.'' trilogy]], comprising ''The 42nd Parallel'' (1930), ''1919'' (1932), and ''The Big Money'' (1936). Dos Passos used experimental techniques in these novels, incorporating newspaper clippings, autobiography, biography, and fictional [[Realism (arts)|realism]] to paint a vast landscape of American culture during the first decades of the 20th century. Though each novel stands on its own, the trilogy is designed to be read as a whole.  Dos Passos's political and social reflections in the novel are deeply pessimistic about the political and economic direction of the United States, and few of the characters manage to hold onto their ideals through the First World War. The novel reflects the writer's sympathy, at the time of writing, for the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW) and his outrage at its suppression, for which the book expresses a deep grudge against President [[Woodrow Wilson]]. <!-- expand - deserves bigger treatment related to its influence -->

==Artistic career==
Before becoming a leading novelist of his day, Dos Passos sketched and painted.  During the summer of 1922, he studied at [[Hamilton Easter Field]]'s art colony in [[Ogunquit, Maine]]. Many of his books published during the ensuing ten years used jackets and illustrations that Dos Passos created.  Influenced by various movements, he merged elements of [[Impressionism]], [[Expressionism]], and [[Cubism]] to create his own unique style. And his work evolved with his first exhibition at New York's [[National Arts Club]] in 1922 and the following year at [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]]'s Studio Club in New York City.

While Dos Passos never gained recognition as a great artist, he continued to paint throughout his lifetime and his body of work was well respected. His art most often reflected his travels in Spain, Mexico, North Africa, plus the streets and cafés of the [[Montparnasse]] Quarter of Paris that he had frequented with good friends like [[Fernand Léger]] and [[Ernest Hemingway]], as well as [[Blaise Cendrars]], whose work he translated into English and who inspired him to use the montage techniques found in the ''U.S.A.'' trilogy.<ref name="Lucy">{{cite journal |last1=Sante |first1=Lucy |title=Rhapsodies in Bop |journal=The New York Review |date=2 November 2023 |volume=LXX |issue=17 |pages=14–16 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/11/02/rhapsodies-in-bop-blaise-cendrars/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |quote=[La Panama] was translated into English in 1931 by John Dos Passos, who borrowed from Cendrars the montage style he employed in his U.S.A. trilogy.}}</ref>

Between 1925 and 1927, Dos Passos wrote plays as well as created posters and set designs for the New Playwrights Theatre in New York City. In his later years, his attention turned to painting scenes around his residences in [[Maine]] and [[Virginia]].

In early 2001, an exhibition titled ''The Art of John Dos Passos'' opened at the [[Queens Public Library|Queens Borough Library]] in New York City. It toured to several locations throughout the United States.

==Influence==
Dos Passos's pioneering works of [[Nonlinear (arts)|nonlinear]] fiction were a major influence in the field. In particular [[Alfred Döblin]]'s ''[[Berlin Alexanderplatz]]'' and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s ''[[The Roads to Freedom|Roads To Freedom]]'' trilogy show the influence of his methods.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}  In a 1936 essay, "On John Dos Passos and 1919", Sartre referred to Dos Passos as "the greatest writer of our time."<ref>{{cite book|title=We Have Only this Life to Live: Selected Essays of Jean-Paul Sartre, 1939–1975|first=Jean-Paul|last=Sartre|editor-first1=Ronald|editor-last1=Aronson|editor-first2=Adrian|editor-last2=Van den Hoven|publisher=New York Review of Books|year=2013|isbn=978-1590174937|page=16}}</ref>

American writer [[Mary McCarthy (author)|Mary McCarthy]] said that ''The 42nd Parallel'' was among the chief influences on her own work.<ref>See, e.g., Jack Cashill, ''Hoodwinked'', Nelson Current, 2005, p. 44.</ref> In the television documentary, ''The Odyssey of John Dos Passos'' (1994), writer [[Norman Mailer]] said: "Those three volumes of U.S.A. make up the idea of a '[[Great American Novel]].{{'"}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

[[Science fiction]] writers have also been influenced by Dos Passos's works. [[John Brunner (novelist)|John Brunner's]] "non-novel" ''[[Stand on Zanzibar]]'' (1968), which won the [[Hugo Award]], features his technique of using fictitious newspaper clippings, television announcements, and other "samples" taken from the news and entertainment media of the year 2010. While influenced by Dos Passos's technique, Brunner's work was also inspired by emerging European literary theory on [[metafiction]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} [[Joe Haldeman]]'s novel ''Mindbridge'' (2014) also uses the collage technique. His short story "To Howard Hughes: A Modest Proposal" (1974) explored a wealthy man reacting to the threat of war by wielding the power of private atomic reaction.<ref name="gordon">{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Joan |title=''Joe Haldeman'' |publisher=Wildside Press |year=1980 |page=55}}</ref>

The British documentary filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]] says he has been inspired by Dos Passos and tries to incorporate his technique in film: "Why I love Dos Passos is he tells political stories but at the same time he also lets you know what it feels like to live through them. Most journalism does not acknowledge that people live at least as much in their heads as they do in the world."<ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |title=Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation |work=The Guardian |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

In a 2018 interview, French director [[Agnès Varda]] spoke on her inspirations, "I learned a lot from reading. I learned editing from Dos Passos. I learned the structure of writing from [[Charles L. Fontenay|Fontenay]]. I learned poetry from [[Jacques Prévert|Prévert]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kai Dempsey |first=Dylan |title=New Wave Crash Course: Agnès Varda's Personal Film School |url=https://nofilmschool.com/2017/10/new-wave-crash-course-agnes-vardas-personal-film-school |website=No Film School |date=October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Dos Passos Prize==
The [[John Dos Passos Prize]] is a literary award given annually by the Department of English and Modern Languages at [[Longwood University]]. The prize seeks to recognize "American creative writers who have produced a substantial body of significant publication that displays characteristics of John Dos Passos' writing: an intense and original exploration of specifically American themes, an experimental approach to form, and an interest in a wide range of human experiences."

==Works==
{{Main|John Dos Passos bibliography}}
* ''One Man's Initiation: 1917'' (1920), novel. Reprinted in 1945, under the title ''First Encounter''
* ''[[Three Soldiers]]'' (1921<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eldritchpress.org/wwone/threes.html | title=Main Page - ArticleWorld }}</ref>), novel
* ''Streets of Night'' (1923), novel
* ''[[Manhattan Transfer (novel)|Manhattan Transfer]]'' (1925), novel
* ''[[U.S.A. (trilogy)|U.S.A.]]'' (1938). Trilogy includes
** ''[[The 42nd Parallel (novel)|The 42nd Parallel]]'' (1930), novel
** ''[[Nineteen Nineteen]]'' (1932), novel
** ''[[The Big Money (novel)|The Big Money]]'' (1936), novel
* ''District of Columbia'' (1952). Three-volume set includes
** ''[[Adventures of a Young Man]]'' (1939), novel
** ''Number One'' (1943), novel
** ''The Grand Design'' (1949), novel
* ''Chosen Country'' (1951), novel
* ''Most Likely to Succeed'' (1954), novel
* ''The Great Days'' (1958), novel
* ''Midcentury'' (1961), novel
* ''The Best Times: An Informal Memoir''  (1966), memoir

==See also==
* [[José Robles]]
* [[List of ambulance drivers during World War I]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Donald Pizer|Pizer, Donald]]. [https://www.amazon.com/DOS-Passos-U-S-Critical-Study/dp/0813911710/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1377207376&sr=1-2&keywords=pizer+dos+passos ''Toward a Modernist Style: John Dos Passos'']. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
* Carr, Virginia Spencer. [https://www.amazon.com/Dos-Passos-Virginia-Spencer-Carr/dp/0810122006/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1377199865&sr=1-3&keywords=virginia+spencer+carr ''Dos Passos: A Life.''] Evanston, IL: [[Northwestern University Press]], 2004.
* Hutchinson, Hazel. ''The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War.'' New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2015.
* Ludington, Townsend. [https://www.amazon.com/John-Dos-Passos-Twentieth-Century-Odyssey/dp/0786705272/ref=pd_sim_b_1 ''John Dos Passos: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey'']. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998.
* Ludington, Townsend, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004212613/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1996/autumn/ludington-john-dos-passos/ "John Dos Passos, 1896-1970: Modernist Recorder of the American Scene"], ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', Autumn 1996
* Morris, James McGrath, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Ambulance-Drivers-Hemingway-Passos-Friendship/dp/0306823837 The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost  in War]''. Boston: Da Capo Books, 2017.
* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all George Packer, Review of Stephen Koch, “The Breaking Point: Hemingway, dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles”], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 31 October 2005
* {{cite journal |last=Sanders |first=David |title=John Dos Passos, The Art of Fiction No. 44 |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4202/the-art-of-fiction-no-44-john-dos-passos |journal=Paris Review |year=1969 |volume=Spring 1969 |issue=46}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
;Digital collections
* {{FadedPage|id=Dos Passos, John|name=John Dos Passos|author=yes}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-dos-passos}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2015}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Dos Passos |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1422}}
* Works by [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030044602/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/dospassos.htm John Dos Passos] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20070418154759/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/jimspdf.htm PSU's Electronic Classics Series].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090309213400/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/DosPassos/cover.html ''Three Soldiers''], text online, American Studies at the University of Virginia.

;Physical collections
* [http://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/u3523359 Papers of John Dos Passos] at the [[Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library]], University of Virginia
* [http://www.johndospassos.com The Official John Dos Passos Website] (est. October 2013 by the Dos Passos family)
* [https://archives.library.sc.edu/repositories/5/resources/871 Richard Layman collection of John Dos Passos] at the University of South Carolina Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.
* [https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/104 John Dos Passos papers], [[University of Maryland Libraries]]

;Other links
* [http://jdpsociety.blogspot.com/ The John Dos Passos Society]

{{Modernism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dos Passos, John}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American Field Service personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
[[Category:American libertarians]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:American people of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:American war correspondents]]
[[Category:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni]]
[[Category:Esquire (magazine) people]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Industrial Workers of the World culture]]
[[Category:Lost Generation writers]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Illinois]]
[[Category:American modern painters]]
[[Category:American Writers Association members]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maryland]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language American writers]]
[[Category:People from Westmoreland County, Virginia]]
[[Category:People of Madeiran descent]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Writers from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Novelists from Chicago]]