View source for John Edward Gray

{{Short description|British zoologist (1800–1875)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = John Edward Gray
| honorific_suffix  = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
| image             = John-Edward-Gray-1851.jpg
| caption           = Gray in 1851
| birth_date        = 12 February 1800
| birth_place       = [[Walsall]], [[Staffordshire]], England
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1875|3|7|1800|2|12}}
| death_place       = [[London]], England
| resting_place     = St Mary's Church, [[Lewisham]]
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Maria Emma Gray|Maria Emma Smith]]|1826}}
| fields            = Zoology
| parents           = [[Samuel Frederick Gray]]
| relatives         = [[George Robert Gray]] (brother)
| signature         = John Edward Gray Signature.svg
| author_abbrev_bot = '''J.E.Gray'''
| author_abbrev_zoo = '''Gray''' or '''J. E. Gray'''
| workplaces        = [[British Museum]], [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]
| known_for         = Classification of many cetacean species, genera, subfamilies, and families
}}

'''John Edward Gray''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British [[zoology|zoologist]]. He was the elder brother of zoologist [[George Robert Gray]] and son of the pharmacologist and botanist [[Samuel Frederick Gray]] (1766–1828). {{botanist|J.E.Gray|border=0|inline=1}} The same is used for a [[zoological name]].

Gray was [[Keeper of Zoology|keeper of zoology]] at the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] from 1840 until [[Christmas]] 1874, before the [[natural history]] holdings were split off to the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]. He published several catalogues of the museum collections that included comprehensive discussions of animal groups and descriptions of new [[species]]. He improved the [[Zoological specimens|zoological collections]] to make them amongst the best in the world.

==Biography==
Gray was born in [[Walsall]], but his family soon moved to London, where Gray studied medicine. He assisted his father in writing ''The Natural Arrangement of British Plants'' (1821). After being [[Blackballing|blackballed]] by the [[Linnean Society of London]], Gray shifted his interest from [[botany]] to [[zoology]].<ref>{{cite DNB
|first=George Simonds |last=Boulger|author-link=George Simonds Boulger|wstitle=Gray, John Edward|volume=23}}</ref> He began his zoological career by volunteering to collect insects for the [[British Museum]] at age 15. He officially joined the Zoological Department in 1824 to help [[John George Children]] catalog the [[reptile]] collection. In some of his early articles, Gray adopted [[William Sharp Macleay]]'s [[quinarian system]] for classifications of [[Mollusca|mollusc]]s (1824), [[butterfly|butterflies]] (1824), [[echinoderm]]s (1825), reptiles (1825), and [[mammal]]s (1825).  In 1840, he took over Children's position as keeper of zoology, which he held for 35 years, publishing well over 1,000 papers. He named many [[cetacea]]n [[species]], [[genus|genera]], [[subfamily|subfamilies]], and [[family (biology)|families]].<ref name=emm963>{{cite book
|editor1-last=Perrin
|editor1-first=William F.
|editor2-last=Wursig
|editor2-first=Bernd
|editor3-last=Thewissen
|editor3-first=J. G. M
|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
|last=Kenney
|first=Robert D.
|page=963
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Academic Press
|location=Burlington, Mass.
|date=2009
|isbn=978-0-08-091993-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC
}}</ref>

During this period, he collaborated with [[Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins]], the noted natural history artist, in producing ''Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley''. The menagerie at [[Knowsley Hall]], near [[Liverpool]], founded by [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby]], at the Stanley ancestral seat, was one of the largest private menageries in Victorian England.

Gray married [[Maria Emma Gray|Maria Emma Smith]] in 1826. She helped him with his scientific work, especially with her drawings.

In 1833, Gray was a founder of what became the [[Royal Entomological Society]].

[[File:Maria Emma and John Edward Gray 1863.jpg|left|thumb|Gray with his wife Maria Emma, 1863]]Gray was a friend of [[Coleopterology|coleopterist]] [[Hamlet Clark]], and in 1856–57 they sailed on Gray's yacht ''Miranda'' to Spain, Algeria, and Brazil. Gray was an accomplished watercolourist, and his landscape paintings illustrate Clark's account of their journeys.<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://www.lazylikesunday.net/uploads/6/6/3/9/6639254/letters_home_from_spain__algeria__and_br1.pdf
|title=Letters Home from Spain, Algeria, and Brazil During past Entomological Rambles
|first=Hamlet |last=Clark |author-link=Hamlet Clark
|date=1863 |publisher=[[John Van Voorst]] |location=London
|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

Gray was also interested in [[postage stamp]]s. On 1 May 1840, the day the [[Penny Black]] first went on sale, he purchased several with the intent to save them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freestampmagazine.com/2016/03/15/the-history-of-stamp-collecting-part-11-dr-john-edward-gray/|title=The History of Stamp Collecting Part 11 – Dr. John Edward Gray|date=15 March 2016|website=Freestampmagazine – Stamp Collecting Blog|language=en-US|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

During his 50 years employed at the British Museum, Gray wrote nearly 500 papers, including many descriptions of species new to science. These had been presented to the museum by collectors from around the world, and included all branches of zoology, although Gray usually left the descriptions of new birds to his younger brother and colleague George. Gray was also active in [[malacology]], the study of molluscs. He was an associate of entomologist [[Eliza Fanny Staveley]], supporting her research and reading papers she had prepared to the Linnean and Zoological Societies of London.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Creese, Mary R. S., 1935–|title=Ladies in the laboratory? : American and British women in science, 1800–1900 : a survey of their contributions to research|date=1998|publisher=Scarecrow Press|others=Creese, Thomas M.|isbn=0-585-27684-6|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=36386419}}</ref>

John Edward Gray was buried at St Mary's Church, [[Lewisham]].

==Taxa named by him and in his honour==
{{see also|:Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray}}
Gray was one of the most prolific taxonomists in the history of zoology. He described more than 300 species and subspecies of reptiles, only surpassed by his successors at the British Museum, [[George Albert Boulenger|George A. Boulenger]] and [[Albert Günther]] and American zoologist [[Edward Drinker Cope|Edward D. Cope]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uetz|first=Peter|date=2010|title=The original descriptions of reptiles|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02334p068.pdf|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2334|pages=59–68|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2334.1.3}}</ref>

Gray described and named numerous<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?mode=findsnail&genus=&associatedname=&author=Gray&year=&yearend=&Search=Search | title=Malacolog 4.1.1: Western Atlantic Mollusk Species Database at the Academy of Natural Sciences }}</ref> marine [[snail]]s including:
*The genus ''[[Lithopoma]]'' {{small|Gray, 1850}}
*The genus ''[[Euthria]]'' {{small|Gray, 1850}}

Genera named in his honour include:
*The snake genus ''[[Grayia (snake)|Grayia]]'' {{small|[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1858}}<!-- : 51 --><ref name="BeolensWatkins2011">{{cite book|last1=Beolens|first1=Bo |author1-link=species:Bo Beolens |last2=Watkins|first2=Michael |author2-link=species:Michael Watkins |last3=Grayson|first3=Michael |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ovZoFyLhzkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5|pages=106}}</ref>
Species and subspecies named in his honour include:

*''Ardeola grayii'' {{small|([[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]], 1832)}} – [[Indian pond heron]]
*''Mesoplodon grayi'' {{small|[[Julius von Haast|von Haast]], 1876}} – [[Gray's beaked whale]]<ref name="EpoDictMammals">{{cite book|author=Beolens, Bo|author2=Watkins, Michael|author3=Grayson, Michael|title=Eponym Dictionary of Mammals|page=165|year=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9304-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-kSmWLc6vYC&pg=PA165}}</ref>
*''Crocidura grayi'' {{small|[[George Edward Dobson|Dobson]], 1890}} – [[Luzon shrew]]<ref name=EpoDictMammals/>
*''[[Ablepharus grayanus]]'' {{small|([[Ferdinand Stoliczka|Stoliczka]], 1872)}}<ref name="BeolensWatkins2011" />
*''[[Delma grayii]]'' {{small|[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1849}}<ref name="BeolensWatkins2011" />
*''[[Microlophus grayii]]'' {{small|([[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1843)}}<ref name="BeolensWatkins2011" />
*''[[Northland green gecko|Naultinus grayii]]'' {{small|Bell, 1843}}<ref name="BeolensWatkins2011" />
*''[[Salvelinus grayi]]'' {{small|Günther, 1862}}
*''[[Tropidophorus grayi]]'' {{small|Günther, 1861}}<ref name="BeolensWatkins2011" />
*''[[Trachemys venusta|Trachemys venusta grayi]]'' {{small|([[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1868)}}<ref name="BeolensWatkins2011" />
*Gray's pipefish, also known as the mud pipefish or spiny pipefish ''[[Halicampus grayi]]'' is named after him.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/syngnathiformes1/ | title = Order SYNGNATHIFORMES: Families AULOSTOMIDAE, CENTRISCIDAE, FISTULARIIDAE, SOLENOSTOMIDAE and SYNGNATHIDAE | access-date= 9 December 2021 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gerard Krefft#"The New Museum Idea"|"The New Museum Idea"]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
===Gray's publications (representative list)===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*1821 : "A natural arrangement of Mollusca, according to their internal structure." ''London Medical Repository'' 15 : 229–239.
*1821 : "[https://archive.org/stream/londonmedicalre08unkngoog#page/n309/mode/2up On the natural arrangement of Vertebrose Animals.]" ''London Medical Repository'' 15 : 296–310.
*1824 : "A revision of the family Equidae." ''Zool. J. Lond.'' 1 : 241–248 pl. 9.
*1824 : "On the natural arrangement of the pulmonobranchous Mollusca." ''Annals of Philosophy'', (n.s.) 8 : 107–109.
*1824 : "On the arrangement of the Papilionidae." ''Annals of Philosophy'' (n.s.) 8: 119–120.
*1825 : "A list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by Lamarck." ''Annals of Philosophy'' (n.s.) 9: 407–415.
*1825 : "A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species." ''Annals of Philosophy'' (n.s.) 10 : 193–217.
*1825 : "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of the Mammalia into tribes and families with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe." ''Annals of Philosophy'' (n.s.) 10 : 337–344.
*1825 : "An attempt to divide the Echinida, or sea eggs, into natural families." ''Annals of Philosophy'' (n.s.) 10 : 423–431.
*1826 : "Vertebrata. Mammalia." (Appendix B in part). pp.&nbsp;412–415 in King, P. P. (ed.) ''Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. Performed between the years 1818 and 1822. With an Appendix, containing various subjects relating to hydrography and natural history''. London: J. Murray Vol. 2.
*1827 : "Synopsis of the species of the class Mammalia." pp.&nbsp;1–391 in Baron Cuvier The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, by the Baron (G) Cuvier, with additional descriptions by [[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Edward Griffith]] and others. (16 vols: 1827–1835). London: George B. Whittaker Vol. 5.
*1828 : "Spicilegia Zoologica, or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals." Pt 1. London: Treuttel, Würtz & Co.
*1829 : "An attempt to improve the natural arrangement of the genera of bat, from actual examination; with some observations on the development of their wings." ''Phil. Mag.'' (ns) 6 : 28–36.
*1830 : "A synopsis of the species of the class Reptilia." pp 1–110 in Griffith, E. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier. London: Whitaker and Treacher and Co. 9 : 481 + 110 p.
*1830–1835 : "Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke, F.R.S..." 20 parts in 2 volumes. Illus. ''Indian Zool.''
*1831 : "Description of twelve new genera of fish, discovered by Gen. Hardwicke, in India, the greater part in the British Museum." ''Zool. Misc.''
*1831 : "Descriptions of some new genera and species of bats." pp.&nbsp;37–38 in Gray, J. E. (ed.) The Zoological Miscellany. To Be Continued Occasionally. Pt 1. London: Treuttel, Würtz & Co.
*1832 : "Characters of a new genus of Mammalia, and of a new genus and two new species of lizards, from New Holland." ''Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.'' 1832 : 39–40.
*1832 : ''Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke'', vol. 1. Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel Jun. & Richter, London.
*1834 : "Characters of a new species of bat (Rhinolophus, Geoffr.) from New Holland." ''Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.'' 1834 : 52–53.
*1837 : "Description of some new or little known Mammalia, principally in the British Museum Collection." ''Mag. Nat. Hist.'' (ns) 1 : 577–587.
*1838 : "A revision of the genera of bats (Vespertilionidae), and the description of some new genera and species." ''Mag. Zool. Bot.'' 2 : 483–505.
*1839 : "Descriptions of some Mammalia discovered in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. With some account of their habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay's notes." ''Ann. Nat. Hist.'' 4 : 1–7 pl. 1.
*1840 : "A Synopsis of the Genera and Species of the Class Hypostoma (Asterias, Linnaeus)." ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.'', 6: 275.
*1840-10-16 : "Shells of molluscous animals." In: ''Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum'', ed. 42: 105–152.
*1840-11-04 : "Shells of molluscous animals." In: ''Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum'', ed. 42, 2nd printing: 106–156.
* 1844:  [https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYOAAAAQAAJ ''Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbænians, in the Collection of the British Museum''.]
*1845: ''Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp.
*1847–11 : "A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types." ''[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]]'', 15: 129–182.
*1849 : ''Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum''. Trustees of the British Museum. London. xv + 125 pp.
*1850 : ''Figures of molluscous animals selected from various authors''. Etched for the use of students by M. E. Gray. Volume 4. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, London. iv + 219 pp.
*1850 : ''Catalogue of the Cetaceans in the Collection of the British Museum'' (referenced in many works as Cat. B. M. Cetacea)
*1855 : [https://archive.org/details/catalogueofshiel01brit ''Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum''] – Part 1, Testudinata (Tortoises).
*1860-10 : "On the arrangement of the land pulmoniferous Mollusca into families." ''[[Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'', series 3, 6: 267–269.
*1862 : {{cite book|last=Gray|first=John Edward |title=A Hand Catalogue of Postage Stamps for the Use of Collectors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3|year=1862|publisher=R. Hardwicke|display-authors=0}}
*1864 : "[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28500496 On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands]" ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' 1864 pages 195–248
*1864 : "[https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen64zool#page/76/mode/2up Revision of the species of Trionychidae found in Asia and Africa, with descriptions of some new species]." ''Proc. Zool. Soc. London'' 1864: 76–98.
*1864 : [https://archive.org/download/reportofbritisha65brit/reportofbritisha65brit.pdf "Presidential Address", to the ''Botany and Zoology, including Physiology Section'', pp.75–86 in ''Report of the Thirty-Fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Bath in September 1864'', London, John Murray, 1865.]
*1866 : [https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog ''The Genera of Plants'']. Unpublished fragment with [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|R. A. Salisbury]]
*1870 : [https://archive.org/stream/supplementtocat00histgoog ''Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum''] – Part 1, Testudinata (Tortoises).
*1872 : [https://archive.org/details/catalogueofshiel02brituoft ''Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum''] – Part 2, Emydosaureans, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphisbaenians.
*1873 : "[https://archive.org/stream/s4annalsmagazine12londuoft#page/156/mode/2up Notes on Chinese Mud-Tortoises (''Trionychidae''), with the Description of a new Species sent to the British Museum by Mr Swinhoe, and Observations on the Male Organ of this Family]." ''[[Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'', series 4, vol. XII, 1873. pp.&nbsp;156–161 and Plate V.
{{refend}}

===Other sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''Biographies for Birdwatchers'' – Barbara and Richard Mearns {{ISBN|0-12-487422-3}}
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Gray, John Edward|volume=23|author=George Simonds Boulger|author-link=George Simonds Boulger}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = John Edward Gray |volume= XI |last= |first= |author-link= | pages=76-77 |short=1 }}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gray, John Edward|volume=12|p=391}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{npg name}}
* [http://www.rspb-walsall.org.uk/gray/index.htm John Edward Gray, the Indian Pond Heron and Walsall] ([[RSPB]] Walsall Local Group)
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Edward Gray |sopt=t}}
* [https://archive.org/details/drjohnedwardgray00lond Dr. John Edward Gray, F.R.S.] at Biodiversity Heritage Library
* [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/z03214p125f.pdf Petit, Richard E. "John Edward Gray (1800–1875): his malacological publications and molluscan taxa." Zootaxa 3214 (2012): 1–125]

{{commons category-inline|John Edward Gray}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gray, John Edward}}
[[Category:1800 births]]
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British zoologists]]
[[Category:British herpetologists]]
[[Category:British philatelists]]
[[Category:Employees of the Natural History Museum, London]]
[[Category:English entomologists]]
[[Category:English malacologists]]
[[Category:English ornithologists]]
[[Category:English taxonomists]]
[[Category:English zoologists]]
[[Category:Fathers of philately]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:People from Walsall]]
[[Category:Scientists from the West Midlands (county)]]
[[Category:Philatelic literature]]
[[Category:Scientists from London]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland]]