View source for John Garand

{{short description|Canadian-American firearm designer (1888–1974)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = June 2020}}
{{other uses|Garand (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
| name                      = John C. Garand
| image                     = John C. Garand file photo.gif
| birth_name                = Jean Cantius Garand
| birth_date                = {{Birth date|1888|01|01|mf=y}}
| birth_place               = [[St. Rémi, Quebec]], Canada
| death_date                = {{Death date and age|1974|02|16|1888|01|01|mf=y}}
| death_place               = [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| nationality               = {{hlist|Canadian|American}}
| occupation                = {{hlist|[[Designer]]|[[engineer]]}}
| years_active              = 1917–1953
| employer                  = [[Springfield Armory]]
| known_for                 = First successful [[semi-automatic rifle]] adopted as a primary service rifle by a major military power
| notable_works             = [[M1 Garand|United States Rifle, Caliber .30, M1]] (M1 Garand)
| spouse                    = {{Marriage|Nellie Bruce Shepard|September 6, 1930}}
| children                  = 3
| awards                    = [[Meritorious Civilian Service Award]] (1941)<br />[[Medal for Merit]] (1944)
}}

'''Jean Cantius Garand''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ær|ən|d}} {{respell|GARR|ənd}}, {{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ ɡaʁɑ̃|lang}}; January 1, 1888 &ndash; February 16, 1974), also known as '''John C. Garand''', was a Canadian-American designer of [[firearms]] who created the [[M1 Garand]], a [[semi-automatic rifle]] that was widely used by the [[U.S. Army]] and [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] during both [[World War II]] and the [[Korean War]].

==Early life==
Garand was one of twelve children (six boys and six girls) born on a farm near [[St. Rémi, Quebec]].<ref>All the Garand in North America have Pierre Garand (~1643–1700) from [[Rouen]], France, as common ancestor. See also: [[Pierre Garand]], Canadian modern singer.</ref> His father moved to [[Jewett City, Connecticut]], with the children when their mother died in 1899. All of the boys had the first name St. Jean le Baptiste, but only he went by the first name John. The other boys went by their middle names. Several of his brothers were also inventors. The children were employed in a [[textile mill]] where John learned to speak English while sweeping floors. John became interested in guns and learned to shoot after working at a [[Shooting range#Shooting gallery|shooting gallery]].<ref>Hoffman, Jon T. [https://books.google.com/books?id=42Mh23JI8dQC&dq=Maccarten+the+man+behind+the+gun&pg=PA6 ''A History of Innovation: U.S. Army Adaptation in War and Peace'']. Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2009, p. 6.</ref> John learned machinist skills while working at the textile mill, and was hired by [[Brown & Sharpe|Browne and Sharpe]], a [[Providence, Rhode Island]], toolmaking company in 1909. Later, he found employment with a New York toolmaking firm in 1916, and resumed rifle practice at the shooting galleries along Broadway.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=McCarten |first=John |year=1943 |title=The Man Behind the Gun |magazine=[[Reader's Digest]] |volume=42 |issue=253 |pages=51–54 |publisher=The Reader's Digest Association}}</ref> Garand became a naturalized United States citizen in 1920.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-C-Garand |title=John C. Garand |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=January 1, 2017}}</ref>

Pronunciation of the name "Garand" has differed, pronounced as {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|d}} {{respell|gə|RAND}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ær|ən|d}} {{respell|GARR|ənd}}. Descendants of John Garand and his close friend General [[Julian Hatcher]] generally agree with the latter, rhyming approximately with 'errand'.<ref>Keefe, Mark A., IV "Garand Pronunciation", ''[[American Rifleman]]'', July 2012, page 36</ref>

==Designer of firearms==
[[File:John C. Garand, a hands-on weapons and production engineer at Springfield Armory.jpg|thumb|left|Garand at [[Springfield Armory]]]]

Garand's fondness for machinery and [[Shooting sports|target shooting]] blended naturally into a hobby of designing guns, which took a more vocational turn in 1917. That year the [[United States Army]] took bids on designs for a [[light machine gun]], and Garand's design was eventually selected by the [[United States Department of War|War Department]]. Garand was appointed to a position with the [[United States Bureau of Standards]] in [[Washington D.C.]], with the task of perfecting the weapon. The first model was not built until 1919, too late for use in [[World War I]], but the government employed Garand as an engineer at the [[Springfield Armory]] from November 4, 1919 until he retired in 1953.<ref name="Springfield Armory National Historic Site" />

[[File:En-JohnGarandLarge.jpeg|thumb|right|Garand points out features of his [[M1 Garand|M1 Rifle]] to general [[Charles M. Wesson]], the U.S. Army Chief of Ordnance.]] 

In [[Springfield, Massachusetts]],  Garand was tasked with designing a basic [[M1 Garand|gas-actuated self-loading infantry rifle]] and [[M1 carbine|carbine]] that would eject the spent cartridge and reload a new round using a gas-operated system. Designing a rifle that was practical in terms of effectiveness, reliability, and production, stretched over time; it took fifteen years to perfect the M1 prototype model to meet all the U.S. Army specifications.<ref>Bruce N. Canfield. The Unknown M1 Garand, ''American Rifleman'', 142 (January 1994): 46–49.</ref><ref>[http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2014/12/14/hindsight-is-3006-critique-of-the-m1-garand/ Hindsight: A Critique Of The M1 Garand], December 14, 2014.</ref> The resulting ''Semiautomatic, Caliber .30, M1 Rifle'' was patented by Garand in 1932,<ref>{{US Patent|1892141}}</ref> approved by the [[U.S. Army]] on January 9, 1936, and went into mass production in 1940. It replaced the [[bolt-action]] [[M1903 Springfield]] and became the standard infantry rifle known as the ''Garand Rifle''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JScDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+October+1940&pg=PA68 He Invented the World's Deadliest Rifle], ''Popular Science'', December 1940, page 68.</ref> During [[World War II]], over four million M1 rifles were manufactured.<ref>Bruce N. Canfield. The Winchester Garand, ''American Rifleman'', Volume 153 (April 2005), pages 46–49.</ref> The Garand Rifle proved to be an effective and reliable weapon and was praised by [[Douglas MacArthur|General MacArthur]].<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1942/02/26/page/10/article/the-garand-rifle The Garand Rifle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192908/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1942/02/26/page/10/article/the-garand-rifle/ |date=February 3, 2016}}, ''Chicago Tribune'', February 26, 1942.</ref> [[George S. Patton|General Patton]] wrote, "In my opinion, the M1 rifle is the greatest battle implement ever devised."<ref>Rose, Alexander. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qGveyuX-Ou0C&dq=%E2%80%9CIn+my+opinion%2C+the+M1+rifle+is+the+greatest+battle+implement+ever+devised.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA319 ''American Rifle: A Biography'']. New York: Bantam Dell, 2008, page 319.</ref>

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Garand designed and built a prototype [[bullpup]] rifle. It fired the same cartridge as the M1, but the magazine, action and shape were completely different.<ref>[http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/02/08/garand-t31-aka-bullpup-30/ Garand T31 aka Bullpup .30]</ref> It was a [[select-fire]] design, and had a firing rate of about 600rpm.<ref>[http://ww2.rediscov.com/springar/VFPCGI.exe?IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=15676,DATABASE=41302774, Springfield Armory Museum: U.S. RIFLE GARAND T31 "BULLPUP" .30 (T65E1) SN# 1]</ref> When Garand retired in 1953, the second version of the T31 was incomplete. The project was scrapped, and the prototype was retired to the Springfield Armory museum in 1961. 
 
Garand never received any royalties from his M1 rifle design despite over six and a half million M1 rifles being manufactured as he transferred all rights regarding his inventions to the U.S. on January 20, 1936.<ref name="Springfield Armory National Historic Site">[https://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/historyculture/genius-of-springfield.htm Genius of Springfield], ''Springfield Armory National Historic Site, NPS''</ref><ref>Garand Gave Rifle to U.S., ''The New York Times'', March 4, 1942.</ref><ref>See court case about Garand's M1 rights assignment to U.S.: [http://www.leagle.com/decision/194689467FSupp827_1752.xml/BURKE%20v.%20UNITED%20STATES Burke v. United States, Court of Claims, 827 F.Supp 827], October 7, 1946.</ref> A bill was introduced in [[United States Congress|Congress]] to award him $100,000 in appreciation, but it did not pass. Garand remained in his consulting position with the Springfield Armory until his retirement in 1953.

==Personal life and death==
Garand married French Canadian widow Nellie Bruce Shepard (August 3, 1900 – February 25, 1986) on September 6, 1930, in Albany, New York. She had two daughters by her previous marriage, and they had a daughter and a son of their own.<ref>1930 US Census, April 7, 1930, Springfield, MA, Sheet 5B, line 98</ref><ref>1940 US Census, 16 April 1940, Springfield, MA, Sheet 13B, line 72</ref><ref>Wedding announcement, ''[[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|The Springfield Republican]]'', 5 October 1930, p. 6.</ref><ref>John C. Garand obituary, ''The Springfield Republican'', 17 February 1974, page 62.</ref>

Garand died in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], on February 16, 1974, and was buried at [[Hillcrest Park Cemetery]] there.

==Recognition==
[[File:John C. Garand and the M1.jpg|thumb|left|Garand and the M1]]

For his work with the Springfield Armory, Garand was awarded the [[Meritorious Civilian Service Award]] in 1941, the Alexander L. Holley Medal from the [[ASME|American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], and the first [[Medal for Merit]] (together with [[Albert Hoyt Taylor]]) on March 28, 1944.<ref>{{cite journal |date=April 7, 1944 |title=Scientific Notes and News |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=99 |issue=2571 |page=276 |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.99.2571.276 |bibcode=1944Sci....99..276. |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1974994}}</ref> In 1973, Garand was inducted into the [[United States Army Ordnance Corps|U.S. Army Ordnance Corps]] Hall of Fame for designing the [[M1 Garand|M1 Rifle]] or ''The Garand''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goordnance.army.mil/hof/hall_of_fame_inductees_year.html |title=The U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame |access-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322182319/http://www.goordnance.army.mil/hof/hall_of_fame_inductees_year.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Hall of Fame entry acknowledges both Garand's inventive genius and engineering skills:{{quote|Due to his initiative and instinctive inventive genius, the U.S. soldier possessed a firepower advantage during World War II. His remarkable mechanical skill and singular determination resulted in the design of numerous tools, jigs, and gauges necessary for the production of the "Garand Rifle." A remarkable engineering genius in the field of ordnance, his invaluable contributions served an important role in the history of World War II.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120611171815/http://www.goordnance.army.mil/hof/1970/1973/garand.html Mr. John C. Garand], ''The U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame''</ref>}}

{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=JScDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+October+1940&pg=PA68 He Invented the World's Deadliest Rifle], ''Popular Science'', December 1940. 
*Thomas A. Bruscino Jr. Chapter 1. M1 Garand Rifle. In: Jon T. Hoffman, (Ed.). ''[http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/innovation/History_of_Innovation.pdf A history of innovation: U.S. Army adaptation in war and peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113237/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/innovation/History_of_Innovation.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }}.'' Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 2009, pp.&nbsp;5–14.

==External links==
{{commonscat|John C. Garand}}
*{{findagrave|7679672}}
*[http://ww2.rediscov.com/springar/VFPCGI.exe?IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=9556,DATABASE=53628162, Springfield Armory Museum]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Garand, John C.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Montérégie]]
[[Category:Canadian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Firearm designers]]
[[Category:Medal for Merit recipients]]
[[Category:People from Jewett City, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]]