View source for John Krol

{{Short description|American Catholic cardinal (1910–1996)}}
{{distinguish|Jon Kroll}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = John Joseph Krol
| honorific-suffix = 
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Archbishop emeritus of Philadelphia]]
| image = Ronald Reagan and John Cardinal Krol.jpg
| caption = [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) hosted the Cardinal in the [[Oval Office]] in 1981
| province = 
| diocese = 
| see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]
| appointed = February 11, 1961
| enthroned = March 22, 1961
| ended = February 11, 1988
| predecessor = [[John Francis O'Hara]]
| successor = [[Anthony Bevilacqua]]
| ordination = February 20, 1937
| ordained_by = [[Joseph Schrembs]]
| consecration = July 11, 1953
| consecrated_by = [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]]
| cardinal = June 26, 1967
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
| rank = Cardinal-Priest
| other_post = [[Santa Maria della Mercede e Sant'Adriano a Villa Albani|Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria della Mercede e Sant'Adriano a Villa Albani]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland|Auxiliary Bishop of Cleveland]] (1953–61)}}
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|10|26|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], U.S. 
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|3|3|1910|10|26|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S. 
| buried = 
| nationality = 
| religion = 
| residence = 
| parents = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
| occupation = 
| profession = 
| alma_mater = 
| signature = 
| motto = ''Deus rex meus''<BR> (God is my king)
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of John Joseph Krol.svg
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
| cardinal name = John Krol
| image         = Coat of arms of John Joseph Krol.svg
| image_size    = 200px
| dipstyle      = [[His Eminence]]
| offstyle      = Your Eminence
| relstyle      = Cardinal
| deathstyle    = none
| See           = Philadelphia
}}
{{Ordination
| date of consecration = September 2, 1953
| consecrated by       = [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]]
| bishop 1             = [[Dennis Vincent Durning]], [[C.S.Sp.]]
| consecration date 1  = May 28, 1963
| bishop 2             = [[Joseph Thomas Daley]]
| consecration date 2  = January 7, 1964
| bishop 3             = [[John Joseph Graham]]
| consecration date 3  = January 7, 1964
| bishop 4             = [[Alfred Michael Watson]]
| consecration date 4  = June 29, 1965
| bishop 5             = [[Giovanni Enrico Boccella]]
| consecration date 5  = April 17, 1968
| bishop 6             = [[Martin Nicholas Lohmuller]]
| consecration date 6  = April 2, 1970
| bishop 7             = [[Thomas Jerome Welsh]]
| consecration date 7  = April 2, 1970
| bishop 8             = [[James Steven Rausch]]
| consecration date 8  = April 26, 1973
| bishop 9             = [[Michael Bosco Duraisamy]]
| consecration date 9  = June 10, 1974
| bishop 10             = [[Edward Thomas Hughes]]
| consecration date 10  = July 21, 1976
| bishop 11            = [[Louis A. DeSimone|Louis Anthony DeSimone]]
| consecration date 11 = August 12, 1981
| bishop 12            = [[Francis Bible Schulte]]
| consecration date 12 = August 12, 1981
| bishop 13            = [[John Patrick Foley]]
| consecration date 13 = May 8, 1984
}}
'''John Joseph Krol''' (October 26, 1910 – March 3, 1996) was an [[Americans|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He was [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Archbishop of Philadelphia]] from 1961 to 1988, having previously served as an [[auxiliary bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland|Diocese of Cleveland]] (1953–1961), and was elevated to the [[Cardinal (catholicism)|cardinalate]] in 1967 by [[Pope Paul VI]].

==Early life and education==
Krol was born in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], the fourth of eight children of John (Jan) and Anna (née Pietruszka) Król.<ref name=steinfels>{{cite news|date=1996-03-04|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=John Cardinal Krol, Pivotal Catholic Figure, Dies at 85|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/04/us/john-cardinal-krol-pivotal-catholic-figure-dies-at-85.html|last=Steinfels|first=Peter}}</ref> His parents were [[Polish Americans|Polish immigrants]] who were originally from the [[Tatra Mountains]].<ref name=barkan>{{cite book|last1=Barkan|first1=Elliott Robert|title=Making It in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/makingitinameric00bark|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara}}</ref> Krol's father held various occupations, working as a machinist, barber, carpenter, plumber and electrician; his mother worked as a maid at a hotel in Cleveland.<ref name=corr>{{cite news|date=1996-03-03|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|title=CARDINAL JOHN KROL, 1910 - 1996|last=Corr|first=John}}</ref> At age 2, he and his family returned to Poland, but returned to Cleveland within a year.<ref name=palmo>{{cite news|work=The History of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia|title=The Influence of His Eminence John Cardinal Krol, D.D., J.C.D., Tenth Ordinary and Sixth Archbishop of Philadelphia|url=http://www.rc.net/philadelphia/history/thesis.htm|last=Palmo|first=Rocco|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222022315/http://www.rc.net/philadelphia/history/thesis.htm|archive-date=2013-02-22}}</ref> Krol received his early education at the [[parochial school]] of [https://archive.today/20130131024913/http://www.parishesonline.com/scripts/hostedsites/Org.asp?ID=15418 St. Hyacinth Church].<ref name=curtis>{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Georgina Pell|title=The American Catholic Who's Who|volume=XIV|year=1961|publisher=Walter Romig|location=Grosse Pointe, Michigan}}</ref> At age 9, he went to work part-time as a butcher's helper.<ref name=corr/> He later worked as a maker of wooden boxes.<ref name=corr/>

Krol attended [[Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin High School|Cathedral Latin High School]], graduating at age 16 in 1927.<ref name=corr/> He then took a job as a butcher at a [[Kroger]] grocery store in Cleveland, where he became manager of the meat department at age 18.<ref name=steinfels/> Religious questions from a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] co-worker prompted Krol to more deeply study [[Catholic theology]] and eventually decide to enter the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]].<ref name=palmo/> He began his studies at [[Saint Mary's College (Michigan)|St. Mary's College]] in [[Orchard Lake, Michigan|Orchard Lake]], [[Michigan]].<ref name=named>{{cite news|date=1961-02-16|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Philadelphia Archbishop Is Named}}</ref> He later enrolled at [http://www.stmarysem.edu/ St. Mary's Seminary] in his native Cleveland.<ref name=curtis/> At St. Mary's, he also operated a small [[tobacco]] business, receiving shipments of defective [[cigar]]s and then selling them to his fellow seminarians.<ref name=palmo/>

==Priesthood==
On February 20, 1937, Krol was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a priest by Bishop [[Joseph Schrembs]] at the [[St. John's Cathedral, Cleveland|Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist]].<ref name=hierarchy>{{cite news|work=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|title=John Joseph Cardinal Krol|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkrol.html}}{{Self-published source|date=March 2015}}</ref> His first assignment was as a [[curate]] at [[Immaculate Heart of Mary Church (Cleveland, Ohio)|Immaculate Heart of Mary Church]] in Cleveland, where he remained for one year.<ref name=curtis/> In 1938, he was sent to continue his studies at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]], where he earned a [[Licentiate of Canon Law]] in 1940.<ref name=curtis/> He received a [[Doctor of Canon Law]] degree from the [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America]] [[School of Canon Law]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1942.<ref name=curtis/>

Following his return to Cleveland, Krol served as professor of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]] at St. Mary's Seminary from 1942 to 1943.<ref name=miranda>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=KROL, John Joseph (1910-1996)|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios-k.htm#Krol|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|access-date=2010-05-05|archive-date=2014-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815120409/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-k.htm#Krol|url-status=live}}</ref> He served as vice-[[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|chancellor]] (1943–51) and chancellor (1951–54) of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland|Diocese of Cleveland]].<ref name=miranda/> He was named a [[Monsignor|papal chamberlain]] in 1945, and was raised to the rank of [[Monsignor|domestic prelate]] in 1951.<ref name=curtis/> In 1950, he became president of the [[Canon Law Society of America]].<ref name=curtis/>

==Episcopacy==
===Cleveland===
On July 11, 1953, Krol was appointed [[auxiliary bishop]] of Cleveland and [[titular bishop]] of ''Cardi'' by [[Pope Pius XII]].<ref name=hierarchy/> He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal]] [[consecration]] on the following September 2 from Archbishop [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]], with Archbishop [[Edward Francis Hoban]] and Bishop [[Floyd Lawrence Begin]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist (Cleveland, Ohio)|Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist]].<ref name=hierarchy/> In addition to his episcopal duties, he was named [[vicar general]] of the Diocese of Cleveland in 1954.<ref name=miranda/>

===Philadelphia===
Following the death of Cardinal [[John Francis O'Hara]], Krol was appointed the sixth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Archbishop of Philadelphia]] by [[Pope John XXIII]] on February 11, 1961.<ref name=hierarchy/> His installation took place at the [[Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Philadelphia)|Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul]] on March 22 of that year.<ref name=installed>{{cite news|date=1961-03-23|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Philadelphia Archbishop Installed}}</ref> He was the first [[Polish American]] to become an [[archbishop]], and, at age 50, was the youngest Catholic archbishop in the country at the time.<ref name=corr/> In his first sermon as archbishop, Krol spoke of the need for civic dedication and virtue, saying, "I am conscious, too, of our beloved country, the bold idealism that inspired it, the courage that gave it birth. May God grant that our prayers, the moral integrity of our lives, the clarity of our teaching, and the sincerity of our patriotism help increase the spiritual resources without which no nation can survive."<ref name=installed/>

Krol attended all four sessions of the [[Second Vatican Council]] between 1962 and 1965.<ref name=miranda/> During the council, he served as one of six permanent undersecretaries, with responsibility for keeping a record of votes and distributing, collecting and tabulating ballots.<ref name=steinfels/> He also served as a member of the central coordinating committee.<ref name=steinfels/> Like [[Pope Paul VI]], he was more [[Liberalism|liberal]] in [[Catholic social teaching|social principles]] but sternly [[Conservatism|conservative]] in those of [[doctrine]] and [[Episcopal polity|church government]]. He condemned [[arms race]]s and [[abortion]], but supported [[Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church|clerical celibacy]] and [[disarmament]].<ref>Time Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101015040442/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955097,00.html Bishops and the Bomb] November 29, 1982</ref>

He was created [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of ''[[Santa Maria della Mercede e Sant'Adriano a Villa Albani|S. Maria della Mercede e Sant'Adriano a Villa Albani]]'' by Paul VI on June 26, 1967, during the same [[Papal consistory|consistory]] that elevated [[Pope John Paul II|Archbishop Karol Wojtyła]] of [[Kraków|Kraków, Poland]]. Both were cardinal electors in the [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] of [[Papal conclave, August 1978|August]] and [[Papal conclave, October 1978|October 1978]]. Wojtyła became Pope John Paul II in the latter conclave, and Krol served as one of his closest advisors.

After the first meeting between Church and Freemasonry which had been held on 11 April 1969 at the convent of the Divine Master in [[Ariccia]], he was the protagonist of a series of public handshakes between high prelates of the Roman Catholic Church and the heads of [[Freemasonry]].<ref name="Magister, 1999">{{cite web|author=[[Sandro Magister]]|url=https://chiesa-espresso-repubblica-it.translate.goog/articolo/7167.html?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|language=it|title=Tra il papa e il massone non c'è comunione|trans-title=There is no communion between the pope and the Mason|date=19 August 1999|publisher=[[L'Espresso]]}}</ref>

During the 1960s and 1970s, Krol governed the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Archdiocese of Philadelphia]] through an era where the population shifted to the [[suburb]]s. Krol campaigned for the [[canonization]] of [[Katharine Drexel]], and was present at the canonization of his Czech-born predecessor in Philadelphia, Bishop [[John Neumann]]. He made a celebrated [[pilgrimage]] to Poland in 1972,<ref>Time Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524015317/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906661-1,00.html Pilgrim in Poland] October 30, 1972</ref> and served as President of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] from 1971 to 1974. On April 5, 1970, he led prayer services at the [[White House]] for President [[Richard Nixon]] and the [[Family of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] and [[Bush family|Bush families]]; in addition to Nixon the former President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and the future Presidents [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[George W. Bush]] were in attendance.<ref>Robenalt, James D. (2015). ''January 1973: Watergate, Roe v. Wade, Vietnam, and the Month that Changed America Forever''. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press. {{ISBN|978-1-61374-967-8}}. {{OCLC|906705247}}.</ref> In 1985, Krol baptized [[Polish United Workers' Party]] defector [[Romuald Spasowski]].

==Later life and legacy==
Krol was [[hospital]]ized in 1987 for treatment of [[diverticulosis]].<ref>Time Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101022212947/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964446,00.html Milestones] May 25, 1987</ref> Due to his ill health, he resigned as Archbishop of Philadelphia on February 11, 1988, exactly 27 years after he was appointed to the post. He was succeeded by [[Anthony Bevilacqua]].

Krol died at age 85 in [[Philadelphia]], where he is buried in the crypt beneath the [[Cathedral-Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul]].

Cardinal Krol was criticized for his role in the [[sexual abuse scandal in Philadelphia archdiocese|archidocese's sex abuse scandal]] some 10 years after his death. The Grand Jury stated that Krol knew that some priests under his command were molesting and raping young boys and girls but did nothing to prevent future crimes. A 2005 grand jury report cited evidence that both Cardinal Krol (Archbishop of Philadelphia 1961–1988) and his successor Cardinal [[Anthony Bevilacqua]] (Archbishop of Philadelphia 1988–2003) had allowed dozens of sexually abusive priests to stay in holy orders by transferring them from parish to parish to avoid a scandal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia Archdiocese Concealed Sexual Abuse, Grand Jury Finds (Published 2005) |author= |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 September 2005 |access-date=3 March 2022 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/national/philadelphia-archdiocese-concealed-sexual-abuse-grand-jury-finds.html |quote="Archdiocese leaders have endangered and harmed children in parishes and schools by keeping known abusers in ministry and transferring discovered abusers to assignments where parents and potential victims are unaware of the priests' sexual" behavior, the report said.}}</ref>

E. Michael Jones published a biography of Krol in 1995 titled ''John Cardinal Krol and the Cultural Revolution''. The book covers Krol's early life and his time as President of the [[U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]] during the turbulent times of the 1970s. In order to give Jones sources for the book, Krol allowed Jones access to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia archives.<ref name="CW">[http://www.culturewars.com/reprints.htm Culture Wars Magazine Reprints],</ref>

==Views==
Krol was widely considered to be a staunch [[Conservatism|conservative]], even a "traditionalist".<ref name=milestones>{{cite magazine|date=1987-05-25|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]]|title=The Fine Papal Art Of Creating New Cardinals|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843902,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215130654/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843902,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref><ref name=blade>{{cite news|date=1996-03-04|work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|Toledo Blade]]|title=Traditionalist was archbishop of Philadelphia}}</ref> As described by ''[[The New York Times]]'', he was "an outspoken defender of traditional theology, hierarchical authority and strict church discipline."<ref name=steinfels/> ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' recalled how Krol was "[ha]iled by conservatives as a defender of the church's heritage and criticized by liberals as an opponent of change."<ref name=corr/> However, despite his conservative views on doctrine and church government, he was more [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] on social principles, such as [[nuclear disarmament]] and humanitarian programs.<ref name=bomb>{{cite magazine|date=1982-11-29|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]]|title=Bishops and the Bomb|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955097.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105093229/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955097.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|last=Ostling|first=Richard N.}}</ref><ref name=gazette>{{cite news|date=1996-03-06|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|title=Pre-eminent conservative: Cardinal John Krol served his church long and faithfully}}</ref>

===Abortion===
In 1973, he called the Supreme Court's decisions overturning state laws banning abortion "an unspeakable tragedy for this nation" that "sets in motion developments which are terrifying to contemplate." In 1974, Krol testified before the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] regarding the [[Human Life Amendment]] proposed by New York Senator [[James L. Buckley]]. While mostly in favor, Krol argued that the amendment should drop the exception for when the mother's life was in danger, so that should abortion be banned under all circumstances.<ref>{{cite book |first=Daniel K. |last=Williams |title=Defenders of the Unborn: The Pro-life Movement Before Roe v. Wade |pages=218–219|date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-939164-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/abortion/upload/Testimony-of-Cardinal-John-Krol.pdf|title=Testimony of His Eminence John Cardinal Krol Archbishop of Philadelphia before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary}}</ref> Krol in his statement said of [[Roe v. Wade]]: {{Blockquote|Every week, since the Supreme Court's decisions of January 22, 1973, there have been as many deaths from abortion as there were deaths at [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] as a result of the atomic bomb. Every nine days there are as many deaths from abortion as there were American deaths in the 10 years of the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam war]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/abortion/upload/Testimony-of-Cardinal-John-Krol.pdf|title=Testimony of His Eminence John Cardinal Krol Archbishop of Philadelphia before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary}}</ref>}}

===Marriages===
He opposed looser regulations governing marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics.

===Contraception===
He referred to the [[Christian views on birth control#Roman Catholicism|Catholic Church's condemnation of contraception]], reaffirmed by Pope Paul VI in 1968, as "[[divine law]]."

===Nuclear disarmament===
In 1979, his Congressional testimony backing talks on limiting strategic arms foreshadowed an appeal in a pastoral letter by American bishops for [[nuclear disarmament]] in 1983. At the high tide of the [[Nuclear Freeze campaign|nuclear freeze movement]] in 1982, Cardinal Krol told 15,000 demonstrators at a Philadelphia rally that it was time for governments "to dismantle existing [[nuclear weapon]]s." He later acknowledged that his belief in gradual and reciprocal disarmament, with strong safeguards against cheating, was probably not shared by all the demonstrators.

===Second Vatican Council===
After the close of the [[Second Vatican Council]] in 1965, he soon joined those alarmed by the pressures for change that the Council produced. He opposed many of the small accommodations or options in church discipline that gained favor after Vatican II, including looser regulations governing marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics, the reception of [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Communion]] in the hand, and attending Mass on Saturday evening instead of Sunday.

===Tax credits for Catholic schools===
In 1984, Cardinal Krol appeared with President [[Ronald Reagan]] at a campaign rally at the [[National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa]] shrine in [[Doylestown, Pennsylvania]], praising Reagan for trying to win tax credits for parents of children in religious schools. In the same year, the Cardinal delivered an invocation at the [[1984 Republican National Convention]] in [[Dallas]].

==Personal life==
* He spoke eleven languages.<ref name="The Krol Era">Time Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508180638/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877464,00.html The Krol Era] November 29, 1971</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Krol.htm Polish American Center: John Cardinal Krol]
* [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios-k.htm#Krol Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church profile] 

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
| title  = [[Roman Catholic Archbishop of Philadelphia|Archbishop of Philadelphia]]
| before = [[John Francis O'Hara]], [[Congregation of Holy Cross|C.S.C.]]
| after  = [[Anthony Bevilacqua]]
| years  = 1961–1988 }}
{{succession box
| title  = [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|President of the United States Catholic Conference and National Conference of Catholic Bishops]]
| before = [[John Dearden]]
| after  = [[Joseph Bernardin]]
| years  = 1971–1974 }}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals created under Paul VI}}
{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krol, John}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American cardinals]]
[[Category:Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology alumni]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Diocese of Cleveland]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Philadelphia)]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Cleveland]]
[[Category:American anti-abortion activists]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America School of Canon Law alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]