View source for John Monash

{{Short description|Australian Army officer (1865–1931)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| name             = Sir John Monash
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = John Monash 1.jpg
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = Monash {{circa|1920s}}
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1865|6|27|df=y}}
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1931|10|8|1865|6|27|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Melbourne]], [[Colony of Victoria]]
| death_place      = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Australia
| placeofburial    = [[Brighton General Cemetery]], Victoria, Australia
| nickname         = 
| allegiance       = Australia
| branch           = [[Australian Army]]
| serviceyears     = 1884–1920
| rank             = [[General (Australia)|General]]
| servicenumber    = 52
| unit             = 
| commands         = [[Australian Corps]] (1918)<br />[[3rd Division (Australia)|3rd Division]] (1916–1918)<br />[[4th Brigade (Australia)|4th Infantry Brigade]] (1914–1916)<br />[[13th Brigade (Australia)|13th Infantry Brigade]] (1913–1914)
| battles          = 
{{tree list}}
* [[World War I|First World War]]
** [[Gallipoli campaign]]
** [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
*** [[Battle of Messines (1917)|Battle of Messines]]
*** [[Battle of Passchendaele]]
**** [[Battle of Broodseinde]]
**** [[First Battle of Passchendaele]]
*** [[Battle of Hamel]]
*** [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]]
*** [[Battle of St. Quentin Canal]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards           = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br />[[Volunteer Decoration]]<ref name="LG31514">{{London Gazette|issue=31514|date=19 August 1919|pages=10607–10608|supp=1}}</ref><br />[[Mentioned in Despatches]] (6)<br />[[Legion of Honour|Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France)<br />[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France)<br />[[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown]] (Belgium)<br />[[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]] (Belgium)<br />[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (United States)
| relations        = 
| laterwork        = Manager [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria]] (1920–1931)<br />Vice-Chancellor [[University of Melbourne]] (1923–1931)
}}

[[General (Australia)|General]] '''Sir John Monash''', {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100|sep=,|GCMG|KCB|VD}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|æ|ʃ}}; 27 June 1865 – 8 October 1931) was an Australian [[civil engineer]] and military commander of the [[First World War]]. He commanded the [[13th Brigade (Australia)|13th Infantry Brigade]] before the war and then, shortly after its outbreak, became commander of the [[4th Brigade (Australia)|4th Brigade]] in Egypt, with which he took part in the [[Gallipoli campaign]].

In July 1916, he took charge of the newly raised [[3rd Division (Australia)|3rd Division]] in north-western France and, in May 1918, became commander of the [[Australian Corps]], at that time the largest corps on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. According to historian [[A. J. P. Taylor]], he was "the only general of creative originality produced by the First World War".

== Early life ==
[[File:John Monash 3 years old (1868) - Davies & Co., Photographers, Melbourne (12199143986).jpg|thumb|left|Portrait Monash aged 3, Melbourne, 1868]]
[[File:John Monash as a boy.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Monash as a teenager]]

Monash was born in 58 Dudley Street,<ref name=DAB>{{Dictionary of Australian Biography |First=General Sir John |Last=Monash |shortlink=0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html#monash1 |access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> [[West Melbourne, Victoria]],<ref>Cecil Edwards "John Monash" (State Electricity Commission of Victoria, 1970), page 3. In the 1970s, the house was offices of a brewing company. Since the 1980s, the house has been a brothel called "The Main Course."</ref> to [[Jewish]] parents, both from [[Krotoschin]] in the [[Prussia]]n province of [[Province of Posen|Posen]] (now [[Krotoszyn County|Krotoszyn, Poland]]). His birth certificate records his date of birth as 23 June 1865, but that is probably a mistake, because he was almost certainly born on 27 June.<ref>Cecil Edwards, op. cit. p. 5.</ref> He was the first child of Louis Monash and his wife Bertha, née Manasse, who had arrived in Melbourne on the ''Empire of Peace'' on 5 June 1864.<ref name=ADB>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |last=Serle |first=Geoffrey |authorlink=Geoffrey Serle |year=1986 |id2=monash-sir-john-7618 |title=Sir John Monash (1865–1931) |accessdate=14 August 2025}}</ref> The family name was originally spelt ''Monasch'' and was pronounced with the emphasis on the second syllable.<ref>{{harvnb|Serle|1982|p=1}}</ref>

The young family soon relocated from Dudley Street to larger premises on nearby Victoria Parade, before moving to a third rental property in Church Street, [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]]. In 1873, Bertha received a large inheritance from her mother, with which she purchased two houses, a large one in Yarra Street, [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]], and a smaller one in Clifton Street, Richmond. The family resided in the smaller one and rented-out the larger one.<ref>Cecil Edwards, ibid.</ref> The young John was sent to St Stephen's School on Docker's Hill in Richmond, and was remembered as a bright and alert schoolboy, with a special interest in English, some skill in drawing, a keen sense of fun, and no interest whatsoever in organised sport. At home his mother taught him piano, and encouraged him to read to her in English, French and German.<ref>Cecil Edwards, op. cit. p. 6.</ref> The family spoke German as their [[native language]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |author=Bridge, Carl |title=Monash, Sir John (1865–1931) |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35060 |access-date=28 November 2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35060}}</ref> As might be expected from a man brought up by cultivated German parents who had arrived in Australia barely two years before John's birth, Monash spoke, read, and wrote German fluently. However, from 1914 until his death, he had good reason not to attract attention to his German background.<ref>{{harvnb|Serle|1982|pp=7–8, 193}}</ref>

In 1874, the family moved to the small town of [[Jerilderie]], in the [[Riverina]] region of [[New South Wales]], where his father ran a store. Monash later claimed to have met the [[bushranger]] [[Ned Kelly]] during the Kelly gang's raid there in 1879.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedersen|1985|p=8}}</ref> Monash attended the state school where his intelligence was recognised. The family was advised to move back to Melbourne to let John reach his full potential, which they did in 1877. Although his parents had largely abandoned religious practice, Monash celebrated his [[Bar and bat mitzvah|bar mitzvah]] at the [[East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation]] and sang in its choir. He was educated under [[Alexander Morrison (headmaster)|Alexander Morrison]] at [[Scotch College, Melbourne]], where he passed the matriculation examination when only 14 years of age.<ref name=ADB /> At age 16, he was [[Dux#Post-Roman uses|dux]] of the school.<ref name=DAB /> He graduated from the [[University of Melbourne]]: a Master of Engineering in 1893; a [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] in 1895,<ref name=DAB /> and a [[Doctor of Engineering]] in 1921.<ref>{{harvnb|Hetherington|1983|p=156}}</ref>

On 8 April 1891, Monash married Hannah Victoria Moss (1871–1920), and their only child, Bertha, was born in 1893. Monash had previously engaged in an affair with Annie Gabriel, the wife of one of his colleagues, which ended as an active matter after his conscious choice of 'Vic' for marriage (though communication continued many years afterwards).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/passions-of-a-warrior/news-story/6b005f7947aaa345a5ac43ef0274c5a5|title=Passions of a warrior|date=10 November 2008|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> He worked as a [[civil engineer]], and played a major role in introducing [[reinforced concrete]] to Australian engineering practice. He initially worked for private contractors on bridge and railway construction, and as their advocate in contract arbitrations. Following a period with the [[Melbourne Harbor Trust]], in 1894 he entered into partnership with [[Joshua Thomas Noble Anderson|J. T. N. Anderson]] as consultants and contractors. When the partnership was dissolved in 1905 he joined with the builder [[David Mitchell (builder)|David Mitchell]] and industrial chemist John Gibson to form the Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co, and in 1906 with them and businessmen from [[South Australia]], to form the S. A. Reinforced Concrete Co.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://home.vicnet.net.au/~aholgate/jm/mainpages/jmcareer.html |title=Monash's Engineering Career prior to WW1 |author1=Alan Holgate |author2=Geoff Taplin |author3=Lesley Alves |work=John Monash—Engineering enterprise prior to WW1 |publisher=Alan Holgate |access-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010150542/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~aholgate/jm/mainpages/jmcareer.html |archive-date=10 October 2008 }}</ref> He took a leading part in his profession and became president of the [[Victorian Institute of Engineers]] and a member of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]], London.<ref name=DAB />

Monash joined the university company of the [[Australian Army Reserve|militia]] in 1884, and he became a lieutenant in the North Melbourne battery on 5 April 1887.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/7868416/278973 |title=6 April 1887|newspaper=The Argus |date=6 April 1887 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=7 }}</ref> He was promoted to captain in 1895 and in April 1897 was promoted to major and given command of the battery.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/193697321/18497741|title=News of the Day|newspaper=The Age |date=12 April 1897 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=5 }}</ref> On 7 March 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the intelligence corps.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232520393/24985752|title=Military Forces of the Commonwealth – Promotions|newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=15 |date=28 March 1908 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=645 }}</ref> He was given command of the [[13th Brigade (Australia)|13th Infantry Brigade]] in 1912,<ref name=DAB /> and was promoted colonel on 1 July 1913.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232470283/25001267|title=Military Forces of the Commonwealth – Appointments, Promotions, etc.|newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=62 |date=6 September 1913 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=2609 }}</ref>

== First World War ==

=== Gallipoli ===
[[File:6230649 Monash group portrait Captains cropped.jpg|thumb|Monash during the First World War]]

When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Monash became a full-time army officer, accepting an appointment as the chief censor in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au/browse/person/349254 |title=First World War Service Record – Sir John Monash |date=23 October 2013 |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> Monash did not enjoy the job, and was keen for a field command.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|pp=148–151}}</ref> In September, after the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] was formed, he was appointed as the commander of the [[4th Brigade (Australia)|4th Infantry Brigade]], which consisted of four [[battalion]]s: the [[13th Battalion (Australia)|13th]], [[14th Battalion (Australia)|14th]], [[15th Battalion (Australia)|15th]] and [[16th Battalion (Australia)|16th]].<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=151}}</ref> His appointment was met with some protest within the military, in part due to his German and Jewish ancestry, but Monash was supported by numerous high-ranking officers, including [[James Gordon Legge|James Legge]], [[James Whiteside McCay|James McCay]] and [[Ian Hamilton (British Army officer)|Ian Hamilton]], and his appointment stood.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|pp=151–153}}</ref>

When the first contingent of Australian troops, the [[1st Division (Australia)|1st Division]], sailed in October, the 4th Brigade remained behind. Training was undertaken at [[Broadmeadows, Victoria]], before embarking in December 1914. After arriving in [[Egypt]] in January 1915, Monash's brigade established itself at [[Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)|Heliopolis]], where it was assigned to the [[New Zealand and Australian Division]] under [[Major General]] [[Alexander Godley]].<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|pp=154–161}}</ref> After a period of training, in April, the brigade took part in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]. Assigned the role of divisional reserve, Monash came ashore early on 26 April.<ref name=ADB /> The brigade initially defended the line between Pope's Hill and [[Courtney's and Steel's Post Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery|Courtney's Post]], and the valley behind this line became known as "Monash Valley".<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=183}}</ref> There he made a name for himself with his independent decision-making and his organisational ability.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=xiv}}</ref> He was promoted to [[brigadier general (Australia)|brigadier general]] in July, although the news was marred by spiteful rumours that were passed in Cairo, Melbourne and London about him being a "German spy".<ref name=ADB /> His promotion was gazetted in September, with effect from 15 September 1914.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232466062|title=Australian Imperial Forces – Promotions|newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=111 |date=18 September 1915 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=2338 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29224|page=6707|date=9 July 1915}}</ref>

During the [[Battle of Sari Bair|August offensive]], launched by the Allies to break the deadlock on the peninsula, Monash's brigade was to conduct a "left hook" to capture of Hill 971, the highest point on the Sari Bair range.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=209}}</ref> On the evening of 6/7 August, the brigade launched its attack, but poor maps, heavy resistance and the mountainous terrain defeated them. Elsewhere, the offensive also stalled,<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=221}}</ref> resulting in disaster for the last co-ordinated effort to defeat the Turkish forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula. By mid-August, Monash's brigade was down to just 1,400 men out of the 3,350 at the beginning of the campaign.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=222}}</ref> On 21 August, Monash led them in an attack on [[Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)|Hill 60]], before it was withdrawn from the peninsula for rest. While the brigade recuperated on [[Lemnos]], Monash took leave in Egypt, where he learned of his appointment as a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]].<ref name=ADB /> In November, the 4th Brigade returned to Gallipoli, occupying a "quiet sector" around Bauchop's Hill. Monash used his engineering knowledge to improve his brigade's position to withstand the winter, and he worked to improve the conditions that his troops would have to endure but, in mid-December, the order to evacuate the peninsula came.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|pp=230–235}}</ref>

Monash's time on Gallipoli and his departure from it were not, however, without controversy for reasons unrelated to the fighting. While on Gallipoli he "wrote very freely to his wife revealing much current information" and "opened himself to the criticism that he would not keep the rules by which his juniors had strictly to adhere."<ref>Serle, Geoffrey, ''John Monash: A Biography'', Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, 2002 edition, p. 209.</ref> Later, in a long diary-letter sent home by Monash and known by him to be illegal in Army terms, Monash implied that he was "one of the very last off Gallipoli". However, "he had left for the beach nearly five hours before the last. It was a clumsy deception as so many people knew the facts."<ref>Serle, Geoffrey, ''John Monash: A Biography'', Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, 2002 edition, p. 247.</ref>

Following the withdrawal from Gallipoli, Monash returned to Egypt, where the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation and expansion. That process resulted in the 4th Brigade being split, providing a [[en cadre|cadre]] of experienced personnel to form the [[12th Brigade (Australia)|12th Brigade]]. It was also reassigned to the [[4th Division (Australia)|4th Division]].<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|pp=238–239}}</ref> After a period of training, Monash's brigade undertook defensive duties along the [[Suez Canal]]. On 25 April 1916, the first anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, while at Tel-el-Kebir, Monash and his men solemnly observed [[Anzac Day]]. Monash distributed red ribbons to soldiers present at the first landing and blue ribbons to those who came later.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=245}}</ref>

=== Western Front ===
[[File:Gen John Monash 1916.jpg|thumb|left|Monash, sat in the centre of the front row, GOC 3rd Australian Division, and members of his divisional staff before embarking for France, November 1916.]]

In June 1916, Monash and his command were transferred to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], being sent to the front around [[Armentières]]. On 10 July, Monash was promoted to temporary [[Major general (Australia)|major general]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29730|page=8597|date=1 September 1916}}</ref> and placed in command of the [[3rd Division (Australia)|Australian 3rd Division]].<ref name=ADB /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232455840|title=Australian Imperial Forces – Appointments, Promotions, etc.|newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=176 |date=30 November 1916 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=3246 }}</ref> He trained the division in England with attention to detail.{{sfn|Dennis et al|1995|p=405}}

After the division was sent to the Western Front in November 1916, it fought at [[Battle of Messines (1917)|Messines]], [[Battle of Broodseinde|Broodseinde]], and in the [[First Battle of Passchendaele]],<ref name=ADB /> with some successes, but incurring heavy casualties.{{sfn|Palazzo |2002| pp= 37–41}} The British High Command was impressed by Monash and, according to biographer Geoffery Serle, while dining with [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Douglas Haig]], commanding the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]], Monash was informed that Haig "wanted him as a corps commander".<ref name=ADB />

[[File:Australian 3rd Machine Gun Battalion on review (AWM image E02145).jpg|thumb|right|The 3rd Machine Gun Battalion marching past at the review by Major General John Monash, GOC 3rd Australian Division, France, May 1918.]]

Monash's division spent the winter of 1917–1918 around [[Ploegsteert]]. Early the following year, after the Germans launched their [[German spring offensive|Spring Offensive]], the 3rd Division was deployed to undertake defensive operations around [[Amiens]]. Throughout April and May, the division undertook several [[peaceful penetration]] operations.<ref name=ADB /> Monash later described the recapture of the town of [[Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux|Villers-Bretonneux]] on 25 April 1918, after the Germans had overrun the 8th British Division under General [[William Heneker]], as the turning-point of the war. Sir [[Thomas William Glasgow]]'s 13th Brigade, and Harold Elliott's 15th Brigade, were both heavily involved in the operation.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography
 | last= Harry
 | first= Ralph
 | title= Sir Thomas William Glasgow (1876–1955)
 | year= 1983
 | id2= glasgow-sir-thomas-william-6397
 | access-date= 14 August 2025
}}</ref>

=== Commander of the Australian Corps ===
[[File:John Monash portrait 1918.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Monash in 1918]]

On 1 June 1918, the promotion of Monash to [[lieutenant general (Australia)|lieutenant general]] and commander of the [[Australian Corps]], at the time the largest individual corps on the Western Front,<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2004|p=xiii}}</ref> was confirmed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=8334259|title= NAA: B2455, Monash Sir John, pp. 3 & 29 of 101|publisher= [[National Archives of Australia]]|access-date= 14 May 2019}}</ref>

Monash's promotion was not without contention. Among those who considered and advocated for Major General [[Brudenell White]] to have command of the Australian Corps were Australia's Official War Correspondent and later Official Historian, Charles Bean, and journalist Keith Murdoch, although historian Justin Chadwick has written that Bean was one of many of that view.<ref>Chadwick, Justin (2017). ''Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001''. NSW: Big Sky Publishing. p. 613.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/white.htm|title= Sir Brudenell White|website=www.firstworldwar.com – Who's Who|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

Bean had reservations about Monash's "ideals".<ref>Bean diary, entry 12 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/114/1. p. 93.</ref><ref name=beandiary56>Bean diary, entry 18 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/115/1, p. 56.</ref> and was said to have a general prejudice against Monash's Prussian Jewish background.<ref>Serle, Geoffrey ''John Monash: A Biography'', Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, p. 298.</ref> According to Kelly, Bean's core motivation at that time was that Brudenell White's appointment was in the best interest of the AIF,<ref>Kelly, Paul "Charles Bean; Man of his time and for all time". The Australian. (23 May 2018).</ref> and that it would be a big mistake for White to leave the Australian Corps and go with [[William Birdwood|Birdwood]] to the British Fifth Army.<ref>Bean diary, entry 2 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/ 113/1 opp. p. 53.</ref><ref name=beandiary56 /> Historian Burness noted that Bean did recognise Monash's ability and was not concerned that he should be promoted, but he considered Brudenell White was better fitted to command the fighting corps.<ref>Burness, Peter 'Notes from the Western Front', Wartime, Issue 84, p. 63.)</ref>
In that climate [[Billy Hughes|Hughes]] arrived at the front, before the [[Battle of Hamel]], prepared to replace Monash but, after consulting with senior officers, and having seen the superb power of planning and execution displayed by Monash, he changed his mind.

In his Official History, [[Charles Bean]] noted that Monash was more effective the higher he rose within the Army.<ref>Bean. Official History. Vol II, The Story of Anzac, p. 588.</ref> His depth of knowledge not only of military matters, but also of engineering and business, ensured that his operational plans were the product of meticulous preparation and thorough and rigorous scrutiny.<ref>Chadwick, Justin (2017). ''Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001''. NSW: Big Sky Publishing. p. 457.</ref>

Bean later wrote of his own "high intentioned but ill-judged intervention" and that "those who took action (relating to Monash's appointment) did so as I afterwards realised, without adequate appreciation of Monash, who, though his reputation as a front line soldier had been poor, was never the less a much greater man than most of us then thought."<ref>Bean, ''Two Men I Knew: William Bridges and Brudenell White Founders of the A.I.F.'', Angus and Robertson, Sydney, (1957), pp. 170–171 and footnote.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/24486729 |title=The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954) – 11 Oct 1931 – p. 13 |website=Trove |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

At the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918, Monash, with the support of the British 4th Army commander [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Sir Henry Rawlinson]], commanded the 4th Australian Division, supported by the British 5th Tank Brigade, along with a detachment of American troops, to win a small but operationally significant victory for the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-04/battle-of-hamel-still-considered-turning-point/2494406 |title=Battle of Hamel still considered 'turning point' |author=McLintock, Penny |date=4 July 2008 |work=ABC News |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref>

On 8 August 1918, the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]] was launched. Allied troops under the command of Haig, predominantly Rawlinson's British 4th Army (consisting of the Australian Corps under Monash, Canadian Corps under [[Sir Arthur Currie]], British III Corps under Butler and British Cavalry Corps under Kavanagh), attacked the Germans. The Australian Corps spearheaded the allied attack. Monash gave them, as a key objective in the first phase, the capture of enemy artillery, in order to minimise the potential harm to the attacking forces.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2004|p=xv}}</ref>
The battle was a strong, significant victory for the Allies, the first decisive win for the British Army of the war,<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2004|p=xii}}</ref> causing the Germans to recognise that for them the War was lost. The defeated German leader, General [[Erich Ludendorff]], described it in the following words: "August&nbsp;8th was the black day of the German Army in the history of the war".<ref>{{harvnb|Ludendorff|1971}}, cited in {{harvnb|Pedersen|1985|p=247}}</ref> Those operations were just a start of a broad Allied offensive across the Western Front. On 12 August 1918, at [[Château de Bertangles]], Monash was knighted by [[George V|King George V]] as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Bath]].<ref name=ADB /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30450|date=28 December 1917|page=1 |supp=y}}</ref>

[[File:King George V congratulating Lieutenant General Sir John Monash KCB VD.jpg|thumb|right|King [[George V]] congratulating Lieutenant General Sir John Monash, August 1918.]]

After that, the Australians achieved under Monash a series of victories against the Germans at [[Chuignes]], [[Battle of Mont St. Quentin|Mont St Quentin]], [[Péronne, Somme|Peronne]] and [[Hargicourt, Somme|Hargicourt]]. Of the battle of Mt St Quentin and the subsequent taking of the town of Peronne, Charles Bean wrote in the Official History: "the dash, intelligence, and persistence of the troops dealt a stunning blow to five German divisions, drove the enemy from one of its key positions in France, and took 2,600 prisoners at a cost of slightly over 3,000 casualties."<ref>Chadwick, Justin, Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001. Big Sky Publishing, NSW, 2017, p. 470.</ref>

Monash had 208,000 men under his command, including 50,000 inexperienced Americans. He planned the attack on the German defences at the [[Battle of the Hindenburg Line]] between 16 September and 5 October 1918. The Allies had eventually breached the [[Hindenburg Line]] by 5 October, and the war was essentially over. On 5 October, [[Prince Maximilian of Baden|Prinz Max von Baden]], on behalf of the German Government, asked for an immediate [[armistice]].<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2004|p=443}}</ref>

By the end of the war, Monash had acquired an outstanding reputation for intellect, personal magnetism, management and ingenuity. He also won the respect and loyalty of his troops. His motto was "Feed your troops on victory".<ref>''Leadership in War'', address to the Beefsteak Club, Melbourne, 30 March 1926.{{harvnb|Warhaft|2004|p=81}}</ref> Monash was regarded with great respect by the British. A British captain on the staff of [[William Heneker]]'s 8th Division described Monash as "a great bullock of a man... though his manners were pleasant and his behaviour far from rough, I have seen few men who gave me such a sensation of force... a fit leader for the wild men he commanded".<ref>{{harvnb|Hart| 2008|p=257}}</ref> Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery]] later wrote: "I would name Sir John Monash as the best general on the western front in Europe".<ref>{{harvnb|Montgomery|1972|}}, cited in {{harvnb|Pedersen|1985|p=294}}</ref>

For his services during the War, and in addition to his creation as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Monash was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31092|date=1 January 1919|page=4200|supp=y}}</ref> He also received numerous foreign honours – the French appointed him a Grand Officer of the {{lang|fr|[[Légion d'honneur]]|italic=no}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31150|date=28 January 1919|pages=1445–1445|supp=y}}</ref> and awarded him the [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]],<ref name="LG31514" /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31465|date=21 July 1919|pages=9219–9221|supp=y}}</ref> the Belgians appointed him a Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] (''Grand-Officier Ordre de la Couronne'') and awarded him the [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31263|date=1 April 1919|page=4200|supp=y}}</ref> and the United States awarded him the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31451|date=12 July 1919|pages=8937–8938|supp=y}}</ref> The Australian Government honoured Monash with promotion to the full rank of general explicitly "in recognition of his long and distinguished service with the Australian military forces" on 11 November 1929.<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald 1929, p. 11">''Sydney Morning Herald'', 12 November 1929, p. 11.</ref>

== After the war ==
[[File:John Monash statue Melbourne.jpg|upright|thumb|Statue of Sir John Monash in [[Kings Domain, Melbourne|King's Domain]], Melbourne.]]

In October 1918, towards the end of the war, Australian War Historian, Charles Bean, had urged Prime Minister William Hughes to have a plan of repatriation drawn up by the AIF and to put Monash in charge of it.<ref>Bean diary, entry 13 October 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/117/1, p. 54.</ref> Soon after the cessation of hostilities in November 1918, Hughes requested that Monash return to London to take up the appointment as Director-General of Repatriation and Demobilisation, heading a newly created department to carry out the repatriation of Australian troops from Europe.<ref>Chadwick, Justin, ''Sword and Baton Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001'', Big Sky Publishing Pty. Ltd. Sydney 2017, p. 471.</ref>

In August 1919, while in London, Monash wrote ''The Australian Victories in France in 1918'' which was published in 1920. According to Geoffrey Searle: "It was propaganda, but not far off the truth,"<ref name=ADB/> and "(it) laid the groundwork for the popular narrative of 'Monash- the-war-winner.'"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/monash_john |title=Monash, John &#124; International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) |website=encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>[http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:74085/SOURCE02?view=true Stobo, R. M. 'Feed the Troops on Victory': A Study Of the Australian Corps and its Operations during August and September 1918', University of New South Wales, Canberra, 2020. p. 157]</ref> Monash was, nevertheless, a noted advocate of [[Combined Arms|the co-ordinated use]] of [[infantry]], [[aircraft]], [[artillery]] and [[tank]]s. As he wrote in the book:<ref>{{harvnb|Monash|1920|p=96}}</ref>{{blockquote|... the true role of infantry was not to expend itself upon heroic physical effort, not to wither away under merciless [[Machine gun|machine-gun]] fire, not to impale itself on hostile [[bayonet]]s, nor to tear itself to pieces in hostile entanglements—(I am thinking of [[Battle of Pozières|Pozières]] and Stormy Trench and [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Bullecourt]], and other bloody fields)—but on the contrary, to advance under the maximum possible protection of the maximum possible array of mechanical resources, in the form of guns, machine-guns, tanks, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] and aeroplanes; to advance with as little impediment as possible; to be relieved as far as possible of the obligation to fight their way forward; to march, resolutely, regardless of the din and tumult of battle, to the appointed goal; and there to hold and defend the territory gained; and to gather in the form of prisoners, guns and stores, the fruits of victory.}}

He returned to Australia on 26 December 1919 to an enthusiastic welcome.<ref name=ADB /> On 1 January 1920, he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general and returned to the reserves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232518073 |title=Australian Military Forces – Promotions, Transfers, etc. |newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette |issue=102 |date=18 November 1920 |access-date=30 March 2020 |page=2177 }}</ref>

[[File:Graves of Hannah Victoria Monash (1871–1920) and John Monash (1865–1931) at Brighton General Cemetery.jpg|thumb|right|Graves of Hannah Victoria and John Monash at Brighton General Cemetery]]

Shortly after his return, on 27 February 1920, Monash's wife, Vic, died of cervical cancer.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=471}}</ref> Monash had a prolonged affair with Elizabeth "Lizette" Bentwitch, a first cousin of the prominent Zionist [[Herbert Bentwich]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Outside the Frame |url=https://collections.ajhs.com.au/Detail/objects/53878 |access-date=2024-12-21}}</ref> The two planned to marry after Vic's death but Monash's daughter put her foot down to stop the union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The inner Monash {{!}} Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/82/article-two |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref> Later, Monash worked in prominent civilian positions, the most notable being as head of the [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria]] (SECV) after October 1920. From 1923 until his death eight years later, he was vice-chancellor of the [[University of Melbourne]] .<ref name=ADB /> Monash was a founding member of the Rotary Club of Melbourne, Australia's first [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]], and served as its second president (1922–1923). In 1927, he became president of the newly founded [[Zionist Federation of Australia]] and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oztorah.com/2012/09/isaacs-monash-the-jewish-connection/ |title=Isaacs and Monash: The Jewish Connection |publisher=Journal of the Australian Jewish Historical Society |issue=June 1993, Vol. XI, Part 6|author=Apple, Raymond}}</ref>

[[File:John Monash Monument detail.jpg|thumb|right|Commemoration on Sir John Monash's Grave]]

In 1923, he was called upon by the Victorian Government of [[Harry Lawson (politician)|Harry Lawson]] to organise "special constables" to restore order during the [[1923 Victorian Police strike]].<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=491}}</ref> He was one of the principal organisers of the annual observance of ANZAC Day and oversaw the planning for Melbourne's monumental war memorial, the [[Shrine of Remembrance]]. Monash was honoured with numerous awards and decorations from universities and foreign governments.<ref name=ADB /> According to his biographer Geoffrey Serle: "[i]n the 1920s Monash was broadly accepted, not just in Victoria, as the greatest living Australian".<ref name=ADB />

Monash died in Melbourne on 8 October 1931 from a heart attack, and he was given a state funeral. An estimated 300,000 mourners came to pay their respects, the nation's largest funeral crowd to that time. After a Jewish service, and a 17-gun salute, he was buried in [[Brighton General Cemetery]].<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|pp=514–516}}</ref> In a final sign of humility, despite his achievements, honours and titles, he instructed that his tombstone simply bear the words "John Monash".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.netconnect.com.au/~ianmac/travis.html |title=They Shall Grow Not Old: A Who's Who of Brighton Cemetery (Armed Forces) |work=Defending Victoria |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313032317/http://users.netconnect.com.au/%7Eianmac/travis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was survived by his daughter, Bertha (1893–1979).<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|2007|p=518}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Military impact ===
According to British historian [[A. J. P. Taylor]], Monash was "the only general of creative originality produced by the First World War."<ref name="ADB" /> Monash's impact on Australian military thinking was significant in three areas. First, he was the first Australian to fully command Australian forces and he took, as following Australian commanders did, a relatively independent line with his British superiors. Second, he promoted the concept of the commander's duty to ensure the safety and well-being of his troops to a pre-eminent position in a philosophy of "collective individualism". And finally, he, along with staff officer [[Thomas Blamey]], forcefully demonstrated the benefit of thorough planning and integration of all arms of the forces available, and of all of the components supporting the front line forces, including logistical, medical and recreational services. Troops later recounted that one of the most extraordinary things about the Battle of Hamel was not the use of armoured tanks, nor the tremendous success of the operation, but the fact that in the midst of battle Monash had arranged delivery of hot meals up to the front line.<ref name="Ferguson_ch5">{{harvnb|Ferguson|2012|loc=Chapter 5}}</ref>

=== Cultural impact ===
In recognition of his enduring influence, Monash's face is on the [[Australian one hundred-dollar note|$100 note]], Australia's highest-value currency note.<ref name="Ferguson_ch5" /> Monash's success in part reflected the tolerance of Australian society but, to a larger degree, his success – in the harshest experience the young nation had suffered – shaped that tolerance and demonstrated to Australians that the Australian character allowed for mutually tolerant creeds, and a blend of the traditions of the "bush" and the "city"{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}. According to author [[Colin MacInnes]], as recounted by Monash's biographer, Geoffrey Serle, Monash's "presence and prestige...made anti-Semitism...impossible in Australia".<ref name="ADB" /> He is also honoured in a Cantata for chorus, soloists and orchestra called ''Peace – A Cantata for John Monash'', by composer/conductor David Kram.<ref>[https://www.johnmonashpeaceconcert.com/ Peace – A Cantata for John Monash, first performed in September 2017] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807112910/https://www.johnmonashpeaceconcert.com/ |date=7 August 2017 }}</ref>

=== Eponyms ===
* [[Monash University]], a public research university in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
* [[City of Monash]], a local government area in [[Melbourne]]
* [[Division of Monash]], a Federal electoral division covering part of [[Gippsland, Victoria]]
* [[Monash Medical Centre]], a teaching hospital in Melbourne (and location of his bust, which was originally located in the former SECV town of [[Yallourn]])
* [[Monash Freeway]], a major urban freeway in Melbourne
* [[John Monash Scholars]]hips, annually awarded to outstanding Australians for postgraduate study overseas
* [[John Monash Science School]], a specialist science secondary school in Clayton, Victoria
* Town of [[Monash, South Australia|Monash]] in [[South Australia]]
* [[Kfar Monash]] ("Monash village") in [[Israel]]<ref>{{harvnb|Gilbert|2008|p=137}}</ref>
* Suburb of [[Monash, Australian Capital Territory|Monash]] in [[Canberra]]
* [[Sir John Monash Stakes]] is a [[Group races|Group 3]] horse race run each July at [[Caulfield Racecourse]]
* Monash Country Club in [[Ingleside, New South Wales|Ingleside]] on the [[Northern Beaches]] of [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Monash Country Club – About us|url=https://www.monashcc.com.au/cms/about-us/|publisher=Monash Country Club|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
* Sir John Monash Drive in [[Caulfield East, Victoria]]
* 306 Monash Army Cadet Unit
* [[Sir John Monash Centre]], commemorative [[Heritage interpretation|interpretive centre]] at [[Villers-Bretonneux]], France<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/we-must-remember-pm-opens-100m-monash-centre-in-france-20180424-p4zbex.html |title='We must remember': PM opens $100m Monash centre in France |first=David |last=Crowe |date=24 April 2018 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
*General Monash Branch – Royal Canadian Legion (Branch #115) [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada

=== Movement for posthumous recognition ===
Since 2013, there has been a movement to posthumously promote Monash to the rank of [[Field marshal (Australia)|field marshal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/monashs-western-front-feats-make-him-a-worthy-field-marshal/news-story/8a41fc0fbefa4a0f1ccf4e10a3d909d1|title=Monash's Western Front feats make him a worthy field marshal|last=Fischer|first=Tim|date=29 July 2016|access-date=13 November 2016|via=The Australian}}</ref> Monash would be the fourth person, and only second Australian-born person, to hold this rank. The movement was led by [[Tim Fischer]], former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Deputy Prime Minister]] and author of the book, ''Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General'', and supported by other Australian Members of Parliament including [[Josh Frydenberg]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/promote-monash-to-field-marshal-says-mp/story-e6frgcjx-1226629541675|title=Promote Monash to field marshal says MP|last=AAP|date=26 April 2013|access-date=13 November 2016|via=The Australian}}</ref> and [[Cathy McGowan (politician)|Cathy McGowan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cathymcgowan.com.au/indi_voice_jerilderie_proposition|title=Indi voice behind Jerilderie Proposition to promote Sir John Monash|newspaper=Cathy McGowan MP|access-date=13 November 2016|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114084217/http://www.cathymcgowan.com.au/indi_voice_jerilderie_proposition|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Fischer, Monash was denied promotion during his life due to discrimination, including as a result of his German-Jewish ancestry and his status as a reservist rather than professional soldier.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/john-monash-should-be-promoted-to-field-marshal-says-tim-fischer/news-story/0c086c5a6ac63f06c67228d9f9187dba|title=John Monash should be promoted to Field Marshal, says Tim Fischer|last=Nicholson|first=Brendan|date=29 July 2016|access-date=13 November 2016|via=The Australian}}</ref>

In October 2015, the [[Jerilderie Shire]] Council unanimously adopted the "Jerilderie Proposition", calling on the Australian Government to promote Monash:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyadvertiser.com.au/story/3491241/push-grows-to-promote-sir-john-monash/|title=Push grows to promote Sir John Monash|last=Grimson|first=Ken|date=13 November 2015|newspaper=The Daily Advertiser|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref><blockquote>Following on the outstanding contribution of Sir John Monash to state and nation before, during and after World War I and reflecting the fact that Sir John Monash received no Australian awards or honours post 11 November 1918, the Prime Minister approve by government gazette publication the posthumous promotion of one step in rank of General Sir John Monash to the rank of Australian field marshal, with effect 11 November 1930, one year after Sir John Monash was eventually promoted to the rank of general.</blockquote>

In fact, Monash was recognised after November 1918 by the Australian Government, and was promoted to the full rank of general by the Prime Minister [[James Scullin]] in recognition of his long and distinguished service with the Australian military forces on Armistice Day 11 November 1929.<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald 1929, p. 11"/><ref>Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, 14 November 1929 (No.105), p. 2331.</ref> On 14 April 2018, Neil James, executive director of the Australian Defence Association, suggested that posthumously promoting Monash was unnecessary and "would demean his record." James also wrote that the campaign to do so highlighted the problem of "emotive mythology about our military history." He pointed out that [[Harry Chauvel]] was the first Australian to command a division and become a corps commander, being promoted to lieutenant general a year before Monash. James added: "I have yet to meet or even hear of [a military historian] who supports the Monash promotion proposal".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ada.asn.au/commentary/letters-to-the-editor/letters-2017-18/posthumously-promoting-sir-john-monash-is-invalid-and-ahistoric.html |title=Posthumously promoting Sir John Monash to field marshal is invalid, ahistoric and {{as written|un|nnecessary [sic]}} |last=James |first=Neil |date=12 April 2018 |publisher= Australian Defence Association |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Three days after James' comments the Australian Prime Minister, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], announced that Monash would not be promoted posthumously to field marshal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/turnbull-government-decides-against-posthumous-promotion-for-war-hero-john-monash-20180413-p4z9dq.html/|title=Turnbull government decides against posthumous promotion for war hero John Monash|last=Shields|first=Bevan|date=17 April 2018|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Emblem table
|name = General Sir John Monash, GCMG, KCB, VD<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir John MONASH |url=https://www.heraldryaustralia.org/ahr-vol-007-reg-008 |publisher=The Australian Heraldry Society |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Framed coat of arms : General Sir John Monash |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C159062#:~:text=Hand%20drawn%20and%20coloured%20picture,laurel%20branches%2C%20all%20in%20gold. |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>
|image = 
|imagesize = 225px
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = Knighted in 1918 as a [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]].
|adopted = Arms granted by the College of Arms on 3 December 1918. Supporters granted by the College of Arms on 26 May 1919.
|crest = A demi Lion Gules holding between the paws a pair of compasses Or.
|torse = Mantling Argent and Azure.
|helm = An open forward facing helmet.
|escutcheon = Azure a Fess between in chief five Mullets of eight points three and two and in base a Sword within two branches of Laurel all Or.
|supporters = Dexter: An Infantryman of the Australian Expeditionary Force supporting with his exterior hand a Rifle Sinister: An Artilleryman of the Australian Expeditionary Force all proper.
|compartment =
|motto = Marte et Arte
|orders =The [[Order of St Michael and St George]] circlet.<br />From left to right are [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France).<br />Neck badge of a [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown]] (Belgium).<br />Neck badge of a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]].<br />Neck badge of a [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]].<br />Neck badge of a [[Legion of Honour|Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France).<br />The [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] (United States).<br />The [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de guerre]] (Belgium).
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism = John Monash commanded the [[Australian Corps]] of the [[First Australian Imperial Force]] during the [[First World War]].
|previous_versions =
}}

== See also ==
* [[1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game]] – charity match suggested by Monash

== Reference list ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|60em}}
*{{Citation|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|last2=Grey|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Morris|first3=Ewan|last4=Prior|first4=Robin|last5=Connor|first5=John|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Victoria|year=1995|edition=|isbn=0-19-553227-9 |ref=CITEREFDennis_et_al1995}}
*{{Citation |last=Ferguson |first=Ian |title=Aussie War Heroes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wC9CNMcDPnIC&q=hot+meals+Australians+at+hamel&pg=PT44 |year=2012 |publisher= Brolga Publishing |location=Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=978-1-922175-21-2 }}
* {{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=Israel: A History |year=2008 |publisher= Black Swan |location=London |isbn=978-0-552-77428-4 }}
* {{Citation |last=Hart |first=Peter |year=2008 |title=1918: A Very British Victory |publisher=Phoenix Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-2689-8 |author-link=Peter Hart, military historian }}
* {{Citation |last=Hetherington |first=Mollie |title=Famous Australians |year=1983 |publisher=Hutchinson |location= Richmond, Victoria |isbn=978-0-09-148280-0 }}
* {{Citation | last =Ludendorff | first =Erich | author-link = Erich Ludendorff | title=Ludendorff's Own Story: August 1914 – November 1918; the Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army | orig-year =1920 | year =1971 | publisher =Books for Libraries Press | location =Freeport, New York | language =en| isbn =0-8369-5956-6 }}
*{{Citation | last = Monash | first = John | title = The Australian Victories in France in 1918 | url = https://archive.org/details/australianvictor00mona | place = London | publisher = Hutchinson | year = 1920 | oclc = 563884172}}
*{{Citation | last = Montgomery | first = Bernard Law | title = A Concise History of Warfare | author-link = Bernard Montgomery | place = London | publisher = Collins | year = 1972 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1n1rPgAACAAJ | isbn = 0-00-192149-5}}
* {{Citation| last = Palazzo| first = Albert| year = 2002| title = Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991| publisher = Australian Military Historical Publications| location = Loftus, New South Wales| isbn = 1-876439-03-3}}
*{{Citation | last = Perry | first = Roland | title = Monash: The Outsider Who Won A War | author-link = Roland Perry | location =Milsons Point, New South Wales | publisher = [[Random House]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-74051-364-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Perry |first=Roland |title=Monash: The Outsider Who Won A War |location=North Sydney, New South Wales |publisher=Random House |year=2007 |orig-year=2004 |isbn=978-1-74166-847-6 }}
*{{Citation | last = Pedersen | first = P. A. | title = Monash as Military Commander | location=Carlton, Victoria | publisher = [[Melbourne University Press]] | year = 1985 | isbn = 0-522-84267-4 }}
*{{Citation | last = Serle | first = Geoffrey | title = John Monash: A Biography | author-link = Geoffrey Serle | location =Carlton, Victoria | publisher = Melbourne University Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-522-84239-9}}
*{{Citation | last = Warhaft | first = Sally | title = Well May We Say... : The Speeches That Made Australia | location = Melbourne| publisher = Black | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CWgUAvHqeMUC | isbn = 1-86395-277-2}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Firkins |first=Peter |year=1972 |title=The Australians in Nine Wars: Waikato to Long Tan |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-021065-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Fischer|year=2014|title=Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General|location=Clayton, Victoria|publisher=[[Monash University Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-922235-59-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Perry|first=Roland|author-link=Roland Perry|year=2017|title=Monash and Chauvel: How Australia's Two Greatest Generals Changed the Course of World History|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-76029-143-3}}
*{{cite journal | last = Monash | first = John | title = Monash, Sir John KCMG KCB, (General, b. 1865 – d. 1931)| url = http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/3DRL/2316/ | journal=Personal Papers |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]]}}
* Pegram, Aaron. (2019). "Monash, John", ''1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War''. Freie Universität Berlin. {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.11379}}.

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081028094320/http://www.brightoncemetery.com/HistoricInterments/150Names/monashj.htm Sir John Monash (1865–1931)] Gravesite at Brighton General Cemetery (Vic)
*{{cite web|url=http://discoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au/browse/person/349254 |title=First World War Service Record – Sir John Monash |date=23 October 2013 |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] }}
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1269506 Monash, John (Sir) (1865–1931)] National Library of Australia, ''Trove, People and Organisation'' record for John Monash
*[http://www.awm.gov.au/people/P10676516/ Monash, John (Sir) (1865–1931)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428145307/https://www.awm.gov.au/people/P10676516/ |date=28 April 2017 }} Australian War Memorial, digitized records for John Monash

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{{s-ttl|title=Director General of Repatriation |years= 1918–1919}}
{{s-aft|after=Brigadier General [[Carl Jess]]}}
{{s-bef|before=General [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=General Officer Commanding [[Australian Corps]]|years=1918}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|Lieutenant General [[Talbot Hobbs|Sir Talbot Hobbs]]}}}}
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{{s-ttl|title=General Officer Commanding [[3rd Division (Australia)|3rd Division]]|years=1916–1918}}
{{s-aft|after=Major General [[John Gellibrand|Sir John Gellibrand]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Melbourne]]|years=1923–1931}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Barrett (academic)|Sir James Barrett]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Generals of World War I}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Monash, John}}
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