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{{Short description|English architect and dramatist (1664–1726)}}
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{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox architect
|honorific prefix     = [[Sir]]
|name                 = John Vanbrugh
|image                = John Vanbrugh.jpg
|caption = [[Godfrey Kneller]]'s [[kit-cat portrait]], held in the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]] ([https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw06470/ NPG3231])
|birth_date           = {{birth date|1664|1|24|df=y}} (baptised)<ref name="Beard-70" />
|birth_place          = London, England
|death_date           = {{Death date and age|1726|3|26|1664|1|24|df=y}}<ref>Beard, p. 73.</ref>
|death_place          = [[Westminster]], England
|significant_buildings= [[Blenheim Palace]]<br/>[[Castle Howard]]<br/>[[Seaton Delaval Hall]]<br/>[[Grimsthorpe Castle]]<br/>[[Stowe House]]<br/>[[Kings Weston House]]
}}

'''Sir John Vanbrugh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|æ|n|b|r|ə}}; 24 January 1664 (baptised)&nbsp;– 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and [[herald]], perhaps best known as the designer of [[Blenheim Palace]] and [[Castle Howard]].<ref>Berkowitz, "Preface"; McCormick, p. 4.</ref> He wrote two argumentative and outspoken [[Restoration comedy|Restoration comedies]], ''[[The Relapse]]'' (1696) and ''[[The Provoked Wife]]'' (1697), which have become enduring stage favourites but originally occasioned much controversy. He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1714.<ref name="Robert Chambers, Book of Days">Robert Chambers, Book of Days</ref>

Vanbrugh was in many senses a radical throughout his life. As a young man and a committed [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]], he was part of the scheme to overthrow [[James II of England|James II]] and put [[William III of England|William III]] on the throne. He was imprisoned by the French as a [[political prisoner]]. In his career as a playwright, he offended many sections of [[English Restoration|Restoration]] and 18th century society, not only by the sexual explicitness of his plays, but also by their messages in defence of [[feminism|women's rights]] in marriage. He was attacked on both counts, and was one of the prime targets of [[Jeremy Collier]]'s ''[[Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage]]''.

In his [[architecture|architectural]] career, he created what came to be known as [[English Baroque]]. His architectural work was as bold and daring as his early political activism and marriage-themed plays, and jarred conservative opinions on the subject.

==Early life and background==
Born in London and baptised on 24 January 1664,{{sfn|Seccombe|1911}} Vanbrugh was the fourth child (of 19), and eldest surviving son,<ref>page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson, {{ISBN|0-283-99497-5}}</ref> of Giles Vanbrugh, a London cloth-merchant of Flemish descent<ref>{{cite book |last1=Downes |first1=Kerry |title=Oxford Art Online |chapter=Vanbrugh, Sir John |year=2003 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000087787 |publisher=Oxford Art Online |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T087787 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=James |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |author-link1=James Stevens Curl|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199674985 |page=797 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> (as evident in the name, contracted from "Van Brugh") and Protestant background,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne |title=Proceedings |date=1923 |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHA_AQAAMAAJ |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> and his wife Elizabeth,<ref name="Beard-12">Beard, p. 12.</ref> widow of Thomas Barker (by whom Vanbrugh's mother had the first of her twenty children, Vanbrugh's elder half-sister, Elizabeth), and daughter of [[Dudley Carleton (diplomat)|Sir Dudley Carleton]], of [[Thames Ditton#Pre-1800|Imber Court]], [[Thames Ditton]], Surrey. He grew up in [[Chester]], where his family had been driven by either the major outbreak of the [[Great Plague of London|plague in London]] in 1665, or the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire]] of 1666.<ref name="Beard-12" />{{efn|Vanbrugh's family background and youth have been relayed down the centuries as hearsay and anecdote. [[Kerry Downes]] has shown in his well-researched modern biography (1987) that even the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' repeat 18th- and 19th-century traditions which were originally offered as guesses but have since hardened into "fact". This accounts for several discrepancies between the entries in these encyclopædias and the following narrative, which is based on the findings of Downes (1987) and McCormick (1991).}} It is possible that he attended [[The King's School, Chester|The King's School]] in Chester, though no records of his being a scholar there survive. Another candidate would have been the school at [[Ashby-de-la-Zouch]], founded by [[Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon]]. It was also not uncommon for boys to be sent to study at school away from home, or with a tutor.{{sfn|Seccombe|1911}}<ref name="Downes">Downes</ref>
{{John Vanbrugh timeline}}

Architectural historian [[Kerry Downes]] is sceptical of earlier historians' claims of a lower [[middle class|middle-class]] background, and writes that a 19th-century suggestion that Giles Vanbrugh was a sugar-baker has been misunderstood. "[[Sugar-baker]]" implies wealth, as the term refers not to a [[confectionery|maker of sweets]] but to the owner of a sugar house, a factory for the refining of raw sugar from [[Barbados]].<ref name="Beard-12" /> Sugar refining would normally have been combined with sugar trading, which was a lucrative business. Downes' example of one sugar baker's house in [[Liverpool]], estimated to bring in [[Pound sterling|£]]40,000 a year in trade from Barbados, throws a new light on Vanbrugh's social background, one rather different from the picture of a backstreet Chester sweetshop as painted by [[James Henry Leigh Hunt|Leigh Hunt]] in 1840 and reflected in many later accounts.<ref>Downes, pp. 32–33.</ref>

To dispel the myth of Vanbrugh's humble origins, Downes took pains to explore Vanbrugh's background, closely examining the family and connexions of each of his four grandparents: Vanbrugh, Jacobs or Jacobson, Carleton, and Croft, summing up the characteristics of each line and concluding that, far from being of lower middle class origins, Vanbrugh was descended from Anglo-Flemish or Netherlandish Protestant merchants who settled in London in the 16th and 17th centuries, minor courtiers, and country gentry. The complex web of kinship Downes' research shows that Vanbrugh had ties to many of England's leading mercantile, gentry, and noble families. These ties reveal the decidedly Protestant and sometimes radical milieu out of which Vanbrugh's own political opinions came. They also gave him a very wide social network that would play a role in all sections of his career: architectural, ceremonial, dramatic, military, political, and social.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Taken in this context, though he has sometimes been viewed as an odd or unqualified appointee to the College of Arms, it is not surprising, given the social expectations of his day, that by descent his credentials for his offices there were sound. His forebears, both Flemish/Dutch and English, were [[heraldry|armigerous]], and their coats of arms can be traced in three out of four cases, revealing that Vanbrugh was of gentle descent (Jacobson, of Antwerp and London [the family of his paternal grandmother Maria daughter of Peter brother to Philip Jacobson, jeweller and financier to successive English kings, [[James I of England|James I]], and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], and monied backer of the [[Virginia Company|Second Virginia Company]] and the [[East India Company]]]; [[Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester|Carleton of Imber Court]]; [[Croft Castle|Croft of Croft Castle]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

After growing up in a large household in Chester (12 children of his mother's second marriage survived infancy), the question of how Vanbrugh spent the years from age 18 to 22 (after he left school) was long unanswered, with the baseless suggestion sometimes made that he had been studying architecture in France (stated as fact in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'').
In 1681 records name a 'John Vanbrugg' working for William Matthews, Giles Vanbrugh's cousin. It was not unusual for a merchant's son to follow in his father's trade and seek similar work in business, making use of family ties and connections.<ref>{{cite book|last=Colvin|first=Howard|title=A biographical dictionary of British architects 1600–1840|year=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=978-0-300-12508-5|edition=4th }}</ref> However, Robert Williams proved in an article in the ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'' ("Vanbrugh's Lost Years", 3 September 1999) that Vanbrugh was in India for part of this period, working for the East India Company at their trading post in [[Surat]], Gujarat where his uncle, Edward Pearce, had been Governor.<ref>The English Factories in India, 1655–1660, William Foster, 1921</ref> However, Vanbrugh never mentioned this experience in writing. Scholars debate whether evidence of his exposure to Indian architecture can be detected in any of his architectural designs.

The picture of a well-connected youth is reinforced by the fact that Vanbrugh in January 1686 took up an officer's commission in his distant relative the [[Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon|Earl of Huntingdon's]] foot regiment.<ref name="Beard-12" /><ref>Summerson, J. ''Architecture in Britain 1530–1830'' (Yale 1993) p. 252.</ref> Since commissions were in the gift of the commanding officer, Vanbrugh's entry as an officer shows that he did have the kind of family network that was then essential to a young man starting out in life. Even so in August 1686 he left this position when the regiment was ordered to help garrison [[Guernsey]].<ref name="Beard-12" />

In spite of the distant noble relatives and the lucrative [[sugar trade]], Vanbrugh never seemed to possess any capital for business ventures (such as the [[Haymarket Theatre]]), but always had to rely on loans and backers. The fact that Giles Vanbrugh had twelve children to support and set up in life may go some way towards explaining the debts that were to plague John all his life.

===Connections===

Some of Vanbrugh's kinsmen – as he addressed them in his letters:
* [[Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran|The Earl of Arran]] (1639–1686). His wife (from 1673) was Vanbrugh's first cousin, Dorothy née Ferrers.
* [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Berkshire|The 3rd Earl of Berkshire (1619–1706)]]. Frances née Harrison, Countess of Berkshire. Vanbrugh's grandfather's sister, Elizabeth Carleton married John Harrison, uncle of the Countess of Berkshire and in addition the Countess's aunt, Anne Garrard, married Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester, uncle to Vanbrugh's same grandfather. Frances was (half) second cousin to Vanbrugh's mother.<ref>[[Elias Ashmole]] ''The Visitation of Berkshire 1665–66'' Harrison of Hurst, Harrison of Beech Hill.</ref>
* [[Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle|The 3rd Earl of Carlisle]] (1669–1738) of [[Castle Howard]]. Carlisle's grandmother, Lady Anne Howard, Countess of Carlisle, was first cousin to the 3rd Earl of Berkshire.
* [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]] (1640–1707). His Duchess was the Earl of Arran's sister.
* [[Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield|The 2nd Earl of Chesterfield]] (1634–1714). His Countess was the Earl of Arran's sister. His uncle [[Ferdinando Stanhope]] married Lettice Ferrers, aunt of the Countess of Arran.
* [[Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon|The 7th Earl of Huntingdon]] (1650–1701). Vanbrugh's mother was his (half) third cousin.

Vanbrugh's younger brothers, Charles MP and [[Philip VanBrugh|Philip]], Governor of [[Newfoundland Colony]], were naval commanders.

Vanbrugh's own first and second cousins included Sir Humphrey Ferrers (1652–1678), [[Sir Herbert Croft, 1st Baronet|Sir Herbert Croft Bt (1652–1720)]], [[Roger Cave|Sir Roger Cave Bt (1655–1703)]] and Cave's sister, wife of [[Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Ridley|Sir Orlando Bridgeman Bt (1650–1701)]].

==Political activism and the Bastille==
[[File:Bastille Exterior 1790 or 1791.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Sketch of the infamous French state prison the [[Bastille]] in Paris, where Vanbrugh was incarcerated]]

From 1686, Vanbrugh was working undercover, playing a role in bringing about the armed invasion by [[William III of England|William of Orange]], the deposition of [[James II of England|James II]], and the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688. He thus demonstrates an intense early identification with the Whig cause of [[parliamentary democracy]], with which he was to remain affiliated all his life. Returning from bringing William messages at [[The Hague]], Vanbrugh was arrested at [[Calais]] on a charge of espionage (which Downes concludes was trumped-up)<ref>pages 63–64, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson, {{ISBN|0-283-99497-5}}</ref> in September 1688,<ref name="Beard-13">Beard, p. 13.</ref> two months before William invaded England. Vanbrugh remained in prison in France for four and a half years,<ref name="Beard-70">Beard, p. 70.</ref> albeit in reasonable comfort.<ref>Bryson p. 152</ref> In 1691 he requested to be moved from Calais to [[Vincennes]], at his own expense, where his treatment deteriorated enough to suffice his writing to [[Louis XIV]], leading to his eventual transfer to the [[Bastille]] in February 1692. This raised the profile of his case once more, finally prompting his release in November of the same year, in an exchange of political prisoners.<ref name="Downes"/><ref name="Beard-13" />

His life is sharply bisected by this prison experience, which he entered at age 24 and emerged from at 29, after having spent, as Downes puts it,<ref>page 76, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson, {{ISBN|0-283-99497-5}}</ref> half his adult life in captivity. It seems to have left him with a lasting distaste for the French political system but also with a taste for the comic dramatists and the architecture of France.

The often-repeated claim that Vanbrugh wrote part of his comedy ''The Provoked Wife'' in the Bastille is based on allusions in a couple of much later memoirs and is regarded with some doubt by modern scholars (see McCormick).<ref>page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh The Playwright as Architect, Frank McCormick, 1991, Pennsylvania State University, {{ISBN|0-271-00723-0}}</ref> After being released from the Bastille, he had to spend three months in Paris, free to move around but unable to leave the country, and with every opportunity to see an architecture "unparalleled in England for scale, ostentation, richness, taste and sophistication".<ref>Downes, p. 75.</ref> He was allowed to return to England in April 1693;<ref name="Beard-70"/> once he returned to England he joined the Navy and took part in an unsuccessful naval attack against the French at [[Brest, France|Brest]].<ref name="Beard-15">Beard, p. 15.</ref> At some point in the mid-1690s, it is not known exactly when, he exchanged army life for London and the London stage.<ref name="Beard-15" />

==Public life==

=== London ===
Vanbrugh's London career was diverse and varied, comprising playwriting, architectural design, and attempts to combine these two overarching interests. His overlapping achievements and business ventures were sometimes confusing even to Vanbrugh himself.

====The Kit-Cat Club====
A committed Whig, Vanbrugh was a member of the [[Kit-Cat Club]]&nbsp;– and particularly popular for "his colossal geniality, his great good humour, his easy-going temperament".<ref>Charles Saumarez Smith, ''The Building of Castle Howard'' (London: Faber and Faber, 1990; {{ISBN|0-571-14238-9}}), p.39; Saumarez Smith quotes strong praise from [[Alexander Pope]] (who, as he points out, "was never inclined to generosity") and [[Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield|Lord Chesterfield]].</ref> The Club is best known today as an early 18th-century social gathering point for culturally and politically prominent Whigs, including many artists and writers ([[William Congreve (playwright)|William Congreve]], [[Joseph Addison]], [[Godfrey Kneller]]) and [[Politics of the United Kingdom|politicians]] (the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]], [[Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset|Charles Seymour]], the [[Charles Boyle, 2nd Earl of Burlington|Earl of Burlington]], [[Thomas Pelham-Holles]], [[Robert Walpole|Sir Robert Walpole]] and [[Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham]] who gave Vanbrugh several architectural commissions at [[Stowe, Buckinghamshire|Stowe]]).

Politically, the Club promoted the Whig objectives of a strong [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], a limited monarchy, resistance to France,{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} and primarily the [[Protestant]] succession to the throne.<ref>Bryson p. 153</ref> Yet the Kit-Cats always presented their club as more a matter of dining and conviviality, and this reputation has been successfully relayed to posterity. Downes suggests, however, that the Club's origins go back to before the Glorious Revolution of 1689 and that its political importance was much greater before it went public in 1700, in calmer and more Whiggish times. Downes proposes a role for an early Kit-Cat grouping in the armed invasion by William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution. [[Horace Walpole]], son of Kit-Cat Sir Robert Walpole, claims that the respectable middle-aged Club members generally mentioned as "a set of wits" were originally "in reality the patriots that saved Britain", in other words were the active force behind the Glorious Revolution itself. Secret groups tend to be poorly documented, and this sketch of the pre-history of the Club cannot be proved but, as we have seen, young Vanbrugh was indeed in 1688 part of a secret network working for William's invasion. If the roots of the Club go back that far, it is tempting to speculate that Vanbrugh in joining the club was not merely becoming one of a convivial London "set of wits" but was also linking up with old friends and co-conspirators. A hero of the cause who had done time in French prison for it, could have been confident of a warm welcome.

====The Haymarket theatre====
[[File:London Kings Theatre Haymarket.jpg|thumb|The Queen's Theatre, by [[William Capon (artist)|William Capon]]]]
In 1703, Vanbrugh started buying land and signing backers for the construction of a new theatre, the [[His Majesty's Theatre, London|Queen's Theatre]], in [[Haymarket (London)|Haymarket]], designed by himself and managed by Vanbrugh along with [[Thomas Betterton]] and his associate William Congreve.<ref>Beard p. 18</ref> It was intended for the use of an actors' cooperative (see [[#The Provoked Wife|''The Provoked Wife'']] below) and hoped to improve the chances of legitimate theatre in London. Theatre was under threat from more colourful types of entertainment such as opera, [[juggling]], [[pantomime]] (introduced by [[John Rich (producer)|John Rich]]), animal acts, travelling dance troupes, and famous visiting Italian singers. They also hoped to make a profit, and Vanbrugh optimistically bought up the actors' company, making himself sole owner. He was now bound to pay salaries to the actors and, as it turned out, to manage the theatre, a notorious tightrope act for which he had no experience. The often repeated rumour that the acoustics of the building Vanbrugh had designed were bad is exaggerated (see Milhous {{Page needed|date=September 2010}}), but the more practical Congreve had become anxious to extricate himself from the project, and Vanbrugh was left spreading himself extremely thin, running a theatre and simultaneously overseeing the building of Blenheim Palace, a project which after June 1705 often took him out of town.

Unsurprisingly under these circumstances, Vanbrugh's management of the Queen's Theatre in Haymarket showed "numerous signs of confusion, inefficiency, missed opportunities, and bad judgment".<ref>Milhous, p.&nbsp;194</ref> Having burned his fingers on theatre management, Vanbrugh too extricated himself, expensively, by selling the business in 1708 to [[Owen Swiny]].,<ref>Nalbach, p. 10</ref> though without ever collecting much of the putative price. He had put a lot of money, his own and borrowed, into the theatre company, which he was never to recover. It was noted as remarkable by contemporaries that he continued to pay the actors' salaries fully and promptly while they were working for him, just as he always paid the workmen he had hired for construction work; shirking such responsibilities was close to being standard practice in early 18th century England. Vanbrugh himself never seems to have pursued those who owed him money, and throughout his life his finances can at best be described as precarious.

====The College of Arms====
Vanbrugh's introduction and advancement in the [[College of Arms]] remain controversial. On 21 June 1703 the obsolete office of Carlisle Herald was revived for Vanbrugh. This appointment was followed by a promotion to the post of [[Clarenceux King of Arms]] in March 1704. In 1725 he sold this office to Knox Ward, and he told a friend he had "got leave to dispose in earnest, of a place I got in jest".<ref>''The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh'', ed. G. Webb, Volume 4: The letters (1928), p. 170.</ref> His colleagues' opposition to an ill-gotten appointment ought to have been directed to Lord Carlisle, who as [[Earl Marshal|Deputy Earl Marshal]], arranged both appointments and against whose wishes they were powerless. Vanbrugh went on to make more friends than enemies at the College, however. The pageantry of state occasions appealed to his theatrical sense, his duties were not difficult, and he appears to have performed them well. In the opinion of a modern [[herald]] and historian, although the appointment was "incongruous", he was "possibly the most distinguished man who has ever worn a herald's [[tabard]]."<ref>[[Anthony Wagner|A. R. Wagner]], ''Heralds of England''. 1967, p. 326.</ref> In May 1706 Lord Halifax and Vanbrugh – representing the [[octogenarian]] [[Garter King of Arms]], [[Henry St George, the younger|Sir Henry St George]] – led a delegation to [[Hanover]] to confer the [[Order of the Garter]] on [[George II of Great Britain|Prince George]], later to become King George II. Vaughan Hart has shown how Vanbrugh's interest in arms and heraldry found expression in, and gave meaning to, his architecture.

====Marriage and death====
[[File:Vanbrugh Castle.jpg|thumbnail|350px|[[Vanbrugh Castle]] in [[Greenwich]], south London]]
In 1719, at [[St Lawrence's Church, York]] (since rebuilt), Vanbrugh married Henrietta Maria Yarburgh of [[Heslington Hall]], York, aged 26 to his 55. In spite of the age difference, this was by all accounts a happy marriage, which produced two sons. Unlike that of the [[rake (character)|rake]] heroes and [[fop]]s of his plays, Vanbrugh's personal life was without scandal.

Vanbrugh died "of an [[asthma]]" on 26 March 1726,{{sfn|Seccombe|1911}} in the modest town house designed by him in 1703 out of the ruins of [[Whitehall Palace]] and satirised by [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]] as "the [[Goose-pie House|goose pie]]".<ref>Williams, p.109</ref> His married life, however, was mostly spent at [[Greenwich, London|Greenwich]] (then not considered part of London at all) in the house on Maze Hill now known as [[Vanbrugh Castle]], a miniature Scottish [[tower house]] designed by Vanbrugh in the earliest stages of his career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/vanbrugh.htm |title=Greenwich Guide - Vanbrugh Castle |work=greenwich-guide.org.uk |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129235301/http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/vanbrugh.htm |archive-date=29 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Grade I listed building, and formerly a [[RAF]] Boys' School, it is today divided into private apartments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-200455-vanbrugh-castle-greenwich |title=Vanbrugh Castle - Greenwich - Greater London - England - British Listed Buildings |author=Good Stuff |work=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>

===Playwright===
{{stack|clear=true
| [[File:Colley Cibber.jpg|thumb|upright|Actor [[Colley Cibber]]'s comedy ''Love's Last Shift, or Virtue Rewarded'' inspired Vanbrugh to write ''The Relapse, or, Virtue in Danger''.]]
| [[File:Thomas Betterton.gif|thumb|upright|[[Thomas Betterton]], Sir John Brute in ''[[The Provoked Wife]]''. Betterton's acting ability was lavishly praised by [[Samuel Pepys]], [[Alexander Pope]], [[Richard Steele]] and Colley Cibber.]]
| [[File:Elizabeth Barry.png|thumb|upright|[[Elizabeth Barry]] was a celebrated [[tragedy|tragedienne]] who brought depth to Lady Brute in Vanbrugh's comedy ''[[The Provoked Wife]]''.]]
| [[File:Anne Bracegirdle.png|thumb|upright|[[Anne Bracegirdle]], Bellinda in ''[[The Provoked Wife]]'', often played the comic half of a contrasted tragic/comic heroine pair with Elizabeth Barry.]]
}}

Vanbrugh arrived in London at a time of scandal and internal drama at London's only theatre company, as a long-running conflict between pinchpenny management and disgruntled actors came to a head and the actors walked out. A new comedy staged with the makeshift remainder of the company in January 1696, [[Colley Cibber]]'s ''Love's Last Shift'', had a final scene that to Vanbrugh's critical mind demanded a sequel, and even though it was his first play he threw himself into the fray by providing it.<ref name="Beard-70" />

====''The Relapse''====
'''Cibber's ''[[Love's Last Shift]]'''''
Colley Cibber's notorious tear-jerker ''Love's Last Shift, Or, Virtue Rewarded'' was written and staged in the eye of a theatrical storm. London's only and mismanaged theatre company, known as the United Company, had split in two in March 1695 when the senior actors began operating their own acting cooperative, and the next season was one of cutthroat rivalry between the two companies.

Cibber, an inconspicuous young actor still employed by the parent company, seized this moment of unique demand for new plays and launched his career on two fronts by writing a play with a big, flamboyant part for himself: the Frenchified fop Sir Novelty Fashion. Backed up by Cibber's own uninhibited performance, Sir Novelty delighted the audiences. In the serious part of ''Love's Last Shift'', wifely patience is tried by an out-of-control [[Rake (character)|Restoration rake]] husband, and the perfect wife is celebrated and rewarded in a climactic finale where the cheating husband kneels to her and expresses the depth of his repentance.

''Love's Last Shift'' has not been staged again since the early 18th century and is read only by the most dedicated scholars, who sometimes express distaste for its businesslike combination of four explicit acts of sex and rakishness with one of sententious reform (see Hume{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}). If Cibber indeed was deliberately attempting to appeal simultaneously to rakish and respectable Londoners, it worked: the play was a great box-office hit.

'''Sequel: ''[[The Relapse]]'''''
Vanbrugh's witty sequel ''The Relapse, Or, Virtue in Danger'', offered to the United Company six weeks later, questions the justice of women's position in marriage at this time. He sends new sexual temptations in the way of not only the reformed husband but also the patient wife, and allows them to react in more credible and less predictable ways than in their original context, lending the flat characters from ''Love's Last Shift'' a dimension that at least some critics are willing to consider [[psychology|psychological]] (see Hume {{Page needed|date=September 2010}}).

In a [[trickster]] subplot, Vanbrugh provides the more traditional Restoration attraction of an overly well-dressed and exquisite fop, Lord Foppington, a brilliant re-creation of Cibber's Sir Novelty Fashion in ''Love's Last Shift'' (Sir Novelty has simply in ''The Relapse'' bought himself the title of "Lord Foppington" through the corrupt system of Royal title sales). Critics of Restoration comedy are unanimous in declaring Lord Foppington "the greatest of all Restoration fops" (Dobrée{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}), by virtue of being not merely laughably affected, but also "brutal, evil, and smart" (Hume {{Page needed|date=September 2010}}).

''The Relapse'', however, came very close to not being performed at all. The United Company had lost all its senior performers, and had great difficulty in finding and keeping actors of sufficient skills for the large cast required by ''The Relapse''. Members of that cast had to be kept from defecting to the rival actors' cooperative, had to be "seduced" (as the legal term was) back when they did defect, and had to be blandished into attending rehearsals which dragged out into ten months and brought the company to the threshold of bankruptcy. "They have no company at all", reported a contemporary letter on 19 November 1696 "and unless a new play comes out on Saturday revives their reputation, they must break".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.londontheatredirect.com/venue/11/Theatre-Royal-Drury-Lane.aspx |title=Theatre Royal Drury Lane, London |publisher=London Theatre Tickets |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref> That new play, ''The Relapse'', did turn out a tremendous success that saved the company, not least by virtue of Colley Cibber again bringing down the house with his second impersonation of Lord Foppington. "This play (the ''Relapse'')", writes Cibber in his autobiography forty years later, "from its new and easy Turn of Wit, had great Success".<ref>Lowe, p. 216.</ref>

====''The Provoked Wife''====
{{Main|The Provoked Wife}}
Vanbrugh's second original comedy, ''The Provoked Wife'', followed soon after, performed by the rebel actors' company. This play is different in tone from the largely farcical ''The Relapse'', and adapted to the greater acting skills of the rebels. Vanbrugh had good reason to offer his second play to the new company, which had got off to a brilliant start by premièring Congreve's ''[[Love for Love]]'', the greatest London box-office success for years. The actors' cooperative boasted the established star performers of the age, and Vanbrugh tailored ''The Provoked Wife'' to their specialities. While ''The Relapse'' had been robustly phrased to be suitable for amateurs and minor acting talents, he could count on versatile professionals like Thomas Betterton, Elizabeth Barry, and the rising young star [[Anne Bracegirdle]] to do justice to characters of depth and nuance.

''The Provoked Wife'' is a comedy, but Elizabeth Barry who played the abused wife was especially famous as a tragic actress, and for her power of "moving the passions", i.e., moving an audience to pity and tears. Barry and the younger Bracegirdle had often worked together as a tragic/comic heroine pair to bring audiences the typically tragic/comic rollercoaster experience of Restoration plays. Vanbrugh takes advantage of this schema and these actresses to deepen audience sympathy for the unhappily married Lady Brute, even as she fires off her witty ripostes. In the intimate conversational dialogue between Lady Brute and her niece Bellinda (Bracegirdle), and especially in the star part of Sir John Brute the brutish husband (Betterton), which was hailed as one of the peaks of Thomas Betterton's remarkable career, ''The Provoked Wife'' is something as unusual as a Restoration [[problem play]]. The premise of the plot, that a wife trapped in an abusive marriage might consider either leaving it or taking a lover, outraged some sections of Restoration society.

====Other works====
* ''Aesop'' (1697)
* ''[[The False Friend (Vanbrugh play)|The False Friend]]'' (1702)
* ''[[Squire Trelooby]]'' (1704)
* ''[[The Confederacy (play)|The Confederacy]]'' (1705)
* ''The Mistake'' (1705)<ref name="Robert Chambers, Book of Days"/>

====Changing audience taste====
In 1698, Vanbrugh's argumentative and sexually frank plays were singled out for special attention by [[Jeremy Collier]] in his ''[[Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage]]'', particularly for their failure to impose exemplary morality by appropriate rewards and punishments in the fifth act. Vanbrugh laughed at these charges and published a joking reply, where he accused the clergyman Collier of being more sensitive to unflattering portrayals of the clergy than to real irreligion. However, rising public opinion was already on Collier's side. The intellectual and sexually explicit Restoration comedy style was becoming less and less acceptable to audiences and was soon to be replaced by a drama of sententious morality. Colley Cibber's ''Love's Last Shift'', with its reformed rake and sentimental reconciliation scene, can be seen as a forerunner of this drama.

Although Vanbrugh continued to work for the stage in many ways, he produced no more original plays. With the change in audience taste away from Restoration comedy, he turned his creative energies from original composition to dramatic adaptation/translation, theatre management, and architecture.

===Architect===
The precise reasons and motivations behind Vanbrugh's change in career remain unclear, but the decision was sudden enough even to be remarked upon by commentators of his time:

:''Van's genius, without thought or lecture,''
:''Is hugely turn'd to architecture.''

[[Jonathan Swift]], in this quote, suggests that Vanbrugh had no previous training in, nor studied architecture, but applied himself to the discipline whole-heartedly.<ref name="Downes"/>

As an architect (or surveyor, as the term then was) Vanbrugh is thought to have had no formal training (see "[[#Early life and background|Early life]]" above). To what extent Vanbrugh's exposure to [[French Baroque architecture|contemporary French architecture]] during years of imprisonment in France affected him is hard to gauge, in April 1691<ref>page 6, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-11929-9}}</ref> he was transferred to [[Château de Vincennes]] in the months he spent as a prisoner there he would have got to know the architect [[Louis Le Vau]]'s grand classical work (1656–61) in the château well. On his release from prison (he was at the Bastille by then) on 22 November 1692 he spent a short time in Paris,<ref>page 7, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-11929-9}}</ref> there he would have seen much recent architecture including [[Les Invalides]], the [[Collège des Quatre-Nations]] and the [[east wing of the Louvre Palace]]. His inexperience was compensated for by his unerring eye for [[Perspective (visual)|perspective]] and detail and his close working relationship with [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]]. Hawksmoor, a former clerk of Sir [[Christopher Wren]], was to be Vanbrugh's collaborator in many of his most ambitious projects, including Castle Howard<ref name="Castle-Howard-Construction">{{Cite web |url=http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/House-and-Gardens/Discover-the-House/The-Castle-Howard-Story.html |title=The Castle Howard Story: The Building of Castle Howard |publisher=[[Castle Howard]] |access-date=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415212105/http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/House-and-Gardens/Discover-the-House/The-Castle-Howard-Story.html |archive-date=15 April 2010 }}</ref> and Blenheim.<ref name="Blenheim-Palace-Palace" /> During his almost thirty years as a practising architect, Vanbrugh designed and worked on numerous buildings. More often than not his work was a rebuild or remodel, such as that of [[Kimbolton Castle]], where Vanbrugh had to follow the instructions of his patron. Consequently these houses, which often claim Vanbrugh as their architect, do not best display his own architectural concepts and ideas. In the summer of 1699 as part of his architectural education Vanbrugh made a tour of northern England, writing to [[Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester]], (he was still an Earl at the time) on Christmas Day of that year: 'I have seen most of the great houses in the North, as Ld Nottings (sic): Duke of Leeds Chattesworth (sic) &C.'<ref>page 48, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale university Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-11929-9}}</ref> This itinerary likely included many of the great [[Elizabethan architecture|Elizabethan]] houses, including: [[Burghley House]], [[Wollaton Hall]], [[Hardwick Hall]] and [[Bolsover Castle]], whose use of towers, complex skylines, bow widows and other features would be reinterpreted in Vanbrugh's own buildings.

Though Vanbrugh is best known in connection with stately houses, the parlous state of London's 18th-century streets did not escape his attention. It was reported in the ''[[London Journal]]'' of 16 March 1722–23:

{{cquote|"We are informed that Sir John Vanbrugh, in his scheme for new paving the cities of London and Westminster, among other things, proposes a tax on all gentlemen's coaches, to stop all channels in the street, and to carry all the water off by drains and common sewers under ground."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA142|title=Notes and Queries| volume= 2|date=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=142}}</ref>}}

Vanbrugh's chosen style was the [[Baroque architecture|baroque]], which had been spreading across Europe during the 17th century, promoted by, among others, [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]] and [[Louis Le Vau|Le Vau]]. The first baroque country house built in England was [[Chatsworth House]], designed by [[William Talman (architect)|William Talman]] three years before Castle Howard. In the contest for the commission of Castle Howard, the untrained and untried Vanbrugh astonishingly managed to out-charm and out-clubman the professional but less socially adept Talman and to persuade the [[Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle|Earl of Carlisle]] to give the great opportunity to him instead.<ref>Downes, pp. 193–204.</ref> Seizing it, Vanbrugh instigated European baroque's metamorphosis into a subtle, almost understated version that became known as English baroque. Four of Vanbrugh's designs act as milestones for evaluating this process:
# [[Castle Howard]], [[North Yorkshire]], commissioned in 1699;
# [[Blenheim Palace]], [[Oxfordshire]], commissioned in 1704;
# [[Kings Weston House]], [[Bristol]], begun in 1712;
# [[Seaton Delaval Hall]], [[Northumberland]], begun in 1718.

Work on each of these projects overlapped with that on the next, providing a natural progression of thoughts and style.

====Castle Howard====
{{Main|Castle Howard}}
[[File:Castle Howard, Yorkshire.jpg|thumb|Vanbrugh's south facade of [[Castle Howard]]]]
[[Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle]], a fellow member of the [[Kit-Cat Club]], commissioned Vanbrugh in 1699 to design his [[mansion]],<ref name="Castle-Howard-Construction" /> often described as England's first truly baroque building. The baroque style at Castle Howard is the most European that Vanbrugh ever used.

[[File:Temple of Four Winds.JPG|thumb|left|Temple of the Four Winds]]
Castle Howard, with its immense corridors in segmental [[colonnade]]s leading from the main entrance block to the flanking wings, its centre crowned by a great domed tower complete with [[cupola]], is very much in the school of classic European baroque. It combined aspects of design that had only appeared occasionally, if at all, in English architecture: [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb's]] Greenwich Palace, Wren's unexecuted design for Greenwich, which like Castle Howard was dominated by a domed centre block, and of course Talman's Chatsworth. A possible inspiration for Castle Howard was also [[Vaux-le-Vicomte]] in France.

The interiors are extremely dramatic, the Great Hall rising 80&nbsp;feet (24&nbsp;m) into the cupola. [[Scagliola]], and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian columns]] abound, and galleries linked by soaring arches give the impression of an opera stage-set&nbsp;– doubtless the intention of the architect.

Castle Howard was acclaimed a success. This fantastical building, unparalleled in England, with its facades and roofs decorated by pilasters, statuary, and flowing ornamental carving, ensured that baroque became an overnight success. While the greater part of Castle Howard was inhabited and completed by 1709, the finishing touches were to continue for much of Vanbrugh's lifetime. The west wing was finally completed after Vanbrugh's death, to an altered design.<ref name="Castle-Howard-Construction" /> The acclaim of the work at Castle Howard led to Vanbrugh's most famous commission, architect for Blenheim Palace.

Regarding the commission, William Talman, an already established architect and [[Office of Works#Comptroller of the King's Works|Comptroller of the King's Works]] had initially been the architect of choice, charging more than the Lord had thought reasonable. Vanbrugh's charm, and Talman's lack thereof, may have been enough to convince the patron to change his architect. However, it remains unknown how Vanbrugh, totally untrained and inexperienced, persuaded Earl Carlisle to grant the responsibility of architect to him. The design process began in the summer of 1699, before the end of the year the model for Castle Howard was under construction, stone was being quarried and foundations discussed.

It appears that the early drawings of the design for Castle Howard were made by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]], and in 1700 he was formally introduced by Vanbrugh into the project as draughtsman and clerk of works. Designs varied and evolved until 1702, the pair working together.<ref name="Downes"/>
{{Clear}}

====Vanbrugh's House====
{{main|Goose-Pie House}}
In July 1700 the King granted Vanbrugh permission to build on the ruins of Whitehall at his own expense. Brick and stone from the ruins of the Palace of Whitehall were used and the house was sited on what was the Vice-Chamberlain's lodgings. The small, two storied house was unique in design, though its size and proportions led to it being called, unflatteringly, a 'goose-pie' by Swift.<ref name="Downes"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Journal to Stella |url=http://www.swiftiana.com/stella/?q=node/297 |work=Vanbrug's House |access-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813151922/http://www.swiftiana.com/stella/?q=node%2F297 |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>

The house was demolished in 1898 to make way for the [[Old War Office Building]].

====Blenheim Palace====
[[File:Blenheim Palace Terrace, 2010.jpg|thumb|The West facade of [[Blenheim Palace]] (''"Vanbrugh's castle air"'') shows the unique severe towering stone [[belvedere (structure)|belvederes]] ornamenting the skyline.]]
{{Main|Blenheim Palace}}
The [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough's]] forces defeated King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV's]] army at [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]], a village on the [[Danube]] in 1704.<ref>Bryson p. 155.</ref> Marlborough's reward, from a grateful nation, was to be a splendid country seat, and the Duke himself chose fellow Kit-Cat John Vanbrugh to be the architect.<ref>Sherwood and Pevsner, p.&nbsp;460.</ref> Work began on the palace in 1705, though as Vanbrugh wasn't a trained architect he worked alongside [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] on the project.<ref name="Blenheim-Palace-Palace">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/whattosee/thepalace.html |title=The Palace |publisher=[[Blenheim Palace]] |access-date=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514064436/http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/whattosee/thepalace.html |archive-date=14 May 2010 }}</ref>

Blenheim Palace was conceived to be not only a grand [[country house]], but a national monument.<ref>Sherwood and Pevsner, pp.&nbsp;459–60.</ref> Consequently, the light baroque style used at Castle Howard would have been unsuitable for what is in effect a [[war memorial]]. It is in truth more of a [[castle]], or [[citadel]], than a [[palace]]. As it was designed as a national monument first and a comfortable family home second,<ref>Beard, p. 39.</ref> Vanbrugh had many arguments with the Duchess<ref>Bryson p. 156</ref> who wanted the Palace to be a comfortable country house for her family, ''I made Mr. Vanbrugh my enemy by the constant disputes I had with him to prevent his extravagance''<ref name="Colvin, p850">Colvin, p. 850.</ref> As a result of these arguments Vanbrugh resigned before the palace was completed in November 1716.<ref name="Palace-History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/history/ |title=A History of the Palace |publisher=[[Blenheim Palace]] |access-date=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427125032/http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/history |archive-date=27 April 2010 }}</ref>''You have your end Madam, for I will never trouble you more Unless the Duke of Marlborough recovers so far, to shelter me from such intolerable Treatment.''<ref name="Colvin, p850"/>

The qualities of the building are best illustrated by the massive East Gate (''illustration, below, left''), set in the [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] of the service block, it has been described as resembling an impregnable entrance to a walled city.<ref name="Green, p10">Green, p. 10.</ref> The gate, its tapering walls creating an illusion of greater height, also serves as [[water tower]] for the palace, thus confounding those of Vanbrugh's critics, such as the Duchess, who accused him of impracticability.<ref name="Green, p10"/><!-- should this be 'impracticality' = 'not practical', rather than 'not feasible'? -->

[[File:Blenheim Palace IMG 3649.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Vanbrugh's monumental East Gate at [[Blenheim Palace]] is more the entrance to a [[citadel]] than to a [[palace]]. Vanbrugh cunningly slightly tapered the sides to create an illusion of even greater height and drama.]]

Blenheim, the largest non-royal domestic building in England, consists of three blocks, the centre containing the living and [[state room]]s, and two flanking rectangular wings both built around a central [[courtyard]]: one contains the [[stable]]s, and the other the kitchens, [[laundry|laundries]], and storehouses. If Castle Howard was the first truly baroque building in England, then Blenheim Palace is the most definitive. While Castle Howard is a dramatic assembly of restless masses, Blenheim is altogether of a more solid construction, relying on tall slender windows and monumental statuary on the roofs to lighten the mass of yellow stone.

The suite of state rooms placed on the ''[[piano nobile]]'' were designed to be overpowering and magnificent displays, rather than warm, or comfortable. Cosy, middle class comfort was not the intention at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], the great palace of Marlborough's foe, and it was certainly not deemed a consideration in the palace built to house the conqueror of Versailles' master.

As was common in the 18th century, personal comfort was sacrificed to perspective. Windows were to adorn the facades, as well as light the interior. Blenheim was designed as a theatre piece both externally<ref>Sherwood and Pevsner, p.&nbsp;466.</ref> and also from the 67&nbsp;foot (20&nbsp;m) high great hall, leading to the huge [[fresco]]ed [[state room|saloon]], all designed on an axis with the 134&nbsp;foot (41&nbsp;m) high column of victory in the grounds, with the trees planted in the battle positions of Marlborough's soldiers. Over the south portico (''illustrated right''), itself a massive and dense construction of piers and columns, definitely not designed in the Palladian manner for elegant protection from the sun, a huge bust of Louis XIV is forced to look down on the splendours and rewards of his conqueror. Whether this placement and design was an ornamental feature created by Vanbrugh, or an ironic joke by Marlborough, is not known.<ref>Sherwood and Pevsner describe it as set there by Marlborough "like a head on a stake": their quotation marks, and suggesting, although not directly stating, that the description was Marlborough's own. ''Oxfordshire,'' pp.&nbsp;459–60.</ref> However, as an architectural composition it is a unique example of baroque ornament.
[[File:Blenheim Palace, south, 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The pediment over the south portico is a complete break from the convention. The flat top is decorated by a trophy bearing the marble bust of Louis XIV looted by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]] from [[Tournai]] in 1709, weighing 30&nbsp;tons. The positioning of the bust was an innovative new design in the decoration of a pediment.]]
At Blenheim, Vanbrugh developed baroque from the mere ornamental to a denser, more solid, form, where the massed stone became the ornament. The great arched gates and the huge solid portico were ornament in themselves, and the whole mass was considered rather than each facade. As the palace is still treated as an important part of English heritage, it became a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/425 |title=Blenheim Palace |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |work=[[World Heritage Sites]] |access-date=8 May 2010}}</ref>

====Kings Weston House====
{{Main|Kings Weston House}}
[[Kings Weston House]] in [[Bristol]] was built between 1712 and 1719 for Edward Southwell on the site of an earlier Tudor house. A significant architectural feature is the grouping of all the chimneys into a massive arcade. The Kings Weston estate possesses one of the largest collections of buildings designed by Sir John Vanbrugh in the UK. Whilst the house and the majority of the estate buildings are still standing others have been demolished or been heavily altered. Bristol is the only UK city outside London to possess buildings designed by Vanbrugh.

On 29 April Edward Southwell wrote in his journal at Kings Weston, "Upwards of 60 men preparing stones and digging the foundation of the new house," and on 16 June 1712 work formally began on building the new house by John Vanbrugh. His client, Edward Southwell, did not desire a house on a monumental scale. The result was one of Vanbrugh's smaller houses. It is also his severest in style, obtaining high architectural drama by the well judged disposition of elements that are few in number, and simple in their nature. The exterior of the house would have been at the point of completion in 1717, the date on the contract for one of the parapet vases. The interior would have been virtually complete by 1719, when the design for inlay on the stair landings was drawn up. Two of the façades have since been remodelled, by Robert Mylne, who remodelled the interior in the 1760s. The stone, which was quarried on the site, was originally ochre in colour but has weathered to an orange-pink.

The arcade formed by linking the chimneys, which rises above the roof, is a notable external feature of the building, reminiscent of the [[Belvedere (structure)|belvedere]]s of Blenheim Palace and producing a 'castle air'.[18] It is square in shape and open on the northeast. The current structure is the result of a rebuilding in 1968, using Bath Stone.

The entrance front, on the southwest, has a centre containing six Corinthian pilasters, with those at each side paired to produce three bays, each of which contains a round arched window. The pediment has a central [[lunette]], and each side consists of two bays in which the windows have wide flat surrounds. There are four parapet vases. The steps originally had low flank walls perpendicular to the facade, which were removed in the later remodelling.

On the southeast facade, the centre has a Doric temple front with open pediment, which surrounds the doorway. The centre has an attic as its upper storey, topped by a blocking course with scrolled supports at each end. A design with a pediment was prepared for this front, but is thought never to have been built. Though the only decoration is the rustication on the Doric temple's pilasters, a remarkably rich effect is achieved.

The northeast and northwest facades of Vanbrugh's original design were entirely undecorated, and a consequent lack of popular appeal may be the reason why they were largely destroyed in later remodelling.

Vanbrugh's northwest facade consisted of a single flat surface, in which a [[Venetian window]] on each floor filled the central space between two shallow projections. Perhaps to improve the view down to [[Avonmouth]], the centre was remodelled by Mylne with a canted bay window, at odds with the tautness of Vanbrugh's overall design of the house, in which all planes were parallel or perpendicular to the walls. On the northeast the wall was moved forward during nineteenth-century remodelling, destroying an aesthetically significant alignment between wall projections and the break in the roof arcade, which had been present in Vanbrugh's design.

====Seaton Delaval Hall====
{{Main|Seaton Delaval Hall}}
[[Seaton Delaval Hall]] was Vanbrugh's final work, this northern, seemingly rather bleak country house is considered his finest architectural masterpiece;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2010/08/12/demolish-and-preserve|title=National Trust for Scotland: Demolish and preserve|newspaper=The Economist|date=12 August 2010|access-date=14 August 2010}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
by this stage in his architectural career Vanbrugh was a master of baroque, he had taken this form of architecture not only beyond the flamboyant continental baroque of Castle Howard, but also past the more severe but still decorated Blenheim. [[Ornament (architecture)|Ornament]] was almost disguised: a recess or a pillar was not placed for support, but to create a play of light or shadow. The [[silhouette]] of the building was of equal, if not greater, importance than the interior layout. In every aspect of the house, subtlety was the keyword.

Built between 1718 and 1728 for Admiral [[George Delaval]], it replaced the existing house on the site. It is possible that the design of Seaton Delaval was influenced by [[Palladio]]'s [[Villa Foscari]] (sometimes known as "La Malcontenta"), built circa 1555. Both have [[rustication (architecture)|rusticated]] facades and similar demilune windows over a non-porticoed entrance. Even the large [[attic]] [[gable]] at Villa Foscari hints at the [[clerestory]] of Seaton's great hall.
[[File:Seaton Delaval Hall 02 (crop).jpg|thumb|Seaton Delaval Hall&nbsp;– central block viewed from the north]]
The design concept Vanbrugh drew up was similar to that employed at Castle Howard and Blenheim: a [[corps de logis]] between two flanking wings. At Seaton Delaval the wings have a centre projection of three bays, crowned by pediment, either side of which are 7 bays of sash windows above a ground floor [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. However, Seaton Delaval was to be on a much smaller scale. Work began in 1718 and continued for ten years. The building is an advancement on the style of Blenheim, rather than the earlier Castle Howard. The principal block, or [[corps de logis]], containing, as at Blenheim and Castle Howard, the principal state and living room, forms the centre of a three-sided court. Towers crowned by [[Baluster|balustrades]] and [[pinnacle]]s give the house something of what Vanbrugh called his castle air.

Seaton Delaval is one of the few houses Vanbrugh designed alone without the aid of Nicholas Hawksmoor. The sobriety of their joint work has sometimes been attributed to Hawksmoor, and yet Seaton Delaval is a very sombre house indeed. Whereas Castle Howard could successfully be set down in [[Dresden]] or [[Würzburg]], the austerity and solidity of Seaton Delaval firmly belongs in [[Northumberland]] landscape. Vanbrugh, in the final stage in his career, was fully liberated from the rules of the architects of a generation earlier. The rustic stonework is used for the entire facade, including on the entrance facade, the pairs of twin columns supporting little more than a stone [[cornice (architecture)|cornice]]. The twin columns are severe and utilitarian, and yet ornament, as they provide no structural use. This is part of the furtive quality of the baroque of Seaton Delaval: the ornamental appears as a display of strength and mass.

The likewise severe, but perfectly proportioned, garden facade has at its centre a four-columned, [[balcony]]-roofed portico. Here the slight fluting of the stone columns seems almost excessive ornament. As at Blenheim, the central block is dominated by the raised [[clerestory]] of the great hall, adding to the drama of the building's silhouette, but unlike Vanbrugh's other great houses, no statuary decorates the roof-scape here. The decoration is provided solely by a simple balustrade hiding the roof line, and chimneys disguised as [[finial]]s to the balustrading of the low towers. The massing of the stone, the [[colonnade]]s of the flanking wings, the heavy stonework and intricate recesses all create light and shade which is ornament in itself.

Among architects, only Vanbrugh could have taken for his inspiration one of Palladio's masterpieces, and while retaining the humanist values of the building, alter and adapt it, into a unique form of baroque unseen elsewhere in Europe.

====Architectural reputation====
Vanbrugh's prompt success as an architect can be attributed to his friendships with the influential of the day. No less than five of his architectural patrons were fellow members of the [[Kit-Cat Club]]. In 1702, through the influence of Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle, Vanbrugh was appointed [[Office of Works#Comptroller of the King's Works|Comptroller of the King's Works]]. This entitled him to a house at [[Hampton Court Palace]], which he let out.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warrant Books: April 1713, 1-15 Pages 169-184 Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 27, 1713. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1955. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol27/pp169-184 |website=British History Online |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> In 1703, he was appointed commissioner of [[Greenwich Hospital (London)|Greenwich Hospital]], which was under construction at this time, and succeeded Wren as the official architect (or Surveyor), while Hawksmoor was appointed Site Architect. Vanbrugh's small but conspicuous final changes to the nearly completed building were considered a fine interpretation of Wren's original plans and intentions. Thus what was intended as an infirmary and hostel for destitute retired sailors was transformed into a magnificent national monument. His work here is said to have impressed both [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] and her government, and is directly responsible for his subsequent success.

Vanbrugh's reputation still suffers from accusations of extravagance, impracticability and a bombastic imposition of his own will on his clients. Ironically, all of these unfounded charges derive from Blenheim&nbsp;– Vanbrugh's selection as architect of Blenheim was never completely popular. The Duchess, the formidable [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Sarah Churchill]], particularly wanted Sir [[Christopher Wren]]. However, eventually a [[Warrant (law)|warrant]] signed by the [[Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin|Earl of Godolphin]], the parliamentary treasurer, appointed Vanbrugh, and outlined his remit. Sadly, nowhere did this warrant mention Queen, or Crown. This error provided the [[get-out clause]] for the state when the costs and political infighting escalated.

[[File:Blenheim Palace. Great Court.gif|thumb|[[Blenheim Palace]] The great court, and state entrance to the palace. The Duchess of Marlborough felt the building was extravagant.]]

Though Parliament had voted funds for the building of Blenheim, no exact sum had ever been fixed upon, and certainly no provision had been made for inflation. Almost from the outset, funds had been intermittent. Queen Anne paid some of them, but with growing reluctance and lapses, following her frequent altercations with her one time best friend, [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough]]. After the Duchess's final argument with the Queen in 1712, all state money ceased and work came to a halt. £220,000 had already been spent and £45,000 was owing to workmen. The Marlboroughs went into exile on the continent, and did not return until after Queen Anne's death in 1714.

The day after the Queen's death the Marlboroughs returned, and were reinstated in favour at the court of the new King [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]. The 64-year-old Duke now decided to complete the project at his own expense;<ref name="Palace-History" /> in 1716 work restarted and Vanbrugh was left to rely entirely upon the means of the Duke of Marlborough himself. Already discouraged and upset by the reception the palace was receiving from the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] factions, the final blow for Vanbrugh came when the Duke was incapacitated in 1717 by a severe stroke, and the thrifty (and hostile) Duchess took control. The Duchess blamed Vanbrugh entirely for the growing extravagance of the palace, and its general design: that her husband and government had approved them, she discounted. (In fairness to her, it must be mentioned that the Duke of Marlborough had contributed £60,000 to the initial cost, which, supplemented by Parliament, should have built a monumental house.) Following a meeting with the Duchess, Vanbrugh left the building site in a rage, insisting that the new masons, carpenters and craftsmen were inferior to those he had employed. The master craftsmen he had patronised, however, such as [[Grinling Gibbons]], refused to work for the lower rates paid by the Marlboroughs. The craftsmen brought in by the Duchess, under the guidance of furniture designer [[James Moore (furniture designer)|James Moore]], completed the work in perfect imitation of the greater masters, so perhaps there was fault and intransigence on both sides in this famed argument.

Vanbrugh was deeply distressed by the turn of events. The rows and resulting rumours had damaged his reputation, and the palace he had nurtured like a child was forbidden to him. In 1719, while the duchess was "not at home", Vanbrugh was able to view the palace in secret; but when he and his wife, with the Earl of Carlisle, visited the completed Blenheim as members of the viewing public in 1725, they were refused admission to even enter the park.<ref>Beard, p. 50.</ref> The palace had been completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.countrylife.co.uk/countryside/article/396664/Great-British-Architects-Nicholas-Hawksmoor.html|title=Great British Architects: Nicholas Hawksmoor|date=13 September 2009|access-date=8 May 2010|work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]}}</ref>

That Vanbrugh's work at Blenheim has been the subject of criticism can largely be blamed on those, including the Duchess, who failed to understand the chief reason for its construction: to celebrate a martial triumph. In the achievement of this remit, Vanbrugh was as triumphant as was Marlborough on the field of battle.

After Vanbrugh's death [[Abel Evans]] suggested this as his epitaph:{{sfn|Seccombe|1911}}

<blockquote>
''Under this stone, reader, survey''<br />
''Dead Sir John Vanbrugh's house of clay''.<br />
''Lie heavy on him, Earth! For he''<br />
''Laid many heavy loads on thee!''
</blockquote>

Vanbrugh was buried in the church of [[St Stephen Walbrook]] in the [[City of London]], but his grave is unmarked and the above epitaph is as yet unused.

Throughout the Georgian period reaction to Vanbrugh's architecture varied. [[Voltaire]], who visited Blenheim Palace in the autumn of 1727, described it as 'a great mass of stone with neither charm nor taste' and thought that if the apartments 'were but as spacious as the walls thick, the house would be commodious enough'.<ref>Desmond Flower(ed), ''Voltaire's England'' (The Folio Society, 1950), p.160.</ref>

In a letter dated 10 March 1740,<ref>Appendix M, page 275, ''Vanbrugh'', Kerry Downes, 1977, A. Zwemmer Ltd, {{ISBN|0-302-02769-6}}</ref> the German Jacob Friedrich, Baron Bielfeld had this to say about Vanbrugh:

<blockquote>This building (Blenheim) has been severely censured, and I agree that it is not entirely exempt from rational censure as it is too much loaded with columns and other heavy ornaments. But if we consider that Sir John Vanbrugh was to construct a building of endless duration, that no bounds were set to expense, and that an edifice was required that should strike with awe and surprise even at a distance; the architect may be excused for having sacrificed, in some degree, the elegance of design to multiplicity of ornament. All the several parts are moreover exactly calculated, all the rules of art are well observed, and this immense fabric reminds us, on the first glance, of the majesty and state of those of Greece and ancient Rome. When we behold it a distance, it appears not as a single palace, but as an entire city. We arrive at it by a stately bridge of a single arch, and which is itself a masterpiece of architecture. I have contracted a very intimate friend ship with the son of Sir John Vanbrugh, who has lately obtained a company in the foot guards, and is a young gentleman of real merit. He has shown me, not only all the designs of his father, but also two houses of his building, one near Whitehall, and the other at Greenwich. They are indeed mere models of houses, but notwithstanding their confined situation, there are everywhere traces of a master to be discovered in their execution. The vulgar critic finds too many columns and ornaments; but the true connoisseur sees that all these ornaments are accompanied with utility, and that an inventive genius is visible in every part. This architect was likewise author of several comedies, which are indeed written in a style that is rather licentious, but at the same time are resplendent with wit and vivacity. So true it is, that genius is not confined to one subject, but wherever exercised, is equally manifest.</blockquote>

In 1766 [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield|Lord Stanhope]] described the Roman amphitheatre at [[Nîmes]] as 'Ugly and clumsy enough to have been the work of Vanbrugh if it had been in England.'<ref>4th Earl of Chesterfield to his son: Letters ed. B. Dobree, VI 1932, p2786</ref> In 1772 [[Horace Walpole]] described Castle Howard thus:

<blockquote>Nobody had informed me that I should at one view see a palace, a town, a fortified city, temples on high places, woods worthy of being each a metropolis of the Druids, vales connected to hills by other woods, the noblest lawn in the world fenced by half the horizon, and a mausoleum that would tempt one to be buried alive; in short I have seen gigantic places before, but never a sublime one.'<ref>Walpole's Letter to George Selwyn; The Letters ed. Mrs Paget Toynbee, VIII, 1904 p.&nbsp;193</ref></blockquote>

Walpole was not as complimentary of Blenheim, describing it as 'execrable within, without & almost all round' and went on 'a quarry of stone that looked at a distance like a great house'.<ref>Walpole's letter to George Montagu, 20 May 1736; ''The Letters'' ed. Peter Cunningham, I, 1906 p.&nbsp;6</ref> In 1773 [[Robert Adam]] and [[James Adam (architect)|James Adam]] in the preface to their ''Works in Architecture'' wrote that:

<blockquote>Sir John Vanbrugh's genius was of the first class; and, in point of movement, novelty and ingenuity, his works have not been exceeded by anything in modern times. We should certainly quote Blenheim and Castle Howard as great examples of these perfections in preference to any work of our own, or of any other modern architect; but unluckily for the reputation of this excellent artist, his taste kept no pace with his genius, and his works are so crowded with barbarisms and absurdities, and so born down by their own preposterous weight, that none but the discerning can separate their merits from their defects. In the hands of the ingenious artist, who knows how to polish and refine and bring them into use, we have always regarded his productions as rough jewels of inestimable value'.<ref>Adam and Adam ''Works in Architecture'' p 1 footnote 1 (1773)</ref></blockquote>

In 1786 Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]] wrote in his 13th Discourse '...in the buildings of Vanbrugh, who was a poet as well as an architect, there is a greater display of imagination, than we shall find perhaps in any other.'<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Joshua|title=The Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds|date=1842|publisher=James Carpenter|pages=237–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237|access-date=8 January 2018}}</ref> In 1796 [[Uvedale Price]] described Blenheim as 'uniting in one building the beauty and magnificence of Grecian architecture, the picturesqueness of the Gothic, and the massive grandeur of a castle.'<ref>Price, ''Essays on the Picturesque'' (1798) II, p.&nbsp;252</ref> In his fifth Royal Academy lecture of 1810, Sir [[John Soane]] said that 'By studying his works the artist will acquire a bold flight of irregular fancy',<ref>David Watkin, ''Sir John Soane: Enlightenment Thought and the Royal Academy Lectures'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; {{ISBN|0-521-44091-2}}), p.&nbsp;338, quoting [[Sir John Soane's Museum]] Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folios 50–51</ref> calling him 'the Shakespeare of architects'.<ref>Watkin, ''Sir John Soane,'' p.&nbsp;337, quoting [[Sir John Soane's Museum]] Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folio 52</ref> [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Sir Robert Smirke]] was less complimentary 'Heaviness was the lightest of (Vanbrugh's) faults... The Italian style...which he contrived to caricature...is apparent in all his works; he helped himself liberally to its vices, contributed many of his own, and by an unfortunate misfortune adding impurity to that which was already greatly impure, left it disgusting and often odious'.<ref>p753, The Dictionary of Biographical Quotations, Justin Wintle & Richard Kenin (eds), 1978, Routledge & K. Paul</ref> [[Charles Robert Cockerell]] had this to say about Castle Howard: "great play & charm in Hall. I could not leave it. Vast effect, movement in staircases &c. good effect of long passages on entering."<ref>page 59, The Life and Work of C.R. Cockerell, David Watkin, 1974, A. Zewemmer Ltd, {{ISBN|0-302-02571-5}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Blue Plaque on Vanbrugh Castle Outer Walls.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue plaque]] for Vanbrugh at his home in Greenwich]]
Vanbrugh is remembered today for his vast contribution to British culture, theatre, and architecture. An immediate dramatic legacy was found among his papers after his sudden death, the three-act comedy fragment ''A Journey to London''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/journeylondon-rev.htm |title=Reviews – A Journey to London (Orange Tree, Richmond) |publisher=The British Theatre Guide |year=2005 |first=John |last=Thaxter |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref> Vanbrugh had told his old friend Colley Cibber that he intended in this play to question traditional marriage roles even more radically than in the plays of his youth, and end it with a marriage falling irreconcilably apart. The unfinished manuscript, today available in Vanbrugh's ''Collected Works'', depicts a country family travelling to London and falling prey to its [[sharper]]s and temptations, while a London wife drives her patient husband to despair with her gambling and her consorting with the demi-monde of [[confidence trick|con men]] and half-pay officers. As with ''The Relapse'' at the outset of Vanbrugh's dramatic career, Colley Cibber again became involved, and this time he had last word. Cibber, now a successful actor-manager, completed Vanbrugh's manuscript under the title of ''[[The Provoked Husband]]'' (1728) and gave it a happy and sententious ending in which the provocative wife repents and is reconciled: a eulogy of marriage which was the opposite of Vanbrugh's declared intention to end his last and belated "Restoration comedy" with marital break-up. Cibber considered this projected outcome to be "too severe for Comedy".

[[Image:Zoffany-Garrick in Provoked Wife.jpg|thumb|left|''[[David Garrick in The Provoked Wife]]'' by [[Johann Zoffany]], 1763. The role of Sir John Brute in ''The Provoked Wife'' became one of [[David Garrick]]'s most famous roles.]]

On the 18th-century stage, Vanbrugh's ''Relapse'' and ''Provoked Wife'' were only considered possible to perform in [[bowdlerised]] versions, but as such, they remained popular. Throughout Colley Cibber's long and successful acting career, audiences continued to demand to see him as Lord Foppington in ''The Relapse'', while Sir John Brute in ''The Provoked Wife'' became, after being an iconic role for Thomas Betterton, one of [[David Garrick]]'s most famous roles.

With the completion of Castle Howard, English baroque came into fashion overnight. It had brought together the isolated and varied instances of monumental design, by, among others, Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. Vanbrugh thought of masses, volume and perspective in a way that his predecessors had not.

He was adept at delivering buildings for his clients, that successfully met their requirements. His reputation has suffered because of his famed disagreements with the Duchess of Marlborough, yet, one must remember his original client was the British Nation, not the Duchess, and the nation wanted a monument and celebration of victory, and that is what Vanbrugh gave the nation.

Nicholas Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh's friend and collaborator on so many projects continued to design many London churches for ten years after Vanbrugh's death.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Vanbrugh's pupil and cousin the architect [[Edward Lovett Pearce]] rose to become one of Ireland's greatest architects. His influence in Yorkshire can also be seen in the work of the amateur architect William Wakefield, who designed several buildings in the county that show Vanbrugh's influence.

Vanbrugh is commemorated throughout Britain, by inns, street names, a university college ([[Vanbrugh College (University of York)|York]]) and schools named in his honour.<ref>Mallgrave 2005, p.&nbsp;47.</ref> His architectural works have been described as "the architectural equivalent of the heroic play, theatrical, grandiose, a dramatic grouping of restless masses with little reference to function."<ref>Halliday, p.&nbsp;187.</ref>
{{clear}}

==Arms==
{{Emblem table
| name = John Vanbrugh
| image = Arms of Sir John Vanbrugh.svg
| imagesize =
| notes =
| year_adopted = 24 April 1714
| crest = ''From a bridge of 3 arches reversed or, a demi-lion argent.''
| escutcheon = ''Quarterly, (1 & 4) gules, on a fess or 3 barrulets vert, in chief a demi-lion argent issuing from the fess (Vanbrugh); (2 & 3) argent, on a bend sable 3 voided lozenges argent (Carleton).''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk16/pp74-101 |title=Clarenceux King of Arms {{!}} British History Online |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |language=en |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
| motto =
| orders =
| bannerimage =
| banner =
| badgeimage =
| badge =
| symbolism =
| previous_versions =
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of works by John Vanbrugh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Berkowitz, Gerald M., ''Sir John Vanbrugh and the End of Restoration Comedy'', Editions Rodopi (January 1981), {{ISBN|978-90-6203-503-8}}.
* {{Cite book|title=The work of John Vanbrugh|last1=Beard|first1=Geoffery|isbn=978-0-7134-4678-4|year=1986|publisher=Batsford}}
* {{Cite book|title=Boswell's London Journal, 1762–1763 (Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell)|last1=Boswell|first1=James|isbn=978-0-7486-2146-0|date=11 August 2004|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|edition=2nd Revised}}
* {{Cite book|title=At Home: A Short History of Private Life|author=Bill Bryson|publisher=Doubleday|year=2010|isbn=978-0-385-61917-2}}
* Dobrée, Bonamy (1927). Introduction to ''The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh'', vol. 1. Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press.
* Downes, Kerry (1987). ''Sir John Vanbrugh:A Biography''. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
* {{Cite ODNB|first=Kerry|last=Downes|title=Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664–1726)|id=28058}}
* Green, David (1982). ''Blenheim Palace''. Oxford: Alden Press.
* Halliday, E. E. (1967). ''Cultural History of England''. London: Thames and Hudson.
* Hart, Vaughan (2003). '"A Pretty Impudent Countenance": John Vanbrugh's Seaton Delaval', ''Architectural Research Quarterly'', vol.7 no.3/4, pp.&nbsp;311–23.
* Hart, Vaughan (2008). ''Sir John Vanbrugh: Storyteller in Stone'', London and New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Hume, Robert D. (1976). ''The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Hunt, Leigh (ed.) (1840). ''The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar.''
* {{Cite book|title=An apology for the life of Mr. Colley Cibber |last=Lowe |first=Robert William |author2=Cibber, Colley |year=1889 |publisher=Charles Whittingham and Co |location=London |page=338 |url=https://archive.org/details/apologyforlifeof01cibb |access-date=23 June 2010}}
* Mallgrave, Harry Francis. (2005). ''Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-79306-8}}.
* McCormick, Frank (1991). ''Sir John Vanbrugh: The Playwright as Architect.'' University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
* Milhous, Judith (1979). ''Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695—1708''. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
* {{cite book | last = Nalbach | first = Daniel | title = The King's Theatre, 1704–1867: London's First Italian Opera House | date = 1972 | location = London | publisher = Society for Theatre research | url = https://archive.org/details/kingstheatre17040000nalb/mode/2up | isbn = 978-0-85-430003-7 }}
* Sherwood, Jennifer; and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974) ''Oxfordshire'' (London: Penguin; {{ISBN|0-14-071045-0}})
* Watkin, David (1979). ''English Architecture''. London: Thames and Hudson.
* {{Cite book|title=The Poems of Jonathan Swift |last=Williams |first=Harold |year=1958 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=430 |url=https://archive.org/details/poemsofjonathans008893mbp |access-date=23 June 2010}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle = Vanbrugh, Sir John|volume=27|pages=880–881 |first=Thomas |last=Seccombe |author-link=Thomas Seccombe }}
* {{Cite EB9|wstitle=Vanbrugh, Sir John|volume=24 |first=Theodore |last=Watts|author-link=Theodore Watts |short=x |noicon=x}}
* {{Cite DNB|wstitle=Vanbrugh, John| first=Thomas |last=Seccombe |author-link=Thomas Seccombe|volume=58 |short=x |noicon=x}}
* {{Cite SBDEL|wstitle=Vanbrugh, Sir John |short=x |noicon=x}}

==Further reading==
* Cordner, Michael. "Playwright versus priest: profanity and the wit of Restoration comedy". In Deborah Payne Fisk (ed.) (2000), ''The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Cropplestone, Trewin (1963). ''World Architecture''. Hamlyn.
* Dal Lago, Adalbert (1966). ''Ville Antiche''. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri.
* Harlin, Robert (1969). ''Historic Houses''. London: Condé Nast.
* Vanbrugh, John (1927). ''The Complete Works'', vols 1–5 (ed. Bonamy Dobrée and Geoffrey Webb). Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press.
* Whistler, Laurence (1938). ''Sir John Vanbrugh, Architect & Dramatist, 1664–1726.'' London.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=46244}}
* {{Librivox author |id=16735}}
* [http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/276/1880/frameset.html Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife]. Use with caution, this is an abridged and bowdlerised text.
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Cib1Apo.html Colley Cibber, ''Apology'', vol. 1]
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Cib2Apo.html Colley Cibber, ''Apology'', vol. 2]
* [http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/ Castle Howard]
* [http://www.blenheimpalace.com/ Blenheim Palace]
* [http://www.kingswestonhouse.co.uk/ Kings Weston House]
* [http://www.aboutbritain.com/SeatonDelavalHall.htm Seaton Delaval Hall]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129235301/http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/vanbrugh.htm Vanbrugh Castle]
{{s-start}}
{{s-court}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Talman (architect)|William Talman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Office of Works#Comptroller of the King's Works|Comptroller of the King's Works]]|years=1702–1726}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Ripley (architect)|Thomas Ripley]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Restoration comedy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanbrugh, John}}
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