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{{Short description|American politician (1873–1955)}}
{{Other people|John W. Davis}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = John W. Davis
| image               = DAVIS, JOHN W. HONORABLE LCCN2016862563 (cropped).jpg
| office              = 37th [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom]]
| president           = [[Woodrow Wilson]]<br>[[Warren G. Harding]]
| term_start          = December 18, 1918
| term_end            = March 9, 1921
| predecessor         = [[Walter Hines Page|Walter Page]]
| successor           = [[George Brinton McClellan Harvey|George Harvey]]
| office1             = 15th [[Solicitor General of the United States]]
| president1          = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| term_start1         = August 30, 1913
| term_end1           = November 26, 1918
| predecessor1        = [[William Marshall Bullitt|William Bullitt]]
| successor1          = [[Alexander Campbell King|Alexander King]]
| state2              = [[West Virginia]]
| district2           = {{ushr|WV|1|1st}}
| term_start2         = March 4, 1911
| term_end2           = August 29, 1913
| predecessor2        = [[William Pallister Hubbard|William Hubbard]]
| successor2          = [[Matthew M. Neely|Matthew Neely]]
| birth_name          = John William Davis
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1873|4|13}}
| birth_place         = [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1955|3|24|1873|4|13}}
| death_place         = [[Charleston, South Carolina]], U.S.
| restingplace        = [[Locust Valley Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{ubl |{{marriage|Julia McDonald|1899|1900|end=died}} |{{marriage|Ellen Bassel|1912|1943|end=died}}}}
| children            = 1
| relatives           = [[Cyrus Vance]] (cousin, later adopted son)
| education           = [[Washington and Lee University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
}}
'''John William Davis''' (April 13, 1873 – March 24, 1955) was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served under President [[Woodrow Wilson]] as the [[Solicitor General of the United States]] and the [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom]]. He was the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for president in [[1924 United States presidential election|1924]], losing to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent [[Calvin Coolidge]].

Davis was born and raised in [[West Virginia]], where his father, [[John James Davis]], had been a delegate to the [[Wheeling Convention]] and served in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] in the 1870s. Davis joined his father's legal practice and adopted many of his father's political views, including opposition to anti-lynching legislation and support for [[states' rights]]. Davis served in the U.S. House from 1911 to 1913, helping to write the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]]. He held the position of Solicitor General of the United States from 1913 to 1918, during which time he successfully argued for the unconstitutionality of the [[grandfather clause]] in [[Oklahoma]]'s constitution, which had a discriminatory effect against African-American voters, in ''[[Guinn v. United States]]''.

While serving as ambassador to Britain from 1918 to 1921, Davis was a [[dark horse]] candidate for the 1920 Democratic presidential nomination. After he left office, Davis helped establish the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and advocated for the repeal of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. The [[1924 Democratic National Convention]] nominated Davis for president after 103 ballots. He remains the only major party presidential nominee from West Virginia. Running on a ticket with [[Charles W. Bryan]], Davis lost in a landslide to incumbent President Coolidge. Davis did not seek public office again after 1924. He continued as a prominent attorney, associated with several law firms over the years, and represented many of the largest companies in the United States from the 1920s onwards. Davis argued 140 cases before the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].

In addition to his legal work, Davis was also involved in the New York City Bar Association, serving as its president from 1931 to 1933. In 1933, he represented [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]] and his companies during a Senate investigation into private banking and the [[causes of the Great Depression]]. During the last two decades of his career, Davis represented large corporations before the Supreme Court, challenging the constitutionality and application of New Deal legislation. He lost many of these cases but scored a major victory in ''[[Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'' (1952), in which the Supreme Court ruled against President [[Harry Truman]]'s seizure of the nation's steel plants. Davis unsuccessfully defended the "[[separate but equal]]" doctrine in ''[[Briggs v. Elliott]]'' (1952), one of the companion cases to ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954), in which the Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

==Family and early life==

===Family background===
Davis's paternal family had roots in western Virginia and what became West Virginia. His great-grandfather, Caleb Davis, was a clockmaker in the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. In 1816, his grandfather, John Davis, moved to [[Clarksburg, West Virginia|Clarksburg]] in what would later become [[West Virginia]]. Its population then was 600–700, and he ran a saddle and harness business. His father, [[John James Davis]], attended Lexington Law School, which later became the [[Washington and Lee University School of Law]]. By the age of twenty, John J. had established a law practice in Clarksburg. He was a delegate in the [[Virginia General Assembly]], and after the northwestern portion of Virginia broke away from the rest of [[Virginia]] in 1863 and formed West Virginia, he was elected to the new state's House of Delegates and later to the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/2 2–9] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/2 }}</ref>

John W. Davis's mother Anna Kennedy (1841–1917) was from [[Baltimore]], Maryland, daughter of William Wilson Kennedy and his wife Catherine Esdale Martin. Kennedy was a lumber merchant. Catherine was the daughter of Tobias Martin, [[Dairy farming|dairy farmer]] and amateur poet, and his wife, a member of the Esdale family. The Esdales were members of the [[Religious Society of Friends]], or Quakers, who had settled near [[Valley Forge]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Reportedly they helped provide support for the [[Continental Army]] under [[George Washington]], which had camped there in the winter of 1777–1778.<ref>[http://www.johnwdavis.org/JWD7.html Theodore A. Huntley, "The Life of John W. Davis"]</ref>

===Early years===
Davis's Sunday school teacher recalled that  he had "a noble face even when small". His biographer said that "[h]e used better English, kept himself cleaner, and was more dignified than most youngsters. He was also extraordinarily well-mannered."<ref name="Harb13">{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: The Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/13 13] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/13 }}</ref>

===Education===
Davis's education began at [[Homeschooling|home]], as his mother taught him to read before he had memorized the alphabet. She had him read poetry and other literature from their home library. After turning ten, Davis was put in a class with older students to prepare him for the state teachers examination. A few years later, he was enrolled in a previously all-female seminary that doubled as a private boarding and day school. He never had grades under 94.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/14 14–15] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/14 }}</ref> Davis entered [[Washington and Lee University]] at the age of sixteen. He graduated in 1892 with a major in Latin. He joined the [[Phi Kappa Psi]] fraternity, participated in intramural sports, and attended mixed parties.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/16 16–17] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/16 }}</ref>

Davis would have started law school directly after graduation, but he lacked funds. Instead, he became a teacher for Major Edward H. McDonald of [[Charles Town, West Virginia]]. Davis taught McDonald's nine children and his six nieces and nephews. His student Julia, nineteen at the time, later became Davis's wife. Davis fulfilled a nine-month contract with McDonald. He returned to Clarksburg and apprenticed at his father's law practice. For fourteen months he copied documents by hand, read cases, and did much of what other aspiring lawyers did at the time to "read the law".<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/17 17–19] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/17 }}</ref>

Davis graduated with a law degree from [[Washington and Lee University School of Law]] in 1895 and was elected Law Class Orator.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/24 24] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/24 }}</ref> His speech gave a glimpse of his advocacy skills:
<blockquote>[The] lawyer has been always the sentinel of the watchtower of liberty. In all times and all countries has he stood forth in defense of his nation, her laws and liberties, not, it may be, under a shower of leaden death, but often with the frown of a revengeful and angry tyrant bent upon him.

Fellow classmates of 1895, shall we ... prove unworthy?<ref name="Harb13"/></blockquote>

===Early legal career===
After graduation, Davis obtained the three signatures required to receive his law license (one from a local judge, and two from local attorneys, who attested to his proficiency in the law and upstanding moral character) and joined his father in practice in Clarksburg. They called their partnership Davis and Davis, Attorneys at Law. Davis lost his first three cases before his fortunes began to turn.

Before Davis had completed his first year of private practice, he was recruited to Washington & Lee Law School as an assistant professor, starting in the fall of 1896. At the time, the law school had a faculty of two, and Davis became the third. At the end of the year, Davis was asked to return but demurred. He decided that he needed the "rough & tumble" of private practice.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/25 25–30] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/25 }}</ref>

===Family connections===
[[File:Mrs John W Davis, née Ellen G Bassel, by Philip de László.jpg|thumb|right|Ellen G. Bassel ([[Philip Alexius de Laszlo]], 1920)]]
On June 20, 1899, he married Julia T. McDonald, who died on August 17, 1900. They had one daughter together, Julia McDonald Davis. She later married Charles P. Healy, and then William M. Adams. The widower Davis married again, on January 2, 1912, to Ellen G. Bassel. She died in 1943.

Davis was the cousin and adoptive father of [[Cyrus Vance]], who later served as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] under [[Jimmy Carter]]. Vance, born in Clarksburg in 1917, lost his father in 1922 and was sent by his widowed mother to study in Switzerland. The much older and by then quite prominent Davis, referred to as an "uncle" within the family, mentored young Vance and adopted him.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/389 389–390] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/389 }}</ref>

Davis's daughter Julia was one of the first two female journalists hired by the [[Associated Press]] in 1926. (The other was probably [[Marguerite Young (journalist)|Marguerite Young]].<ref name=memoir>
{{cite book
| first = Marguerite
| last = Young
| title = Nothing but the Truth
| publisher = Carlton
| pages = i (photo with siblings)
| date = 1993
| lccn = 93219200
}}</ref><ref name=Ritchie>
{{cite book
| first = Donald A.
| last = Ritchie
| author-link = Donald A. Ritchie
| title = Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/reportingfromwas00ritc
| url-access = registration
| isbn = 978-0-19-517861-6
| date = 2005
| access-date = 18 December 2016}}</ref>) Julia married first Charles P. Healy and later William McMillan Adams, president of Sprague International, the export subsidiary of [[Sprague Electric]]. He was the son of Arthur Henry Adams, president of the [[United States Rubber Company]]. Both father and son were aboard the luxury liner ''[[RMS Lusitania]]'' when it was sunk by a German submarine in 1915. Arthur Adams died; his son survived.

Julia and William divorced, and both remarried. She divorced again, and later they remarried in their old age. Adams had two sons by his second wife, John Perry and Arthur Henry Adams II. Julia died in 1993 with no natural children but claimed six "by theft and circumstance."{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Political and diplomatic career==
[[File:Robert Lansing and John W. Davis.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Davis (right) and Secretary of State [[Robert Lansing]] in 1917]]

===Early career===
Davis's father had been a delegate to the [[Wheeling Convention]], which had created the state of West Virginia, but he had also opposed the [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionists]] and [[Radical Republicans]], and opposed ratification of the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]]. Davis acquired much of his father's [[southern Democrat]]ic politics, opposing [[History of women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]], Federal [[Child labor laws in the United States|child-labor laws]] and anti-[[Lynching in the United States|lynching]] legislation, and [[Harry S. Truman]]'s civil rights program. He defended states' rights to establish the [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] by questioning whether uneducated non-taxpayers should be allowed to vote. Davis was as much opposed to [[centralism]] in politics as he was to the concentration of capital by large corporations, supporting a number of early [[progressivism in the United States|progressive]] laws regulating [[interstate commerce]] and limiting the power of corporations. Consequently, he felt distinctly out of place in the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which supported free association and free markets, and maintained his father's staunch allegiance to the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], even as he later represented the interests of business opposed to the [[New Deal]]. Davis ranked as one of the last [[Democratic-Republican Party|Jeffersonians]], as he supported states' rights and opposed a strong executive (he would be the lead attorney against Truman's nationalization of the steel industry).

In 1898, Davis was elected to the [[West Virginia House of Delegates]], ending a 20-year Republican hold on the seat. Even though Davis had argued in behalf of some railroad companies during his legal career, he was elected by denouncing them, as his opponent had made enemies by supporting railroad interests. He was touted for speaker, but ended up becoming the Democratic floor leader. He became well known in the legislature, as few, if any, in the body could match his legal abilities.

After his one term in the legislature, Davis became the Harrison County party chairman for 12 years. He was also a delegate to the [[1904 Democratic National Convention]] and voted for the more conservative candidate, [[Alton B. Parker]]. The populism of [[William Jennings Bryan]] never appealed to him, and he was pleased to see the Democrats moving in Parker's direction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Southwick |first=Leslie H. |title=Presidential also-rans and running mates, 1788 through 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=0-7864-0310-1 |edition=2nd |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=509 |oclc=37379896}}</ref>

[[File:Picture of John W. Davis.jpg|thumb|right|Davis during the period in which he served in Congress]]

He represented West Virginia in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1911 to 1913, where he was one of the authors of the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]]. Davis also served as one of the [[impeachment manager]]s in the successful [[Federal impeachment trial in the United States|impeachment trial]] of Judge [[Robert W. Archbald]]. He served as [[United States Solicitor General|U.S. Solicitor General]] from 1913 to 1918. As Solicitor General, he successfully argued in ''[[Guinn v. United States]]'' for the unconstitutionality of the [[grandfather clause]] in Oklahoma's constitution. It exempted residents descended from a voter registered in 1866 (i.e. whites) from a [[literacy test]] that effectively disenfranchised blacks. Davis's personal posture differed from his position as an advocate. Throughout his career, he could separate his personal views and professional advocacy.

Davis served as President Wilson's ambassador to Great Britain from 1918 to 1921. He reflected deep Southern support for [[Wilsonianism]], based on a reborn Southern patriotism, a distrust of the Republican Party, and a resurgence of Anglophilism. Davis proselytized in London for the [[League of Nations]] based on his paternalistic belief that peace depended primarily on Anglo-American friendship and leadership. He was disappointed by Wilson's mismanagement of the treaty ratification and by Republican isolationism and distrust of the League.<ref>Tennant S. Mcwilliams, "John W. Davis and Southern Wilsonianism." ''Virginia Quarterly Review'' 64.3 (1988): 398–416 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26437693 online].</ref> In his diaries Davis kept records of various developments in British politics at that time, such as social reform proposals and enactments such as unemployment insurance, profit-sharing,<ref>The Ambassadorial Diary of John W. Davis The Court of St. James's, 1918-1921 By John William Davis, Julia Davis, 1993, P.135</ref> a minimum wage law, and an eight-hour law. Davis's diary also noted how prime minister [[David Lloyd George]] stated “that not only was his programme liberal but so liberal that his programme shocked an American Democrat.”<ref>The Ambassadorial Diary of John W. Davis The Court of St. James's, 1918-1921 By John William Davis, Julia Davis, 1993, P.192</ref>

Davis was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1924.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+W.+Davis&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

===Presidential candidate===

Davis was a [[dark horse]] candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in both 1920 and 1924. His friend and partner [[Frank Polk]] managed his campaign at the [[1924 Democratic National Convention]]. He won the nomination in 1924 as a compromise candidate on the 103rd ballot, after intense infighting between supporters of candidates former [[Secretary of Treasury]] [[William Gibbs McAdoo]] and [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]] [[Al Smith]], Davis was selected to appease both sides. Although [[Tennessee]]'s [[Andrew Johnson]] served as president after [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln was assassinated]], Davis's nomination made him the first presidential candidate from a former [[slave states and free states|slave state]] since the Civil War, and as of 2024 he remains the only ever nominee from West Virginia.<ref>[http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2009/09/23/what-states-do-presidents-come/ 'What States do Presidents Come From?']</ref> Davis's denunciation of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and prior defense of black voting rights as Solicitor General cost him votes among conservative Southern Democrats, while gaining on Cox's vote in usual Democratic strongholds like New York City. Davis's staid personality ill-suited him for the demands of campaigning in an age of machine politics, as shown by [[Claude G. Bowers]]' description of a meeting arranged for Davis with a delegation of Irish Catholics from New York:<blockquote>Davis went down the line shaking hands cordially but with the dignity with which he would have passed down the line at a diplomatic reception. It was a fine cordiality, but not the kind these men understood. He should have punched them playfully in the chest or slapped them vigorously on the shoulder. Then he turned and looked at the visitors, apparently a little shy and uncertain what was expected of him.

Finally the vice-chairman spoke. "These men are here to help elect you," he said, almost accusingly.

Davis smiled and said, "Strength to their arms. We want every man in the boat and every man with an oar."

There was another embarrassing pause, and the vice-chairman surprised me with an impatient outburst. "Tell them you are an organization man!" he roared.

Davis admitted he was an organization man, looking a bit annoyed by the way he was being put through his paces, and then turned quickly to Mike Hennessy of the Boston Globe and engaged him in conversation. Clearly Davis did not qualify as a backslapping, [[Baby kissing|baby-kissing]] politician.<ref>[[Claude G. Bowers]], ''My Life: The Memoirs of Claude Bowers'', [https://archive.org/details/mylifethememoirs017259mbp/page/n130/mode/1up?view=theater p,123] (New York: [[Simon & Schuster]] 1962) (retrieved Jul.28, 2024).</ref></blockquote>He lost in a landslide to [[Calvin Coolidge]], who did not leave the White House to campaign. Davis's 28.8 percent remains the smallest percentage of the popular vote ever won by a Democratic presidential nominee. Nonetheless, he won every state of the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], plus [[Oklahoma]].

===Later political involvement===

Davis was a member of the National Advisory Council of the Crusaders, an influential organization that promoted the [[repeal of Prohibition in the United States|repeal of Prohibition]]. He was the founding president of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], formed in 1921, chairman of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], and a trustee of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] from 1922 to 1939. Davis also served as a delegate from New York to the [[1928 Democratic National Convention|1928]] and [[1932 Democratic National Convention|1932]] [[Democratic National Convention]]s.

In the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 presidential election]] Davis campaigned in behalf of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], but never developed a close relationship with him. After Roosevelt took office, Davis quickly turned against the [[New Deal]] and joined with [[Al Smith]] and other anti-New Deal Democrats in forming the [[American Liberty League]]. He supported the Republican presidential candidate in the 1936, 1940, and 1944 elections.<ref>Southwick (1998), p. 512</ref>

Davis was implicated by retired Marine Corps Major General [[Smedley Butler]] in the [[Business Plot]], an alleged political conspiracy in 1933 to overthrow Roosevelt, in testimony before the McCormack-Dickstein Committee, whose deliberations began on November 20, 1934, and culminated in the Committee's report to the U.S. House of Representatives on February 15, 1935. Davis was not called to testify because "The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into the testimony which constitute mere hearsay."

In 1949 Davis, as a member of the board of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], testified as a character witness for [[Alger Hiss]] (Carnegie's president) during his trials (part of the Hiss-[[Whittaker Chambers|Chambers]] Case): "In the twilight of his career, following the end of World War II, Davis publicly supported Alger Hiss and [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] during the hysteria of the McCarthy hearings" (more accurately, the "McCarthy Era" as the Hiss Case (1948–1950) preceded McCarthyism in the 1950s).<ref>{{cite book
| editor-first = Cathal J.
| editor-last = Nolan
| title = Notable U.S. Ambassadors Since 1775: A Biographical Dictionary
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YohaDQAAQBA
| pages = 81
| date = 1997
| access-date = 27 August 2017
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| first = William Henry
| last = Harbaugh
| title = Lawyer's Lawyer: The Life of John W. Davis
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb
| url-access = registration
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/441 441], 464
| date = 1973
| isbn = 978-0-19-501699-4
| access-date = 27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| first = Mark
| last = Davis
| title = Solicitor General Bullitt
| publisher = BookBaby
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YohaDQAAQBA
| date = 11 November 2012
| access-date = 27 August 2017
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Legal career==
[[File:John W. Davis.jpg|thumb|left|Davis in his later years]]
Davis was one of the most prominent and successful lawyers of the first half of the 20th century, arguing 140 cases before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref name=cases/> His firm, variously titled Stetson Jennings Russell & Davis, then Davis Polk Wardwell Gardiner & Reed, then Davis Polk Wardwell Sunderland & Kiendl (now [[Davis Polk & Wardwell]]), represented many of the largest companies in the United States in the 1920s and following decades. From 1931 to 1933, Davis also served as president of the [[New York City Bar Association]].

In 1933, Davis served as legal counsel for the financier [[JP Morgan, Jr.|J.P. Morgan, Jr.]] and his companies during the [[Pecora Commission|Senate investigation]] into private banking and the causes of the recent [[Great Depression]].<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/pdf/Pecora_FinalReport.pdf Stock Exchange Practices. Report of the Committee on Banking and Finances. 1934.]</ref><ref>Paul Mallon, "National Whirligig: The news behind the news", ''The Palm Beach Post'', April 4, 1933, p. 1</ref><ref>Associated Press, "Morgan Shows Assets of $424,708,095.56; Witness At Hearing", ''The Evening Independent'', St. Petersburg FL, May 23, 1933, p. 1</ref>

The last twenty years of Davis's practice included representing large corporations before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality and application of New Deal legislation. Davis lost many of these battles.

===Appearances before the U.S. Supreme Court===
Of the 140 cases Davis argued before the Supreme Court,<ref name=cases /> 73 were as Solicitor General, and 67 as a private lawyer. [[Lawrence G. Wallace|Lawrence Wallace]], who retired from the Office of the Solicitor General in 2003, argued 157 cases during his career but many believe that few attorneys have argued more cases than Davis.<ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2002/November/02_osg_635.htm Deputy Solicitor General, Lawrence Wallace, to Retire from the Justice Department after 35 Years of Service]</ref> [[Daniel Webster]] and [[Walter Jones (Virginia politician)|Walter Jones]] are believed to have argued more cases than Davis, but they were lawyers of a much earlier era.<ref name=cases>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/531 531] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/531 }}</ref>

===Youngstown Steel case===
{{main|Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer}}

One of Davis's most influential arguments before the Supreme Court was in ''[[Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'' in May 1952, when the Court ruled on President Truman's seizure of the nation's steel plants.

While Davis wasn't brought into the case until March 1952, he was already familiar with the concept of a presidential seizure of a steel mill. In 1949, the Republic Steel Company, fearful of advice given to Truman by Attorney General [[Tom C. Clark]], asked Davis for an opinion letter on whether the President could seize private industry in a "National Emergency." Davis wrote that the President could not do so, unless such power already was vested in the President by law. He further went on to opine on the Selective Service Act of 1948's intent, and that seizures were only authorized if a company did not sufficiently prioritize government production in a time of crisis.

Arguing for the steel industry, Davis spoke for 87 minutes before the Court. He described Truman's acts as a {{"'}}usurpation' of power, that were 'without parallel in American history.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/462 462] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/462 }}</ref> The justices allowed him to proceed uninterrupted, with only one question from Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} who may have had a personal feeling against Davis relating to his 1924 presidential campaign.<ref>Sydnor Thompson, "John W. Davis And His Role In The Public School Segregation Cases – A Personal Memoir", 52 WLLR 1679, at FN 19 (1995), which states "Frankfurter faulted Davis and Wall Street lawyers in general for their 'crass materialism': 'Davis's career is ... subtly mischievous in its influence on the standards of the next generation.{{'"}}</ref> It had been predicted that the President's actions would be upheld, and the injunction would be lifted, but the Court decided 6–3 to uphold the injunction stopping the seizure of the steel mills.

''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' writer Chalmers Roberts subsequently wrote that rarely "has a courtroom sat in such silent admiration for a lawyer at the bar" in reference to Davis's oral argument. Unfortunately, Davis did not allow the oral argument to be printed because the stenographic transcript was so garbled he feared it would not be close to what was said at the Court.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/464 464–465, 476, 482] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/464 }}</ref>

Of particular note in this case is that one of the justices in the majority was Tom Clark, who as attorney general in 1949 had advised Truman to proceed with the seizure of Republic Steel. Yet, in 1952, Justice Clark voted with the majority without joining Justice [[Hugo Black]]'s opinion, in direct opposition to his previous advice.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/479 479] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/479 }}</ref>

===Brown v. Board of Education===
{{main|Brown v. Board of Education}}

Davis's legal career is most remembered for his final appearance before the Supreme Court, in which he unsuccessfully defended the "[[separate but equal]]" doctrine in ''[[Briggs v. Elliott]]'', a companion case to ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. Davis, as a defender of racial segregation and state control of education, uncharacteristically displayed his emotions in arguing that [[South Carolina]] had shown good faith in attempting to eliminate any inequality between black and white schools and should be allowed to continue to do so without judicial intervention. He expected himself to win "five to four, or maybe six to three", even after the matter was re-argued after the death of [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Fred M. Vinson]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newton |first=Jim |title=Justice For All: Earl Warren and the Nation |publisher=Penguin Group |year=2006 |location=New York |pages=305}}</ref> After his death, Davis himself was briefly considered by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] as the [[Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States|nomination]] to replace the Chief Justice, though the position ultimately went to [[California]] [[Governor of California|Governor]] [[Earl Warren]] due to Davis's age.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newton |first=Jim |title=Justice For All: Earl Warren and the Nation |publisher=Penguin Group |year=2006 |isbn=1594489289 |location=New York |pages=4–5}}</ref> After the arguments, President Eisenhower invited Davis to a [[White House]] dinner with Chief Justice Warren as a way to signal his support of Davis's side of the case. After the Supreme Court, in an opinion written by Chief Justice Warren, unanimously ruled against his client's position, Davis returned the $25,000 (equivalent to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|25000|1952|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}),{{Inflation-fn|US}} that he had received from South Carolina, although he was not required to do so, but kept a silver tea service that had been presented to him.<ref name="Kluger">{{cite book |author=Kluger, Richard |title=Simple Justice: the History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle For Equality |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |year=1976 |isbn=0-394-47289-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/simplejusticehi000klug }}</ref> It has also been reported that he never charged South Carolina in the first place.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's Lawyer: the Life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/507 507] |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb/page/507 }}</ref> He declined to participate further in the case, as he did not wish to be involved in the drafting of decrees to implement the Court's decision.<ref name="Kluger"/>

==Death and legacy==
Davis was a member of the [[American Bar Association]], the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], [[Phi Beta Kappa]], and [[Phi Kappa Psi]]. He was a resident of [[Nassau County, New York]], and practiced law in New York City until his death in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], at the age of 81. He is interred at [[Locust Valley Cemetery]] in [[Locust Valley, New York]].

Upon his death, [[Supreme court Justice|Supreme Court Justice]] [[Stanley Forman Reed|Stanley F. Reed]], who was the last holdout in the unanimous Brown decision, said of Davis "his appearances in this Court were in the best tradition of the American Bar".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newton |first=Jim |title=Justice For All: Earl Warren and the Nation |publisher=Penguin Group |year=2006 |isbn=1594489289 |location=New York |pages=329}}</ref> The John W. Davis Federal Building on West Pike Street in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]], is named for him. The building housing the Student Health Center at Washington and Lee University is named for him, as is the Law School's appellate advocacy program, and an award for the graduating student with the highest grade point average.<ref>[http://registrar.wlu.edu/honors/davis-prize.htm W&L Valedictorians<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222121508/http://registrar.wlu.edu/honors/davis-prize.htm |date=December 22, 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://law.wlu.edu/mootcourt/index.asp 2007–2008 W&L Moot Court Executive Board :: Moot Court :: W&L Law School<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In the 1991 television film ''[[Separate but Equal (film)|Separate But Equal]]'', a dramatization of the ''Brown'' case, Davis was portrayed by the famed actor [[Burt Lancaster]] in his final film role.

==Electoral history==
'''[[West Virginia's 1st congressional district]], 1910''':<ref>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=47396 Our Campaigns – WV District 1 Race – Nov 8, 1910<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* John W. Davis (D) – 20,370 (48.9%)
* Charles E. Carrigan (R) – 16,962 (40.7%)
* A.L. Bauer ([[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]]) – 3,239 (7.8%)
* Ulysses A. Clayton ([[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]]) – 1,099 (2.6%)

'''[[West Virginia's 1st congressional district]], 1912''':<ref>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=47397 Our Campaigns – WV District 1 Race – Nov 5, 1912<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* John W. Davis (D) (inc.) – 24,777 (45.0%)
* George A. Laughlin (R) – 24,613 (44.7%)
* D.M.S. Scott (Socialist) – 4,230 (7.7%)
* L.E. Peters (Prohibition) – 1,482 (2.7%)

'''1924 Democratic presidential primaries'''
* [[William Gibbs McAdoo|William McAdoo]] – 562,601 (56.1%)
* [[Oscar W. Underwood]] – 77,583 (7.7%)
* [[James M. Cox]] – 74,183 (7.4%)
* Unpledged – 59,217 (5.9%)
* [[Henry Ford]] – 49,737 (5.0%)
* [[Thomas J. Walsh]] – 43,108 (4.3%)
* [[Woodbridge N. Ferris]] – 42,028 (4.2%)
* [[George Silzer]] – 35,601 (3.6%)
* [[Al Smith]] – 16,459 (1.6%)
* L.B. Musgrove – 12,110 (1.2%)
* [[William Emmett Dever|William Dever]] – 1,574 (0.2%)
* [[James A. Reed (politician)|James A. Reed]] – 84 (0.0%)
* John W. Davis – 21 (0.0%)

'''[[1924 United States presidential election]]'''
* [[Calvin Coolidge]]/[[Charles G. Dawes]] (R) – 15,723,789 (54.0%) and 382 electoral votes (35 states carried)
* John W. Davis/[[Charles W. Bryan]] (D) – 8,386,242 (28.8%) and 136 electoral votes (12 states carried)
* [[Robert M. La Follette, Sr.]]/[[Burton K. Wheeler]] ([[Progressive Party (United States, 1924)|Progressive]]) – 4,831,706 (16.6%) and 13 electoral votes (1 state carried)

==See also==
* ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''
* ''[[Guinn v. United States]]''
* ''[[Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]''
*[[List of presidents of West Virginia State University]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* Tucker, Garland. ''High Tide of American Conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 Election'' (Greenleaf, 2012).
* {{cite book |author=Harbaugh, William Henry |title=Lawyer's lawyer: the life of John W. Davis |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1973 |isbn=0-19-501699-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawyerslawyerlif00harb }}, a standard scholarly biography.
* Lambert, Jeremiah, and Geoffrey S. Stewart. ''The Anointed: New York’s White Shoe Law Firms—How They Started, How They Grew, and How They Ran the Country'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2021). [https://books.google.com/books?id=R30WEAAAQBAJ&dq=DAVIS&pg=PR5 online]
* {{cite journal |last1=McWilliams |first1=Tennant S. |title=John W. Davis and Southern Wilsonianism |journal=The Virginia Quarterly Review |date=1988 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=398–416 |jstor=26437693}}
* {{cite book |last1=Southwick |first1=Leslie |title=Presidential Also-Rans and Running Mates, 1788 through 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-0310-1 |edition=Second}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Sydnor |title=John W. Davis and His Role in the Public School Segregation Cases - A Personal Memoir |journal=Washington and Lee Law Review |date=January 1, 1996 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=1679–1697 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1807&context=wlulr}}

==External links==
* John W. Davis papers (MS 170). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0170]
{{Commons category|John W. Davis}}
{{CongBio|D000121}}
*[[West Virginia & Regional History Center]] at [[West Virginia University]], [https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/repositories/2/resources/1091 John W. Davis, Lawyer, Papers]
* [http://www.esu.org/ International Home of the English-Speaking Uni]
* [http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ CFR Website – Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821033942/http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ |date=August 21, 2012 }} The history of the Council by Peter Grose, a Council member.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229091314/http://dpw.com/ Website of Davis Polk & Wardwell, law firm of which Davis was a member and which bears his name today]
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/davis5.html Political Graveyard]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003745}}

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