View source for Johns Hopkins Hospital

{{Use American English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox hospital
| org/group = [[Johns Hopkins Medicine]]
| logo = Johns Hopkins Medicine logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
| image = Billings Hospital Administration Building (1889), Johns Hopksins Hospital, 601 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 (49026493738).jpg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = JHH's original Billings Building in 2019
| coordinates = {{coord|39.2962|-76.5918|region:US-MD|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| location = 1800 Orleans Street<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/the_johns_hopkins_hospital/getting_here/directions_jhh.html |title= Getting to The Johns Hopkins Hospital |website= HopkinsMedicine.org |access-date= December 20, 2014 |last1= Harder |first1= Brian }}</ref>
| region = [[Baltimore]]
| state = [[Maryland]]
| country = U.S.
| funding = federal and private
| type = Teaching
| affiliation = [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]
| standards = 
| emergency = [[Level I Trauma Center]]
| helipad = {{airport codes|||17MD<ref name="AIS-17MD">{{cite web |title=17MD - JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL CRITICAL CARE TOWER |url=https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=17MD |website=AIS - Aeronautical Information Services |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> {{nobold|replaces}} 0MD3<ref name="AIS-0MD3">{{cite web |title=0MD3 - JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL |url=https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=0MD3 |website=AIS - Aeronautical Information Services |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> {{nobold|closed 2012}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SUBJECT: Opening of the Johns Hopkins Hospital's "Sheikh Zayed Tower" Helipad (17MD) |url=https://www.lzcontrol.com/lzs/img_proxy.php?img_id=280 |website=LZControl |access-date=18 February 2025 |date=27 April 2012 |quote=Effective 29 April 2012, at 0700 hours, the "old" Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) helipad (0MD3) will close for patient transports. All public and commercial helicopters transporting patients to JHH will utilize their "new" rooftop helipad (FAA identifier "17MD") located on the "Sheikh Zayed Tower," which is the New Clinical Building (NCB) on the JHH Campus, located just southeast of the "old" JHH Helipad (0MD3)}}</ref>|p=n}}
| h1-number = H1
| h1-length-f = 46 
| h1-surface = rooftop<br />(concrete)
| beds = 1,166<ref>{{cite web |title=Licensed Acute Care Beds by Hospital and Service: Maryland, FY26 (Effective July 1, 2025) |url=https://mhcc.maryland.gov/mhcc/pages/hcfs/hcfs_hospital/documents/acute_care/chcf_acute_care_fy26_licensedbeds.pdf}}</ref>
| speciality = 
| founded = 1889
| closed = <!-- optional -->
| website = {{URL|https://hopkinsmedicine.org/the-johns-hopkins-hospital}}
| other_links = [[Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center]]
| nrhp = {{Infobox NRHP
| embed        = yes
| name         = Johns Hopkins Hospital Complex
| nrhp_type    = 
| image        = 
| caption      = 
| location     = 601 North Broadway,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/baltimore/b35.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070913112902/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/baltimore/b35.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= September 13, 2007 |title= Johns Hopkins Hospital Complex |publisher= [[National Park Service]] |access-date= December 20, 2014}}</ref> [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S.
| area         = {{convert|8|acre|ha|1}}
| built        = 1889
| architect    = Cabot & Chandler, and others
| architecture = [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne style]]
| refnum       = 75002094<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |refnum=75002094|version=2009a}}</ref>
| added        = February 24, 1975
}}
| name = Johns Hopkins Hospital
}}
'''Johns Hopkins Hospital''' ('''JHH''') is the teaching hospital and [[biomedical research]] facility of [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] in [[Baltimore]], Maryland. Founded in 1889,  Johns Hopkins Hospital and its school of medicine are considered to be the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous famed medical traditions, including rounds, residents, and house staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Psychiatry/education/residency_general/index.html |title=General Psychiatry Residency Program at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine |publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923145235/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/education/residency_general/index.html |archive-date=September 23, 2009 }}</ref> Several medical specialties were founded at the hospital, including [[neurosurgery]] by [[Harvey Cushing]] and [[Walter Dandy]], [[cardiac surgery]] by [[Alfred Blalock]] and [[Vivien Thomas]],<ref name="blalock">{{cite web |title= Something the Lord Made - an HBO Film |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/stlm |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |year= 2004 |access-date= 2012-03-09 |archive-date= 2009-07-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090709101951/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/stlm |url-status= dead }}</ref> and child [[psychiatry]] by [[Leo Kanner]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |title= The History of Johns Hopkins Medicine |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/index.html |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date= 2012-03-09 |last1= Behr |first1= Zachary }}</ref><ref name="child">{{cite web |title= Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Psychiatry/child_adolescent/ |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date= 2012-03-09 |archive-date= 2009-08-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821123132/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Psychiatry/child_adolescent/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[Johns Hopkins Children's Center]], which serves infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21, is attached to the hospital.

Johns Hopkins Hospital is widely regarded as one of the world's greatest hospitals and medical institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title= Here is My Hope: A Book of Healing and Prayer: Inspirational Stories of Johns Hopkins Hospital |author1=Randi Henderson |author2=Richard Marek |publisher= Doubleday |date= 20 March 2001 |isbn= 978-0-385-50032-6 }}</ref> For 21 consecutive years from 1991 to 2020, it was ranked as the best overall hospital in the [[United States]] by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. In its 2019–2020 edition, ''U.S. News & World Report'' ranked the hospital on 15 adult specialties and 10 children's specialties; the hospital came in 1st in [[Maryland]] and third nationally behind the [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]] and [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] in [[Boston]]. In 2021, the hospital marked 32 consecutive years of placing in the top five hospitals in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|title=2019-20 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Overview}}</ref>

The hospital's founding in 1889 was made possible from a philanthropic bequest of over $7 million by city merchant, banker, financier, civic leader, and philanthropist [[Johns Hopkins]], which at the time was the largest bequest in the history of the [[United States]]. The hospital is located at 600 North Broadway in Baltimore.

==History==
[[File:Hopkinsp.jpg|thumb|[[Johns Hopkins]], the [[Baltimore]] merchant and banker whose philanthropic gift of over $7 million in 1889 launched the hospital]]
[[File:Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore 1900s.jpg|alt=Johns Hopkins Hospital|thumb|Johns Hopkins Hospital, {{Circa|1890–1910}}]]
[[File:Octagon Ward at JHH - interior.jpg|thumb|The interior of the Octagon Ward at Johns Hopkins Hospital]]
[[File:Bertel Thorvaldsen's Christus - under the Dome at Johns Hopkins Hospital - panoramio.jpg|thumb|alt=10-foot high statue of "Christ, the Divine Healer" at the hospital's administration building|''[[Christus (statue)|Christus]]'', an 1833 [[Carrara marble]] statue in the hospital's rotunda of the [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrected]] [[Jesus]], based on [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]]'s original in 1833]]

===Founding===
{{Further|Johns Hopkins}}
[[Johns Hopkins]] (1795–1873), a [[Baltimore]] merchant and banker, left an estate of approximately $7 million ([[United States dollar|US$]]173.84 million in 2022<ref name=":1">[http://www.in2013dollars.com/1873-dollars-in-2016?amount=7000000 Inflation Calculator]</ref>) when he died on December 24, 1873, in his city mansion on West Saratoga Street, just west of [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|North Charles Street]], at the age of 78. In his will, he asked that his fortune be used to found three institutions that would bear his name: "[[Johns Hopkins University]]", "The Johns Hopkins Hospital", and "Johns Hopkins Colored Orphan Asylum."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://exhibits.library.jhu.edu/omeka-s/s/johnshopkinsbiographicalarchive/item/2886 | title=Johns Hopkins Letter to the Trustees of Johns Hopkins Hospital · Johns Hopkins Biographical Archive · Johns Hopkins University }}</ref> At the time that it was made, Hopkins' gift was the largest [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] bequest in the history of the nation.<ref name="autogenerated1989">{{cite book |author1=A. McGehee Harvey |author2=Victor A. McKusick |title=A Model of Its Kind: Volume 1 - A Centennial History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |place=Baltimore |date=1 May 1989 |isbn=978-0-8018-3794-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/modelofitskind0000unse }}</ref>

Toward the end of his life, Hopkins selected 12 prominent Baltimore residents as trustees for the project. A year prior to his death, he sent each a letter telling them that he was giving "thirteen acres of land, situated in the city of Baltimore, and bounded by Broadway, Wolfe, Monument, and Jefferson streets upon which I desire you to erect a hospital." He wished for a hospital that "shall, in construction and arrangement, compare favorably with any other institution of like character in this country or in Europe" and directed his trustees to "secure for the service of the Hospital, physicians and surgeons of the highest character and greatest skill."<ref name="autogenerated1989"/>

Hopkins instructed the trustees to "bear constantly in mind that it is my wish and purpose that the hospital shall ultimately form a part of the Medical School of that university for which I have made ample provision in my will." By calling for this integral relationship between patient care, as embodied in the hospital, and teaching and research, as embodied in the university, Hopkins laid the groundwork for a revolution in American medicine. Johns Hopkins' vision, of two institutions in which the practice of medicine would be wedded to medical research and medical education was revolutionary.

===19th century===
{{Further|Christus (statue)|Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health}}
Initial plans for the hospital were drafted by surgeon [[John Shaw Billings]], and the architecture designed by [[John Rudolph Niernsee]] and completed by [[Edward Clarke Cabot]] of the Boston firm of Cabot and Chandler in a [[Queen Anne Style architecture|Queen Anne style]].<ref>Dorsey, John & Dilts, James D., ''Guide to Baltimore Architecture'' (1997) p. 203-4.  Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, Maryland {{ISBN|0-87033-477-8}}</ref> When completed in 1889 at a cost of $2,050,000 ([[United States dollar|US$]]50.8 million in 2022<ref name=":1" />), the hospital included what was then state-of-the-art concepts in heating and ventilation to check the spread of disease.

The trustees obtained the services of four outstanding physicians, known as the "Big Four," to serve as the founding staff of the hospital when it opened on May 7, 1889. They were pathologist [[William Henry Welch]], surgeon [[William Stewart Halsted]], internist [[William Osler]], and gynecologist [[Howard Atwood Kelly]].<ref name="big four">{{cite web |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html |title= The Four Founding Physicians |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date= 2012-03-09 |archive-date= 2015-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150310220741/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

In 1893, Johns Hopkins University was one of the first medical schools to admit women.<ref name="ats">{{Citation |title= The evolution of women as physicians and surgeons |url= http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/S27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030722184042/http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/S27 |url-status = dead|archive-date= 2003-07-22 |work= [[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |author1= Gerard N. Burrow, MD |author2= Nora L. Burgess, MD |date= February 2001 |access-date= 2013-04-10 }}</ref> The decision to begin coeducation was a result of a shortage of funds, as the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] stock that was supposed to cover cost was used up in building the hospital in 1889 and the medical school had not yet been built. Four of the original trustees' daughters offered to raise the money needed to open the school, but only if the school agreed to admit qualified women to the university. After several discussions, the trustees agreed to their terms and accepted the financial help of these four women with only one of the doctors, [[William H. Welch]], resisting. Eventually, even Welch changed his views on coeducation, "The necessity for coeducation in some form," he wrote later, "becomes more evident the higher the character of the education. In no form of education is this more evident than in that of medicine... we regard coeducation a success; those of us who were not enthusiastic at the beginning are now sympathetic and friendly."<ref name="women">{{cite web |title= Women -- Or the Female Factor |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history6.html |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date= 2013-04-10 |archive-date= 2013-04-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130410053340/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history6.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Osler, the first chief of the Department of Medicine, is credited with originating the idea of a residency, in which recently graduated physicians receive advanced training in their specialty while treating patients under supervision; then, as now, residents comprise most of the medical staff of the hospital. He also introduced the idea of bringing medical students into actual patient care early in their training; at the time medical school consisted almost entirely of lectures. Osler's contribution to practical education extends to the creation of "[[grand rounds]]", the practice of leading physicians discussing the most difficult cases in front of assembled medical students, for the benefit of patients and students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.grandroundshealth.com/about |title=History of Grand Rounds |access-date=2013-07-24 |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709022508/https://www.grandroundshealth.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term "rounds" derives from the circular ward where bedside teaching occurred.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rounds: Are we spinning our wheels?|url=https://thehospitalleader.org/rounds-are-we-spinning-our-wheels/|access-date=2020-08-25}}</ref> He once said he hoped his tombstone would say only, "He brought medical students into the wards for bedside teaching."<ref name="big four"/>

Halsted, the first chief of the Department of Surgery, established many other medical and surgical achievements at Johns Hopkins including modern surgical principles of control of bleeding, accurate anatomical dissection, complete sterility, and the first radical [[mastectomy]] for [[breast cancer]] (before this time, such a diagnosis was a virtual death sentence). His other achievements included the introduction of the surgical glove and advances in [[thyroid]], [[Biliary tract|biliary tree]], [[hernia]], intestinal and arterial [[aneurysm]] surgeries. Halsted also established the first formal surgical residency training program in the United States.

Kelly is credited with establishing [[Gynaecology|gynecology]] as a true [[medical specialty]]. He created new surgical approaches to women's diseases and invented numerous medical devices, including a urinary cystoscope. He was one of the first to use radium to treat cancer,<ref name="big four"/> with his first patient being his own aunt in 1904, who died shortly after surgery.<ref name="DasturTank2011">{{cite journal |last1=Dastur |first1=Adi E. |last2=Tank |first2=P.D. |year=2011 |title=Howard Atwood Kelly: Much beyond the stitch |journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=392–394 |doi=10.1007/s13224-010-0064-6 |pmc=3394615}}</ref> Kelly was known to use excessive amounts of radium to treat various cancers and tumors. As a result, some of his patients died from radium exposure.<ref name="AronowitzRobison20102">{{cite journal |last1=Aronowitz |first1=Jesse N. |last2=Robison |first2=Roger F. |year=2010 |title=Howard Kelly establishes gynecologic brachytherapy in the United States |journal=Brachytherapy |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=178–184 |doi=10.1016/j.brachy.2009.10.001 |pmid=20022564}}</ref> His method of radium application was inserting a radium capsule near the affected area, then sewing the radium "points" directly to the [[tumor]].<ref name="AronowitzRobison20102"/>

Welch was responsible for training many of the outstanding physicians of the day, such as [[Walter Reed]]. He also founded at Hopkins the nation's first Public Health school, now known as the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]].<ref name="big four"/>

A notable sight at the hospital is the marble statue ''[[Christus (statue)|Christus]]'', a [[Carrara marble]] statue in the Billings Administration Building rotunda of the [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrected]] [[Jesus]] based on the 1833 original by [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]], which was a gift by [[Baltimore]] merchant William Wallace Spence; it is a replica of the original by Danish sculptor [[Bertel Thorwaldsen]] in [[Copenhagen]]. Unveiled in 1896, the statue brings comfort to many, the hospital has said.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rasmussen, Fred|title='The Divine Healer' Hospital: The representation of Christ the Consoler in the Hopkins lobby still offers hope|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]|date=October 13, 1996|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-10-13-1996287233-story.html|access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/dome/0312/feature.cfm |title= A Provocative Icon |journal= Dome |volume= 54 |issue= 10 |page= 1 |first= Lindsay |last= Roylance |date= December 2003 |publisher= [[Johns Hopkins Medicine]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051048/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/dome/0312/feature.cfm |archive-date= 2013-12-03}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Billings Hospital Administration Building (1889), Johns Hopksins Hospital, 601 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 (49026493738).jpg|thumb|The Billings Building at the original hospital in 2019]]
In 1903, [[Harriet Lane]] left a sum of over $400,000 at her death in 1903 to establish the ''Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children'' as a memorial to two sons who had died in childhood. In October 1912 the ''Harriet Lane Home'' officially opened. It was the first children's clinic in the United States that was associated with a medical school, first run by [[John Howland (doctor)|John Howland]]. Eventually treating over 60,000 children a year, the ''Harriet Lane Home'' became a pioneer treatment, teaching, and research clinic, and the first to have subspecialties in pediatrics as created by [[Edwards A. Park (doctor)|Edwards A. Park]].

In 1912, [[Diamond Jim Brady]] donated $220,000 to the hospital, which created the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute.<ref name="diamond">{{cite news |date=13 August 1912 |title='Diamond Jim' gives $220,000 to Hospital |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/08/13/104904173.pdf |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref>
{{anchor|Wilmer}}
[[Ophthalmologist]] William Holland Wilmer opened the [[Wilmer Eye Institute]] at the hospital in 1925, and its building was completed four years later. Wilmer received a [[Doctor of Medicine|medical degree]] from the [[University of Virginia School of Medicine]] in 1885 and later worked in [[New York City]], [[Washington D.C.]], and [[Baltimore]], where he established the institute.<ref name="wilmer">{{cite journal |author=Parker, Walter R. |year=1936 |title=Dr. William Holland Wilmer |journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society |volume=34 |pages=20–23 |pmc=1315552}}</ref>

Between 1930 and 1963, [[Helen B. Taussig]], who helped to develop the blue baby operation, headed the pediatric cardiac clinic. Child psychiatrist [[Leo Kanner]] did studies of autistic children. [[Lawson Wilkins]] established an endocrine clinic that developed procedures used universally to treat children with certain glandular disorders, including dwarfism. John E. Bordley and William G. Hardy made strides in detecting hearing impairments in very young children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/harrietlane.html|title=The Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children|website=www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu|access-date=2017-02-09|archive-date=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731122837/http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/harrietlane.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Achievements==
Medical achievements at Johns Hopkins include the first [[male-to-female sex reassignment surgery]] in the United States that took place in 1966 at the [[Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic]].<ref name="wexler">{{cite news |author= Laura Wexler |date= January–February 2007 |title= Identity Crisis |work= Style Magazine |url= http://www.baltimorestyle.com/index.php/style/features_article/fe_sexchange_jf07 |publisher= Baltimorestyle.com |access-date= 2012-03-09 |url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120219001219/http://www.baltimorestyle.com/index.php/style/features_article/fe_sexchange_jf07/ |archive-date= 2012-02-19 }}</ref>

Two of the most far-reaching advances in medicine during the last 25 years were also made at Hopkins. First, the [[Nobel Prize]]-winning discovery of [[restriction enzymes]] gave birth to the genetic engineering industry. Second, the discovery of the brain's natural [[opiates]] has triggered an explosion of interest in [[neurotransmitter]] pathways and functions. Other accomplishments of the hospital include the development of [[HeLa]] by [[George Otto Gey]], head of tissue culture research in 1951,<ref name="Skloot2010">{{cite book |author= Rebecca Skloot |title= The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC |access-date= 9 April 2013 |date= 2 February 2010 |publisher= Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-58938-5}}</ref> the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture, identification of the three types of [[polio virus]], and the first "[[blue baby]]" operation, which was done by surgeon [[Alfred Blalock]] in collaboration with [[Helen Taussig]], a Hopkins graduate specializing in pediatric cardiology and surgical technician [[Vivien Thomas]] that opened the way to modern [[cardiac surgery]].<ref name="women"/><ref name="hopkinsmedicine1">{{cite web |title= Johns Hopkins Medical Milestones |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/quality/innovation/milestones.html |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date= 2012-03-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111201131710/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/quality/innovation/milestones.html |archive-date= 2011-12-01 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Contributions to heart surgery were brought on by the discovery of [[heparin]] and the [[Blalock-Taussig shunt|Blalock-Thomas-Taussig Shunt]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Nishant D.|last2=Alejo|first2=Diane E.|last3=Cameron|first3=Duke E.|date=2015-01-01|title=The History of Heart Surgery at The Johns Hopkins Hospital|journal=Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery|volume=27|issue=4|pages=341–352|doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2015.11.001|issn=1532-9488|pmid=26811040}}</ref> Johns Hopkins has also published ''The Harriet Lane Handbook'', an indispensable tool for pediatricians, for over 60 years.

==Operations==
[[File:Johns Hopkins Brooklandville.jpg|thumb|Johns Hopkins Medicine's campus in [[Brooklandville, Maryland]]]]
The hospital occupies approximately 20 of the 60 buildings on the Johns Hopkins Medical Campus. The complex has over 80&nbsp;entrances and receives 80,000&nbsp;visitors weekly. It houses over 1,000&nbsp;beds and has a staff of over 1,700&nbsp;doctors with over 30,000&nbsp;total employees.<ref name="gunman">{{Cite news |author= Alex Dominguez |title= Gunman kills self, mother at Johns Hopkins Hospital |url= https://6abc.com/archive/7671435/ |publisher= [[WPVI-TV]] |date= 16 September 2010 |access-date= 2012-03-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100919154053/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news%2Fnational_world&id=7671435 |archive-date= 19 September 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref>

From 1982 to 1992, then CEO [[Robert Heyssel]] established the hospital's first Oncology Center, the Nelson Patient Tower, the Clayton Heart Center and the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center which bears Heyssel's name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Robert Heyssel, former CEO of Hopkins, dies at 72 |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2001/06/14/dr-robert-heyssel-former-ceo-of-hopkins-dies-at-72/ |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> In May 2012, the Johns Hopkins Hospital opened two new towers as part of a major campus redevelopment effort. The opening of the new $1.1 billion Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center tower and the new Sheikh Zayed Tower marked the highpoint of this effort. In addition to the main hospital, the system operates four other hospitals and several outpatient care facilities in the Baltimore and Washington metro areas and [[All Children's Hospital]] in St. Petersburg, Florida.<ref name="locations">{{cite web |title= Patient Care Locations |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/patient_care/hospital_locations.html |publisher= Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date= 2012-03-09}}</ref> In May, 2019, the hospital completed an $80&nbsp;million expansion project at its Green Spring Station campus in [[Brooklandville, Maryland]], offering out-patient surgery, imaging, and oncology treatment at the 3-story, {{convert|100000|sqft|adj=on}} ''Pavilion III''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Boteler, Cody|title=Johns Hopkins Medicine to debut Green Spring Station expansion|work=Towson Times|date=September 25, 2019|page=10}}</ref>

Johns Hopkins also provides remote consultations worldwide through the Grand Round platform, and uses the same platform to help patients find the ideal specialist for their unique needs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/grand-rounds-announces-new-collaboration-with-johns-hopkins-medicine-enhance-access-2212389.htm|title=Grand Rounds Announces New Collaboration with Johns Hopkins Medicine to Enhance Access to World-Class Health Care|date=27 April 2017 }}</ref>

== Johns Hopkins Children's Center ==
{{Main|Johns Hopkins Children's Center}}
Johns Hopkins Children's Center (JHCC) is a nationally ranked, pediatric acute care [[Children's hospital|children's]] [[teaching hospital]] located in Baltimore, Maryland, adjacent to Johns Hopkins Hospital. The hospital has 196 pediatric beds<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johns Hopkins Children's Center|url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Directories/Hospital-Directory/F-J/Johns-Hopkins-Childrens-Center|access-date=2020-07-11|website=www.childrenshospitals.org}}</ref> and is affiliated with the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Andy|title=Johns Hopkins Medicine: Patient Care Locations|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/patient_care/locations/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en}}</ref> The hospital is the flagship pediatric member of Johns Hopkins Medicine and is 1 of 2 children's hospital in the network. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pediatric Clinical Research Unit (PCRU) {{!}} Johns Hopkins Children's Center|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/johns-hopkins-childrens-center/about-us/research/pediatric-clinical-research-unit.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712154609/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/johns-hopkins-childrens-center/about-us/research/pediatric-clinical-research-unit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Fellowship Positions {{!}} American Pediatric Surgical Association|url=https://eapsa.org/continuing-education/early-career/fellowship-positions/fellowship-positions/johns-hopkins-university/|access-date=2020-07-12|website=eapsa.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|title=Pediatric Emergency Department: Johns Hopkins Nursing|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/nursing/specialties_units/pediatrics/ped.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en|author1=Se_Support1}}</ref> throughout Baltimore and the wider United States. Johns Hopkins Children's Center also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHD Clinic - Johns Hopkins Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program|url=https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/johns-hopkins-center-for-adult-congenital-heart-disease-program/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=ACHA|archive-date=2020-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711175211/https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/johns-hopkins-center-for-adult-congenital-heart-disease-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Johns Hopkins Children's Center also features one of the only [[American College of Surgeons|ACS]] verified [[Level 1 Trauma Center|Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Centers]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trauma Centers|url=https://www.miemss.org/home/hospitals/trauma-centers|access-date=2020-07-11|website=www.miemss.org}}</ref> The hospital is directly attached to Johns Hopkins Hospital and is situated near the Ronald McDonald House of Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our New Neighborhood|url=https://rmhcmaryland.org/our-new-house/our-new-neighborhood/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=rmhcmaryland.org}}</ref>

==Rankings==
Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked as the top overall hospital in the United States for 21 consecutive years by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' until 2012, when it moved to second place behind [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] in [[Boston]]. In 2013, it was reinstated as the top hospital in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title= Honor Roll of Best Hospitals 2013-2013 |url= http://health.usnews.com/health-news/best-hospitals-2013/slideshows/the-honor-roll-of-best-hospitals-2013-14/19 |publisher= U.S. News & World Report |access-date= July 16, 2013}}</ref> In the 2016-2017 edition, Johns Hopkins ranks third-best nationally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview |title=2016-17 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Overview |access-date=2016-08-02 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802174741/http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview |archive-date=2016-08-02 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''U.S. News & World Report'' – 2016–2017 rankings by medical specialty<ref name="health.usnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/md/johns-hopkins-hospital-6320180|title=Best Hospitals Honor Roll 2016-2017|date=1 August 2016|work=U.S. News & World Report|publisher=usnews.com|access-date=2016-02-08}}</ref>
! U.S. national ranking !! [[Maryland]] ranking !! Specialty
|-
|3|| 1 ||[[Otorhinolaryngology|Ear, nose, and throat]]
|-
|1|| 1 || [[Radiology]]
|-
|4|| 1 || [[Geriatrics]]
|-
|2|| 1 || [[Neurology]] and [[neurosurgery]]
|-
|4|| 1 || [[Urology]]
|-
|1|| 1 || [[Rheumatology]]
|-
|4|| 1 || [[Psychiatry]]
|-
| 3 || 1 || [[Ophthalmology]]
|-
|5|| 1 || [[Gastroenterology]] and [[GI surgery]]
|-
|4|| 1 || [[Diabetes]] and [[endocrinology]]
|-
|9|| 1 || [[Cardiology]] & [[heart surgery]]
|-
|9|| 1 || [[Oncology]]
|-
|7|| 1 || [[Gynecology]]
|-
|13|| 1 || [[Pulmonology]]
|-
|9|| 1 || [[Orthopedics]]
|-
|5
|1
|[[Nephrology]]
|}

==Ethical controversies and criticism==
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) have faced criticism over ethics and research methodologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Josefson |first=D. |date=2001-09-08 |title=Johns Hopkins faces further criticism over experiments |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=323 |issue=7312 |pages=531 |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7312.531 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121125 |pmid=11546691}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johns Hopkins Hospital Faces Backlash for Suing Low-Income Patients |url=https://wamu.org/story/19/07/22/johns-hopkins-hospital-faces-backlash-for-suing-low-income-patients/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=WAMU |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johns Hopkins Univ. Faces $1 Billion Lawsuit Over STD Study |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/johns-hopkins-university-faces-1-billion-lawsuit/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=April 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=2001-07-17 |title=Johns Hopkins Admits Fault in Fatal Experiment |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/us/johns-hopkins-admits-fault-in-fatal-experiment.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> JHH has established a pattern of targeting the working-class, poor, and marginalized in order to escape legal repercussions for unethical action.

=== STD research in Guatemala ===
{{Main|Guatemala syphilis experiments}}

From 1946 to 1948, Johns Hopkins researchers (notably [[Harry Eagle]], [[Lowell Reed]], and [[Thomas Turner (microbiologist)|Thomas Turner]]) aided the United States government in a campaign of illegal experimentation in [[Guatemala]] in the pursuit of developing potential prophylactic measures against various sexually transmitted diseases (STD's). Without information or consent, over 5000 Guatemalan civilians were intentionally infected with bacteria causing STD's<ref>Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. "Ethically impossible" STD Research in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. September, 2011. <nowiki>https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcsbi/sites/default/files/Ethically%20Impossible%20(with%20linked%20historical%20documents)%202.7.13.pdf</nowiki></ref> including [[syphilis]], [[gonorrhea]], and [[chancroid]]. This research program was a follow-up to a similar [[Terre Haute prison experiments|experiment]] conducted on prisoners in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]], from 1943 to 1944. However, when researchers were unable to successfully infect the prisoners with a degree of regularity necessary for testing, the program was terminated and an effort was initiated to investigate the "natural method of infection" (i.e. sexual intercourse) in a less confined setting. Guatemala was chosen as the primary research site specifically to reduce concern for legal consequences and bad publicity. The study involved at least 5,128 vulnerable people, including children, orphans, child and adult prostitutes, [[Indigenous peoples in Guatemala|Guatemalan Indians]], [[leprosy]] patients, mental patients, prisoners, and soldiers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Michael A. |last2=García |first2=Robert |date=December 2013 |title=First, do no harm: the US sexually transmitted disease experiments in Guatemala |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=12 |pages=2122–2126 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2013.301520 |issn=1541-0048 |pmc=3828982 |pmid=24134370}}</ref>

=== Baltimore Lead Paint Study ===
{{Main|Baltimore Lead Paint Study}}

Starting in 1993, researchers at the [[Kennedy Krieger Institute|Johns Hopkins Kennedy Krieger Institute]] (KKI) attempted to develop less expensive [[Lead abatement|lead-abatement]] methods to benefit Baltimore landlords of homes that contained [[Lead paint|lead-based paint.]] KKI sought to treat homes with these different methods and observe how much lead accumulated in young children when living in these homes, even actively finding new families to live in these apartments, bringing the total number of children evaluated to 140, and even offered incentives for doing so.<ref>Spriggs, M (2017-04-18). "Canaries in the mines: children, risk, non-therapeutic research, and justice". ''Journal of Medical Ethics''. '''30''' (2): 176–181. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0306-6800. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 1733843. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 15082813.</ref> Knowingly exposing families to toxic levels of lead, the researchers measured lead content of homes and took periodic blood tests over a two-year period. After the study ended, many poor, African-American children ended up with neurological disabilities as a result, often incurring permanent nervous damage.<ref>Cohn, Meredith (2019-11-15). "Court orders Kennedy Krieger to pay woman harmed in 1990s-era lead paint study $1.84 million". ''Baltimore Sun''.</ref>

=== Medical debt lawsuits ===
[[The Baltimore Sun]] reported in 2008 that JHH had filed approximately 14,000 debt collection lawsuits since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schulte |first1=Fred |last2=Drew |first2=James |date=2008-12-21 |title=In their debt |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2008/12/21/in-their-debt-3/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Baltimore Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2019 joint report from the [[AFL-CIO]], [[National Nurses United]] (NNU), and community-advocacy group Coalition for a Humane Hopkins found that since 2009, Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) filed more than 2,400 lawsuits in Maryland courts seeking the repayment of alleged medical debt from former patients.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=National Nurses United |title=Taking Neighbors to Court: Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Debt Lawsuits |url=https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/sites/default/files/nnu/documents/Johns-Hopkins-Medical-Debt-report.pdf |website=nationalnursesunited.org}}</ref> The median amount sought in each lawsuit was $1,089 per patient (after costs covered by insurance, including [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]]), for which JHH engaged in tactics such as wage and property [[garnishment]] resulting in exacerbated hardship for patients often already suffering from financial instability and economic oppression (more than 40 cases involved patients filing for bankruptcy due to medical costs).

More concerning is that of the cases sampled in the NNU/AFL-CIO report (n=273), 86% of defendants were African-American, and all lived within three miles of JHH. The areas immediately surrounding JHH are economically distressed neighborhoods that experience poorer health outcomes than the rest of Baltimore City and the state of Maryland,<ref name=":3" /> indicating that JHH disproportionately preys on marginalized populations in its debt-collection crusades. The neighborhood with the most suits was the 21213 zip code, which has a 28.2% poverty rate and 36.5% child poverty rate (almost triple the state averages). In 2018, the debt repayment JHH ''sought'' (though not even necessarily granted) in court accounted for less than 0.05% of its operating revenue.<ref name=":2" /> Further, as a [[Non-profit hospital|not-for-profit hospital]], JHH receives tax subsidies and charity care provisions from the [[Maryland|State of Maryland]] so that it may provide medical care at no or reduced cost to low-income or uninsured patients.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Nurses United |title=Burdening Baltimore How Johns Hopkins Hospital and Other Not-for-Profit Hospitals, Colleges, and Universities Fail to Pay their Fair Share |url=https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/sites/default/files/nnu/documents/0919_JHH_BurdeningBaltimore_Report_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> However, JHH continually provides less in charity care than it receives in provisions - i.e. JHH has been fully reimbursed for its charity care costs by state funding nearly every year it has provided such care,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=National Nurses United |title=BREAKING THE PROMISE OF PATIENT CARE How Johns Hopkins Hospital Management Shortchanges Baltimore and Puts Patients and the Community at Risk |url=https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/sites/default/files/nnu/documents/1118_JHH_CharityCare_Report_web.pdf}}</ref> continuing to sue patients for negligible medical debts while receiving millions of surplus dollars from public funding. The majority of patients pursued in court for medical debt repayment also qualify for charity care under Maryland state law,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Health Services Cost Review Commission. |title=General, Section 19-214.1 |url=https://hscrc.maryland.gov/Documents/Work%20Group%20Uploads/Hospital%20Free%20Care%20Refunds/19-214.1.pdf |website=maryland.gov}}</ref> but such cost reductions were not made available.

JHH sues its own employees for medical debt more than those of any other employer,<ref name=":2" /> in many cases seeking repayments that exceed their Employee Health Program's annual out-of-pocket maximum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benefits & Coverage {{!}} Johns Hopkins Employer Health Programs |url=https://www.ehp.org/benefits/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Johns Hopkins Employer Health Programs (EHP) |language=en-US}}</ref> <sup>[[#Notes|[a] ]]</sup>.

=== Death of Ellen Roche ===
In 2001, Ellen Roche, a 24-year old laboratory technician at the [[Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center]]'s Asthma & Allergy Center, volunteered as part of a research study investigating bronchiolar reflexes during asthmatic reactions between asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects. The study was already controversial, as it was specifically pursuing the theory that people with and without asthma both react similarly to inhaled irritants, but non-asthmatics are able to recover through deep breathing.

Ms. Roche was provided with details on possible side effects of the treatment, including wheezing, chest tightness, and transient [[Shortness of breath|dyspnoea]]. Death, however, was ''not'' presented as a possibility in the consent form. In the first phase of the experiment, involving four to five visits, participants were asked to inhale [[methacholine]] with and without taking deep breaths before inhalation. In the second phase, starting with the sixth visit, some of the participants, including Ms. Roche, were administered [[hexamethonium]] before inhaling methacholine and breathing deeply. Hexamethonium, however, is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Togias reported to the [[institutional review board]], or I.R.B., an ethics group overseeing his work, that had concluded that the drug's main risk was in causing a temporary drop in blood pressure. A handful of cases of adverse pulmonary reactions to hexamethonium were reported in medical journals in the 1950s. These reactions included the development of bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP) and the [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (ARDS). Ms. Roche reportedly became ill—complaining of shortness of breath, dry cough, wheezing, and [[myalgia]]s—within a day of entering the experiment. Laboratory tests showed a 35% reduction in lung function. Her course rapidly declined, with the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and renal failure. She died within a month of entering the experiment. The study was suspended.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Josefson |first=Deborah |date=30 June 2001 |title=Healthy woman dies in research experiment |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=322 |issue=7302 |pages=1565 |pmc=1173356 }}</ref>

Later that year, JHH stated that it accepted full responsibility for the recent death of a volunteer in an experiment. In a report on its investigation into the death, the university said the researcher who conducted the experiment and the ethics committee that approved it had failed to take adequate precautions to protect research subjects. Dean of JHH Edward B. Miller, however, also claimed "...we are unlikely ever to know precisely how or why this happened... Ellen sacrificed her life in an important study."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=2001-07-17 |title=Johns Hopkins Admits Fault in Fatal Experiment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/us/johns-hopkins-admits-fault-in-fatal-experiment.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

An external review report from Hopkins called the consent form "inadequate" and stated it referred to hexamethonium as a "medication" despite it having been unlicensed for medical use in the U.S. since 1972. The report also found "little evidence of rigorous pharmacological review" and inappropriate "safety and purity standards", yet still stated the death of Ellen Roche was "unavoidable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hellman, Samuel; Cassel, Christine; Stock, Christine; Wood, Alastair; Zapol, Warren |date=8 August 2001 |title=Report of Johns Hopkins University External Review Committee |url=https://www.circare.org/info/jhu_externalcmte_20010808.pdf}}</ref>

=== Sex reassignment of David Reimer ===
In 1965, [[David Reimer]] and his twin brother Brian were both diagnosed with [[phimosis]], and referred for circumcision at the age of seven months.<ref name=":4">[[John Colapinto|Colapinto, John]] (2001a). ''As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl''. New York: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|978-0-06-019211-2}}. {{OCLC|42080126}}</ref> General practitioner Jean-Marie Huot performed the operation using the unconventional method of [[electrocauterization]], and the procedure burned David's penis beyond surgical repair.<ref>Rolls, Geoff (2015). ''Classic Case Studies in Psychology'' (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-84872-270-5}}</ref> The doctors chose not to operate on Brian, and his phimosis resolved naturally. David's parents took him to see [[John Money]] at JHH in 1967, based on his reputation in the field of sexual development. Money believed that gender identity developed primarily as a result of [[Observational learning|social learning]] from early childhood and that it could be changed with the appropriate behavioral interventions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldie |first=Terry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbjjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-2794-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Money and the Hopkins family team persuaded David's parents that [[sex reassignment surgery]] would be in his best interest. At the age of 22 months, David underwent a bilateral [[orchiectomy]], in which his [[testes]] were surgically removed and a rudimentary [[vulva]] was constructed by genital [[plastic surgery]]. David was [[Sex assignment|reassigned]] to be [[Gender of rearing|raised as female]] and given the name Brenda (similar to his birth name, "Bruce"). Psychological support for the reassignment and surgery was provided by John Money, who continued to see Reimer annually for consultations and to assess the outcome.<ref>[[Georgia Warnke|Warnke, Georgia]] (2008). ''After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Gender''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-511-39180-4}}</ref>

The sessions with Money included what Money called "childhood sexual rehearsal play". Money theorized that reproductive behaviour formed the foundation of gender, and that "play at thrusting movements and copulation" was a key aspect of gender development in all primates. Starting at age six, according to Brian, the twins were forced to act out sexual acts, with David playing the female role—Money made David get down on all fours, and Brian was forced to "come up behind [him] and place his crotch against [his] buttocks". Money also forced David, in another sexual position, to have his "legs spread" with Brian on top. On "at least one occasion" Money took a photograph of the two children doing these activities.<ref name=":4" /> Both David and Brian recall that Money was mild-mannered around their parents, but ill-tempered when alone with them. When they resisted inspecting each other's genitals, Money got very aggressive. These experiences severely traumatized both David and Brian.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Burkeman |first1=Oliver |last2=Younge |first2=Gary |date=2004-05-12 |title=Being Brenda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/12/scienceandnature.gender |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Estrogen]] was given to David during adolescence, therefore inducing [[breast development]]. By the age of 13 years, Reimer was experiencing suicidal depression and he told his parents he would take his own life if they made him see Money again. Finally, on 14 March 1980, Reimer's parents told him the truth about his sex reassignment, following advice from Reimer's [[endocrinologist]] and [[psychiatrist]]. At the age of 14, having been informed of his past by his father, Reimer decided to assume a male gender identity, calling himself David. He underwent treatment to reverse the reassignment, including testosterone injections, a double [[mastectomy]], and [[phalloplasty]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woo |first=Elaine |date=2004-05-13 |title=David Reimer, 38; After Botched Surgery, He Was Raised as a Girl in Gender Experiment |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-may-13-me-reimer13-story.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Contrary to Money's reports, when living as Brenda, Reimer did not [[Gender identity|identify]] as a girl. He was ostracized and bullied by peers (who dubbed him "cavewoman"), and neither frilly dresses nor female hormones made him feel female.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, Reimer was later chronically unemployed and experienced remorse due to the death of his brother Brian from an overdose of [[antidepressant]]s on 1 July 2002. On 2 May 2004, his wife Jane told him she wanted to separate. On the morning of 4 May 2004, Reimer drove to a grocery store's parking lot in his hometown of Winnipeg and shot himself in the head.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-05-12 |title=David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/us/david-reimer-38-subject-of-the-john-joan-case.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Money never commented publicly on Reimer's suicide, although colleagues said he was "mortified" by the case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carey |first=Benedict |date=2006-07-11 |title=John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Money claimed the (false) success of Reimer's case as support for the [[optimum gender rearing model]] for intersex children. Researcher Mary Anne Case argues that Money's view on gender also fueled the rise of the [[anti-gender movement]].<ref>Case, Mary Anne (2019). "Trans Formations in the Vatican's War on 'Gender Ideology'". ''[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]''. '''44''' (3). [[University of Chicago Press]]: 645. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1086/701498. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0097-9740. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 149472746. Archived</ref>

=== Closure of the Gender Identity Clinic ===
{{main|Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic}}

JHH opened the Gender Identity Clinic (GIC), the first [[gender-affirming surgery]] (GAS) clinic in the United States, in 1966.<ref>Meyerowitz JJ. How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Harvard Univ Pr; 2002</ref> However, the clinic was closed and GAS was banned after a 1979 paper by Jon Meyer and Donna Reter claimed it "confers no objective advantage in terms of social rehabilitation", but "remains subjectively satisfying to those who have rigorously pursued a trial period and who have undergone it".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=J.K. |last2=Reter |first2=D.J. |date=August 1979 |title=Sex Reassignment: Follow-Up |journal= Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1010–1015 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780090096010 |pmid=464739 }}</ref> Meyer wrote an editorial to the [[American Journal of Psychiatry]] in 1981 to explain his study and the subsequent ban, citing "uncertainty of long-term gains, the genesis and dynamics of transsexualism, the performance of surgery of this magnitude for less than clear cut psychiatric indicators, and the allocation of surgical resources after 13 years devoted to transsexual surgery" as concerns precipitating the Clinic's closure.<ref>Meyer JK. Letter to John C. Nemiah. 12 May 1982. John E. Hoopes papers. Box 3, Folder 14. Located at: Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</ref> The paper, however, utilized samples from as early as the 1960s, while plastic surgical capabilities, and thus rates of satisfaction, had increased rapidly in the 1970's.

In 2022, however, Johns Hopkins medical student Walker Magrath published an article that reviewed archival documentation from the Johns Hopkins and Harvard Medical School libraries. Magrath's article details the evolving attitude of [[Plastic surgery|plastic surgeon]] John Hoops, inaugural director of the GIC. While Hoops expressed optimism for GAS in 1966, by 1974 he had begun referring to GAS as "a facade" and to transgender patients as ""psychopath", "masochist", "hysterical", "freakish", and "artificial".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Magrath |first=Walker J. |date=2022-10-18 |title=The Fall of the Nation's First Gender-Affirming Surgery Clinic |url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M22-1480?journalCode=aim |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=10 |pages=1462–1467 |doi=10.7326/M22-1480 |pmid=36191317 |issn=0003-4819|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Further, 1975 marked the appointment of [[Paul R. McHugh|Paul McHugh]] as Chief of Psychiatry at JHH. While McHugh is notorious for his [[Transphobia|transphobic]] views and pathologizing of gender and sexual minorities as mentally ill,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-04 |title=CHARLESTON, SC: Dr. Paul McHugh: "There Is No Gay Gene" {{!}} Virtueonline – The Voice for Global Orthodox Anglicanism |url=http://www.virtueonline.org/charleston-sc-dr-paul-mchugh-there-no-gay-gene |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704134918/http://www.virtueonline.org/charleston-sc-dr-paul-mchugh-there-no-gay-gene |archive-date=2015-07-04}}</ref> his was not a dissenting voice at the GIC by the time of his appointment. Magrath quotes Hoops requesting from Meyer a "strongly worded paper outlining our reasons for no longer participating in... the performance of transsexual surgery" as early as 1978, going so far as to say it would be a welcome submission to the ''[[Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery]]'' for which Hoops was an editor.

In 1974, Hoops ordered the GIC to be relocated to the JHH Woman's Clinic, which was already underfunded, overcrowded, and slated for demolition. This significantly constrained the capabilities of the GIC, limiting the number of patients it was able to maintain and the services it was able to offer in its final years. Magrath places the movement to end GAS within the context of rapid advancement in plastic surgery over the 1960s and 70s, wherein Hoops utilized the publicity from GAS to promote plastic surgery as a field, but felt pressured to sweep what he later saw as less-than-ideal surgical results of GAS under the rug so as not to detract from the overall public progress of plastic surgery in general. This history runs contrary to the public claims from JHH that the closure of the GIC was "evidence-based".

==Notable patients==
===Deaths===
*[[William W. Beck]], Maryland State Senator (April 5, 1923)
*[[Charles B. Bosley]], Maryland State Delegate (January 22, 1959)
*[[Tom Clancy]], novelist (October 1, 2013)
*[[John D. C. Duncan Jr.]], Maryland State Senator and State Delegate (August 13, 1958)
*[[Evelyn Glick]], golfer (October 14, 1998)
*[[Alexander Haig]], [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] (February 20, 2010)
*[[Thomas J. Hatem]], Maryland State Delegate (March 19, 1985)
*[[John F. Joesting]], Maryland State Delegate (April 17, 1978)
*[[Therese Bishagara Kagoyire]], [[Senate (Rwanda)|Rwandan Senator]] (July 8, 2019)
*[[Robert R. Lawder]], Maryland State Senator and [[Havre de Grace, Maryland]] mayor (September 3, 1967)
*[[Walter Lively]], civil rights activist (September 10, 1976)
*[[Hooper S. Miles]], Maryland State Treasurer and State Delegate (March 8, 1964)
*[[Art Modell]], owner, [[Baltimore Ravens]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] (September 6, 2012)
*[[Ogden Nash]], poet (May 19, 1971)
*[[Edward J. Pearson]], railroad executive (December 7, 1928)
*[[Virachai Plasai]], Thailand's ambassador to the United States (March 16, 2019)
*[[L. Welch Pogue]], [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] chairman (May 10, 2003)
*[[Paul Ts'o]], [[Hong Kong]] biophysical chemist (December 2, 2009)

===Hospitalizations===

* [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], former [[List of prime ministers of India|prime minister of India]] (1986)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lohit |first=Harsh Singh |title=Charan Singh: A brief life history |publisher=Charan Singh Archives |year=2019}}</ref>
*[[Paul Armstrong (playwright)|Paul Armstrong]], former playwright (1915)
*[[Al Capone]], former organized crime figure (1939)
*[[Elizabeth Coffey]], actress and transgender activist (1972)
*[[Omar D. Crothers Jr.]], former Maryland State Senator (1953)
*[[Larry Doby]], former professional baseball player, [[Chicago White Sox]] and [[Cleveland Guardians|Cleveland Indians]] (1959)
*[[Jim Duquette]], former general manager, [[New York Mets]] (2012)
*[[Zelda Fitzgerald]], former novelist, socialite, and wife of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] (1932)
*[[Lynden Pindling]], first [[Prime Minister of the Bahamas]] (1996)
*[[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]], former journalist and author (1916)
*[[Ida Tarbell]], former writer (1917)
*[[L. Frederick Wade]], [[Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda)|Progressive Labour Party]] leader in [[Bermuda]] (1996)
*[[Taylor Winnett]], [[para swimming|para swimmer]] in [[2024 Summer Paralympics]] (2016)

==See also==
{{portal|Baltimore}}
* [[Hopkins (TV series)|''Hopkins'' television series]]
* [[Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital]]
* [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]
* [[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [[Medical centers in the United States]]

==Notes==
<div style="font-size:89%">
: <small>[a]</small> - See www.ehp.org/our-health-plans/johns-hopkins-university-2/. There are numerous plans covering university and hospital employees, with different annual out-of-pocket maximums, depending on income, and whether the plan is individual or family coverage. Johns Hopkins University employees currently have a $2,000 annual out-of-pocket maximum for individual coverage. JHH employees have a $1,500 annual out-of-pocket maximum if they earn less than $50,000.
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Roberts|first=CS|title=H.L. Mencken and the four doctors: Osler, Halsted, Welch and Kelly|journal=Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings|volume=23|issue=4|pages=377–88|year=2010|pmid=20944761|doi=10.1080/08998280.2010.11928657|pmc=2943453}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Johns Hopkins Hospital}}
* [http://www.hopkinshospital.org/ Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System website]
* [http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/ Johns Hopkins Medicine official website]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=33.352165,60.46875&ie=UTF8&ll=39.301478,-76.592968&spn=0,359.985237&z=16&layer=c&cbll=39.298417,-76.593247&panoid=44hqK4BKDV3OiqGbr3T-pg&cbp=12,94.38684842812517,,0,-10.305232558139534 Johns Hopkins Hospital] on Google Street View
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?184664-1/qa-ronald-peterson Interview with Ronald Peterson about Johns Hopkins Hospital], [[C-SPAN]], January 9, 2005

{{Maryland Trauma Centers}}{{JHU}}
{{Johns Hopkins Health System}}
{{Hospitals in Maryland}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Maryland}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Johns Hopkins Hospital| ]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in Maryland]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1889]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1889]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Baltimore]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in Maryland]]
[[Category:Voluntary hospitals]]