View source for Johor Bahru

{{About|the city|the district|Johor Bahru District|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Johar Baru}}
{{use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Johor Bahru
| settlement_type    = [[List of capitals in Malaysia|State capital]] [[List of cities in Malaysia|city]] and [[List of capitals in Malaysia#District capitals|district capital]]
| official_name      = City of Johor Bahru<br><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{nobold|{{native name|ms|Bandaraya Johor Bahru}}}}</div>
| nicknames          = JB, <br>Bandaraya Selatan <small>(Southern City)</small>
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                  = infobox
| total_width             = 290
| image_style             = border:1;
| perrow                  = 1/2/3/2
| image1                  = Johor Bahru skyline at night.jpg
| caption1                = [[List of tallest buildings in Johor Bahru|City centre skyline]] at night
| image2                  = Jalan Wong Ah Fook 1.jpg
| caption2                = [[Wong Ah Fook Street]]
| image3                  = 富力公主湾 R&F Princess Cove (cropped).jpg
| caption3                = Permaisuri Zarith Sofiah Opera House
| image4                  = Figure Museum.JPG
| caption4                = [[Figure Museum]]
| image5                  = Istana Bukit Serene - The Royal Crown (night, 2015).jpg
| caption5                = [[Istana Bukit Serene]]
| image6                  = Perspective View of Sultan Ibrahim Building.jpg
| caption6                = [[Sultan Ibrahim Building]]
| image7                  = City Rainforest, Johor Bahru.jpg
| caption7                = Urban Forest
| image8                  = Masjid Sultan Abu Bakar 3.jpg
| caption8                = [[Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Johor Bahru.svg
| image_shield       = Crest of Johor Bahru.svg
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|type=shape|id=Q231318|frame-width=290|frame-height=270|frame-align=center|stroke-width=3|stroke-color=#808080|zoom=11|frame-latitude=1.4555556|frame-longitude=103.7611111111111}}
| map_caption        = Location of Johor Bahru in Johor
| pushpin_map        = Malaysia Johor#Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize    = 275px
| pushpin_map_caption = {{Legend inline|#800000|outline=black}} '''Johor Bahru''' in {{Legend inline|#FEFEEF|outline=black}} '''[[Johor]]'''
| coordinates        = {{coord|01|27|20|N|103|45|40|E|region:MY|display=inline,title}}
| motto              = Berkhidmat, Berbudaya, Berwawasan<br>"Service, Cultural, Visionary"<br>(motto of [[Johor Bahru City Council]]){{force singular}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Johor}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Districts of Malaysia|District]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|Johor Bahru District}}
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 10 March 1855<br><small>(as Tanjung Puteri)</small>
| established_title1 = Establishment of the Town Board
| established_date1  = 1910
| established_title2 = Establishment of the Town Council
| established_date2  = 1950
| established_title3 = Municipality status
| established_date3  = 1 April 1977
| established_title4 = City status
| established_date4  = {{start date and age|df=y|1 January 1994}}
| government_type    = [[List of local governments in Malaysia|City council]]
| governing_body     = [[Johor Bahru City Council]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Noorazam Osman
| area_total_km2     = 373.18
| area_urban_km2     = 
| area_metro_km2     = 
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="total area"/>
| elevation_m        = 32
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floodmap.net/elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1732752|title=Malaysia Elevation Map (Elevation of Johor Bahru)|publisher=Flood Map : Water Level Elevation Map|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822145554/http://www.floodmap.net/elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1732752|archive-date=22 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Johor.pdf|title=Total population by ethnic group, Local Authority area and state, Malaysia|year=2010|publisher=Statistics Department, Malaysia|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114184213/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Johor.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_total   = 858,118
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = <!-- Leave blank. Value will be auto-converted. -->
| population_urban   = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_metro   = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_demonym = Johor Bahru
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]]
| utc_offset1        = +8
| timezone1_DST      = Not observed
| utc_offset1_DST    = +8
| postal_code_type   = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 80xxx to 81xxx
| blank_name         = [[Telephone numbers in Malaysia|Area code(s)]]
| blank_info         = 07
| blank1_name        = [[Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia|Vehicle registration]]
| website            = {{URL|www.mbjb.gov.my/}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Johor Bahru''',{{efn|{{IPA|ms|ˈd͡ʒohor ˈbahru}}}} abbreviated '''JB''', is the capital city of the Malaysian [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|state]] of [[Johor]]. It is the [[core city]] of [[Johor Bahru District]], Malaysia's second-largest district by population and economy. Covering an area of 373.18&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, Johor Bahru had a population of 858,118 people in 2020, making it the nation's largest [[List of capitals in Malaysia|state capital city]] by population. It is located at the southern end of the [[Malay Peninsula]], bordering the city-state of [[Singapore]].

Johor Bahru is the [[Financial centre|financial]] and [[Business centers|business]] centre of southern Malaysia. It is Malaysia's second best-performing city behind only [[Kuala Lumpur]], in terms of economic competitiveness, prosperity, and [[Ease of doing business index|ease of doing business]], according to the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]]. It has the fastest [[urbanisation]] growth and [[internet speed]] among Malaysian cities. As [[Most visited cities|one of the most visited cities]] globally, Johor Bahru also has the [[Border checkpoint#Land|world's busiest land border crossing]], via the [[Johor–Singapore Causeway|Johor-Singapore Causeway]], [[KTM Intercity]] and the future [[Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System|RTS Link]] to Singapore. Johor Bahru is served by [[Senai International Airport]] and the [[List of busiest container ports|world's 15th-busiest port]], [[Port of Tanjung Pelepas|Tanjung Pelepas]].

During the reign of [[Sultan]] [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Abu Bakar]] between 1886 and 1895, the city witnessed modernisation from a fishing village, with the construction of administrative centres, offices, schools, civic and religious buildings, and railways to [[Woodlands, Singapore|Woodlands]], Singapore. Japanese forces [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|occupied]] Johor Bahru during the [[Pacific War]]. Johor Bahru thus became the post-war cradle of [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]], forming a major political party, [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]] at the [[Istana Besar]] in 1946. Granted city status in 1994, Johor Bahru is currently part of the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone and [[Iskandar Malaysia]], the nation's largest [[special economic zone]] by investment value.

== Etymology ==
The present area of Johor Bahru was originally known as ''Tanjung Puteri'', and was a fishing village of the [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]]. [[Temenggong]] [[Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim|Daeng Ibrahim]] then renamed ''Tanjung Puteri'' to ''Iskandar Puteri'' upon his arrival to the area in 1858, after acquiring the territory from [[Ali Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Ali]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Zainol Abidin Idid (Syed.)|title=Pemeliharaan warisan rupa bandar: panduan mengenali warisan rupa bandar berasaskan inventori bangunan warisan Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AePVAAAAMAAJ|language=ms|publisher=Badan Warisan Malaysia|isbn=978-983-99554-1-5|date=}}</ref> It was renamed to Johor Bahru by [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Sultan Abu Bakar]] following the Temenggong's death.<ref name="jb history">{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Background of Johor Bahru City Council and History of Johor Bahru |url=http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/bitstream/123456789/752/3/Majlis%20Bandaraya%20Johor%20Bahru%20%5BSumber%20Internet%5D.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627001833/http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/bitstream/123456789/752/3/Majlis%20Bandaraya%20Johor%20Bahru%20%5BSumber%20Internet%5D.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=27 June 2015 |publisher=Malaysian Digital Repository}}</ref> The word "Bah(a)ru" means "new" in Malay; thus, Johor Bahru  means "New Johor". ''Bahru'' is normally written as "baru" in English ([[Latin script|Roman]]) characters, today, although the word appears in other place names with several English spelling variants, such as in [[Kota Bharu]], Kelantan, and  [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]] ([[Indonesia]]). The [[British English|British]] preferred to write it as ''Johore Bahru'' or ''Johore Bharu'',<ref>{{cite book|author1=Margaret W. Young|author2=Susan L. Stetler|author3=United States. Department of State|title=Cities of the world: a compilation of current information on cultural, geograph. and polit. conditions in the countries and cities of 6 continents, based on the Dep. of State's "Post Reports".|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyENAQAAMAAJ|date=October 1985|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0-8103-2059-8}}</ref> though the currently-accepted western spelling is ''Johor Bahru''—''Johore'' is only spelt ''Johor,'' without the letter "e" at the end of the word, in the [[Malay language]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheah Boon Kheng|title=Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation, 1941–1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpbGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR13|date=1 January 2012|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-508-8|pages=13–}}</ref> The city's name is also spelt as Johor Baru or Johor Baharu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Parkes|title=Southeast Asia Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjgOAQAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Moon Publications|isbn=9781566910026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Library of Congress|title=Library of Congress Subject Headings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCIoMqscsTYC&pg=PA4017|year=2009|publisher=Library of Congress|pages=4017–}}</ref>

Johor Bahru was once known as ''Shantou'', or "Little Swatow", by the city's [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese community]], as most of the Chinese residents are [[Teochew people|Teochew]] whose ancestry can be traced back to [[Shantou]], China; they arrived in the mid-19th century, during the reign of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.<ref name="teochew">{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/print/News/Latest%2BNews/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20100724-228663.html|title=Keeping the art of Teochew opera alive|work=[[New Straits Times]]|publisher=[[AsiaOne]]|date=24 July 2010|access-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724135919/http://news.asiaone.com/print/News/Latest%2BNews/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20100724-228663.html|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city, however, is generally known in Chinese as ''Xinshan'', meaning "New Mountain" ({{lang-zh |c=新山|p= Xīnshān}}), as "mountain" may be used to mean "territory" or "land".<ref>{{cite book|title=Decoding Sejarah Melayu: The Hidden History of Ancient Singapore|first=Jason|last= Heng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_X0wEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127|year=2021|publisher=Jason Heng |isbn=9798201638450}}</ref> The name "New Mountain" distinguished it from "Old Mountain" (''Jiushan''), once used to refer to [[Kranji]] and [[Sembawang]] (in Singapore), where the Chinese first cultivated [[black pepper]] and [[Uncaria gambir|gambier]] on plantations before relocating to new lands in Johor Bahru in 1855.<ref>{{cite book|title=Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder, and Entrepreneur|author=Patricia Pui Huen Lim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5BuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA35|year= 2002|page=35 |publisher=Times Editions |isbn=9789812323699}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.jpg|thumb|140px|left|[[Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim]], who renamed Tanjung Puteri to Iskandar Puteri, old name of Johor Bahru]]
Due to a dispute between the Malays and the [[Bugis people|Bugis]], the Johor-Riau Sultanate was split in 1819 with the mainland portion of the [[Johor Sultanate]] coming under the control of [[Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim]] while the [[Riau-Lingga Sultanate]] came under the control of the Bugis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald B. Freeman|title=Straits of Malacca: Gateway or Gauntlet?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W93v4C30JUC&pg=PA157|date=17 April 2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7087-0|pages=157–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanji Nishio|title=Bangsa and Politics: Melayu-Bugis Relations in Johor-Riau and Riau-Lingga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUnQAACAAJ|year=2007}}</ref> The Temenggong intended to create a new administration centre for the Johor Sultanate to create a dynasty under the entity of Temenggong.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. A. Fawzi Mohd. Basri|title=Johor, 1855–1917: pentadbiran dan perkembangannya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uQcAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|language=ms|publisher=Fajar Bakti|isbn=978-967-933-717-4}}</ref> As the Temenggong already had a close relationship with the British and the British intended to have control over trade activities in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Sultan [[Ali Iskandar of Johor|Ali]] and Temenggong Ibrahim in Singapore on 10 March 1855.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/87147014-94bd-4a77-a26f-e1cc8ef02359|title=Johor Treaty is signed|publisher=National Library Board|date=10 March 1855|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630031523/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/87147014-94bd-4a77-a26f-e1cc8ef02359|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the treaty, Ali would be crowned as the Sultan of Johor and receive $5,000 (in [[Spanish dollar]]s) with an allowance of $500 per month.<ref name="jh">{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19881003-1.2.20.8.aspx|title=Tengku Ali serah Johor kepada Temenggung (Kenangan Sejarah)|language=ms|author=Abdul Ghani Hamid|publisher=[[Berita Harian (Singapore)|Berita Harian]]|date=3 October 1988|access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> In return, Ali was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except [[Kesang, Malaysia|Kesang]] of [[Muar District|Muar]] which would be the only territory under his control) to Temenggong Ibrahim.<ref name="jh"/> When both sides agreed on Temenggong acquiring the territory, he renamed it ''Iskandar Puteri'' and began to administer it from [[Telok Blangah]] in Singapore.<ref name="jb history"/>
{{multiple image
| footer            = 
| align             = right
| image1            = TAbu Bakar.jpg
| width1            = 124
| alt1              = Sultan Abu Bakar
| caption1          = Sultan [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Abu Bakar]], recognised as the founder of the modern city of Johor Bahru<ref name="cj"/>
| link1             = Abu Bakar of Johor
| image2            = Wong Ah Fook.png
| width2            = 108
| alt2              = Wong Ah Fook
| caption2          = [[Wong Ah Fook]], the royal builder who contributed to the early development of the city's infrastructure
| link2             = Wong Ah Fook
}}

As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, Temenggong encouraged the migration of [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]] to clear the land and to develop an agricultural economy in Johor.<ref name="cj">{{cite web|url=http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/pengenalan/sejarah-kesultanan-johor/?lang=en|title=History of the Johor Sultanate|publisher=Coronation of HRH Sultan Ibrahim|year=2015|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702012653/http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/pengenalan/sejarah-kesultanan-johor/?lang=en|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chinese planted the area with [[black pepper]] and [[gambier (extract)|gambier]],<ref name="jb hs">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-city-that-gambier-built/article7333496.ece|title=The city that gambier built|author=S. Muthiah|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2015|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819013726/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-city-that-gambier-built/article7333496.ece|archive-date=19 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the Javanese dug ''parit'' ([[canal]]s) to drain water from the land, build roads and plant [[coconut]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl A. Trocki|title=Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VNEr574cQIC&pg=PA152|year=2007|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-376-3|pages=152–}}</ref> During this time, a Chinese businessman, pepper and gambier cultivator, [[Wong Ah Fook]] arrived; at the same time, the [[Kangchu system|''Kangchu'']] and Javanese labour contract systems were introduced by the Chinese and Javanese communities.<ref name="cj"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Patricia Pui Huen Lim|title=Oral History in Southeast Asia: Theory and Method|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8doSNe5SLkgC&pg=PA119|date=1 July 2000|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-027-0|pages=119–}}</ref><ref>Patricia (2002), p. 129–132</ref> After Temenggong's death on 31 January 1862, the town was renamed "Johor Bahru" and his position was succeeded by his son, Abu Bakar, with the administration centre in Telok Blangah being moved to the area in 1889.<ref name="jb history"/>

=== British administration ===
[[File:Johor Bahru town in the 1920s.jpg|thumb|left|Segget River at the junction of Wong Ah Fook Street and Ungku Puan Street in Johor Bahru, {{circa|1920}}.]]
In the first phase of Abu Bakar's administration, the British only recognised him as a ''[[maharaja]]'' rather than a ''[[sultan]]''. In 1855, the [[Colonial Office|British Colonial Office]] began to recognise his status as a Sultan after he met [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="SyedAkhtar2011">{{cite book|author1=Muzaffar Husain Syed|author2=Syed Saud Akhtar|author3=B D Usmani|title=Concise History of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316|date=14 September 2011|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82573-47-0|pages=316–}}</ref> He managed to regain [[Kesang, Malaysia|Kesang]] territory for Johor after [[Jementah Civil War|a civil war]] with the aid of British forces and he boosted the town's infrastructure and agricultural economy.<ref name="SyedAkhtar2011"/><ref name="Dominique Grele 292">{{cite book|author=Dominique Grele|title=100 Resorts Malaysia: Places with a Heart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7C22s1cDfmgC&pg=PT292|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Asiatype, Inc.|isbn=978-971-0321-03-2|pages=292–}}</ref> Infrastructure such as the [[Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque|State Mosque]] and [[Istana Besar|Royal Palace]] was built with the aid of Wong Ah Fook, who had become a close patron for the Sultan since his migration during the Temenggong reign.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheah Jin Seng|title=Malaya: 500 Early Postcards|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94luAAAAMAAJ|date=15 March 2008|publisher=Didier Millet Pte, Editions|isbn=978-981-4155-98-4}}</ref> As the Johor-British relationship improved, Abu Bakar also set up his administration under a British style and implemented a constitution known as ''[[Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor]]'' (Johor State Constitution).<ref name="SyedAkhtar2011"/> Although the British had long been advisers for the Sultanate of Johor, the Sultanate never came under direct colonial rule of the British.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Fr Durand|author2=Richard Curtis|title=Maps of Malaysia and Borneo: Discovery, Statehood and Progress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-BUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|date=28 February 2014|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|isbn=978-967-10617-3-2|pages=177–}}</ref> The direct colonial rule only came into effect when the status of the adviser was elevated to a status similar to that of a [[Resident (title)|Resident]] in the [[Federated Malay States]] (FMS) during the reign of [[Ibrahim of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim]] in 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3c4985cc-517f-4e68-8edd-7a85c67897ea|title=Johor is brought under British control|publisher=National Library Board|date=12 May 1914|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630043001/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3c4985cc-517f-4e68-8edd-7a85c67897ea|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Johor Bahru, the [[Federated Malay States Railways|Malay Peninsula railway extension]] was finished in 1909,<ref>Winstedt (1992), p. 141</ref> and in 1923 the Johor–Singapore Causeway was completed.<ref>Winstedt (1992), p. 143</ref> Johor Bahru developed at a modest rate [[interwar period|between the First and Second&nbsp;World&nbsp;Wars]]. The secretariat building—[[Sultan Ibrahim Building]]—was completed in 1940 as the British colonial government attempted to streamline the state's administration.<ref>Oakley (2009), p. 181</ref>

=== World War II ===
[[File:Japanese troops final stages to conquest Singapore, Johore Bahru (AWM 127900).JPG|thumb|left|Japanese troops crouched in the street of Johor Bahru in the final stages of the [[Battle of Malaya]] to [[Battle of Singapore|conquer Singapore]]: image taken on 31 January 1942.]]
The continuous development of Johor Bahru was, however, halted when [[Empire of Japan|the Japanese]] under General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] invaded the town on 31 January 1942. As the Japanese had reached northwest Johor by 15 January, they easily captured major towns of Johor such of [[Batu Pahat (town)|Batu Pahat]], [[Yong Peng]], [[Kluang]] and [[Ayer Hitam]].<ref name="LimWong2000">{{cite book|author1=Patricia Pui Huen Lim|author2=Diana Wong|title=War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADkiembZcLYC&pg=PA140|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-037-9|pages=140–145}}</ref> The British and other [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] were forced to retreat towards Johor Bahru; however, following a further series of bombings by the Japanese on 29 January, the British retreated to Singapore and blew up the causeway the following day as a final attempt to stop the Japanese advance in British Malaya.<ref name="LimWong2000"/> The Japanese then used the Sultan's residence of [[Istana Bukit Serene|Bukit Serene Palace]] located in the town as their main temporary base for their future initial plans to [[Battle of Singapore|conquer Singapore]] while waiting to reconnect the causeway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/5c2a7f65120f209aca256b6d0020a228/e2909070f075fdbeca256946001ef8ab?OpenDocument|title=War for the Empire: Malaya and Singapore, Dec 1941 to Feb 1942|author=Richard Reid|work=[[Australian War Memorial]]|publisher=Australia-Japan Research Project|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702004451/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/5c2a7f65120f209aca256b6d0020a228/e2909070f075fdbeca256946001ef8ab?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bill Yenne|title=The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTZfBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|date=20 September 2014|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-78200-982-5|pages=140–}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Japanese chose the palace as their main base because they already knew the British would not dare to attack it as this would harm their close relationship with Johor.<ref name="LimWong2000"/>

[[File:Singapore causeway blown up.jpg|thumb|A view of the [[Johor–Singapore Causeway|causeway]], after being blown up by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces as a final action to counter the Japanese advance]]
In less than a month, the Japanese repaired the causeway and invaded the Singapore island easily.<ref name="Moore1998">{{cite book|author=Wendy Moore|title=West Malaysia and Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAts5fch8fsC&pg=PA186|year=1998|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-962-593-179-1|pages=186–187}}</ref> Soon after the war ended in 1946, the town became the main hotspot for [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] in Malaya. [[Onn Jaafar]], a local Malay politician who later became the [[List of Menteris Besar of Johor|Chief Minister of Johor]], formed the [[United Malay National Organisation]] party on 11 May 1946 when the Malays expressed their widespread disenchantment over the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]]'s action for granting citizenship laws to non-Malays in the proposed states of the [[Malayan Union]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Swan Sik Ko|title=Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA314|year=1990|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-0-7923-0876-8|pages=314–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1365 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |pages=1365–}}</ref> An agreement over the policy was then reached in the town with Malays agreeing with the dominance of economy by the non-Malays and the Malays' dominance in political matters being agreed upon by non-Malays.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christoph Marcinkowski|author2=Constance Chevallier-Govers|author3=Ruhanas Harun|title=Malaysia and the European Union: Perspectives for the Twenty-first Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFrfBP52_1wC&pg=PA159|year=2011|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-80085-5|pages=159–}}</ref> Racial conflict between the Malay and non-Malays, especially the Chinese, is being provoked continuously since the [[Malayan Emergency]].<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Stenson|title=Class, Race, and Colonialism in West Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbJw9-8NM4C&pg=PA89|date=1 November 2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4440-6|pages=89–}}</ref>

=== Post-independence ===
[[File:The Astaka 2022.jpg|thumb|The Astaka is the tallest residential building in Southeast Asia.]]

After the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,<ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Cotterell|title=A History of South East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml2ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA341|date=15 July 2014|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4634-70-0|pages=341–}}</ref> Johor Bahru continued as the state capital and more development was carried out, with the town's expansion and the construction of more new townships and industrial estates. The [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Indonesian confrontation]] did not directly affect Johor Bahru as the main Indonesian landing point in Johor was in [[Landing at Labis|Labis]] and [[Tenang]] in [[Segamat District]] as well [[Pontian District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19890216&id=eWMmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2091,127515&hl=en|title=Quiet town with a troubled past|author=K. Vara|publisher=New Straits Times|date=16 February 1989|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/indonesian-confrontation|title=Indonesian Confrontation, 1963–66|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704065605/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/indonesian-confrontation|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was only one active Indonesian spy organisation in the town, known as ''Gerakan Ekonomi Melayu Indonesia'' (GEMI). They frequently engaged with the Indonesian communities living there to contribute information for Indonesian commandos until the [[MacDonald House bombing|bombing of the MacDonald House]] in Singapore in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_62_2004-12-17.html?v=1|title=MacDonald House bomb explosion|author1=Mohamed Effendy Abdul Hamid|author2=Kartini Saparudin|publisher=National Library Board|year=2014|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705010638/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_62_2004-12-17.html?v=1&utm_expid=85360850-6.qNOOYF40RhKK6gXsQEaAJA.1&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Another early attack to destabilise Malaysia was done with the murder of Malay [[trishaw]] in Singapore that led to the racial conflict between Malay and Chinese there. At the first stage of the conflict, it was alleged the murder was done by a Chinese but this was however turned down when further investigation revealed the murder was actually done by Indonesian agents who had infiltrate Singapore in an attempt to weakening the unity of race there during [[Singapore in Malaysia|the state was still part of Malaysia]]. (Drysdale, Halim and Jamie)}} By the early 1990s, the town had considerably expanded in size, and was officially granted a [[List of cities in Malaysia|city status]] on 1 January 1994.<ref name="city status">{{cite web|url=http://www.mbjb.gov.my/web/guest/infokuantan/background|title=Background|language=en, ms|publisher=Johor Bahru City Council|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704043533/http://www.mbjb.gov.my/web/guest/infokuantan/background|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Johor Bahru City Council]] was formed and the city's current main square, [[Johor Bahru City Square (town square)|Johor Bahru City Square]], was constructed to commemorate the event. A central business district was developed in the centre of the city from the mid-1990s in the area around [[Jalan Wong Ah Fook|Wong Ah Fook Street]]. The state and federal government channelled considerable funds for the development of the city—particularly more so after 2006, when the [[Iskandar Malaysia]] was formed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zaini Ujang|title=The Elevation of Higher Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2GtJdMwKAC&pg=PA46|year=2009|publisher=ITBM|isbn=978-983-068-464-2|pages=46–}}</ref><ref name="Malaysia">{{cite book|title=The Report: Malaysia 2010 – Oxford Business Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq9RZ-YSPMAC&pg=PA69|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-907065-20-0|pages=69–|year=2010}}</ref>

For more than ten years of  building construction and rapid urbanisation in Johor Bahru, the city has experienced a series of property boom with many new higher-end high-rise apartments and commercial property, including [[The Astaka]], which has been the [[List of tallest buildings in Johor Bahru|tallest building in the city]] and outside [[Kuala Lumpur]] since 2018, and is one of the tallest twin towers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=The Edge Malaysia {{!}} KGV International Property Consultants Johor Bahru Housing Property Monitor 1Q2024: Johor Bahru's property market poised for next growth cycle this year |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/714661 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=StarProperty – News : Johor's property market stands at a pivoting point |url=https://www.starproperty.my/news/johor-s-property-market-stands-at-a-pivoting-point/129785 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=StarProperty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=Top 10 Most Searched Areas by Homebuyers in Malaysia in 2023 |url=https://www.iproperty.com.my/property-insights/top-10-most-searched-areas-by-homebuyers-in-malaysia-in-2023-91691 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=iproperty.com.my}}</ref> With the gradual improvement of [[quality of life]] and infrastructure, Johor Bahru has also been ranked one of the global cities with the highest living quality, the third highest in [[Southeast Asia]] after Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, according to [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]], as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality of Living City Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.mercer.com/en-sg/insights/total-rewards/talent-mobility-insights/quality-of-living-city-ranking/ |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=www.mercer.com |language=en-SG}}</ref> Today, it is also Malaysia's fastest city in terms of internet speed, second only after Singapore in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zuhair |first=Qalif |title=Johor Bahru speeds ahead as Malaysia's fastest mobile internet city |url=https://thesun.my/malaysia-news/johor-bahru-surges-ahead-as-malaysia-s-fastest-city-DF12243000 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=thesun.my |language=en-MY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speedtest Global Index – Internet Speed around the world |url=https://www.speedtest.net/global-index |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Speedtest Global Index |language=en}}</ref>

== Governance ==
[[File:Johor Bahru City Council Tower.jpg|thumb|MBJB Tower, headquarters of [[Johor Bahru City Council]].]]
As the capital city of Johor, the city plays an important role in the economic welfare of the entire state's population. According to the Doing Business Ranking published by the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], Johor Bahru had the second most efficient governance in Malaysia in terms of property registration, only after [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Doing Business in Malaysia 2020 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/769921587572231921/pdf/Doing-Business-in-Malaysia-2020.pdf |journal=World Bank Group |pages=15}}</ref> There is one member of parliament (MP) representing the single [[Johor Bahru (federal constituency)|parliamentary constituency]] (''P.160'') in the city. The city also elects two representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Larkin and Stulang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/politik/1637-senarai-bahagian-bahagian-pilihan-raya-parlimen-dan-dun-setiap-negeri-negeri.html|title=List of Parliamentary Elections Parts and State Legislative Assemblies on Every States|publisher=Ministry of Information Malaysia|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518200007/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/politik/1637-senarai-bahagian-bahagian-pilihan-raya-parlimen-dan-dun-setiap-negeri-negeri.html|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Local authority and city definition ===
The city is administered by its local authority – [[Johor Bahru City Council]], which is currently headquartered at MBJB Tower in Bukit Senyum, [[Plentong]], just outside the city centre. It is headed by mayor Mohd Haffiz Ahmad, who took office since 3 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mbjb.gov.my/ms/info-mbjb/pusat-media/pengumuman/setinggi-tinggi-tahniah-dan-selamat-datang-kepada-yang-berhormat|title=Setinggi-tinggi Tahniah dan Selamat Datang|date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

When Johor Bahru [[Cities of Malaysia|obtained city status]] on 1 January 1994, it had an initial area of {{convert|186|km2}} through merger of the original Johor Bahru municipality area and four housing areas of Taman Daya, Taman Megah Ria, Kota Puteri Township and Taman Rinting that were transferred from Johor Bahru Tengah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbjb.gov.my/image/image_gallery?uuid=ad41139f-731b-4255-aecc-5baeda8c0382&groupId=10131&t=1235560628120|title=Administrative areas of Johor Bahru City Council|publisher=Johor Bahru City Council|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727002558/http://www.mbjb.gov.my/image/image_gallery?uuid=ad41139f-731b-4255-aecc-5baeda8c0382&groupId=10131&t=1235560628120|archive-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was increased to {{convert|220|km2}} in the year 2000 after first parts of Tebrau area were transferred from Johor Bahru Tengah municipality.<ref name="total area">{{cite web|url=http://www.mbjb.gov.my/web/guest/infokuantan/background?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_qwAN&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&page=2|title=Background (Total Area)|publisher=[[Johor Bahru City Council]]|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822145113/http://www.mbjb.gov.my/web/guest/infokuantan/background?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_qwAN&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&page=2|archive-date=22 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 July 2014, the Johor State Government decided to cede parts of Pulai Mukim across Skudai River along Jalan Ismail Sultan, Second parts of Tebrau Mukim, West parts of Plentong Mukim and a small portion of Sungai Tiram Mukim from Johor Bahru Tengah through a redelination exercise that took effect on 1 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/pxrjq/voqz/|title=Iskandar Puteri Official Book 1st Edition}}</ref> At the same time, areas around Taman Rinting and Sierra Perdana were ceded to Pasir Gudang Municipal Council. Thus, the city limit increased to {{convert|373.18|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mbjb.gov.my/sites/default/files/2022-08/isi_info_mbjb_malay_color1.pdf|title=Info MBJB|website=mbjb.gov.my}}</ref>

=== Courts of law and legal enforcement ===
[[File:Johor Bahru High Court.jpg|thumb|Johor Bahru High Court]]
The [[High Courts of Malaysia|city high court]] complex is located along Dato' Onn Road.<ref name="jbcourt">{{cite web|url=http://johor.kehakiman.gov.my/?q=node/252|title=Senarai Mahkamah Johor|publisher=Johor Law Courts Official Website|language=ms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801022150/http://johor.kehakiman.gov.my/?q=node%2F252|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> The Sessions and Magistrate Courts is located on Ayer Molek Road,<ref name="jbcourt" /> while another [[Syariah Court|court]] for [[Sharia]] law is located on Abu Bakar Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esyariah.gov.my/portal/page/portal/Portal%20E-Syariah%20BI/Portal%20E-Syariah%20Direktori%20Mahkamah/Portal%20E-Syariah%20Direktori%20Johor|title=Johore Syariah Court Directory|publisher=E-Syariah Malaysia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801022910/http://www.esyariah.gov.my/portal/page/portal/Portal%20E-Syariah%20BI/Portal%20E-Syariah%20Direktori%20Mahkamah/Portal%20E-Syariah%20Direktori%20Johor|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> The Johor (state) Police Contingent Headquarters is located on Tebrau Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polisjohor.gov.my/v2/|title=Johor Police Contingent|publisher=Johor Police Contingent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801034754/https://www.polisjohor.gov.my/v2/|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> Johor Bahru's Southern District police headquarters, which also operates as a police station, is on Meldrum Road in the city centre. The Johor Bahru Southern District traffic police headquarters is a separate entity along Tebrau Road, close to the city centre. Johor Bahru's Northern District police headquarters and Northern District Traffic Police headquarters are co-located in Skudai, about 20&nbsp;km north of the city centre. There are around eleven police stations and seven police substations (Pondok Polis) in the greater Johor Bahru area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmp.gov.my/direktori/direktori-pdrm/johor/johor-bahru-(utara)|title=Direktori PDRM Johor – Johor Bahru (Utara)|publisher=[[Royal Malaysia Police]]|language=ms|access-date=1 August 2015|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408004122/http://www.rmp.gov.my/direktori/direktori-pdrm/johor/johor-bahru-(utara)|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmp.gov.my/direktori/direktori-pdrm/johor/johor-bahru-(selatan)|title=Direktori PDRM Johor – Johor Bahru (Selatan)|publisher=Royal Malaysia Police|language=ms|access-date=1 August 2015|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409215424/http://www.rmp.gov.my/direktori/direktori-pdrm/johor/johor-bahru-(selatan)|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Johor Bahru Prison]] was located in the city along Ayer Molek Road, but was closed down after 122 years operation in December 2005,<ref name="Penjara Johor Bahru Dalam Kenangan">{{cite web|url=http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/biru/berita?fac_next_page=htdocs/berita/ViewBerita.jsp?id=31|title=Penjara Johor Bahru Dalam Kenangan|date=12 December 2007|publisher=[[Prison Department of Malaysia]]|language=ms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801064528/http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/biru/berita?fac_next_page=htdocs%2Fberita%2FViewBerita.jsp%3Fid%3D31|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/english/alamat_en|title=Prison Address & Directory|publisher=Prison Department of Malaysia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801063158/http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/english/alamat_en|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> its function being transferred to an expanded prison in the town of Kluang about 110&nbsp;km from Johor Bahru.<ref name="Penjara Johor Bahru Dalam Kenangan"/> Other temporary lock-ups or prison cells are available in most police stations in the city, as in other parts of Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/hijau/soalan|title=Soalan Lazim (Frequently Asked Questions)|publisher=Prison Department of Malaysia|language=ms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328105439/http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/hijau/soalan|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Johor Bahru is located along the [[Straits of Johor]] at the southern end of [[Peninsular Malaysia]] with mostly flat landscape, save for some hills dotted around the city area.<ref name="Wolanski2006">{{cite book|author=Eric Wolanski|title=The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC&pg=PA349|date=18 January 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-3654-5|pages=349–}}</ref><ref name="total area"/>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Tropical rainforest, Johor Bahru.jpg|thumb|[[Tropical rainforest]] near the city, features an [[tropical rainforest climate|equatorial climate]].]]
The city has an equatorial climate with consistent temperatures, a considerable amount of rain, and high humidity throughout the course of the year. An equatorial climate is a [[tropical rainforest climate]] more subject to the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] than the [[trade wind]]s and with no [[cyclone]]. Daily average temperatures range from {{convert|26.4|C|1}} in January to {{convert|27.8|C|1}} in April with an average annual rainfall of around {{convert|2350|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=592546&cityname=Johor+Bahru%2C+Johor%2C+Malaysia&units=|date=25 February 2019|title=Weather Data For Johor Bahru|website=Weatherbase|access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> The wettest months, with 19 to 25 per cent more rain than average, are April, November and December.<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00078.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service&nbsp;– Johor Bahru
| publisher = World Meteorological Organisation
| access-date = 25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023032749/http://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00078.htm|archive-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the climate is relatively uniform, it does show some seasonal variation due to the effects of [[monsoon]]s, with noticeable changes in wind speed and direction, cloud cover and amount of rainfall. There are two monsoon periods each year, the first one between mid-October and January, which is the north-east Monsoon. This period is characterised by heavier rainfall and wind from the north-east. The second one is the south-west Monsoon, which hardly affects the rainfall in Johor Bahru, where winds are from the south and south-west. This occurs between June and September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/malaysia|date=25 February 2019|title=Malaysia|website=Climates To Travel|access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>

{{Johor Bahru weatherbox}}

=== Urban Planning ===
Johor Bahru is a largely suburban city, which has considerable urban sprawl and a high degree of car dependency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=How to make Johor Bahru an international metropolis of Southeast Asia |url=https://futuresoutheastasia.com/how-to-make-johor-bahru-an-international-metropolis-of-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=futuresoutheastasia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The state government has acknowledged the high degree of traffic congestion within the city, and has been making plans for the implementation of a [[Light rail|Light Rail Transit]] (LRT) or [[Bus rapid transit|Bus Rapid Transit]] (BRT) system since at least 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=JB needs LRT system to disperse traffic coming in from Singapore via the RTS, says project proponent |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/697391 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref> As of 2024, the state government is commencing plans to construct an elevated [[Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit]] (ART) network in the city.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia government picks bus-tram network over light rail transit system for southern Johor: Transport minister |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-southern-johor-art-bus-tram-network-traffic-congestion-4935631 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Johor Bahru has an official [[demonym]] where people are commonly referred to as "Johor Bahruans". The [[Adjectivals and demonyms for cities|terms]] "J.B-ites" and "J.B-ians" have also been used to a limited extent. People from Johor are called Johoreans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/04/28/Sultan-wants-all-Johoreans-to-unite-Racial-and-religious-harmony-in-the-state-must-be-safeguarded-sa/|title=Sultan wants all Johoreans to unite|author=Nelson Benjamin|work=The Star|date=28 April 2015|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity and religion ===
The Malaysian Census in 2020 reported the population of Johor Bahru as 858,118, making it the largest state capital city in Malaysia by population.<ref name="Department of Statistics Malaysia-2024">{{Cite journal |date=February 2024 |title=MyCensus 2020: Mukim/Town/Pekan |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |pages=174–175 |isbn=9789672537069}}</ref> It also forms the capital of [[Johor Bahru District]], which includes [[Iskandar Puteri]] and [[Pasir Gudang]], and is the second largest [[List of districts in Malaysia|district]] in Malaysia with a population of 1.8 million, as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malaysia |first=Department of Statistics |title=Population Table: Administrative Districts {{!}} OpenDOSM |url=https://open.dosm.gov.my/data-catalogue/population_district |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=open.dosm.gov.my |language=en-GB}}</ref> The city's population today is a mixture of three main ethnicities – Malays, [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]]- along with other [[bumiputras]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Cultural Heritage of Johor Bahru {{!}} Possible Future Studio |url=https://builtsurvey.utm.my/possiblefuturestudio/2023/11/09/cultural-heritage-of-johor-bahru/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Malays in Johor Bahru are strongly related to the neighbouring Riau Malays in [[Riau Islands]], [[Indonesia]] with significant populations of [[Javanese Malaysians|Javanese]], [[Bugis-Malay|Bugis]] and [[Banjar people|Banjarese]] among the local Johorean Malay population.<ref name="Cumming2011">{{cite book|author=Susanna Cumming|title=Functional Change: The Case of Malay Constituent Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AUxsxWOfz8C&pg=PA14|date=9 August 2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-086454-0|pages=14–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Singapore and its Straits, c.1500–1800|author=Peter Borschberg|journal=Indonesia and the Malay World|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2016|volume=45|issue=133|pages = 373–390|doi=10.1080/13639811.2017.1340493|s2cid=164700929}}</ref> The Chinese mainly are from the majority [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]] (among the local Chinese) subgroups with minorities of [[Hakka people|Hakka]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Putian people|Henghua]], [[Fuzhou people|Foochow]] and [[Hainanese people|Hainanese]] among its local Chinese dominant minority populace,<ref name="teochew"/> while the Indian community are majoritally [[Tamil people|Tamils]] (including [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora|Ceylonese]]), there are also small populations of [[Telugus]], [[Malayalis]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Bengali Hindus|Bengalis]], [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhis]], [[Pashtun diaspora|Pashtuns]] and [[Sikh]] [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] among the Indian populace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samachar |first=Asia |date=6 April 2024 |title=Work starts on state-of-the-art Sikh crematorium in Johor Bahru |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2024/04/06/work-starts-on-state-of-the-art-sikh-crematorium-in-johor-bahru/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Asia Samachar |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Malays are majority [[Muslim]]s, while the Chinese are predominantly [[Buddhists]]/[[Taoists]] and the Indians were mostly [[Hindus]] despite there is also a small numbers from the two ethnic groups that are Christians and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multi-religious temples in the Johor Bahru Downtown |url=https://downtownjb.my/en/article_details/14/multi-religious-temples-in-the-johor-bahru-downtown |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=downtownjb.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalanda |date=15 January 2016 |title=Johor Sultan meets religious leaders – Nalanda Buddhist Society |url=https://www.nalanda.org.my/johor-sultan-meets-religious-leaders/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> A small number of [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Animism|Animists]] and [[secularism|secularists]] can also be found in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GURDWARA SAHIB SIKH TEMPLE |url=https://downtownjb.my/zh/attraction/monuments/18/gurdwara-sahib-sikh-temple |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=downtownjb.my}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque.jpg|[[Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque]], the main mosque in the city.
File:Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple, JB (2025) - img 91.jpg|[[Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple]], the world's first glass temple.<ref name="admin">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple |url=https://tourismjohor.my/arulmigu-sri-rajakaliamman-glass-temple/#:~:text=ARULMIGU%20SRI%20RAJAKALIAMMAN%20GLASS%20TEMPLE,%20Johor%20Bahru%20is%20the%20first,in%20Malaysia%20and%20the%20World!&text=Arulmigu%20Sri%20Rajakaliamman%20Temple%20which,The%20World's%20First%20Glass%20Temple. |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Tourism Johor |language=en}}</ref>
File:JB Old Chinese Temple 3.JPG|[[Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple]], the oldest [[Chinese temple]] in the city.
File:Wikimania 2023 - Johor Bahru Photo Walk - Cathedral of the Holy Immaculate Conception 4.jpg|[[Church of the Immaculate Conception (Johor)|Church of the Immaculate Conception]], the oldest church in the city.
</gallery>

=== Languages ===
The local ethnic Malays speak the Malay language,<ref name="Cumming2011"/> while the language primarily spoken by the local Chinese is [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]]. The Chinese community is represented by several dialect groups: [[Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Hainanese dialect|Hainanese]] with small minorities of [[Fuzhou people|Foochow]], [[Henghua]] and [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]].<ref name="LimWong2000"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Robbie B.H. Goh|title=Contours of Culture: Space and Social Difference in Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFD1GxJRx98C&pg=PA3|date=1 March 2005|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-731-5|pages=3–}}</ref>

The Indian community predominantly speaks [[Tamil language|Tamil]], with a minority of [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speakers.  60% of the city's population is fluent in English with a higher rate among younger people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKiernan |first=Thomas |date=December 2021 |title=The linguistic landscape of a Malaysian border town: How English language is allowed to thrive outside of the law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-today/article/abs/linguistic-landscape-of-a-malaysian-border-town/A2244F9C4ED4C625DBFD15D8DFBF293F |journal=English Today |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=224–235 |doi=10.1017/S0266078419000506 |issn=0266-0784|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Johor Bahru, Malaysia - 49676323172.jpg|left|thumb|Skyline of Johor Bahru]]
Johor Bahru is the fastest-growing city in terms of urbanisation in Malaysia, according to [[Euromonitor International]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Households: Malaysia |url=https://www.euromonitor.com/households-malaysia/report |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Euromonitor}}</ref><ref name="JB economy" /> It is the main commercial centre for Johor and is located in the [[Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle]]. Johor Bahru is also the core city of [[Johor Bahru District]], the second-largest district economy in Malaysia. It ranks second in the nation behind the capital, [[Kuala Lumpur]], in terms of economic competitiveness and prosperity, according to the [[United Nations]] and Resonance, and is currently the 29th best Asian city, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ni Pengfei, Marco Kamiya, Guo Jing, Zhang Yi, etc |title=Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2020–2021) |url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/11/1_report_on_competitiveness_of_cities_worldwide2020-2021.pdf |journal=United Nations Human Settlements Programme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aman |first=Azanis Shahila |date=3 November 2024 |title=Petaling district has Malaysia's next highest GDP after KL, says DOSM {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/economy/2024/11/1128961/petaling-district-has-malaysias-next-highest-%C2%A0gdp-after-kl-says |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mail |first=Malay |date=2025-02-13 |title=KL, JB, Penang and Ipoh are among Asia-Pacific's best 100 cities in 2025 — here are the reasons why |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/02/13/kl-jb-penang-and-ipoh-are-among-asia-pacifics-best-100-cities-in-2025-here-are-the-reasons-why/166499 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Malay Mail |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Asia-Pacific's Best Cities |url=https://www.worldsbestcities.com/best-cities-report/?r=SEMxVll4dzhjSkxNaHd2UFB5cGxWUT09 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=World’s Best Cities |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is classified as Zone A of [[Iskandar Malaysia]], the nation's largest [[special economic zone]] by investment value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Shaun |date=14 January 2019 |title=An international metropolis 13 years in the making |url=https://lot.dhl.com/an-international-metropolis-13-years-in-the-making/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=DHL Logistics of Things |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Business as usual for Malaysia's economic corridors, says Guan Eng |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/business-usual-malaysias-economic-corridors-says-guan-eng |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref> Under this flagship zone, Johor Bahru has been designated by the government to develop various economic activities, such as finance, commerce and retail, and hospitality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cover Story: Snapshot of Iskandar Malaysia |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/cover-story-snapshot-iskandar-malaysia |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref> It is also the centre of arts and culture, hospitality, urban tourism, plastic manufacturing, electrical and electronics and food processing.<ref name="infrastructures">{{cite web|url=http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/flagship-a-johor-bahru-city|title=Flagship A: Johor Bahru City|work=Iskandar Regional Development Authority|publisher=Iskandar Malaysia|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727034750/http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/flagship-a-johor-bahru-city|archive-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The main shopping districts are located within the city, with a number of large shopping malls located in the suburbs.

Johor Bahru hosts numerous international [[Business conference|conferences]], congress and trade fairs, such as the [[Nikkei Asia|Nikkei Forum]], Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing and [[World Islamic Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmcgovern.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Managing-Cities_McGovern_Final.pdf|title=46th EAROPH Regional Conference, Iskandar, Malaysia, Thistle Hotel, Johor Bahru|publisher=Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing|year=2013|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727042417/http://www.kmcgovern.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Managing-Cities_McGovern_Final.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8thwief.org/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=231ee5ce-3798-4f85-bc2f-e6f97977df7b|title=8th WIEF Johor Bahru, Malaysia|publisher=8th World Islamic Economic Forum|year=2012|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727041509/http://www.8thwief.org/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=231ee5ce-3798-4f85-bc2f-e6f97977df7b|archive-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nftadmin |date=2025-06-13 |title=Malaysia to Host Inaugural Nikkei Forum 2025, Positioning Johor as Asia's Next Innovation Powerhouse {{!}} NewFortuneTimes.com |url=https://www.newfortunetimes.com/medini-to-host-inaugural-nikkei-forum-medini-johor-2025-positioning-johor-as-asias-next-innovation-powerhouse/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> The city is the first in Malaysia to practise a [[low-carbon economy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/low-carbon-city-report-focus-on-johor-bahru-malaysia|title=Low carbon city report focus on Johor Bahru, Malaysia|work=British High Commission, Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]|date=17 July 2014|access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> In 2021, Johor Bahru was ranked 432nd globally in the Global City Lab's global cities report that assesses cities' economic brand values, the second in Malaysia after [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=Global Top 500 Cities Report |url=http://globalcitylab.com/file/2021report.pdf |journal=Global City Lab |pages=12}}</ref>
[[File:Persada johor international convention centre.jpg|thumb|[[Persada Johor International Convention Centre]], a major venue for [[MICE tourism|business events]] in Southern Malaysia.]]
[[Tertiary sector of industry|Tertiary-based industry]] dominates the economy with many international tourists from the regions visiting the city.<ref name="JB economy" /><ref name="ID tourist" /><ref name="ID visit" /> The city has a very close economic relationship with Singapore. Many of the city's residents work in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |author=Zazali Musa |date=14 July 2015 |title=Lure of the Singapore dollar |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/07/14/Lure-of-the-Singapore-dollar-Weakening-ringgit-makes-it-more-attractive-for-Malaysians-working-acros/ |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=More M'sians prefer to earn S'pore wages |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101554 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726113944/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101554 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=26 July 2015 |publisher=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]}}</ref> Around 3,000 logistic lorries travel between Johor Bahru and Singapore every day for delivering goods and trading activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-transport-logistics-providers-welcome-change-in-woodlands-checkpoint-toll|date=9 January 2018|title=Malaysian transport, logistics providers welcome change in Woodlands Checkpoint toll charges|publisher=The Straits Times|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> Many residents in Singapore frequently visit the city; some of them have also chosen to live in the city.<ref name="JB economy">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/172295/johor-bahru-city-move|title=Johor Bahru, a city on the move|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=31 August 1996|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726092748/http://www.scmp.com/article/172295/johor-bahru-city-move|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ID tourist">{{cite web|url=http://travel.detik.com/read/2014/08/11/155200/2583311/1025/|title=Wisata Belanja di Malaysia, Johor Bahru Tempatnya|language=id|author=Aldo Tri Hartono|publisher=[[DetikCom]]|date=11 August 2014|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726081613/http://travel.detik.com/read/2014/08/11/155200/2583311/1025/|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ID visit">{{cite web|url=http://www.jawapos.com/baca/artikel/19844/menikmati-johor-bahru-selangkah-dari-singapura|title=Menikmati Johor Bahru Selangkah dari Singapura|language=id|publisher=Jawa Pos Group|date=4 July 2015|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726080612/http://www.jawapos.com/baca/artikel/19844/menikmati-johor-bahru-selangkah-dari-singapura|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="malls">{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/jb-calling|title=JB calling|publisher=The Straits Times|date=7 July 2013|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820010814/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/jb-calling|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/with-more-singaporeans-in-iskandar-signs-of-accelerating-detente-with-malay|title=With more Singaporeans in Iskandar, signs of accelerating détente with Malaysia|author=Tash Aw|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 May 2015|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> In 2025, Johor Bahru is ranked the world's 20th most attractive city for businesses, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, according to [[Oliver Wyman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyman |first=Oliver |title=The Full Ranking Of The Cities Shaping The Future |url=https://www.oliverwymanforum.com/performance-reimagined/cities-shaping-future-business-growth-and-innovation/ranking.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Oliver Wyman Forum |language=en}}</ref>

== Transportation ==

=== Land ===
[[File:JB Sentral 5.jpg|thumb|[[Johor Bahru Sentral railway station|Johor Bahru Sentral]], a busy domestic and international [[Transport hub|transportation hub]].]]
[[File:Larkin Public Market and Bazaar (231104).jpg|thumb|[[Larkin Sentral]], an intercity bus terminal.]]
The internal roads linking different parts of the city are mostly [[Malaysian Federal Roads system|federal roads]] constructed and maintained by [[Malaysian Public Works Department]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2021 |title=Johor to get RM36.29m to maintain federal roads in the state |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/24/johor-to-get-rm36.29m-to-maintain-federal-roads-in-the-state/1943553 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Malay Mail |language=en}}</ref> There are five major highways linking the [[Daerah Sentral Johor Bahru|Johor Bahru Central Business District]] to outlying suburbs: [[Tebrau Highway]] and [[Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway]] in the northeast, [[Skudai Highway]] in the northwest, [[Iskandar Coastal Highway]] in the west and [[Johor Bahru East Coast Highway]] in the east.<ref name="infrastructures" /> [[Pasir Gudang Highway]] and the connecting Johor Bahru Parkway cross Tebrau Highway and Skudai Highway, which serve as the middle [[ring road]] of the metropolitan area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At the centre of Johor's economic growth |url=https://www.theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/at-the-centre-of-johors-economic-growth |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref>

The [[Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road]], which connects with the [[Southern Integrated Gateway|Sultan Iskandar customs complex]], aids in controlling the traffic in and around the central business district.<ref name="infrastructures" /> Access to the national expressway is provided through the [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North–South Expressway]] and [[Senai–Desaru Expressway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/pdf/cdp/18._Chapter15_-_Urban_Linkage_System.pdf|title=Chapter 15: Urban Linkage System (Section B: Planning and Implementation)|publisher=Iskandar Malaysia|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728053913/http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/pdf/cdp/18._Chapter15_-_Urban_Linkage_System.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] links the city to [[Woodlands, Singapore]] with a six-lane road and a railway line terminating at the Southern Integrated Gateway.<ref name="infrastructures" />

==== Bus ====
{{See also|List of bus routes in Johor Bahru}}
The main bus terminals of the city are [[Johor Bahru Sentral station|Johor Bahru Sentral]] and [[Larkin Sentral]] located in [[Larkin, Johor|Larkin]].<ref name="Larkin">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressbusmalaysia.com/bus-stations/larkin-bus-terminal|title=Larkin Bus Terminal|publisher=Express Bus Malaysia|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728171055/http://www.expressbusmalaysia.com/bus-stations/larkin-bus-terminal|archive-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major local bus operators in the city are [[Causeway Link]], MyBAS, Maju and S&S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stage Bus |url=https://paj.com.my/stage-bus-2/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=PAJ |language=en-US}}</ref> Buses in Johor Bahru currently accept cashless payments such as [[Visa card]], [[Near-field communication|NFC]] using smartphone or [[smartwatch]], and [[QR code payment]], making it the first Malaysian city to support [[contactless payment]] using smart devices on urban bus network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=ManjaPay – Manja |url=https://manja.my/manjapay/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=manja.my |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Transit with VISA |url=https://www.causewaylink.com.my/cashless-travel/transit-with-visa/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Causeway Link |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:(MYS-Johor) Handal Indah JWF8589 T30 2024-03-08 (2).jpg|thumb|Public electric buses in Johor Bahru, connecting city centre with the suburbs.]]

Other bus terminals include Taman Johor Jaya Bus Terminal<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2015 |title=Johor Jaya Bus Terminal |url=https://landtransportguru.net/johor-jaya-bus-terminal/ |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=Land Transport Guru}}</ref> and Ulu Tiram Bus Terminal.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2015 |title=Ulu Tiram Bus Terminal |url=https://landtransportguru.net/ulu-tiram-bus-terminal/ |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=Land Transport Guru}}</ref> Larkin Sentral has direct bus services to and from many destinations in West Malaysia, [[Thailand]] and Singapore, while Taman Johor Jaya and Ulu Tiram Bus Terminals serve local destinations.<ref name="Larkin" />

==== Taxi ====
Two types of taxis operate in the city; the main taxi is either in red and yellow, blue, green or red while the larger, less common type is known as a [[limousine]] taxi, which is more comfortable but expensive. Most taxis in the city do not use their [[taxi meter|meter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taxijohor.com/|title=Johor Bahru Taxi|publisher=Taxi Johor Bahru|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820122309/http://www.taxijohor.com/|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Railway and metro system ====
The city is served by two railway stations, which are [[Johor Bahru Sentral railway station]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiasite.nl/singaporetraineng.htm|title=From Singapore to KL by train|publisher=The Malaysia Site|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728172906/http://www.malaysiasite.nl/singaporetraineng.htm|archive-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Kempas Baru railway station]]. Both stations serve train services to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2024 |title=Transport Ministry receives first set of ETS3 trains |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/06/08/transport-ministry-receives-first-set-of-ets3-trains |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, a new [[shuttle train]] service operated by [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] (KTM) was launched providing transport to Woodlands in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/199365/singapore-to-malaysia-in-just-5-minutes-its-now-possible|title=Singapore to Malaysia in just 5 minutes? It's now possible|work=The Straits Times/Asia News Network|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=5 July 2015|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820115520/http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/199365/singapore-to-malaysia-in-just-5-minutes-its-now-possible|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The under-construction [[Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System]] (RTS Link) connecting Singapore, is Malaysia's first [[Light rail|light rail transit]] (LRT) line outside the Klang Valley, and will start operation in December 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=First train unveiled for Johor Bahru-Singapore RTS Link; service will run from 6am to 12am|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/first-train-unveiled-jb-singapore-rts-link-service-5210896|publisher=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]]|last=Tham|first=Davina|date=30 June 2025|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

Johor state government has acknowledged the high degree of traffic congestion within the city, and has been making plans for the implementation of an LRT or [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) system since at least 2017.<ref name=":1" /> Johor's Chief Minister, Onn Hafiz Ghazi, acknowledged that "an efficient public transportation system in Johor Bahru is no longer a luxury but a necessity."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Yee |first=Xiang Yun |date=13 March 2025 |title=Johor hopes to kick off elevated ART project in third quarter of 2025, says exco man |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/03/13/johor-hopes-to-kick-off-elevated-art-project-in-third-quarter-of-2025-says-exco-man |access-date=29 May 2025 |work=The Star MY}}</ref> Plans for an LRT system were, however, shelved in 2024. The government claimed that the long wait-time of five to seven years needed for the completion of an LRT network was prohibitive, given the city's pressing need for a public transport network as soon as possible, owing to the opening of the RTS Link in 2026. They instead opted for an elevated [[autonomous rail rapid transit]] (ART) network,<ref name=":2" /> with construction works slated to begin by end-2025.<ref name=":3" />

On 23 October 2025, the Johor Bahru Draft Local Plan 2035 (RTJB 2035) was released, with plans for four bus and eventually ART lines unveiled – the Skudai, Iskandar Puteri, Tebrau and Pasir Gudang Transit Corridors. Total cost of the ART lines is predicted to be around RM17 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portal Rasmi PLANMalaysia |url=https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/1519 |access-date=7 November 2025 |language=ms |date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Air ===
The city is served by [[Senai International Airport]] located at the neighbouring [[Senai]] town and connected through [[Skudai Highway]].<ref name="RichmondHarper2006">{{cite book|author1=Simon Richmond|author2=Damian Harper|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a02sRJKFhMC&pg=PA247|date=December 2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-708-1|pages=247–253}}</ref> Five airlines, [[AirAsia]] (and its subsidiaries [[Indonesia AirAsia]] and [[Thai AirAsia]]), [[Firefly (airline)|Firefly]], [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[Batik Air Malaysia]] and [[TransNusa]], provide flights domestically as well as international flights to [[Guangzhou]], [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta Soekarno–Hatta]], [[Juanda International Airport|Surabaya]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Hồ Chí Minh City]], [[Kunming]] and [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok Don Mueang]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-31918119|title=Malaysia's new airline in $1.5bn deal with Bombardier|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=18 March 2015|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themalaysianreserve.com/new/story/october-launch-flymojo-cancelled|title=October Launch For Flymojo Cancelled|author=John Gilbert|publisher=The Malaysian Reserve|date=30 October 2015|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328103221/http://themalaysianreserve.com/new/story/october-launch-flymojo-cancelled|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=Flights from Johor Bahru (JHB) |url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-johor-bahru-jhb |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.flightconnections.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Changi Airport]] is {{convert|36.3|km|mi}} southeast of the city centre, across the border in Singapore, and is linked by a frequent cross-border coach service operated by Transtar Travel.

=== Sea ===
Boat services are available to ports in [[Batam]] and [[Bintan Island|Bintan]] Islands in [[Indonesia]] from [[Stulang Laut Ferry Terminal]], located near the suburb of [[Stulang]].<ref name="RichmondHarper2006"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easybook.com/en-my/ferry/terminal/stulang-laut|title=Stulang Laut Ferry Terminal|publisher=Easybook |access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> The city is also served by [[Port of Tanjung Pelepas]] and [[Johor Port]], the former is currently the [[List of busiest container ports|15th-busiest port in the world]], and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BERNAMA |date=6 November 2024 |title=Port Of Tanjung Pelepas Top 5 In Global Efficiency Ranking |url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2306730 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=BERNAMA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BIRRUNTHA |first=S. |date=2 January 2025 |title=PTP handles record-breaking 12.5mil TEUs in 2024 {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/corporate/2025/01/1155706/ptp-handles-record-breaking-125mil-teus-2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Other utilities ==

=== Healthcare ===
{{See also|List of hospitals in Malaysia}}
[[File:Sultanah Aminah Hospital.JPG|thumb|[[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]]]]
There are three [[public hospital]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jknjohor.moh.gov.my/bmv2/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=41|title=Direktori Hospital-Hospital Kerajaan|language=ms|publisher=Johor State Health Department|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803102139/http://jknjohor.moh.gov.my/bmv2/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=41|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> four [[health clinic]]s<ref name="healthcare">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/numed/assets/documents/Job%20Description%20-%20Academic%20(Clinical)%20%20July%202014.pdf|title=Academic (Clinical) Vacancies|publisher=[[Newcastle University Medical School]]|access-date=3 August 2015|pages=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323045144/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/numed/assets/documents/Job%20Description%20-%20Academic%20(Clinical)%20%20July%202014.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and thirteen [[1Malaysia#1Malaysia clinics|1Malaysia clinics]] in Johor Bahru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jknjohor.moh.gov.my/bmv2/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=41|title=Direktori Hospital-Hospital Kerajaan|language=ms|publisher=Johor State Health Department|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803102643/http://jknjohor.moh.gov.my/bmv2/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=182|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]], which is located along Persiaran Road, is the largest public hospital in Johor Bahru as well as in Johor with 989 beds.<ref name="healthcare"/> Another government funded hospital is the [[Sultan Ismail Specialist Hospital]] with 700 beds.<ref name="healthcare"/> Another large private health facility is the [[Johor Corporation|KPJ]] Puteri Specialist Hospital with 158 beds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpjputeri.com/about-us.php|title=About Us|publisher=KPJ Puteri Specialist Hospital|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803125129/http://www.kpjputeri.com/about-us.php|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further healthcare facilities are currently being expanded to improve healthcare services in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/healthcare|title=Healthcare projects in Iskandar Malaysia|work=Iskandar Regional Development Authority|publisher=Iskandar Malaysia|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803125446/http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/healthcare|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{See also|List of schools in Johor}}
[[File:Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar (English College).jpg|thumb|[[English College Johore Bahru]], one of the oldest English institutions in Malaysia.]]
Many government or state schools are available in the city. The [[Education in Malaysia#Secondary|secondary schools]] include [[English College Johore Bahru]], Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Engku Aminah, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Ismail, Sekolah Menengah Infant Jesus Convent, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (Perempuan) Sultan Ibrahim and Sekolah Menengah Saint Joseph.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senarai Sekolah Menengah Di Negeri Johor (List of Secondary Schools in Johor) – See Johor|url=https://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sekolah_dis2014/Menengah/JohorM.pdf|publisher=Educational Management Information System|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316191807/http://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sekolah_dis2014/Menengah/JohorM.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also a number of international schools in the city. These include [[Marlborough College Malaysia]], Shattuck-St. Mary's Forest City International School, Raffles American School, Sunway International School. The other private universities are [[Monash University Malaysia]] (Clinical School), City University Malaysia, [[Newcastle University]] Medicine Malaysia, [[University of Reading]] Malaysia, [[University of Southampton]] Malaysia, and others. There are also a number of private college campuses and one polytechnic operating in the city; these are [[Crescendo International College]], KPJ College, Olympia College, [[Sunway College Johor Bahru]], [[Taylor's University|Taylor's College]] and College of Islamic Studies Johor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marsah.edu.my/v6/index.php/ms/|title=Home|language=ms|publisher=Kolej Pengajian Islam Johor|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref>

==== Libraries ====
[[File:Johor Public Library Corporation (2020).jpg|thumb|Johor State Library]]

The Johor State Library, also known as the Johor Public Library Corporation headquarters is the main library in the state, located off Yahya Awal Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58:lokasi-perpustakaan-awam-johor&catid=1:latest-news |title=Lokasi Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Johor |language=ms |publisher=Johor Public Library |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809104022/http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58%3Alokasi-perpustakaan-awam-johor&catid=1%3Alatest-news |archive-date= 9 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another public library branch is the University Park in Kebudayaan Road, while there are other libraries or private libraries in schools, colleges, and universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=59|title=Perpustakaan Cawangan Seluruh Negeri Johor (Public Branches whole over the state of Johor)|language=ms|publisher=Johor Public Library|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809104413/http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=59|archive-date=9 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two village libraries are available in the district of Johor Bahru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=58|title=Perpustakaan Desa (Village Libraries)|language=ms|publisher=Johor Public Library|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809104926/http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=58|archive-date=9 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Culture and attractions ==

=== Attractions and recreation spots ===
{{main|Johor Bahru landmarks}}

Johor Bahru was ranked the world's [[List of cities by international visitors|39th most visited city]] by international tourists, according to [[Euromonitor International]] in 2019, making it Malaysia's second most visited city by international tourists, only after Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Laura |date=2024-12-24 |title=World's top 100 city destinations revealed for 2024 |url=https://www.vacationstravel.com/top-100-city-destinations/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Vacations & Travel |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Cultural attractions ====
[[File:Permaisuri Zarith Sofiahs operahus i Johor Bahru 04.jpg|thumb|Permaisuri Zarith Sofiah Opera House, the first international [[opera house]] in Johor.]]
There are a number of cultural attractions in Johor Bahru. The Royal Abu Bakar Museum located within the [[Istana Besar|Grand Palace]] building is the main museum in the city. The Johor Bahru Kwong Siew Heritage located in Wong Ah Fook Street housed the former Cantonese clan house that was donated by [[Wong Ah Fook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/added-advantage|title=Added advantage|author=Peggy Loh|publisher=New Straits Times|date=18 December 2014|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Foon Yew High School]] houses many historical documents of the city history with a [[Chinese culture|Chinese cultural]] heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/767|title=Rise Up, Foon Yew! Move On, Independent Schools!|author=Lim Mun Fah|publisher=Sin Chew Daily|date=10 August 2007|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/05/19/great-memories-as-foon-yew-high-school-turns-100/|title=Great memories as Foon Yew High School turns 100|author=Yee Xiang Yun|work=The Star|date=19 May 2013|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="is">{{cite web|url=http://hsajb.moh.gov.my/versibaru/uploads/hsapersekitaran/lokasimenarik.pdf|title=Lokasi-lokasi Menarik Berhampiran HSAJB (Interesting Spots Near Sultanah Aminah Hospital)|language=ms|publisher=[[Sultanah Aminah Hospital]]|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821022928/http://hsajb.moh.gov.my/versibaru/uploads/hsapersekitaran/lokasimenarik.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum]] on Ibrahim Road includes the history of Chinese migration to Johor along with a collection of documents, photos, and other artefacts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johortravel.com/chinese-heritage-museum/|title=Chinese Heritage Museum|author=Natalya|publisher=Johor Travel|date=14 April 2013|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818083513/http://johortravel.com/chinese-heritage-museum/|archive-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="poi">{{cite web|url=http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/guide-to-iskandar-malaysias-places-of-interests|title=Guide to Iskandar Malaysia's Places of Interests|work=Iskandar Regional Development Authority|publisher=Iskandar Malaysia|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818084957/http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/guide-to-iskandar-malaysias-places-of-interests|archive-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Johor Art Gallery]] in Petrie Road is a house gallery built in 1910, known as the house for the former third Chief Minister of Johor, Abdullah Jaafar. The house features old architecture and became the centre for the collection of artefacts related to Johor's cultural history since its renovation in 2000.<ref name="is"/>

==== Chingay parade ====
[[File:Chingay_Johor_2018.jpg|left|thumb|Chingay parade in 2018]]
The [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] community holds the [[Chingay parade]] annually by the [[Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple]], which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Hainan people|Hainanese]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]], [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]]. This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions. The [[Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum]] describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant [[Gambier (extract)|gambier]] and [[Black pepper|pepper]] in the interior. Many of these farmers switched to [[pineapple]] cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.

==== Historical attractions ====
[[File:SultanPalastJB.jpg|thumb|The [[Istana Besar|Grand Palace]], one of the important historical buildings in the city.]]
The [[Istana Besar|Grand Palace]] is one of the historical attractions in the city, and is an example of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style architecture]] with a garden. [[Figure Museum]] is another historical colonial building since 1886 which ever become the house for the Johor first Menteri Besar [[Jaafar Muhammad]]; it is located on the top of Smile Hill (''Bukit Senyum'').<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.muc2015.com/docs/History_Heritage.pdf|title=History, Heritage, Arts and Culture, Crafts|publisher=Malaysian Urological Conference|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821140743/http://www.muc2015.com/docs/History_Heritage.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The English College (now ''Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar'') established in 1914 was located close to the Sungai Chat Palace before being moved to its present location at Sungai Chat Road; some of the ruins are visible at the old site.<ref name="Dominique Grele 292"/> The [[Sultan Ibrahim Building]] is another historical building in the city; built in 1936 by British architect [[Palmer and Turner]], it was the centre of the administration of Johor as since the relocation from Telok Blangah in Singapore, the Johor government never had its own building.<ref name="is"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/bangunan-sultan-ibrahim|title=Sultan Ibrahim Building|publisher=[[National Archives (Malaysia)|National Archives]]|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830210055/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/bangunan-sultan-ibrahim|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before the current railway station was built, there was [[Johor Bahru railway station]] (formerly Wooden Railway) which has now been turned into a museum after serving for 100 years since the British colonial era.<ref name="poi"/>

[[File:KTM Museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Johor Bahru railway station]], now a museum, had served for 100 years before being replaced by the new [[Johor Bahru Sentral railway station|Johor Bahru Sentral]].]]
[[Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque]], located along Skudai Road, is the main and the oldest mosque in the state. It was built with a combination of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Moorish architecture|Moorish]] and [[Malay architecture|Malay]] architectures.<ref name="is"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/johor/sultan-abu-bakar-mosque|title=Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque|publisher=[[Tourism Malaysia]]|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819020609/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/johor/sultan-abu-bakar-mosque|archive-date=19 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple]], which is the oldest Chinese temple in the city, is located on the Trus Road, dedicated to the Five Patron Deities from the five Southern Chinese Clans ([[Min nan people|Hokkien]], [[Teochew people|Teochew]], [[Hakka]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] & [[Hainanese]]) in the city. It was built in 1875 and renovated by the ''Persekutuan Tiong Hua Johor Bahru'' (Johor Bahru Tiong Hua Association) in 1994–95 with the addition of a small L-shaped museum in one corner of the square premises.<ref name="jb hs"/> The Wong Ah Fook Mansion, the home of the late Wong Ah Fook, was a former historical attraction. It stood for more than 150 years but was demolished illegally by its owner in 2014 to make way for a commercial housing development without informing the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/05/02/Historical-mansion-demolished-150yearold-building-torn-down-in-middle-of-the-night/|title=150-year-old building torn down in middle of the night|author=Desiree Tresa Gasper|work=The Star|date=2 May 2014|access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WlapFobQ== |title=Johor govt issues writ of summons against Wong Ah Fook mansion owner for demolishment |publisher=Antara Pos |date=9 May 2014 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819024222/http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WlapFobQ=%3D |archive-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other historical religious buildings include the [[Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple|Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Hindu Temple]], which is the first glass temple in the world,<ref name="admin"/> Sri Raja Mariamman Hindu Temple, Gurdwara Sahib and [[Church of the Immaculate Conception (Johor)|Church of the Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="poi"/><ref name="heritage"/>

==== Leisure and conservation areas ====
[[File:Zoo Johor entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Johor Zoo]] is the oldest zoo in Malaysia.]]
The [[Danga Bay]] is a {{convert|25|km|mi}} area of recreational waterfront. There are around 15 established golf courses, of which two offer 36-hole facilities; most of these are located within resorts. The city also features several [[paintball]] parks which are also used for [[Off-roading|off-road motorsports]] activities.<ref name="poi"/>

The [[Johor Zoo]] is the oldest zoo in Malaysia, built in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernama |date=2023-02-12 |title=Oldest zoo in Malaysia to undergo facelift {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/02/879102/oldest-zoo-malaysia-undergo-facelift |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref> It covers {{convert|4|ha|acre}} of land, it was originally called "animal garden" before being handed to the state government for renovation in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/us/places/states-of-malaysia/johor/zoo-johor|title=Zoo Johor|publisher=Tourism Malaysia|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821033704/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/us/places/states-of-malaysia/johor/zoo-johor|archive-date=21 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The zoo has around 100 species of animals, including [[wild cat]]s, camels, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[orangutan]]s, and tropical birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/zoos-johor-malaysia-100396.html|title=Zoos in Johor, Malaysia|author=Dees Stribling|publisher=[[USA Today]]|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821034427/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/zoos-johor-malaysia-100396.html|archive-date=21 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Visitors can participate in activities such as horse riding or using [[pedalo]]s.<ref name="is"/> The largest park in the city is the [[Independence Park (Johor Bahru)|Independence Park]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://visit2020.amirazrael.com/destinations/tamanmerdeka/ | title=Taman Merdeka Johor Bahru – Visit Malaysia 2020 }}</ref>

==== Other attractions ====
[[File:Blue Squares Way, JB, Malaysia.jpg|left|thumb|Wong Ah Fook Street, one of the major cultural and food streets in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pink |date=2018-10-21 |title=Jalan Wong Ah Fook: 13 Food, 10 Attraction & 15 Hotels (Near CS) |url=https://www.sgmytaxi.com/jalan-wong-ah-fook/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Taxi Singapore to Johor Bahru (JB) Malaysia {{!}} SGMYTAXI.com |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
[[Dataran Bandaraya Johor Bahru|Dataran Bandaraya]] was built after Johor Bahru was proclaimed as a city. The site features a [[clock tower]], fountain and a large field.<ref name="is"/> The [[Wong Ah Fook Street]] is named after Wong Ah Fook. The Tan Hiok Nee Street is named after [[Tan Hiok Nee]], who was the leader of the former [[Ngee Heng Kongsi of Johor|Ngee Heng Kongsi]], a [[secret society]] in Johor Bahru. Together with the Dhoby Street, both are part of a trail known as Old Buildings Road; they feature a mixture of Chinese and Indian heritages, reflected by their forms of ethnic business and architecture.<ref name="poi"/><ref name="heritage"/>

==== Shopping ====
{{See also|List of shopping malls in Malaysia}}
[[File:IKEA Tebrau.jpg|thumb|IKEA Tebrau, the largest [[IKEA]] store in Malaysia and once the largest in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=South-East Asia's largest IKEA opens doors in Johor |url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/11/17/south-east-asias-largest-ikea-opens-doors-johor/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=The Malaysian Reserve |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
The Mawar Handicrafts Centre, a government-funded exhibition and sales centre, is located along the Sungai Chat road and sells various batik and [[songket]] clothes.<ref name="Moore1998" /> Opposite this is the Johor Area Rehabilitation Organisation (JARO) Handicrafts Centre which sells items such as hand-made cane furniture, soft toys and [[rattan]] baskets made by the [[Physical disability|physically disabled]].<ref name="poi" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/top-5-places-to-shop-in-iskandar-malaysia|title=Top 5 Places to Shop in Iskandar Malaysia|work=Iskandar Regional Development Authority|publisher=Iskandar Malaysia|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820032125/http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/top-5-places-to-shop-in-iskandar-malaysia|archive-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:KSL City.jpg|thumb|[[KSL City|KSL City Mall]]]]
As of 2024, Johor has the most shopping centres out of any state in Malaysia, with a total of 156 within the state—primarily concentrated within Johor Bahru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Oct 2024 |title=Experts' view: Why the writing is on the wall for Malaysian malls taking second bite at the cherry |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/10/04/experts-view-why-the-writing-is-on-the-wall-for-malaysian-malls-taking-second-bite-at-the-cherry/152000#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20National%20Property,leads%20with%20156%20shopping%20centres. |access-date=9 Feb 2025 |website=Malay Mail}}</ref> Some prominent shopping centres in the city include [[Mid Valley Southkey]], Paradigm Mall Johor Bahru, Toppen Shopping Centre, [[IKEA]] Tebrau, [[Aeon (company)|AEON]] Mall Tebrau City, [[Johor Bahru City Square]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More megamalls are being built in Johor Bahru, but how viable are they in the long term? |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-johor-bahru-ikea-toppen-megamalls-sustainability-856676 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

==== Entertainment ====
[[File:Broadway Theatre (2018).jpg|thumb|left|Broadway Theatre]]
[[File:JLand Tower.jpg|thumb|150x150px|[[Observation deck]] in JLand Tower.]]
The oldest cinema in the city was the Broadway Theatre which mostly screened [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] movies. Other cinemas available in the city located inside shopping malls.<ref name="poi" /> JLand Tower, located in the city centre, also features a glass-floored [[Skyway|skybridge]] and the city's tallest observation deck.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menara JLand {{!}} Skyscape {{!}} |url=https://ticket.menarajland.com.my/about-us |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240117121930/https://ticket.menarajland.com.my/about-us |archive-date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=ticket.menarajland.com.my |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:Larkin Arena.jpg|thumb|Arena Larkin Indoor Stadium]]
The city's main [[association football|football]] club is [[Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.|Johor Darul Ta'zim]]. Its home stadium is [[Sultan Ibrahim Stadium]] with a capacity of around 40,000. There is also a [[futsal]] centre, known as Sports Prima, which has eight minimum-sized [[FIFA]] approved futsal courts; it is the largest indoor sports centre in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsprima.com/aboutus.html|title=About us|publisher=Sports Prima|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804064857/http://sportsprima.com/aboutus.html|archive-date=4 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Radio stations ===
Two radio stations have their offices in the city: [[Best FM (Malaysia)|Best FM]] (104.1)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mstar.com.my/hiburan/berita-hiburan/2015/02/12/best-fm/|title=Best FM Bakal Beroperasi Di KL Awal Tahun Depan|author=Mohd al Qayum Azizi|language=ms|publisher=mStar|date=12 February 2015|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074030/http://www.mstar.com.my/hiburan/berita-hiburan/2015/02/12/best-fm/|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Johor FM]] (101.9).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fke.utm.my/departments2/comm/fke-seniors-gained-first-hand-experience-on-radio-station-operations-for-capstone-project/|title=FKE Seniors Gained First Hand Experience on Radio Station Operations For Their Capstone Projects|work=Department of Communication Engineering|publisher=[[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]]|date=4 October 2015|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328075641/http://www.fke.utm.my/departments2/comm/fke-seniors-gained-first-hand-experience-on-radio-station-operations-for-capstone-project/|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== International relations ==
Several countries have set up their consulates in Johor Bahru, including [[Indonesia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia, Johor Bahru |url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/johorbahru/Pages/default.aspx?l=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024133841/https://www.kemlu.go.id/johorbahru/Pages/default.aspx?l=en |archive-date=24 October 2018 |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=Consulate General of Indonesia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia}}</ref>

=== Twin towns – Sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia#Johor Bahru|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia}}

Johor Bahru's [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities]] are:
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Changzhou, Jiangsu]], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.jschina.com.cn/TodayJiangsu/201611/t20161110_3090708.shtml|title=Changzhou, Johor Bahru of Malaysia become sister-cities|author=Amanda|publisher=JSChina.com.cn|date=10 November 2016|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505092315/http://english.jschina.com.cn/TodayJiangsu/201611/t20161110_3090708.shtml|archive-date=5 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shantou]], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=3&nid=2309 |title=First Cultural Exchange after Shantou and Johor Bahru becomes Sister Cities |author=Liuxi |work=Shantou Daily |publisher=Shantou Government |date=2012-02-16 |accessdate=2015-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630223209/http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=3&nid=2309 |archivedate=2015-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=10 |title=International Connections |work=Shantou Foreign and Oversea Chinese Affairs Bureau |publisher=Shantou Government |accessdate=2015-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630223523/http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=10 |archivedate=2015-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuching, Sarawak]], Malaysia<ref name="bags">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2011%2f8%2f27%2fsarawak%2f9380917|title=Kuching bags one of only two coveted 'Tourist City Award' in Asia|author=Yu Ji|work=The Star|date=27 August 2011|access-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701061544/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2011%2f8%2f27%2fsarawak%2f9380917|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Türkiye (Turkey)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJb1QpZz_4C&pg=PA376|title=Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance|date=31 March 2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4462-5850-7|pages=376–|author1=Helmut K Anheier|author2=Yudhishthir Raj Isar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-malaysia.en.mfa|title=Relations between Turkey and Malaysia|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630225011/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-malaysia.en.mfa|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Daegu]], South Korea <ref>{{cite web|title=Johor Bahru-Daegu: Formalising Friendship City to Work Hand in Hand |date=28 June 2024 |url=https://uclg-aspac.org/johor-bahru-daegu-formalising-friendship-city-to-work-hand-in-hand/}}</ref>
{{colend}}

== Safety ==
{{see also|Crime in Malaysia}}

As of 2025, Johor Bahru has become the second safest city in Malaysia with the second lowest crime rate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penang shines as Malaysia's safest city, Klang stuns KL |url=https://thesun.my/style-life/going-viral/penang-shines-as-malaysia-s-safest-city-klang-stuns-by-outranking-kl-CB13568813 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=thesun.my |language=en-MY}}</ref> However, it once possessed relatively high crime index. In 2014, Johor Bahru South police district recorded one of the highest crime rates in the country with 4,151 cases, behind [[Petaling Jaya]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title=6,500 Anggota Polis Baharu Setiap Tahun Untuk Atasi Jenayah |url=http://www.mstar.com.my/berita/berita-jenayah/2015/03/18/polis-baru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210065551/http://www.mstar.com.my/berita/berita-jenayah/2015/03/18/polis-baru/ |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=mStar |language=ms}}</ref> Singaporeans visiting or transiting through the neighbouring city are often targeted by criminals, such as those involved in gangs, illegal car cloning and red-light districts.<ref name="crime hotspot">{{cite web |author=Joseph Sipalan |date=11 November 2013 |title=Johor posts lower crime rate but capital still a hotspot, says top cop |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/johor-posts-lower-crime-rate-but-capital-still-a-hotspot-says-top-cop |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210065859/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/johor-posts-lower-crime-rate-but-capital-still-a-hotspot-says-top-cop |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=The Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Top 10 crime zones in Johor Bahru |url=http://www.asiaone.com/malaysia/top-10-crime-zones-johor-bahru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210070609/http://www.asiaone.com/malaysia/top-10-crime-zones-johor-bahru |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=AsiaOne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Clarence Fernandez |date=22 March 2007 |title=Singapore and Malaysia's Johor – so near, yet so far |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-johor/singapore-and-malaysias-johor-so-near-yet-so-far-idUSKLR29136120070322 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210070926/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-johor/singapore-and-malaysias-johor-so-near-yet-so-far-idUSKLR29136120070322 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Hishammuddin Hussein]] (born 1961), Malaysian senior politician belonging to the [[UMNO]] party<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hishamuddin Bin Datuk HusseinISHAMMUDDIN BIN DATUK HUSSEIN |url=https://www.mymp.org.my/p/hishammuddin-bin-datuk-hussein?locale=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=MYMP |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Ibrahim Ismail]] (born 1958), current sultan cum 16th reigning [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=DYMM Sultan Johor |url=https://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/biodata/dymm-sultan-johor/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Laman Web Rasmi Kemahkotaan DYMM Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Johor |language=ms-MY}}</ref>
* [[Joyce Chu]] (born 1997), singer-actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce Chu – Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8057280/bio/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Onn Jaafar]] (1895–1962), founder of the [[UMNO]] political party<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Dato' Onn Jaafar – UMNO Online |url=https://umno-online.my/presiden/onnjaafar/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=umno-online.my |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Christina Jordan]] (born 1962), Malaysian-born British politician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197752/CHRISTINA+SHEILA_JORDAN/home|title=Home {{!}} Christina Sheila Jordan {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Vivien Yeo]] (born 1984), Malaysian actress based in Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivien Yeo – Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2368963/bio/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Gin Lee]] (born 1987), Malaysian singer based in Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Meet Gin Lee, the Malaysian singer-songwriter who rose to Cantopop fame |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people/celebrities/article/3241053/meet-gin-lee-malaysian-star-cantopop-singer-songwriter-rocks-music-competition-reality-tv-shows-just |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Robert Kuok]] (born 1923), Business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. Top 100 wealthiest people in world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asia |first=Tatler |title=Tan Sri Robert Kuok |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/people/robert-kuok |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Tatler Asia |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ng Tze Yong]] (born 2000), national badminton player<ref name=JBborn>{{Cite web |title=No pushover Ng Tze Yong has stepped out of Lee Zii Jia's shadow |url=https://focusmalaysia.my/no-pushover-ng-tze-yong-has-stepped-out-of-lee-zii-jias-shadow/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |publisher=Focus Malaysia|author=Cheah Chor Sooi|date=7 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ronny Chieng]] (born 1985), Malaysian comedian and actor based in United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronny Chieng – Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5307044/bio/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri]] (born 1993), racing driver and member of the [[Johor Royal Family]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2015 |title=The Royal Children |url=https://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/biodata/2943-2/?lang=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Laman Web Rasmi Kemahkotaan DYMM Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Johor |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Hussein Onn]] (1922–1990), 3rd Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1976 to 1981
* [[Sebastian Francis]] (born 1951), fifth bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Penang]] and [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] of the Catholic Church<ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANCIS Card. Sebastian |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_francis_s.html#:~:text=Cardinal%20Sebastian%20Francis,%20Bishop%20of,the%20Major%20Seminary%20of%20Penang. |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Malaysia}}
* [[Johor Bahru landmarks]]
* [[Johor Bahru Central Business District]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=May 2021 |title=Malaysia: Johor Bahru Johor |url=https://www.britishcouncil.my/sites/default/files/malaysia_cultural_cities_profile_johor_bahru_johor.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=[[British Council|British Council Malaysia]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630205502/https://www.britishcouncil.my/sites/default/files/malaysia_cultural_cities_profile_johor_bahru_johor.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=8 April 2025}}
* {{cite book|title=On the Margin of Capitalism: People and development in Mukim Plentong, Johor, Malaysia|last=Guinness|first=Patrick|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Singapore|series=South-East Asian social monographs|isbn=978-0-19-588556-9|oclc=231412873|year=1992|page=177}}
* {{cite book|title=Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur|last=Lim|first=Patricia Pui Huen|year=2002|isbn=978-981-232-369-9|publisher=Times Editions|location=Singapore|oclc=52054305}}
* {{cite book|title=Singapore: city guide|last1=Oakley|first1=Mat|last2=Brown|first2=Joshua Samuel|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn=978-1-74104-664-9|location=Footscray, Victoria, Australia|oclc=440970648|url=https://archive.org/details/singaporecitygui00oakl}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Johore, 1365–1941|last1=Winstedt|first1=Richard Olof|last2=Kim|first2=Khoo Kay|series=M. B. R. A. S. Reprints (6)|edition=Reprint|isbn=978-983-99614-6-1|publisher=Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|location=Kuala Lumpur|year=1992|oclc=255968795}}
* {{cite book|author=John Drysdale|title=Singapore Struggle for Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxH1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PP287|date=15 December 2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4677-67-7|pages=287–}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_45_2005-01-06.html|title=Communal riots of 1964|author=Jamie Han|publisher=National Library Board|year=2014|access-date=5 July 2015}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.mbjb.gov.my Johor Bahru City Council]
{{Adjacent communities|North-west=Skudai|North=Tebrau|North-east=Masai|WEST=Iskandar Puteri|EAST=Pasir Gudang|South=Woodlands (Singapore)|Center=Johor Bahru}}{{Johor}}
{{Malaysia border crossings|state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:Johor Bahru| ]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1855]]
[[Category:Populated places in Johor]]
[[Category:Malaysia–Singapore border crossings]]
[[Category:1855 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:State capitals in Malaysia]]