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{{Short description|Canadian politician (1804–1873)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Joseph Howe
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|size=100%}}
| caption          = Howe, [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]], [[Parliament of Canada|MP]], [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly|MLA]] by [[William Notman]]
| image          = Joseph Howe 1.jpg
| order1         = 3rd [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]]
| term_start1    = May 1, 1873
| term_end1      = June 1, 1873
| predecessor1   = [[Charles Hastings Doyle]]
| successor1     = [[Adams George Archibald]]
| monarch1       = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| governor_general1 = [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|The Earl of Dufferin]]
| premier1       = [[William Annand]]
| order2         = Premier of the Colony of Nova Scotia
| term_start2    = August 3, 1860
| term_end2      = June 6, 1863
| predecessor2   = [[William Young (Nova Scotia politician)|William Young]]
| successor2     = [[James W. Johnston]]
| office3 = [[House of Commons of Canada|MP]] for [[Hants (electoral district)|Hants]]
| term_start3 = 1867
| term_end3 = 1873
| predecessor3 = ''None''
| successor3 = [[Monson Henry Goudge]]
| office4 = [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly|MLA]] for [[Halifax (provincial electoral district)|Halifax County]]
| term_start4 = 1836
| term_end4 = February 24, 1851
| predecessor4 = 
| successor4 = 
| office5 = [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly|MLA]] for [[Cumberland (Nova Scotia electoral district)|Cumberland County]]
| term_start5 = 1851
| term_end5 = 1855
| predecessor5 = ''None''
| successor5 = 
| office6 = [[Speaker of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 1840
| term_end6 = 1843
| predecessor6 = [[Samuel George William Archibald]]
| successor6 = [[William Young (Nova Scotia politician)|William Young]]
| birth_date     = December 13, 1804
| birth_place    = [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]
| death_date     = June 1, 1873 (aged 68)
| death_place    = [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada
| party          = [[Liberal Party of Nova Scotia|Reformer]]
| spouse         = Catherine Susan Ann McNab (1806–1890)
| children       = 
| signature      = Joseph Howe Signature.svg
}}

'''Joseph Howe''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC}} (December 13, 1804 – June 1, 1873) was a [[Nova Scotian]] journalist, politician, public servant, and poet. Howe is often ranked as one of Nova Scotia's most admired politicians and his considerable skills as a journalist and writer have made him a provincial legend.<ref name="DCB"/>

He was born the son of [[John Howe (loyalist)|John Howe]] and Mary Edes at [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] and inherited from his loyalist father an undying love for [[Great Britain]] and her [[British Empire|Empire]].{{sfnp|Beck|1982|pp=8–9}} At age 23, the self-taught but widely read Howe purchased the ''[[Novascotian]]'', soon making it into a popular and influential newspaper. He reported extensively on debates in the [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]] and travelled to every part of the province writing about its geography and people.<ref name="DCB">{{Cite DCB |last=Beck |first=J. Murray |author-link=James Murray Beck |title=Howe, Joseph |volume=10 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/howe_joseph_10E.html|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>
In 1835, Howe was charged with [[seditious libel]], a serious criminal offence, after the ''Novascotian'' published a letter attacking Halifax politicians and police for pocketing public money. Howe addressed the jury for more than six hours, citing numerous examples of civic corruption. The judge called for Howe's conviction, but swayed by his passionate address, jurors acquitted him in what is considered a landmark case in the struggle for a free press in Canada.<ref>Kesterton, W.H. (1967) ''A History of Journalism in Canada''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, pp. 21–23.</ref>

The next year, Howe was elected to the assembly as a liberal reformer, beginning a long and eventful public career. He was instrumental in helping Nova Scotia become the first British colony to win [[responsible government]] in 1848. He served as premier of Nova Scotia from 1860 to 1863 and led the unsuccessful fight against [[Canadian Confederation]] from 1866 to 1868. Having failed to persuade the British to repeal Confederation, Howe joined the federal cabinet of [[John A. Macdonald]] in 1869 and played a major role in bringing [[Manitoba]] into the union. Howe became the [[List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia#Lieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia, 1867-present|third]] [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] in 1873, but died after only three weeks in office.

==Early life==
The Howe family was of [[Puritans|Puritan]] stock from [[Massachusetts]]. Having remained loyal to the crown during the [[American Revolution]], the family of [[John Howe (loyalist)|John Howe]] joined the flood of [[United Empire Loyalist]]s out of the United States after the American revolutionaries succeeded in their claims of independence. John Howe arrived at Halifax in 1779 and set up a printing shop, where he published the first issue of the ''Halifax Journal'' in December 1780. In 1801, Howe was rewarded for his loyalty by appointment as the [[King's Printer]] and in 1803 he became deputy postmaster for Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

In 1798, John Howe in married Mary Edes; their son Joseph was born at Halifax on December 13, 1804. Joseph was John's eighth child and Mary's second. John's first wife, Martha Minn, died from complications following childbirth.<ref>Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E. (1976), p. 318-20.</ref>

Like many lads of that time, Joseph Howe attended the [[Royal Acadian School]] before beginning an apprenticeship, which he served at his father's printing shop starting at the age of 23. He married Catherine Ann Susan McNab on February 2, 1828.

That same year he went into the printing business himself with the purchase of the ''Nova Scotian'', a Halifax newspaper. Howe acted as its editor until 1841, turning the paper into the most influential in the province. Not only did he personally report the legislative assembly debates in its columns, he also published provincial literature and his own travel writings, using the paper as a means for educating the people of Nova Scotia, and himself.  "His name ranks as perhaps the greatest in Canadian journalism."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hopkins|first=J. Castell|title=An historical sketch of Canadian literature and journalism |year=1898 |publisher=Lincott |location=Toronto |isbn=0665080484 |page=223 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cihm_08048#page/n33/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Libel trial==
{{main|Libel trial of Joseph Howe}}
[[File:John C. Halliburton (1801-1884).png|thumb|[[John C. Halliburton]] (1801&ndash;1884) challenged Howe to a duel]]
On January 1, 1835, Howe's ''Novascotian'' published an anonymous letter accusing Halifax politicians and police of pocketing £30,000 over a thirty-year period. The outraged civic politicians had Howe charged with [[seditious libel]], a serious criminal offence. Howe's case seemed hopeless since truth was not a defence. The prosecution had only to prove that Howe had published the letter. Howe decided to act as his own lawyer. For more than five hours, he addressed the jury, citing case after case of civic corruption. He spoke eloquently about the importance of press freedom, urging jurors "to leave an unshackled press as a legacy to your children." Even though the judge instructed the jury to find Howe guilty, jurors took only 10 minutes to acquit him. The decision was a landmark event in the slow evolution of press freedom in Canada.<ref>Kesterton, pp. 21–23.</ref>

[[Brenton Halliburton]] presided over the [[Libel trial of Joseph Howe]]. The outcome of the trial and Howe's writings in the Novascotian so enraged Haliburton's son [[John C. Halliburton]] that the son called Howe out for a [[duel]].  The duel took place on March 14, 1840, at [[Point Pleasant Park|Point Pleasant]].  When Haliburton missed with his shot, Howe "[[delope]]d" deliberately missing by firing his gun in the air.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Joseph Howe: Tribune of Nova Scotia |first=James H. |last=Marsh |orig-year=January 2, 2011 |date=March 4, 2015 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-howe-tribune-of-nova-scotia-feature}}</ref> (The last lethal duel in Nova Scotia took place in 1819, in which [[William Bowie (merchant)|William Bowie]] was killed.)

==Political career==
[[Image:JosephHoweStatue.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Statue of Joseph Howe, [[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Province House]], created by famed Quebec sculptor [[Louis-Philippe Hébert]]]]

Eventually, Howe decided to run for office in order to effect the changes he championed in his newspaper. He was first elected in 1836, campaigning on a platform of support for responsible government. Howe initially proposed only an elected legislative council but he was quick to agree with the concept of a fully representative government. He was suspicious of formal political parties feeling that they were too restrictive. It was, however, largely his doing that members favouring Liberal principles were able to dominate assembly from 1836 to 1840. He formed a coalition with Conservative leader [[James William Johnston]] in 1840 hoping to further the cause of [[responsible government]]. Howe held the office of Speaker of the assembly in 1841 and collector of excise for Halifax in 1842.
[[File:Nova Scotia House of Assembly Chamber.jpg|thumb|House of Assembly, [[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Province House]], Joseph Howe (left) and [[James William Johnston]] (right), both paintings by [[Henry Sandham]]]]
The coalition collapsed under various political conflicts, leading to Howe's resignation from the Council in 1843. The promotion of political ideas in his newspapers were rewarded with a seven-seat Liberal majority in the 1847 election. This led to the formation of the first responsible government in [[Canada]] in January 1848. While [[James Uniacke]] was officially the Premier, many regarded it as Joseph Howe's ministry. Howe assumed the post of [[Provincial Secretary]], adapting existing institutions to the new system of government. He also began a campaign of railway construction, resigning as Provincial Secretary in 1853 to become Nova Scotia's first Chief Commissioner of Railways;  as Commissioner he oversaw the initial construction of the [[Nova Scotia Railway]]. In addition, Howe was involved with recruiting American troops for the [[Crimean War]]. These activities left him with little time to campaign in the 1855 general election which he lost to [[Charles Tupper]] in Cumberland. This election also led to conflict with Catholic members of the Liberal party because Howe had ridiculed their religious doctrine. This resulted in a Liberal defeat in 1856. The Liberals did not return to power until 1860 at which time Howe became provincial secretary.  When the Premier, [[William Young (Nova Scotia politician)|William Young]], was appointed as a judge later that year, Joseph Howe assumed the leadership of the party and therefore became Premier. He served as Premier until 1863 when he accepted the position of Imperial Fisheries Commissioner.

==Confederation debate==
[[Image:Joehowe.JPG|upright|thumb|right|Joseph Howe in 1871]]

Howe's fisheries duties prevented his attendance at the [[Charlottetown Conference]]. By the time he returned to Nova Scotia in November 1864, the [[Quebec Conference, 1864|Quebec Conference]] had taken place, and the Quebec Resolutions widely disseminated. He had no chance to influence their content. He led Nova Scotia's anti-Confederation movement believing the Quebec Resolutions to be bad for the province. Because he was still linked with the imperial fishery he expressed his initial opposition anonymously through the ''Botheration Letters'', a series of 12 editorials that appeared in the ''Morning Chronicle'' between January and March 1865. This was the extent of his participation in the union debate until March 1866. He learned that Charles Tupper planned to force the Confederation Resolution through the legislature. When he failed to prevent passage of the resolution Howe began a vigorous campaign for repeal by delegations to London and then publishing a variety of anti-Confederation papers and pamphlets. This strategy failed to prevent the Imperial Parliament enacting the [[British North America Act, 1867|British North America Act]] in 1867. Nova Scotians elected 18 out of 19 [[anti-Confederate|anti-Confederation]] candidates as members of the first Dominion Parliament. Joseph Howe led the anti-Confederates in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] where he made a speech about his opposition to confederation.

Having failed to win repeal of Confederation in 1868, Howe recognized the futility of further protests. He refused to contemplate secession from the [[Canadian Confederation]] nor [[Annexation movements of Canada|American annexation]] because of his loyalty to Britain.  He ran in the great [[Hants County]] by election of 1869 to create better terms for Nova Scotia within Canada rather than continue to seek repeal of Confederation.  The Great Hants Campaign of 1869 was very difficult and compromised Howe's physical health. Many Nova Scotians continued to support the anti-confederation efforts but the Hants County electorate continued to support Joseph Howe.

In 1869 Howe joined the [[Canadian Cabinet]] as [[President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada]] after receiving a promise of "better terms" for Nova Scotia. In November 1869, he became secretary of state for the provinces in which post he played a role in [[Manitoba]]'s entry into Confederation. He resigned his Cabinet post to become the 3rd [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] post Confederation in 1873. He died in office only a few weeks after his appointment. He is buried in [[Camp Hill Cemetery]] in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

==Railway promotion==
[[File:1881 $5 Bill Bank of Nova Scotia.png|thumb|Joseph Howe Portrait, 1881 $5 Bill [[Bank of Nova Scotia]]]]
In 1854, he resigned as the provincial secretary in order to head a bi-partisan railway commission.  Due to the cost of the project, it was never fully completed.  However, Howe was successful in completing lines from [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] to [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]].{{sfnp|Beck|1982|page=148}}  This railway enabled Halifax to monopolize the trade of Minas Basin because it passed through the land between [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] and [[Hants County, Nova Scotia|Hants County]].  This wealth helped the midland counties improve their economic stability.{{sfnp|Beck|1982|page=148}} Due to the economic benefits being realized in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Howe even proposed the creation of a hotel to attract wealthy travellers using the railway, however this was never built.{{sfnp|Beck|1982|page=148}}

==Poetry==
Howe created a substantial body of poetry, much of it related to his appreciation of Nova Scotia and its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/atsignofhandpenn00rhoduoft#page/n13/mode/1up|title=At the sign of the hand and pen; Nova Scotian authors|publisher=[Halifax, N.S.] Nova Scotia Branch, Canadian Authors' Association }}</ref> While he had published some poems during his life and had been preparing others for publication, it was not until a year after his death that his family made them public through the publishing of ''Poems and Essays''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poets/howe-joseph|title=Howe, Joseph - Representative Poetry Online}}</ref><ref name="DCB"/>

==Family==
Prior to his marriage, Howe had a son by a woman other than his later wife, whose identity is unknown. This first child was Edward Howe, who lived with his mother in a home Howe maintained in [[Maitland, Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enfieldweeklypress.com/2011/09/27/botheration-schemes-a-hit-in-maitland/|title=The Enfield Weekly Press. September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206083806/http://www.enfieldweeklypress.com/2011/09/27/botheration-schemes-a-hit-in-maitland/|archive-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322">{{cite journal |last1=Punch |first1=Terrance M. |last2=Marble |first2=Allan E. |author-link2=Allan Marble |title=The Family of John Howe, Loyalist and King's Printer |journal=Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly |volume=6 |date=September 1976 |page=323}}</ref>

Joseph Howe later married Catherine Susan Ann McNab, daughter of Captain John McNab, [[Nova Scotia Fencibles|Nova Scotia Regiment of Fencible Infantry]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/20a21collectionsof20novauoft#page/175/mode/2up |last=Piers |first=Harry |title=The Fortieth Regiment, Raised at Annapolis Royal in 1717; and Five Regiments Subsequently Raised in Nova Scotia |journal=Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society |volume=XXI |location=Halifax, NS |date=1927 |page=175}}</ref> on February 2, 1828.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/> She was born in 1808 in the barracks at the entrance to the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, where her father was in command of the troops. She lived with her father on [[McNab's Island]], which had previously been occupied by her uncle, Peter McNab. In Joseph Howe's "Poems and Essays" (Montreal: 1874), there are two poems addressed to his wife. Towards the close of her life, the Legislature of Nova Scotia granted her a small pension. She died in [[Dartmouth, Nova Scotia]], July 6, 1890, and is buried alongside her husband in Camp Hill Cemetery, Halifax.

Joseph Howe had ten children with Catherine Susan Ann McNab.
* Mary Howe: b. 9 May 1829, d. 12 May 1829 aged 3 days.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* Ellen Howe: b. 3 Dec 1830, m. 22 Oct 1851 to Cathcart Thomson (son of James Thomson of Spital, Jamaica, and Christian [Renny] Thomson of Falkirk, Scotland). Cathcart Thomson was thus a first cousin of Hon. William Young, who was premier and later chief justice of Nova Scotia. Cathcart and Ellen had four sons and two daughters: Katherine Christian married [[William Chadwick Bourchier]], Dean of Cashel in Ireland and Mary Ellen married Admiral [[Sir Charles Knowles, 4th Baronet]] from whom descends the present holder of the baronetcy. Ellen d. 5 Feb 1910 aged 79 years.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* Mary Howe: b. 29 Nov 1832, d. 1 Nov 1853 aged 20 years.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* Joseph Howe: b. 7 July 1834, d. 24 Aug 1888 in Cookstown, Queensland, Australia aged 54 years. No issue.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* Sophia Howe: b. 13 Aug 1836, d. 13 Sep 1837 aged 1 year.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* James Howe: b. 24 July 1839, d 14 Oct 1839 aged 2 months.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* Frederick Howe, bapt. 24 Dec 1840. Served in the American Civil War. Died c. 1887–1889 in the US, aged about 47–49.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 322"/>
* Sydenham Howe, bapt. 19 Mar 1843. Married 26 Apr 1870 Fanny Westphal McNab (daughter of James B. McNab and Sarah [Currie] McNab). Worked as a dominion auditor, and he was a founding member of the [[Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society]]. Lived in [[Middleton, Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/165 165]}}</ref> Died 14 Apr 1929. Sydenham and Fanny had 4 sons and 2 daughters.<ref>Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E. (1976), p. 322-323.</ref>
* John Howe: b. 16 May 1864(?), d. 20 June 1856 (birth year in source article is a clear typographical error as it states that he was born in 1864, yet his information appears before William Howe who was born 1848, and he is stated to have died in 1856, therefore the likely year of his birth was 1844), if his birth was in 1844, then he died at the age of 12 years.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 323">Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E. (1976), p. 323.</ref>
* William Howe: b. 27 July 1848, 1st m. 23 Sep 1873 to Helen F. Ross (daughter of Rev. Principal James Ross, D.D.). William and Helen had two daughters. Second marriage 4 Mar 1884 to Maggie Clark (daughter of Robert Clark of Ottawa), no issue. William died 28 Apr 1890, aged 41.<ref name="Punch, Terrance M 1976 p. 323"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Joseph Howe Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|Joseph Howe Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia]]
* Howe Hall, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
* Joseph Howe Drive, Halifax, Nova Scotia
* Joseph Howe Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia
* Joseph Howe School, Halifax, Nova Scotia
* Joseph Howe Falls, Victoria Park, Truro
* Joseph Howe Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
* Joseph Howe Senior Public School, Scarborough (Toronto), Ontario
* The 100th anniversary of Howe's death was commemorated with the issue of an 8-cent stamp by [[Canada Post]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalhistorycorner.blogspot.ca/2011/08/1973-joseph-howe-joseph-howe-1804-1873.html|title=Postal History Corner|author=philcovex|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref>
* From 1973 until 1985 a Joseph Howe Festival was held in Halifax and in other places in Nova Scotia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coinsandcanada.com/tokens-medals-trade-dollars.php?title=halifax-joseph-howe-festival&id=1058|title=Coins and Canada - Halifax - Joseph Howe Festival - Trade dollars and municipal tokens|author=Coins and Canada|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{{1867 Canadian federal election/Hants}}
{{CanElec1-by|24 April 1869|On Mr. Howe being called to the Privy Council and<br>appointed President of that body, 19 January 1869}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal-Conservative|Joseph Howe|1,512}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Monson Henry Goudge]]|1,129}}
{{end}}
{{1872 Canadian federal election/Hants}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Nova Scotia}}
* [[C. D. Howe]], 20th century politician and distant relative born in the United States
* [[Family Day (Canada)#Nova Scotia Heritage Day|Nova Scotia Heritage Day]]
*[[History of Nova Scotia]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Beck|first=J. Murray|author-link=James Murray Beck|title=Joseph Howe: Conservative Reformer, 1804-1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fwlt7N5UZwYC&pg=PP1|year=1982|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-7735-0445-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Beck|first=J. Murray|author-link=James Murray Beck|title=Joseph Howe: The Briton becomes Canadian, 1848-1873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGUayiJgASMC&pg=PP1|year=1984|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-0447-9}}
* [http://archive.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4280 John Roulston Saul - Joseph Howe]
*[https://archive.org/details/thetribuneofnova24932gut  William Lawson. The Tribune of Nova Scotia]

==External links==
{{Sister project links|collapsible=collapsed|d=Q128543|commons=category:Joseph Howe|n=category:Joseph Howe|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|mw=no|species=no|m=no|wikt=no|s=Author:Joseph Howe|display=Joseph Howe}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Howe, Joseph|name=Joseph Howe|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Joseph Howe}}
* {{Librivox author |id=8971}}
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=3928}}
* {{Cite web|title=Joseph Howe fonds, Library and Archives Canada| date=25 November 2016 |url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=99771&lang=eng|access-date=September 4, 2020}}

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