View source for Joseph in Islam

{{Short description|Prophet and son of Jacob in Islam}}
{{Redirect|Jusuf|the Bosnian professional basketball player|Jusuf Nurkić}}
{{Over-quotation|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = {{smaller|[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]}}
| name               = Yūsuf <br> يُوسُف <br>[[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]]
| honorific_suffix   = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| image              = Spencer Coll. Persian MS. 46 fol 55r Yusuf enthroned as governor in Egypt.jpg
| caption            = Yusuf enthroned as governor in Egypt.
| birth_name         = Yusuf ibn Yaqub ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim 
| birth_date         = 1747 [[Common Era|BCE]]
| birth_place        = [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]
| death_date         = 1637 [[Common Era|BCE]] (aged 110)
| death_place        = [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Egypt]]
| resting_place      = [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], [[Hebron]], [[West Bank]]
| predecessor        = [[Jacob in Islam|Yaqub]]
| successor          = [[Job in Islam|Ayyub]]
| spouse             = [[Asenath]] (Unconfirmed and Unknown in Islamic tradition
| father             = [[Jacob in Islam|Ya'qub]]
| module             = {{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Pharaoh 

| office1             = [[Governor]] of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
| termstart1          = 1717 [[Common Era|BCE]]
| termend1            = 1637 [[Common Era|BCE]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox saint
| name       = Yusuf
| titles     = Prophet Yusuf ([[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]])
| honored_in = [[Islam]] <br> [[Judaism]] <br> [[Christianity]]
| tradition  = Islam (submission to God)
}}

'''Yusuf''' ({{langx|ar|يُوْسُف ٱبْن يَعْقُوْب ٱبْن إِسْحَاق ٱبْن إِبْرَاهِيْم|Yūsuf ibn Yaʿqūb ibn ʾIs-ḥāq ibn ʾIbrāhīm}}, {{Literal translation|Joseph, son of [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]], son of [[Issac in Islam|Isaac]], son of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]]}}) is a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet and messenger]] of God mentioned in the [[Quran|Qur'an]]<ref name=Keller>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Keller |first=Annabel |date=15 June 2009 |title=Joseph ii. In Qurʾānic Exegesis |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/joseph-ii-in-quranic-exegesis |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]] |volume=XV |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>{{Rp|p=34}} and corresponds to [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]], a person from the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]] who was said to have lived in Egypt before the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]].<ref name="Coogan 2009 70–72">{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael|title=The Old Testament: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentvery00coog|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentvery00coog/page/n82 70]–72|isbn=978-0-19-530505-0 }}</ref> Amongst [[Jacob]]'s children, Yusuf reportedly had the gift of [[Oneiromancy|prophecy through dreams]]. Although the narratives of other prophets are presented in a number of ''[[surah]]'', Joseph's complete narrative appears in only one: [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]]. Said to be the most detailed narrative in the Quran, it mentions details that do not appear in its biblical counterpart.<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=35}}

Yusuf is believed to have been the eleventh son of [[Jacob in Islam|Ya'qub]] ({{langx|ar|يعقوب|links=no}}) and, according to a number of scholars, his favorite. [[Ibn Kathir]] wrote, "Jacob had twelve sons who were the eponymous ancestors of the tribes of the [[Israelites]]. The noblest, the most exalted, the greatest of them was Joseph."<ref name=Wheeler>{{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon |year=2002 |title=Prophets in the Qur'an: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis |url=https://archive.org/details/prophetsinqurani0000whee/mode/2up |location=London; New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0826449565 |oclc=48176687}}</ref>{{Rp|p=127}} The narrative begins with Joseph revealing a dream to his father, which Jacob recognizes.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=128}} In addition to the role of God in his life, the story of [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]] ([[Potiphar's wife]] in the [[Old Testament]]) became a popular subject of [[Persian literature]] and was elaborated over centuries.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bruijn|title=Yūsuf and Zulayk̲h̲ā|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam; Second Edition|year=2013|page=1}}</ref>

== In the Qur'an ==
{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}
[[File:Majlesezoleykha.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=A painting on white tiles|Joseph at [[Zuleikha]]'s party. Decorated tiles in the [[Takyeh Moaven-ol-Molk]] in [[Kermanshah]], [[Iran]]]]

The story of Joseph in the Qurʾān is a continuous narrative in its twelfth chapter, named ''Surah Yusuf'' ({{Langx|ar|يوسف‎ سُورَة|lit=the chapter of Joseph}}). There are over one hundred verses in this chapter, encompassing many years; they "present an amazing variety of sciences and characters in a tightly-knit plot, and offer a dramatic illustration of some of the fundamental themes of the Qurʾān."<ref name="mir 1986">{{cite journal|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|title=The Qur'anic Story of Joseph|journal=The Muslim World|date=June 1986|volume=LXXVI|issue=1|page=1|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1986.tb02766.x|hdl=2027.42/73824|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73824/1/j.1478-1913.1986.tb02766.x.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The Qur'an notes the story's importance in the third verse: "and We narrate unto you {{lang|ar-latn|aḥsanal-qaṣaṣ}} ({{langx|ar|أحسن ٱلقصص|links=no|lit=best (or most beautiful) of stories}})" (Qur'an, [[Yusuf (surah)|12:3]]). Most scholars believe that this refers to Joseph's story; others, including [[al-Tabari]], believe that it refers to the Qur'an as a whole.<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=1}} It documents the execution of [[God in Islam|God's]] rulings despite the challenge of human intervention ("And God hath full power and control over His affairs; but most among mankind know it not").<ref>{{Cite quran|12|80|s=ns}}</ref>

=== <span class="anchor" id="Joseph before the dream"></span> Before the dream ===
Muhammad at-Ṭabari provides detailed commentary on the narrative in his chapter on Joseph, relaying the opinions of other well-known scholars. In al-Ṭabari's chapter, the physical beauty of Joseph and his mother Rahyl is introduced; they were said to have had "more beauty than any other human being."<ref name=al-Tabari>{{Cite book |last=al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=al-Tabari |year=1987 |title=The History of al-Tabari |volume=2: ''Prophets and Patriarchs'' |translator=William Brinner |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0873959213 |oclc=310636025}}</ref>{{Rp|p=148}} His father, Jacob, had given him to his (Jacob's) oldest sister to be raised. Al-Ṭabari writes that there was no greater love than what Joseph's aunt felt for him, since she raised him as her own; reluctant to return him to Jacob, she kept him until her death. According to al-Ṭabari, she could do this because of a belt given to her by her father, [[Isaac]]: "If someone else acquired it by guile from the person who was supposed to have it, then he would become absolutely subject to the will of the rightful owner."<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|pp=148–149}} Joseph's aunt puts the belt on Joseph when Jacob is absent; she accuses Joseph of stealing it, and he remains with her until her death. Jacob is reluctant to give Joseph up, and favors him when they are together.

=== The dream ===
The narrative begins with a dream, and ends with its interpretation. As the sun appeared over the horizon, bathing the earth in morning glory, Joseph (son of Jacob) awakens delighted by a pleasant dream. Filled with excitement, he runs to his father and reports what he saw.

{{quote|Joseph said to his father: "O my father! I did see eleven stars and the sun and the moon: I saw them prostrate themselves to me!|[[Qur'an 12:4]]<ref>{{cite quran|12|4|s=ns}}</ref>}}

According to Ibn Kathir, Jacob knows that Joseph will become important in this world and the next. He recognizes that the stars represent his brothers; the sun and moon represent himself and Joseph's mother, [[Rachel]] ({{Langx|ar|راشيل}}). Jacob tells Joseph to keep the dream secret to protect him from the jealousy of his brothers, who are unhappy with Jacob's love for Joseph.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=128}} He foresees that Joseph will be the one through whom the prophecy of his grandfather, [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], would be fulfilled: his offspring would keep the light of Abraham's house alive and spread God's message to mankind. Abu Ya'ala interpreted Jacob's reaction as an understanding that the planets, sun, and moon bowing to Joseph represented "something dispersed which God united."<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=128}} Jacob tells Joseph, "My son, relate not thy vision to thy brothers, lest they concoct a plot against thee: for Satan is a clear enemy to humanity. Thus your Lord has selected you and given you the knowledge to interpret dreams, and has perfected His blessing upon you and upon the family of Jacob just as He perfected it on your forefathers before: Ibrahim and [[Isaac in Islam|Is-haq]] ([[Isaac]]). Your Lord is Knowing, Wise" (Qur'an, Surah 12 (Yusuf) Ayat 5{{en dash}}6).<ref>{{cite quran|12|5|e=6|s=ns}}</ref>

Joseph does not tell his brothers about his dream (unlike the Hebrew Bible version), but they remain very jealous. Al-Ṭabari writes that they said to each other, "Verily Joseph and his brother (Benjamin) are dearer to our father than we are, though we may be a troop ({{lang|ar-latn|'usbah}}). By ''<nowiki/>'usbah'' ({{Langx|ar|عُصۡبَةٌ}}) they meant a strong group, for they were ten in number. They said, "Our father is plainly in a state of aberration."<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=149}} Joseph has a gentle temperament and is respectful, kind, and considerate, like his brother [[Benjamin]] ({{Langx|ar|بنيامين}}); both are Rachel's sons. From amongst the {{lang|ar-latn|[[ahadith]]}} ({{langx|ar|أحاديث|links=no|lit=narration|translit=aḥādīth}}), one states:

{{Quote|Narrated [[Abu Hurairah|Abu Huraira]]: Some people asked the [[Muhammad in Islam|Prophet]]: "Who is the most honorable amongst the people?" He replied, "The most honorable among them is the one who is the most God-fearing." They said, "O Prophet of God! We do not ask about this." He said, "Then the most honorable person is Joseph, ''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|NabiyyUllah]]'' ({{langx|ar|نبي الله|links=no|lit=Prophet of God}}), the son of a ''NabiyyIllah'', the son of a NabiyyIllah the son of ''[[Abraham in Islam|KhalilIllah]]'' ({{langx|ar|خليل الله|links=no|lit=Friend of God}})."|''Sahih al-Bukhari'', collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|4|55|593}}</ref>}}

=== Plot against him ===
[[File:Yusuf_being_lowered_into_a_well.jpg|left|thumb|Yusuf being lowered into a well by his brothers from a Persian 1577 [[Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ]] manuscript.]]
The Qur'an continues with Joseph's brothers plotting to kill him: "In Joseph and his brothers are signs for those who seek answers" (Qur'an, [[Yusuf (surah)|12:7]]). Joseph's brothers said about him: "He is more loved by our father than we are, and we are a group. Our father is in clear error. Let us kill Joseph or cast him to the ground, so that your father's face will be toward you, and after him you will be a community of the truthful".<ref>{{cite quran|12|7|e=9|s=ns}}</ref> One brother argued against killing him and suggested throwing him into a well, said to be {{lang|ar-latn|[[Jubb Yussef (Joseph's Well)|Jubb Yusif]]}} ({{langx|ar|جب يوسف|links=no|lit=Well of Joseph}}); a caravan might rescue and enslave him: "Slay not Joseph, but if ye must do something, throw him down to the bottom of the well: he will be picked up by some [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]] of travelers".<ref>{{cite quran|12|10|s=ns}}</ref> Islamic scholar [[Mujahid ibn Jabr]] identifies the brother as [[Simeon (son of Jacob)|Simeon]]. Another scholar, [[al-Suddi]], identifies him as [[Judah (son of Jacob)|Judah]]; Qatadah{{Non sequitur|date=November 2024}} writes that it was the eldest, [[Reuben (son of Jacob)|Reuben]]:<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|pp=130–131}} Scholars suggest that Joseph may have been as young as twelve when he was thrown into the well.<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|p=127}} He would live to be 110<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|pp=127,145}} or 120.<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|p=145}}

The brothers ask their father to let them take Joseph into the desert to play, and promised to watch him. Jacob hesitates, aware of their resentment towards their brother. Jacob's excuse is that a [[Arabian wolf|wolf]] ({{langx|ar|ذئب|dhi'b}}) might hurt him while they are not paying attention.<ref name="al-Tabari" />{{Rp|p=150}} The brothers insist in their strength, calling themselves losers if they are not able to protect Joseph. With their father convinced, they throw Joseph into a well. They return with a blood-stained shirt, saying that he had been attacked by a wolf, but Jacob does not believe them.<ref name="al-Tabari" />{{Rp|p=150}}
According to the Quran

{{Quote|They said: "O our father! why dost thou not trust us with Joseph,{{spaced ndash}}seeing we are indeed his sincere well-wishers?<br>Send him with us tomorrow to enjoy himself and play, and we shall take every care of him."<br>(Jacob) said: "Really it saddens me that ye should take him away: I fear lest the wolf should devour him while ye attend not to him."<br>They said: "If the wolf were to devour him while we are (so large) a party, then should we indeed (first) have perished ourselves!"<br>So they did take him away, and they all agreed to throw him down to the bottom of the well:  and We put into his heart (this Message): 'Of a surety thou shalt (one day) tell them the truth of this their affair while they know (thee) not'<br>Then they came to their father in the early part of the night, weeping.<br>They said: "O our father! We went racing with one another, and left Joseph with our things; and the wolf devoured him.... But thou wilt never believe us even if we tell the truth."<br>They stained his shirt with false blood. He said: "Nay, but your minds have made up a tale (that may pass) with you, (for me) patience is most fitting: Against that which ye assert, it is God (alone) Whose help can be sought"...|Qur'an, Surah 12 (Yusuf) Ayat 11{{endash}}18<ref>{{cite quran|12|11|e=18|s=ns}}</ref>}}[[File:Forukhtaneusof.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Joseph seated on a scale|Selling Joseph as a slave. Painted tiles in the Takyeh Moaven–ol–molk, Kermanshah, [[Iran]]]]

Al-Ṭabari writes that Judah stops the brothers from further harming Joseph, and brings him food.<ref name="al-Tabari" />{{Rp|p=150}} Ibn Kathir writes that Reuben suggested that they put him in the well so he could return later to bring him home. When he returns, Joseph is gone: "So he screamed and tore his clothes. He put blood on the coat of Joseph. When Jacob learned of this, he tore his clothes, wore a black cloak, and was sad for many days".<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|pp=150–151}} [[Ibn Abbas]] writes that the "reason for this trial of Jacob was that he had slaughtered a sheep while he was fasting. He asked a neighbor of his to eat it but he did not. So God tested him with the matter of Joseph."<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|p=131}} He interprets Joseph's revelation{{clarify|date=March 2023|reason=What does "revelation" mean in this context?}} in the well: "When they were unaware" (12:15) means "you will tell them about what they did in a situation in which they will not recognize you."<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|p=130}} A possible reason for Joseph's enslavement was that after Abraham left Egypt with slaves, "Abraham did not dismount for them (following barefoot). Therefore God revealed to him: 'Since you did not alight for the slaves and those walking barefoot with you, I will punish you by selling one of your descendants into his country.{{'"}}<ref name="Wheeler" />{{Rp|p=132}}

=== Divine intervention ===
[[File:Folio 51r from MET Bustan of Sa`di, "Yusuf and Zulaikha" uncropped.jpg|alt=Colorful miniature painting|thumb|Yusuf and Zulaikha ([[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]] chased by Potiphar's wife), [[Persian miniature]]]]
A passing caravan takes Joseph after it stops by the well to draw water and sees the boy inside. The brothers, nearby, sell Joseph for a very low price, only wanting to get rid of him. The caravan rescue him and sell him into slavery in Misr ({{langx|ar|مصر}}, [[Egypt]]), to a rich man, the King’s vizier, known as Al-'Aziz ({{langx|ar|ٱلعزيز|lit=the dear one}})<ref>{{cite quran|12|30|s=ns}}</ref> in the Quran and [[Potiphar]] in the Bible.<ref>Genesis, {{bibleverse-nb||Genesis|39:1|1000}}</ref> 'Aziz is also known as Qatafir or Qittin.<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=153}} Joseph is taken into 'Aziz's home, and the man tells his wife to treat him well. 

{{Quote|Then there came a caravan of travellers: they sent their water-carrier (for water), and he let down his bucket (into the well)&nbsp;... He said: "Ah there! Good news! Here is a (fine) young man!" So they concealed him as a treasure. But God knoweth well all that they do.<br>The (Brethren) sold him for a miserable price, for a few dirhams counted out: in such low estimation did they hold him!<br>The man in Egypt who bought him, said to his wife: "Make his stay (among us) honourable:  maybe he will bring us much good, or we shall adopt him as a son." Thus did We establish Joseph in the land, that We might teach him the interpretation of dreams (and events). And God hath full power and control over His affairs; but most among mankind know it not.<br>When Joseph attained His full manhood, We gave him power and knowledge: thus do We reward those who do right.|Qur'an, Surah 12 (Yusuf) Ayat 19{{endash}}22<ref>{{cite quran|12|19|e=22|s=ns}}</ref>}}

Scholars of Islam cite this point as central to Joseph's story. Joseph rises to a high position in Al-'Aziz's household and, when his brothers later come to Egypt, they do not recognize him.<ref name="Tottoli 2013 1">{{cite journal|last=Tottoli|first=Roberto|title=Aziz Misr|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|year=2013|page=1}}</ref> He reaches manhood, and 'Aziz's wife tries to seduce him. Al-Tabari and others note that Joseph is also attracted to her, and al-Ṭabari writes that he does not succumb to her because when they were alone, the "figure of Jacob appeared to him, standing in the house and biting his fingers&nbsp;... God turned him away from his desire for evil by giving him a sign that he should not do it."<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=156}}

{{Quote|But she in whose house he was, sought to seduce him from his (true) self: she fastened the doors, and said: "Now come, thou (dear one)!" He said: "Allah forbid! Truly (thy husband) is my lord! He made my sojourn agreeable! Truly to no good come those who do wrong!"<br> And (with passion) did she desire him, and he would have desired her, but that he saw the evidence of his Lord: thus (did We order) that We might turn away from him (all) evil and shameful deeds: for he was one of Our servants, sincere and purified.|Qur'an, Surah 12 (Yusuf) Ayat 23{{endash}}24<ref>{{cite quran|12|23|e=24|s=ns}}</ref>}}

Zulaikha, the wife of Al-'Aziz, rips the back of Joseph's shirt as they race one another to the door where her husband is waiting. She tries to blame Joseph, suggesting that he had attacked her, but Joseph's account of Zulaikha's attempted seduction is confirmed by a member of the household; {{"'}}Azīz believed Joseph and told his wife to beg forgiveness."<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|pp=133–134}} The household member tells 'Aziz to check Joseph's shirt. If the front is torn, Joseph is guilty; if the back is torn, Zulaikha is guilty. The shirt is torn in the back, and 'Aziz reprimands his wife for lying.<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|pp=157–158}}
[[File:Spencer_Coll._Persian_MS._46_fol_48v_Yusuf_makes_girls_faint.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic illustration of the manservant, Yusuf, carrying wine to the banquet. His prophetic beauty distracts women, making them cut into their flesh and it causes others to faint]]
Zulaikha's friends think that she is [[infatuate]]d with Joseph, and ridicule her for falling in love with a slave. She invites them to her home, and gives them apples{{Dubious|date=November 2023|reason=Apples were not cultivated in Ancient Egypt; likely a substitution for familiarity}} and knives to peel them with. Zulaikha then has Joseph walk through the room; the women are so distracted by his [[handsomeness]] that they cut their fingers with the knives, and she says that she sees Joseph every day.<ref name="al-Tabari" />{{Rp|pp=157–158}} Joseph prays, saying that he would prefer prison than succumbing to Zulaikha and her friends. According to al-Ṭabari, 'Aziz later "grew disgusted with himself for having let Joseph go free&nbsp;... It seemed good to them to imprison him for a time."<ref name="al-Tabari" />{{Rp|p=160}} The popular [[Yusuf and Zulaikha|story of Joseph and Zulaikha]] differs in the Quran from the Biblical version, in which Potiphar believes his wife and imprisons Joseph.<ref>Genesis, {{bibleverse-nb||Genesis|39:1-23|1000}}</ref> According to some scholars, after 'Aziz's death, Joseph reportedly marries Zulaikha.<ref name="Tottoli 2013 1" />

=== <span class="anchor" id="Joseph interprets dreams"></span> Dream interpretation ===
This account refers to the interaction between Joseph and the ruler of Egypt. Unlike references to the [[pharaoh]] in the account of [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], the story of Joseph refers to the Egyptian ruler as a king ({{langx|ar|ملك|malik|links=no}}) rather than a pharaoh ({{langx|ar|فرعون|fir'aun|links=no}}). After Joseph had been imprisoned for a few years, God gives Joseph the ability to [[Dream interpretation|interpret dreams]], a power which makes him popular amongst the other prisoners. Before his imprisonment, two royal servants had been thrown into the dungeon for attempting to poison the food of the king and his family. Joseph asks them about their dreams; one said that he saw himself [[Pressing (wine)|pressing grapes into wine]], and the other said he saw himself with a basket of bread on his head and birds eating from it. Joseph says that the first servant will be released and return to the king, but the second will be executed; both came to pass.<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|pp=161–163}}

He asks the servant who will be released (Nabu, according to al-Ṭabari) to mention his case to the king. Asked about his time in prison, al-Ṭabari writes that [[Muhammad]] said: "If Joseph had not said that{{spaced ndash}}meaning what he said (to Nabu){{spaced ndash}}he would not have stayed in prison as long as he did because he sought deliverance from someone other than God."<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=163}}

The king is frightened by his dream that seven fat cows were eaten by seven thin ones and seven ears of corn were replaced with shriveled ears; none of his advisors could interpret it. When the servant who was released hears about it, he remembers Joseph and persuades the king to send him to Joseph for an interpretation. Joseph tells the servant that Egypt will face seven years of prosperity followed by seven years of famine, and the king should prepare for it.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=137}}

Scholars debate whether Joseph agreed to interpret the dream immediately or if he said that his name should be cleared in the house of 'Aziz first. Al-Ṭabari writes that when the messenger came to Joseph and invited him to come to the king, Joseph replied: "Go back to your lord and ask him about the case of the women who cut their hands. My lord surely knows their guile."<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=168}} Ibn Kathir agrees with al-Ṭabari, saying that Joseph sought "restitution for this in order that 'Aziz might know that he was not false to him during his absence" and Zulaikha eventually admitted that nothing happened between them.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|pp=137–138}} Al-Ṭabari inserts an interaction between Joseph and the angel [[Gabriel]] in which Gabriel helps Joseph gain his freedom and admit his desires.<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=163}}

Joseph said, "What you cultivate during the next seven years, when the time of harvest comes, leave the grains in their spikes, except for what you eat. After that, seven years of drought will come, which will consume most of what you stored for them. After that, a year will come that brings relief for the people, and they will, once again, press juice". ({{Qref|12|47–49|b=y|c=y}}) When he learns about Joseph's innocence, the king says: "Bring him to me that I may attach him to my person". He tells Joseph, "Verily, this day, you are with us high in rank and fully trusted" ({{Qref|12|54|b=y|c=y}}) recognizing his virtues, ability, brilliance, good conduct and perfect mannerisms. Joseph says, "Set me over the storehouses of the land; I will indeed guard them with full knowledge" ({{Qref|12|55|b=y|c=y}}). 

==== <span class="anchor" id="Use of "king" versus "pharaoh""></span> Use of "king" and "pharaoh" ====
In the Quran, the ruler of Egypt during Joseph's time is said to be the "king"; the ruler during the time of Moses is said to be "pharaoh", without a definite article. The title "pharaoh" began to be used to refer to rulers of Egypt with [[Thutmose III]] in 1479 BCE, about 20 years after Joseph's death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Redmount|first=Carol A.|title=Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt|journal=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|year=1998|pages=89–90}}</ref> In the biblical story of Joseph, "king" ({{langx|he|Melekh}}) and "pharaoh" are used interchangeably in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 39 to 41.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0139.htm|publisher=mechon-mamre.org|title=Genesis Chapter 39 בְּרֵאשִׁית|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230220748/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0139.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{quote|The King (of Egypt) said: "I do see (in a vision) seven fat kine, whom seven lean ones devour, and seven green ears of corn, and seven (others) withered. O ye chiefs! expound to me my vision, if it be that ye can interpret visions."|{{qref|12|43|b=y|c=y}}}}

{{quote|Then after them We sent Moses with Our Signs to Pharaoh and his chiefs, but they wrongfully rejected them. So see how was the end of ''al-Mufsideen'' ({{langx|ar|المفسدين}}, "the Mischief-makers" or "the Corruptors").| {{qref|7|103|b=y|c=y}}}}

{{quote|And the King said: "Bring him to me." But when the messenger came to him, He (Joseph) said: "Return to your lord and ask him, 'What happened to the women who cut their hands? Surely, my Lord (God) is Well-Aware of their plot.|{{qref|12|50|b=y|c=y}}}}

The following verses from Genesis exhibit the alternation of the use of ''pharaoh'' and ''king:''

{{quote|And Joseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, the place where the king's prisoners were bound; and he was there in the prison.|{{Bibleverse|Genesis|39:20|KJV}}}}

{{quote|Some time later, the cupbearer and the baker of the king of Egypt offended their master, the king of Egypt.|{{Bibleverse|Genesis|40:1|KJV}}}}

{{quote|And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. |{{Bibleverse|Genesis|41:46|KJV}}}}

{{quote|And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.|{{Bibleverse|Genesis|47:11|KJV}}}}

=== Family reunion ===
[[File:Spencer_Coll._Persian_MS._46_fol_59v_Yusuf_leads_40k_horsemen_again_King_Rayan_of_Hit.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic illustration of Yusuf defending Egypt's grain stores with 40,000 [[Cavalry|cavalrymen]] against the famine-struck armies of a king Rayyan of [[Biblical Hittites|Hit]]]]
Joseph became powerful; Ibn Kathir writes that the king of Egypt had faith in him, and the people loved and revered him. He was reportedly 30 years old when he was summoned to the king. "The king addressed him in 70 languages, and each time Joseph answered him in that language".<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|pp=137–138}} According to Ibn Ishaq, "The king of Egypt converted to Islam at the hands of Joseph".<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=137}}

Joseph's brothers suffer while the people of Egypt prosper under his guidance. Jacob and his family are hungry, so the brothers go to Egypt, unaware that Joseph is in a high position there.<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=167}} Joseph gives them what they need, and questions them. They say that there were once twelve of them, and the one most loved by their father (Joseph) died in the desert. Joseph inquires about their youngest brother, Benjamin, and tells them to bring him with them the next time they come. The brothers, knowing their father's protectiveness of Benjamin, refuse, but Joseph convinces them after he threatens to not provide them with grain unless their youngest brother is with them. To ensure their coming back, Joseph stealthily returns their money to their saddlebags. 

The brothers return home and attempt to persuade Jacob to let Benjamin accompany them so they can secure food, but Jacob responds: "Should I trust you with him as I once trusted you with his brother [Joseph]?" ({{Qref|12|64|c=y}}). The brothers then discover the money in their bags, and reveal it to Jacob, promising Benjamin's safe return. Their father makes them swear by Allah to come back with him,<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|pp=168–169}} and orders the brothers to use separate gates when returning to Egypt, for their safety and to avoid unnecessary suspicion.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=139}}

When the brothers return with Benjamin, Joseph reveals himself to him. He gives the brothers the promised supplies, and slips the king's cup into one of the bags. A herald accuses them of stealing, which the brothers deny. When asked what their punishment shall be if they are lying, the brothers agree it should be enslavement to the cup's owner, not realizing it was hidden in their bag. When Joseph begins searching them, it is found with Benjamin's supplies.<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=169}}

To distance themselves from the perceived thief, they argue, "If he is a thief, then his (full) brother [Joseph] was a thief before him". Joseph hides his anger and thinks to himself, "You are in a worse position [than I]" ({{Qref|12|77|c=y}}). After much angry discussion, the brothers try to have Benjamin released by offering themselves instead; however, Joseph denies this and says that the one who committed the crime should be the one who atones. Reuben, feeling immense guilt for breaking his father's promise twice (with Joseph and then again with Benjamin), swears he will not leave Egypt until his father allows him or God wills it. To prove they did not abandon Benjamin with malicious intent, they tell Jacob of their brother's crime, and use the caravan they traveled with as witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Yusuf - 1-111 |url=https://quran.com/12?startingverse=80 |website=Quran.com |at=Verse 80 |access-date=2024-11-23 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Yaqub embraces Yusuf square.jpg|thumb|Upon his return Yusuf (left) is embraced and kissed by his father, Yaqub, who believed his son had died.]]However, knowing they lied in the past, he does not believe them, accusing them of evil-doing, and goes blind from weeping for his missing sons. Forty years{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} after Joseph was taken from his father, Jacob still misses him, in which the brothers exasperatedly remark, "By Allah! You will not cease to remember Joseph until you lose your health or [even] your life!" ({{Qref|12|85|c=y}}). Jacob sends the brothers back to find out about Benjamin and Joseph. Upon their return, they plead for supplies despite not having any money. Joseph then asks, "Do you remember what you did to Joseph and his brother when you were ignorant?" ({{Qref|12|89|c=y}}). The brothers, realizing his true identity, admit their wrongdoing, and Joseph forgives them. He then gives them one of his shirts to offer Jacob.<ref name="al-Tabari" />{{Rp|pp=175–180}}

As the brothers make their way back from Egypt, Jacob tells his relatives, "Indeed I smell the fragrance of Joseph. I say so although you may think that I am feeble-minded", to which his family members respond: "By Allah! You are still in your old delusion" ({{Qref|12|94–95|c=y}}). However, Jacob is proven right when the brothers come back, giving Joseph's garment to him. He presses it to his face and his vision is restored. Then he tells his relatives, "Did I not tell you that I know from God what you do not know?" ({{Qref|12|96|c=y}}). According to al-Ṭabari, this means that "from the truth of the interpretation of Joseph's dream in which he saw eleven planets and the sun and the moon bowing down to him, he knew that which they did not know".<ref name=al-Tabari/>{{Rp|p=181}} The brothers ask Jacob for forgiveness, to which their father promises to pray for them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Yusuf - 1-111 |url=https://quran.com/12?startingverse=98 |at=Verse 98 |website=Quran.com |access-date=2024-11-23 |language=en}}</ref>

Joseph's entire family arrives in Egypt, and he raises his parents to his throne beside him as a sign of affection and esteem. His childhood dream comes true when he sees his parents and eleven brothers [[Prostration|prostrating]] themselves before him in love, welcome and respect. Ibn Kathir writes that his mother had died, but al-Ṭabari says that she was alive.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=143}} Joseph eventually dies in Egypt; when [[The Exodus|Moses leaves Egypt]], he reportedly takes Joseph's coffin so he will be buried with his ancestors in Canaan.<ref name=Wheeler/>{{Rp|p=143}}

=== Death and burial ===
According to Islamic tradition, Joseph is buried in [[Hebron]] next to the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], where a medieval structure known as the Castle of Joseph ({{Langx|ar|قلعة يوسف|translit=Qal'ah Yusuf}}) is located.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |journal=[[Biblical Archaeology Review]] |title=Patriarchal Burial Site Explored for First Time in 700 Years |issue=May/June 1985}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb|Miniature depicting Joseph with his father Jacob and brothers in Egypt from ''[[Zubdat-al Tawarikh]]'' in the [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]] in [[Istanbul]], dedicated to Sultan [[Murad III]] in 1583]]

Joseph is revered in Islamic history. Descended from the [[patriarch]]s Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, he also has the gift of prophecy. According to Kisai, one of the foremost biographers of the Quranic prophets, Joseph was given a staff of light with five branches. On the first branch was written "Abraham, friend of God," on the second, "Isaac, pure of God," on the third, "Ishmael, sacrifice of God", on the fourth, "Jacob, Israelite of God," and on the fifth, "Joseph, Righteous of God."<ref name="De Sondy">{{Cite journal |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=December 2011 |title=Prophecy and Masculinities: The Case of the Qur'anic Joseph |journal=Cross Currents |volume=61 |issue=4: Embattled Masculinities in the Religious Traditions |jstor=24461909}}</ref>{{Rp|p=532}}

The Quranic story of Joseph may be one of the book's most detailed accounts of the life of a prophet. Joseph symbolizes beauty, and is admired as a preacher of Islam who is strongly committed to God and tries to persuade people to follow the path of righteousness. The Quran recounts Joseph's declaration of faith:

{{Quote|And I follow the ways of my fathers,{{spaced ndash}}Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; and never could we attribute any partners whatever to God: that (comes) of the grace of God to us and to mankind: yet most men are not grateful.|Qur'an, Surah 12 (Yusuf) Ayah 38<ref>{{cite quran|12|38|s=ns}}</ref>}}

Joseph is described as having the three characteristics of the ideal statesman: pastoral ability (developed when he was young and in charge of his father's flocks); household management (from his time in Potiphar's house) and self-control, as seen on a number of occasions: "He was pious and God fearing, full of temperance, ready to forgive, and displayed goodness to all people."<ref>{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Michael|title=Biblical Figures Outside the Bible|year=1998|publisher=Trinity Press International|page=246}}</ref>

=== Commentaries ===
Joseph is largely absent from the [[hadith]]. Discussions, interpretations and retellings of his life may be found in ''[[tafsir]]'', histories by al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kat̲h̲īr and others, and in the poetry and pietistic literature of a number of religions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Firestone|title=Yusuf|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2013|page=2}}</ref> According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], a great-grandson of Muhammad and prominent source of hadith, Joseph was righteous and moral.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shaykh Saduq|title=Thawaab al-Amaal wa Iqaab al-Amaal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref>

Joseph is a model of virtue and wisdom in spiritual literature, extolled in [[Sufism|Ṣūfī]] works such as Abū Naṣr al-Sarrād̲j̲'s K. al-Lumaʿ as a paragon of forgiveness. "He also epitomizes the chastity that is based on complete trust in God, for it was his absolute piety that prompted God to personally intervene to prevent him from the transgression of succumbing to sexual temptation."<ref name="Firestone 2013 3">{{cite journal|last=Firestone|title=Yusuf|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> Joseph is an archetype of wisdom and faith, although still human (as in his interactions with his brothers in Egypt). His beauty is frequently noted, especially in post-Qurānic literature. According to Firestone in the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', "His beauty was so exceptional that the behavior of the wife of al-ʿAzīz is forgiven, or at least mitigated, because of the unavoidably uncontrollable love and passion that his countenance would rouse in her. Such portrayals are found in many genres of Islamic literatures, but are most famous in Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Dijāmī's [q.v.] Yūsuf wa Zulayk̲h̲ā, which incorporates many of the motifs and attributes associated with his beauty in earlier works."<ref name="Firestone 2013 3"/> From the seventh century [[Hijri year|AH]] (13th century [[Common Era|CE]])  to the 10th century (16th century CE), Joseph was incorporated into Persian poetry and other literature, paintings and other forms of art.<ref name="Firestone 2013 3"/>

==== Esoteric commentaries in Arabic ====
The story of Joseph has esoteric Arabic commentaries which fill gaps in the narrative, make connections and identify characters. Additional details are common, and most complement information in canonical texts. According to ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'', much is derived from the Esra'Illiyat: traditions drawn from knowledge about Biblical events and people shared by Christians, Jews, and early Muslims. Sources of these traditions are Ibn 'Abbas (d. ca. 687) and Esma'il b. 'Abd-al-Rahman Soddi (d. 745).<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=2}} Al-Ṭabari includes the greatest number and variety of traditions supplying information not found in the Quran.<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=2}} "All the Arabic commentaries on Surat Yusuf include explanations and discussions of lexicography and grammar to clarify the literal meaning of the Qurʾānic story of Joseph. They focus on smaller details, not big-picture meaning."<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=3}}

Additional themes include the nature of God. Mustansir Mir writes that Joseph's story vindicates God's dominion and the fulfillment of his will. According to Mir's 1986 article in ''The Muslim World'', this ''[[surah]]'' highlights the way dominion is established; God is {{lang|ar|al-Latif}} ({{langx|ar|الـلَّـطـيـف|links=no|lit=the One subtle in accomplishing his will}}), and is also {{lang|ar|al-'Alim}} ({{langx|ar|الـعَـلـيـم|links=no|lit=the Knower or the All-Knowing One}}) and {{lang|ar|al-Hakim}} ({{langx|ar|الـحَـكـيـم|links=no|lit=the Wise or the All-Wise One}}).<ref name="mir 1986" /> ''[[The Story of Joseph in Arabic Verse]]'' is a poetic medieval version of the Quranic story.<ref>''The Story of Joseph in Arabic Verse in the Leeds Arabic Manuscript 347'', ed. and trans. by R. Y. Ebied and M. J. L. Young, The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society Supplement, 3 (Leiden: Brill, 1975).</ref><ref>A. F. L. Beeston, "Notes on a Middle-Arabic 'Joseph" Poem{{'"}}. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London'', 40.2 (1977), 287–96. {{JSTOR|615284}}.</ref>

==== Persian commentaries ====
[[Persian language|Farsi]] ''tafsir'' vary in the extent to which they include explanatory discussions and Arabic questions, and some Persian commentaries on Joseph resemble their Arabic counterparts. Other commentaries consist mainly of a translation of the verses and storytelling, unlike al–Tabari's style. Mystical readings of Joseph from the six6th century AH (12th century CE) tafsir of Maybundi are examples of this influence.<ref name="Flemming 2013 1">{{cite journal|last=Flemming|first=Barbara|title=Yusf and Zulaykha|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition|year=2013|page=1}}</ref>

Storytelling becomes more prominent in Persian ''tafsir'', which are known for their colorful, dramatic depiction of scenes in the narrative. Often described as "lively," it can be seen in Joseph's interactions with his brothers. Another example of Persian expansion of the story is when the brothers realize that Joseph is going to keep Benjamin in Egypt. One of the brothers, often Reuben, threatens Joseph that he will yell so loudly that every pregnant woman would immediately give birth.<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=5}}

Judaeo-Persian literature also strongly influenced medieval Islamic writings. Scholars note that Judaeo-Persian literature seemed to have been developed during the Īl-K̲h̲ān dynasty in Persia, from the end of the seventh to the 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fischel|first=W.J.|title=Judaeo-Persian|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition|year=2013|page=1}}</ref>

==== Sufi commentaries ====
Sufi tradition focuses on the lessons and deeper meanings "that may be elicited from the Qur'anic verses and the story of Joseph provides them with ample scope to draw lessons of mystical, ethical and theological and metaphysical significance."<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=5}} Commentaries in this tradition emphasize the themes of [[Predestination in Islam|predestination]] and God's omnipotence. Two teachings stand out: "the first is that God is the controller and provider of all things and that human beings should have complete trust in Him and the second is the prevailing of the divine decree over human contrivance and design."<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=5}}

The theme of love transcends the story of [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]]. Jacob becomes an [[archetype|archetypical]] mystic lover of God; Zulaikha evolves from a temptress to a lover, and from human to divine love.<ref name=Keller/>{{Rp|p=4}} There were two kinds of love in the story: the passion of a lover and the devotion of a father to his lost son. Joseph also represents eternal beauty as it is manifest in the created world.<ref name="Flemming 2013 1"/> "The Persian versions include full narratives, but also episodic anecdotes and incidental references which occur in prose works, didactic and lyrical poetry and even in drama. The motif was suited to be used by Sufi writers and poets as one of the most important models of the relationship between the manifestation of Divine beauty in the world and the loving soul of the mystic."<ref name="Flemming 2013 1"/>

There was also a Jewish presence. According to W. J. Fischer (2013), "Persian Jews, far from living in a cultural vacuum in isolation, took also a keen interest in the literary and poetical works of their Muslim neighbors and shared with them the admiration for the classical Persian poetry."<ref name="Fischer;Judaeo-Persian">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Fischer |first=W. J. |year=2013 |title=Judaeo-Persian |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=Second}}</ref>{{Rp|p=3}} Similar styles of meter and form translated easily between the two. The poet D̲j̲āmī is known for his reflections on stories such as Yusuf and Zulaikha, which were made accessible in Hebrew transliteration and are preserved.<ref name="Fischer;Judaeo-Persian"/>{{Rp|p=2}}

==== Shia commentaries ====
In [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni]]'s ''[[Kitab al-Kafi]]'', when the fire was set for Abraham, Gabriel brought him a shirt from paradise and made him wear it. With the shirt on, cold or heat would not harm him. When Abraham was dying, he wrapped it up gave it to Isaac; Isaac gave it to Jacob. When Joseph was born, it was given to him. When he took it out in Egypt, Jacob said, "I smell Joseph's scent. I hope that you will not accuse me of senility (12:94)". It was the same shirt which was sent from paradise.<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>

=== Medieval Muslim retellings of ''Sūrat Yūsuf'' ===
The story of Joseph has been widely retold and influential in the Muslim world.<ref>Agnès Kefeli, 'The Tale of Joseph and Zulaykha on the Volga Frontier: The Struggle for Gender, Religious, and National Identity in Imperial and Postrevolutionary Russia', ''Slavic Review'', 70 (2011), 373–98. {{doi|10.5612/slavicreview.70.2.0373}}.</ref> The story has attracted extra elements which have become common in Islamic tradition. For example, the wolf whom Joseph's brothers accuse of killing Joseph miraculously speaks to Jacob, revealing the true story.<ref>Roberto Tottoli, {{"'}}I Just Came to Visit Some Relatives': The Wolf in Joseph's Story", in Roberto Tottoli, ''Studies in Islamic Traditions and Literature'', Variorum Collected Studies Series, CS 1112 (London: Routledge, 2023), 215–26 [trans. from {{"'}}Sono solo venuto a trovare alcuni parenti': Il lupo nella storia di Giuseppe", ''Quaderni di Studi Arabi'', n. s. 14 (2019), 201–16].</ref> In the versions known as ''Yūsuf and Zulkaykha'', Joseph eventually marries his one-time seductress, the wife of Potiphar.<ref>J. T. P. de Bruijn and Barbara Flemming, 'Yūsuf and Zulayk̲h̲ā', in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. P. Bearman and others, 2nd ed., 12 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005); {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1370}}.</ref>

The following retellings of Joseph's story are based fairly closely on the Quranic ''Sūrat Yūsuf'', unlike the more divergent ''Yūsuf and Zulkaykha'' narratives, and are stand-alone texts, unlike the ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ'', which recount Joseph's life as part of a larger collection of prophets' biographies.

{| class="wikitable"
!author (where known)
!title
!date (CE)
!language
!modern translation
|-
|Qul Ğəliy
|''[[Kyssa'i Yusuf]]''
|1233 (supposedly)
|[[Old Bashkir|Old Tatar]]
|English<ref>Kol Gali, ''The Story of Joseph/Kissa'i Yusuf'', trans. by Fred Beake and Ravil Bukharaev (Folkestone: Global Oriental, 2010/Boston: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|1-280-68638-3}}, {{ISBN|9786613663320}}, {{ISBN|90-04-21286-8}}, {{ISBN|9789004212862}}.</ref>
|-
|Şeyyad Ḥamza
|''[[Destān-ı Yūsuf]]''
|thirteenth-century
|Turkish
|English<ref>Sheyyad Hamza, ''The Story of Joseph: A Fourteenth-Century Turkish Morality Play'', trans. by Bill Hickman (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2014) {{ISBN|9780815633570}}.</ref>
|-
|
|''[[Poema de Yuçuf]]''
|fourteenth-century
|[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]
|
|-
|
|''[[The Story of Joseph in Arabic Verse]]''
|Middle Arabic
|Arabic
|English<ref name=":0">''The Story of Joseph in Arabic Verse in the Leeds Arabic Manuscript 347'', ed. and trans. by R. Y. Ebied and M. J. L. Young, The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society Supplement, 3 (Leiden: Brill, 1975), {{ISBN|9004041788}}.</ref>
|-
|[[al-Awsī]]
|''[[Zahr al-kumām fī qiṣṣat Yūsuf ʿalayhi al-salām]]''
|before 1350
|Arabic
|
|-
|
|[[L'histoire de Joseph d'après un manuscrit oriental |Story of Joseph in Geneva, Bibliothèque de Genève, MS oriental 13]]
|seventeenth-century
|Arabic
|French<ref>Faïka Croisier, ''L’histoire de Joseph d’après un manuscrit oriental'' (Genève: Labor et Fides, 1989).</ref>
|}

=== Gender and sexuality ===
The story of Joseph provides insight into Quranic models of sexuality and gender and an understanding of [[hegemonic masculinity]]. A prophet very different from other prophets in the Quran is encountered in the surah, but all prophets are chosen to guide other humans to God.<ref name="De Sondy"/>{{Rp|p=531}} Joseph is similar to other prophets in that his story conveys God's message, and his story "begins and ends with God. For this reason all prophets are equal: their sole purpose is to highlight God's divinity but not their own significance over against other prophets."<ref name="De Sondy"/>{{Rp|p=533}}

Ibn Kathir uses Joseph's resistance to Zulaikha as a basis for saying that men are saved by God because they fear him. Female scholars such as Barbara Freyer Stowasser consider this interpretation demeaning to women, suggesting that women do not have the same connection: "Both appear in the Hadith as symbolized in the concept of fitna (social anarchy, social chaos, temptation) which indicates that to be a female is to be sexually aggressive and, hence, dangerous to social stability. The Qurʾān, however, reminds human beings to remain focused on submission to God."<ref name="De Sondy"/>{{Rp|p=535}} In Islamic tradition, God does not disapprove of Joseph and Zulaikha's mutual attraction and love, associated factors, however, make their love affair impossible.<ref name="De Sondy"/>{{Rp|p=537}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]]
* [[Holy Land]] ({{langx|ar|الأَرض الـمُـبـاركـة}|links=no|lit=The Blessed Land}})
* [[List of legends in the Quran]]
* [[Prophet Joseph (TV series)]]
* [[Prophets and messengers in Islam]]
* [[Qisas al-Anbiya]]
* [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]], chapter 12 of the Quran

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm Prophet Joseph (Yusuf)]
* [http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Tafsir/Tafsir(12-100-101)Yusuf%27s%20dream%20-%20the%20sun,%20the%20moon,%20and%20eleven%20stars.html The meaning of Joseph's story in the Qur'an from the standpoint of his dream]
* [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/Prophet/yusuf.htm The Story of Yusuf]

{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hebrew Bible prophets of the Quran]]
[[Category:Joseph (Genesis)|Islam]]