View source for Joshua

{{short description|Central figure in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua}}
{{About|the figure from the Hebrew Bible|the given name|Joshua (name)|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Infobox saint
|name            = Joshua
|feast_day       = 
* 26th of Nisan, [[Yahrzeit]] (commemoration of death day): Jewish
* July 26: [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]]
* September 1: [[Roman Catholicism]]
* [[September 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|September 1]]:{{efn|name=synaxarion}}<ref name= oca /> [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
* April 14: all saint Sinai monk
|venerated_in    = [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]]
|image           = Collection Motais de Narbonne - Josué arrète la course du soleil - Carlo Maratta.jpg
|imagesize       = 250px
|caption         = ''Joshua stops the race of the sun'' ({{circa|1700}}), by [[Carlo Maratta]]
|birth_date=Unknown|birth_place     = [[Land of Goshen|Goshen]] ([[Lower Egypt]]), [[Ancient Egypt]]
|death_date=Unknown (aged {{circa|110}})|death_place     = [[Canaan]]
|titles          = Prophet, Righteous, Forefather
|birth_name=Hoshea Bar Nun|attributes      = Often depicted with [[Caleb]], carrying the grapes out of [[Canaan]]
|patronage       = 
|major_shrine    = {{ubl|[[Tomb of Joshua]] (Samaritan and Jewish tradition)
|[[Joshua's Hill]], [[Al-Nabi Yusha']], etc. (Muslim traditions)}}
|suppressed_date = 
|issues          = 
}}
{{Judges}}

'''Joshua''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɒ|ʃ|u|ə}} {{respell|JOSH|oo|ə}}), also known as '''Yehoshua''' ({{Hebrew name 1|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוֹשֻׁעַ}}}} ''Yəhōšuaʿ'',{{px2}} [[Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian:]] ''Yŏhōšuaʿ,'' [[Literal translation|lit.]] '[[Yahweh]] is salvation'), '''Jehoshua''',{{efn|{{langx|arc|יֵשׁוּעַ}} ''Yēšūaʿ''; {{langx|syr|ܝܫܘܥ ܒܪ ܢܘܢ}} ''Yəšūʿ bar Nōn''; {{langx|el|Ἰησοῦς}}, {{langx |ar|يُوشَعُ ٱبْنُ نُونٍ}} ''[[#In Islam|Yūšaʿ ibn Nūn]]''; {{langx|la|Iosue}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |title=The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1. |publisher=Open Book Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1783746767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3091. Yehoshua |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3091.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref> or '''Josue''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Josue (Joshua) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08524a.htm |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> was [[Moses]]' assistant in the books of [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] and [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], and later succeeded Moses as leader of the [[Israelite]] tribes in the [[Book of Joshua]] of the [[Hebrew Bible]].{{sfn|Coogan|2009|pp=166-167}} His name was '''Hoshea''' ({{Script/Hebrew|הוֹשֵׁעַ}} ''Hōšēaʿ'',{{px2}} [[Literal translation|lit.]] 'Save')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conjugation of לְהוֹשִׁיעַ |url=https://www.pealim.com/dict/861-lehoshia/ |website=Pealim}}</ref> the son of [[Nun (Bible)|Nun]], of the [[tribe of Ephraim]], but Moses called him "Yehoshua" (translated as "Joshua" in English),<ref name="ReferenceA">''Bible'' {{bibleverse||Numbers|13:16|ESV}}</ref> the name by which he is commonly known in English. According to the Bible, he was born in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] prior to [[the Exodus]].

In {{bibleverse||Numbers| 13:1|ESV}}, the Hebrew Bible identifies Joshua as one of [[The Twelve Spies|the twelve spies]] of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of [[Canaan]]. After the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated lands to the tribes. According to [[chronology of the Bible|biblical chronology]], Joshua lived some time in the [[Bronze Age]]. According to {{bibleverse||Joshua|24:29|ESV}} Joshua died at the age of 110.

Joshua holds a position of respect among [[Muslim]]s, who also see him as the leader of the faithful following the death of Moses. In Islam, it is also believed that Yusha bin Nun (Joshua) was the "attendant" of Moses mentioned in the [[Quran]] before Moses meets [[Khidr]]. Joshua plays [[#In Islam|a role in Islamic literature]], with significant narration in the [[hadith]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3149 - Chapters on Tafsir - كتاب تفسير القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3149|access-date=2022-02-14|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim 2380a - The Book of Virtues - كتاب الفضائل - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2380a|access-date=2022-02-14|website=sunnah.com}}</ref>

==Name==
The English name "Joshua" is a rendering of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Yehoshua'', and is mostly interpreted as "[[Yahweh]] is salvation";{{sfn|Gesenius|1906|pp=221, 446}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.studylight.org/dic/fbd/view.cgi?number=T2115|title= Fausset's Bible Dictionary|publisher= Study Light|access-date= 8 January 2018|archive-date= 16 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120316082511/http://www.studylight.org/dic/fbd/view.cgi?number=T2115|url-status= live}}</ref> although others have also alternatively interpreted it as "[[Yahweh]] is lordly".{{sfn|Ayali-Darshan|2018|pp=}} The [[theophoric name]] appears to be constructed from a combination of the [[Tetragrammaton]] with the Hebrew noun יְשׁוּעָה ([[Modern Hebrew|Modern:]] ''yəšūʿa'', [[Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian:]] ''yăšūʿā''), meaning "salvation";<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3444. yeshuah |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3444.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inflection of יְשׁוּעָה |url=https://www.pealim.com/dict/8241-yeshua/ |website=Pealim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Klein Dictionary, יְשׁוּעָה |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%99%D6%B0%D7%A9%D7%81%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%A2%D6%B8%D7%94?ven=Carta_Jerusalem%3B_1st_edition,_1987&lang=bi |website=Sefaria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jastrow, יְשׁוּעָה |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Jastrow%2C_%D7%99%D6%B0%D7%A9%D7%81%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%A2%D6%B8%D7%94?ven=London,_Luzac,_1903&lang=bi |website=Sefaria}}</ref> derived from the [[Hebrew root]] ישׁע (''y-š-ʿ''), meaning "to save/help/deliver".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3467. yasha |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3467.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Klein Dictionary, ישׁע |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%81%D7%A2?ven=Carta_Jerusalem%3B_1st_edition,_1987&lang=bi |website=Sefaria}}</ref> Other theophoric names sharing a similar meaning can also be found throughout the [[Hebrew Bible]], such as that of the son of [[David]] אֱלִישׁוּעַ (''ʾĔlīšūaʿ''), whose name means "My [[El (deity)|El]] ([[God]]) is salvation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 474. Elishua |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/474.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 410. êlî |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/eli_410.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref>

"[[Jesus (name)|Jesus]]" is the English derivative of the Greek transliteration of "Yehoshua" via Latin. In the [[Septuagint]], all instances of the word "Yehoshua" are rendered as "{{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς}}" (Iēsûs), the closest Greek pronunciation of the {{langx|arc|יֵשׁוּעַ}} {{transliteration|arc|Yēšūaʿ}}.<ref>''Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Nehemiah|8:17|ESV}}</ref><ref>[http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/04_013.htm Numbers 13:16 LXX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025240/http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/04_013.htm |date=2011-07-23 }} {{lang|grc|καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν Μωυσῆς τὸν Αὐσῆ υἱὸν Ναυῆ 'Ἰησοῦν'}} (and Moses named Hosea, son of Naue, ''Jesus'')</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/38_003.htm|work=Online Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX) UTF8 Bible|title=Zechariah|at=3:1–10|publisher=Bible database|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=23 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025252/http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/38_003.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3442. Yeshua |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3442.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref> Thus, in modern Greek, Joshua is called "Jesus son of Naue" ({{lang |grc|τοῦ Ναυή}}, ''tû Nauḗ'') to differentiate him from [[Jesus]]. This is also true in some [[Slavic languages]] following the [[Eastern Orthodox]] tradition (e.g. "{{lang |ru|Иисус Навин}}", ''Iisús Navín'', in Bulgarian, Serbian and Russian, but not Czech).

==Biblical narrative==
{{See also|History of ancient Israel and Judah}}

===The Exodus===
[[File:Tissot Moses Blesses Joshua Before the High Priest.jpg|thumb|''Moses Blesses Joshua Before the High Priest'' (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by [[James Tissot]])]]

Joshua was a major figure in the events of the Exodus. He was charged by Moses with selecting and commanding a militia group for their first battle after exiting Egypt, against the [[Amalekites]] in [[Rephidim]],<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse||Exodus|17:8–16|ESV}}</ref> in which they were victorious.

He later accompanied Moses when he ascended [[biblical Mount Sinai]] to commune with God,<ref>Exodus 24:13</ref> visualize God's plan for the Israelite [[tabernacle]], and receive the [[Ten Commandments]]. Joshua was with Moses when he descended from the mountain, heard the Israelites' celebrations around the [[Golden Calf]],<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse|Exodus| 32:17}}</ref> and broke the tablets bearing the words of the commandments. Similarly, in the narrative which refers to Moses being able to speak with God in his tent of meeting outside the camp, Joshua is seen as custodian of the tent ('tabernacle of meeting') when Moses returned to the Israelite encampment.<ref name="auto">Exodus 33:11</ref> However, when Moses returned to the mountain to re-create the tablets recording the Ten Commandments, Joshua was not present, as the biblical text states "no man shall come up with you".<ref>Exodus 34:3</ref>

Later, Joshua was identified as one of the [[The Twelve Spies|twelve spies]] sent by Moses to explore and report on the land of [[Canaan]],<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse||Numbers|13:16–17|ESV}}</ref> and only he and [[Caleb]] gave an encouraging report, a reward for which would be that only these two of their entire generation would enter the promised land.<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse||Numbers|14:22–24|ESV}}</ref>

According to Joshua 1:1,<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse||Joshua|1:1–9|ESV}}</ref> God appointed Joshua to succeed Moses as leader of the Israelites along with giving him a blessing of invincibility during his lifetime.<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleref2|Joshua|1:5}}</ref>{{sfn|Goldingay|2023|pp=67–68}} The first part of the book of Joshua covers the period when he led the conquest of [[Canaan]].

===Conquest of Canaan===
{{main|Book of Joshua}}
[[File:Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon Gibeon (1816) John Martin - NGA 2004.64.1.jpg|thumb|''[[Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon Gibeon]]'' by [[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], 1816]]

At the [[Jordan River]], the waters parted, as they had for Moses at the [[Red Sea]]. The first battle after the crossing of the Jordan was the [[fall of Jericho]]. Joshua led the destruction of [[Jericho]], then moved on to [[Ai (Bible)|Ai]], a small neighboring city to the west. However, they were defeated with thirty-six Israelite deaths. The defeat was attributed to [[Achan (Bible)|Achan]] taking an "accursed thing" from Jericho; and was followed by Achan and his family and animals being stoned to death to restore God's favor. Joshua then went to defeat Ai.

The Israelites faced an alliance of five [[Amorite]] kings from [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]], [[Jarmuth]], [[Lachish]], and [[Eglon, Canaan|Eglon]]. At [[Gibeon (ancient city)|Gibeon]], Joshua asked the {{Lord}} to cause the Sun and Moon to stand still, so that he could finish the battle in daylight. According to the text, the Sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day. This event is most notable because "There has been no day like it before or since, when the {{Lord}} heeded the voice of a man, for the Lord fought for Israel."<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse||Joshua|10:14|ESV}}</ref> The {{Lord}} also fought for the Israelites in this battle, for he hurled huge hailstones from the sky which killed more Canaanites than those which the Israelites slaughtered. From there on, Joshua was able to lead the Israelites to several victories, securing much of the land of Canaan. He presided over the Israelite gatherings at [[Gilgal]] and [[Shiloh (biblical city)|Shiloh]] which [[Land lottery|allocated land]] to the tribes of Israel (Joshua 14:1–5 and 18:1–10), and the Israelites rewarded him with the Ephraimite city of [[Timnath-heres]] or Timnath-serah, where he settled (Joshua 19:50).

According to the [[Talmud]], Joshua in his book enumerated only those towns on the frontier.{{efn|name=BabaBathra}}

===Death===
[[File:Joshua's Tomb at Kifl Hares.jpg|thumb|Joshua's Tomb in [[Kifl Haris]] near [[Nablus]], [[West Bank]], on Joshua's ''yartzeit'' 2007]]
[[File:Joshua's Tomb in Jordan 01.jpg|thumb|Joshua's Tomb in [[Jordan]]]]

When he was "old and well advanced in years",<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse ||Joshua|23:1–2|ESV}}</ref> Joshua convened the elders and chiefs of the Israelites and exhorted them to have no fellowship with the native population, because it could lead them to be unfaithful to God.<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse ||Joshua|23:7–8|ESV}}, {{bibleverse-nb ||Joshua|23:12–13|ESV}}</ref> At a general assembly of the clans at [[Shechem]], he took leave of the people, admonishing them to be loyal to their God, who had been so mightily manifested in the midst of them. As a witness of their promise to serve God, Joshua set up a great stone under an oak by the sanctuary of God. Soon afterward he died, at the age of 110, and was buried at [[Timnath-heres]], in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash.<ref>''Bible'' {{bibleverse ||Joshua|24:29–30|ESV}}</ref>

==Historicity==
{{see also|The Exodus#Historicity|History of ancient Israel and Judah}}

===Current mainstream opinion===
The prevailing scholarly view is that the [[Book of Joshua]] is not a factual account of historical events.{{sfn|Coote|2000|p=275}}{{sfn|McConville|Williams|2010|p=4}} The apparent setting of Joshua is the 13th century BCE{{sfn|McConville|Williams|2010|p=}} which was a time of widespread city-destruction, but with a few exceptions ([[Tel Hazor|Hazor]], [[Tel Lachish|Lachish]]) the destroyed cities are not the ones the Bible associates with Joshua, and the ones it does associate with him show little or no sign of even being occupied at the time.{{sfn|Miller|Hayes|1986|pp=71-72}} Given its lack of historicity, Carolyn Pressler in her commentary for the ''Westminster Bible Companion'' series suggests that readers of Joshua should give priority to its theological message ("what passages teach about God") and be aware of what these would have meant to audiences in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE.{{sfn|Pressler|2002|pp=5-6}} [[Richard D. Nelson|Richard Nelson]] explained that the needs of the [[Centralisation|centralised]] monarchy favoured a single story of origins, combining old traditions of an [[The Exodus|exodus from Egypt]], belief in a [[national god]] as "divine warrior," and explanations for ruined cities, [[social stratification]] and ethnic groups, and contemporary tribes.{{sfn|Nelson|1997|p=5}}

It has been argued that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value.{{sfn|Killebrew|2005|p=152|ps=: "Almost without exception, scholars agree that the account in Joshua holds little historical value vis-à-vis early Israel and most likely reflects much later historical times.<sup>15</sup>"}} The archaeological evidence shows that [[Jericho]] and [[Ai (Canaan)|Ai]] were not occupied in the Near Eastern [[Late Bronze Age]],{{sfn|Bartlett|2006|p=63}} although recent excavations at Jericho have questioned this.{{sfn|Nigro|2020|pp=202–204}} The story of the conquest perhaps represents the nationalist [[propaganda]] of the eighth century BCE kings of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] and their claims to the territory of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]],{{sfn|Coote|2000|p=275}} incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of king [[Josiah]] (reigned 640–609&nbsp;BCE). The book was probably revised and completed after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|fall of Jerusalem]] to the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in 586 BCE, and possibly after the return from the [[Babylonian exile]] in 538 BCE.{{sfn|Creach|2003|pp=10-11}}

===M. Noth (1930s)===
In the 1930s [[Martin Noth]] made a sweeping criticism of the usefulness of the Book of Joshua for history.{{sfn|Albright|1939|pp=11–23}} Noth was a student of [[Albrecht Alt]], who emphasized [[form criticism]] and the importance of [[Origin myth|etiology]].{{sfn|Albright|1939|pp=11–23}}{{sfn|Noort|1998|pp=127-144}} Alt and Noth posited a peaceful movement of the Israelites into various areas of Canaan, ''[[Contra (citation signal)|contra]]'' the Biblical account.{{sfn|Rendsburg|1992|pp=510-527}}

===W.F. Albright (1930s)===
[[William F. Albright|William Foxwell Albright]] questioned the "tenacity" of etiologies, which were key to Noth's analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930s showed that the city of [[Ai (Canaan)|Ai]], an early target for conquest in the putative Joshua account, had existed and been destroyed, but in the 22nd century BCE.{{sfn|Albright|1939|pp=11–23}} Some alternate sites for Ai have been proposed which would partially resolve the discrepancy in dates, but these sites have not been widely accepted.{{sfn|Hawkins|2013|p=109}}

===K. Kenyon (1951)===
In 1951 [[Kathleen Kenyon]] showed that City IV at [[Tell es-Sultan]] (Jericho) was destroyed at the end of the [[Middle Bronze Age]] (c. 2100–1550 BCE), not during the [[Late Bronze Age]] (c. 1550–1200 BCE). Kenyon argued that the early Israelite campaign could not be historically corroborated, but rather explained as an etiology of the location and a representation of the Israelite settlement.{{sfn|Kenyon|1967|pp=268–275}}{{sfn|Kenyon|2013|pp=101-138}}

===G.E. Wright (1955)===
In 1955, [[G. Ernest Wright]] discussed the correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divided into three phases per the Book of Joshua. He pointed to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence").{{sfn|Wright|1955|pp=106-108}} He gives particular weight to what were then recent digs at Hazor by [[Yigael Yadin]].{{sfn|Wright|1955|pp=106-108}}

==Religious views==
[[File:Karolingischer Buchmaler um 840 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Joshua and the Israelite people, [[Carolingian art|Carolingian]] [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]], c. 840]]

===In Judaism===
====In rabbinical literature====
[[File:Crossing the Jordan River with the Ark, painted board, detail from the cabinets of the Old Sacristy, Church of St Mary the Gracious Milan. Italy, 15th.jpg|thumb|upright|The Israelites led by Joshua crossing the Jordan River with the Ark, Old Sacristy, Milan Italy, 15th c.]]
[[File:Robert Hecquet, Israelites Crossing the Jordan River, c. 1720-1775.jpg|thumb|Robert Hecquet, Israelites led by Joshua Crossing the Jordan River]]
In [[rabbinic literature]] Joshua is regarded as a faithful, humble, deserving, wise man. Biblical verses illustrative of these qualities and of their reward are applied to him. "He that waits on his master shall be honored"<ref>[[Pro.|Proverbs]] 27:18</ref> is construed as a reference to Joshua,<ref>[[Numbers Rabbah]] 12</ref> as is also the first part of the same verse, "Whoso keeps the fig-tree shall eat the fruit thereof".<ref>[[Yalkut Shimoni]], Joshua 2; ''Numbers Rabbah'' 12:21</ref> That "honor shall uphold the humble in spirit"<ref>[[Pro.|Proverbs]] 29:23</ref> is proved by Joshua's victory over [[Amalek]].<ref>''Numbers Rabbah'' 13</ref> Not the sons of [[Moses]]—as Moses himself had expected—but Joshua was appointed as Moses' successor.<ref>''Numbers Rabbah'' 12</ref> Moses was shown how Joshua reproved that [[Othniel Ben Kenaz|Othniel]].<ref>''Yalkut Shimoni'', Numbers 776</ref>

"God would speak to Moses face to face, like someone would speak to his friend. Then he would return to the camp. But his attendant, Joshua the son of Nun, a young man, would not leave the tent. Joshua never moved from the tent".<ref name="auto"/> Didn't Joshua leave the tent to eat, sleep or attend to his needs? This praise shows that Joshua had complete faith in Moses, the [[Tzaddik]]. One who has this faith is cognizant of the tzaddik in everything he does; he remains steadfastly with the tzaddik whatever he does.<ref>[[Nachman of Breslov]], ''Likutey Halakhot VII''</ref>

According to [[rabbinic tradition]], Joshua, when dividing the [[Land of Canaan]] among the twelve tribes of Israel, planted [[sea squill]] ({{langx|he|חצוב}}) to mark off the [[butts and bounds]] of tribal properties.{{efn|name=BabaBathra}}

Moreover, Joshua, on dividing the land of Canaan amongst the tribes of Israel, made the tribes agree to ten conditions, the most important of which being the common use of the forests as pasture for cattle, and the common right of fishing in the [[Sea of Tiberias]].<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]] (''[[Bava Kamma]]'' 80b—81a).</ref> Natural springs were to be used for drinking and laundry by all tribes, although the tribe to which the water course fell had the first rights.<ref>[[Maimonides]], ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'' (Hil. ''Nizkei Mammon'' 5:3); [[Achai Gaon|Acha of Shabha]], ''Sheiltoth'', P. Ra’eh 147; [[Jerusalem Talmud]], ''Baba Bathra'' 5:1. Even if the source of the natural spring were to originate in a distant tribal territory, and flowed along its course through another tribal territory, the people living in the territory where the water currently passes through have first-rights over the water.</ref> Prickly burnet (''[[Sarcopoterium|Sarcopoterium spinosum]]'') and the camelthorn (''[[Alhagi maurorum]]'') could be freely collected as firewood by any member of any tribe, in any tribal territory.

====In prayer====
According to Jewish religious tradition, upon making [[Aliyah]] by crossing the Jordan River to enter the [[Land of Israel]], Joshua composed the [[Aleinu]] prayer thanking God. This idea was first cited in the [[Kol Bo]] of the late 14th Century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etzion.org.il/en/shiur-18-aleinu |title=Shiur #18: Aleinu &#124; VBM haretzion |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123044027/https://www.etzion.org.il/en/shiur-18-aleinu |url-status=live }}</ref> Several medieval commentators noticed that Joshua's shorter birth name, Hosea, appears in the first few verses of Aleinu in reverse acrostic: ע – עלינו, ש – שלא שם, ו – ואנחנו כורעים, ה – הוא אלוקינו. The Teshuvot HaGeonim, a [[Geonic]] responsum, discussed that Joshua composed the Aleinu because although the Israelites had made Aliyah to the [[Promised Land]], they were surrounded by other peoples, and he wanted the Jews to draw a clear distinction between themselves, who knew and accepted the sovereignty of God, and those nations of the world which did not.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://anshesholomnewrochelle.org/sermons/the-origins-of-aleinu |title=The Origins of Aleinu – Anshe Sholom |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-date=2021-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716060637/https://anshesholomnewrochelle.org/sermons/the-origins-of-aleinu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the modern era, religious Jews still pray the Aliyah inspired Aleinu three times daily, including on the [[High Holidays]]. The Aleinu prayer begins:

{{Blockquote |It is our duty to praise the Master of all, to exalt the Creator of the Universe, who has not made us like the nations of the world and has not placed us like the families of the earth, who has not designed our destiny to be like theirs, nor our lot like that of all their multitude.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/siddur/default_cdo/aid/1495868/jewish/Online-Siddur-with-Commentary.htm#!/aid:1666780 |title=Online Siddur with Commentary |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303055257/https://www.chabad.org/library/siddur/default_cdo/aid/1495868/jewish/Online-Siddur-with-Commentary.htm#!/aid:1666780 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===In Christianity===
Most modern Bibles translate {{bibleref2|Hebrews|4:8–10}} to identify Jesus as a better Joshua, as Joshua led Israel into the rest of [[Canaan]], but Jesus leads the people of God into "God's rest". Among the early [[Church Fathers]], Joshua is considered a [[typology (theology)|type]] of Jesus Christ.{{sfn|Nichols|2007||p=195}}

The story of Joshua and the Canaanite kings is also alluded to in the [[Meqabyan#Second Book of Ethiopian Maccabees (2 Meqabyan)|2 Meqabyan]], a book considered [[Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon|canonical]] in the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://torahofyeshuah.blogspot.com/2015/07/book-of-meqabyan-i-iii.html |title=Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I - III |access-date=2019-11-10 |archive-date=2019-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923192431/http://torahofyeshuah.blogspot.com/2015/07/book-of-meqabyan-i-iii.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===In Islam===
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = {{smaller|[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]}}
| image              = Chester Beatty T 414 fol 189r Yusha in Ariha.jpg
| image_size         = 
| name               = Yūšaʿ
| honorific_suffix   = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| native_name        = يُوشَعُ<br>Joshua
| caption            = Yusha (middle) fighting in the Battle of [[Jericho|Ariha]].
| predecessor        = [[Caleb#Islam|Kalib]]
| successor          = 
| parents            = Nun (father)
}}

====Quranic references====
Joshua ({{langx|ar|يُوشَعُ بْنُ نُونٍ}}, ''Yūšaʿ ibn Nūn'' {{IPA|ar|juːʃaʕ ibn nuːn|}}, is not mentioned by name in the [[Quran]], but his name appears in other [[Islamic literature]]. In the Quranic account of the conquest of Canaan, Joshua and Caleb are referenced, but not named, as two God-fearing men on whom [[God in Islam|God]] "had bestowed His grace".<ref>[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], ''[[The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary]]'', Note. 726 to verse 23: "Among those who returned after spying out the land were two men who had faith and courage. They were Joshua and Caleb. Joshua afterwards succeeded Moses in the leadership after 40 years. These two men pleaded for an immediate entry through the proper Gate, which I understand to mean, 'after taking all due precautions and making all due preparations.' Cf. 2:189 and n. 203. But of course, they said, they must put their trust in Allah for victory."</ref>

{{Blockquote|They said, "Moses, there is a fearsome people in this land. We will not go there until they leave. If they leave, then we will enter." Yet the two men whom God had blessed among those who were afraid said, "Go in to them through the gate and when you go in you will overcome them. If you are true believers, put your trust in God.|Quran, sura 5 ([[Al-Ma'ida]]), ayah 22–23, Haleem translation<ref>M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, translator (2005). ''The Qur'an''. Oxford University Press. p. 70.</ref>}}
[[File:Spencer_Coll._Persian_MS._46_101v_Yusha_and_Musa_visit_Khidr.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic depiction of Yusha and Musa visiting Khidr from a Persian 1580 manuscript.]]
Joshua is also referred to in the journey [[Moses in Islam|Musa]] (Moses) took with him to find [[Khidr]]. 

{{Blockquote|And remember when Moses said to his young assistant, "I will never give up until I reach the junction of the two seas, even if I travel for ages". But when they finally reached the point where the seas met, they forgot their salted fish, and it made its way into the sea, slipping away wondrously. He replied, "Do you remember when we rested by the rock? That is when I forgot the fish. None made me forget to mention this except Satan. And the fish made its way into the sea miraculously". Moses responded, "That is exactly what we were looking for". So they returned, retracing their footsteps. There they found a servant of Ours, to whom We had granted mercy from Us and enlightened with knowledge of Our Own.|Quran, chapter 6 ([[al-Kahf]]), verses 60-65<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Kahf - 60 |url=https://quran.com/al-kahf/60 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref>}}

The narration collected by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] reports that a man approached Moses after he gave a talk and asked him, "Who is the most knowledgeable person on earth?" Moses responded, "That would be me!" So Allah revealed to Moses that he should not have said this and there was in fact someone who was more knowledgeable than him. Moses was commanded to travel to meet this man, named Al-Khaḍir, at the junction of the two seas. Islamic scholars have argued this could be the northern part of the [[Sinai Peninsula]] between the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the southern part of Sinai where the Rea Sea splits into the [[Gulf of Suez]] and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], or the [[Bosporus]] in Istanbul which is a strait between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Marmara]].

====Hadith, exegesis, traditions====
Joshua was regarded by some classical scholars as the prophetic successor to Moses ({{lang|ar|موسى|rtl=yes}}){{efn|name=IbnKathir}} [[Al-Tabari]] relates in his ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'' that Joshua was one of the twelve spies, and Muslim scholars believe that the two believing spies referred to in the Quran are Joshua and Caleb. Joshua was exceptional among the [[Israelites]] for being one of the few faithful followers of Allah.

Significant events from Joshua's Muslim narratives include the crossing of the [[Jordan River]] and the conquest of ''[[Bait al-Maqdis]]''.<ref>''Tabari'', ''History of the Prophets and Kings'', Vol. I: 414–429, 498–499, 503–516</ref> 

The traditional Muslim scholastic commentaries has narrated the miracle which shown by Joshua as a sign that he is a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet in Islam]]. Ibn Kathir gave commentary of [[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] Hadith that during the siege of Jerusalem, Yoshua prayed to God to withheld the sun until he won, which resulted in the day did not cease, and the sun only set after the Israelites under Joshua manage to capture the city.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=من هو يوشع بن نون؟ |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/365539/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86 |website=[[IslamQA.info]] |year=2022 |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestina, Tanah Kaum Muslimin |url=https://almanhaj.or.id/8028-palestina-tanah-kaum-muslimin.html |website=Almanhaj |year=2006 |publisher=Lajnah Istiqomah |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=Id, Ar}} reference:
* Dirasatun Fil Ad-yan Al-Yahudiyah wan Nashraniyah, Dr Su’ud bin Abdil Aziz Al-Khalaf, Penerbit Adhwa-us Salaf, Cetakan I, Th 1422H/2003M
* Mujaz Tarikhil Yahudi war-Raddi Ala Ba’dhi Maza’imil Bathilah, Dr Mahmud bin Abdir Rahman Qadah, Majalah Jami’ah Islamiyah, Edisi 107, Th 29, 1418-1419H
* Shahih Qashashil Anbiya, karya Ibnu Katsir, Abu Usamah Salim bin Id Al-Hilali, Maktabah Al-Furqan, Cetakan I Th, 1422H
* Tafsir Al-Qur’anil Azhim, Abu Fida Ismail Ibnu Umar Ibnu Katsir, Darul Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Cetakan II, Th.1422H</ref> ''[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn|al-Jalalayn]]'' says, "[[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Ahmad [b. Hanbal]]] reported in his Musnad, the [following] hadīth, 'The sun was never detained for any human, except for Joshua during those days in which he marched towards the Holy House [of Jerusalem]'."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/5.26|title=QuranX.com The most complete Quran / Hadith / Tafsir collection available!|website=quranx.com|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164450/https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/5.26|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Islamic tradition, Joshua lived for about 110 years, and his shrine is located in the city of [[Kifl Haris|Hārith]] in the region of Shām (Greater Syria).<ref>Mufti Iqtadar Ahmad Khan. [[iarchive:tafseer-e-naeemi-15|''Tafsir Naeemi: Vol. 15''.]] Lahore: Naeemi Kutub Khanah. Para 15, Surah 18, Ayah 58, "Scholarly exegesis", p. 589.</ref>

Muslim literature includes traditions of Joshua not found in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Joshua is credited with being present at Moses's death and literature records that Moses's garments were with Joshua at the time of his departure.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', Vol. XI, pg. 351, ''Yusha ibn Nun [Joshua, son of Nun]''</ref> In [[Sahih Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]], Joshua is mentioned as Yusha' bin Nun and is the attendant to Moses during his [[Moses in Islam#Meeting with Khidr|meeting with Khidr]].<ref>Bukhari, Book 6, Volume 60, Hadiths 249, 250, 251: Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh))</ref><ref>Bukhari, Book 1, Volume 3, Hadith 124: Knowledge</ref><ref>Muslim, Book 30, Hadith 5864: The Book Pertaining to the Excellent Qualities of the Holy Prophet (may Peace be upon them) and His Companions (Kitab Al-Fada'il)</ref> This hadith episode was used by scholars for the exegesis of Quran scripture chapter [[Al-Kahf]] about the journey of Moses.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abulfeda |author1-link=Abulfeda |editor1-last=Muhammad Mahdi Al-Sharîf |title=THE EXEGESIS OF THE GRAND HOLY QUR'AN 1-4 Ibn Katheer VOL 3: تفسير ابن كثير [انكليزي] 1/4 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah  |year=2006 |location=Beirut |page=361 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MixuDwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

==In art and literature==
[[File:Joshua 10C, cropping from trailer.jpg|thumb|Joshua in ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'', 1956]]
In the literary tradition of medieval Europe, Joshua is known as one of the [[Nine Worthies]]. In ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'' Joshua's spirit appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, where he is grouped with the other "warriors of the faith."{{sfn|Simons|2018|pp=371-380}}

[[Baroque]] composer [[Georg Frideric Handel]] composed the [[oratorio]] ''[[Joshua (oratorio)|Joshua]]'' in 1747. Composer [[Franz Waxman]] composed an oratorio ''Joshua'' in 1959. [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]] composed ''Josue'' (H.404 and H.404 a), an oratorio for soloists, double chorus, double orchestra and continuo, in 1680.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duron|first=Jean|title=Histoires sacrées, vol. 2|url=https://boutique.cmbv.fr/fr/histoires-sacrees-vol-2}}</ref>

==Nomenclature in biology==
According to legend, [[Mormons|Mormon]] pioneers in the United States first referred to the ''[[yucca brevifolia]]'' [[agave]] plant as the Joshua tree because its branches reminded them of Joshua stretching his arms upward in supplication, guiding the travelers westward.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.nps.gov/jotr/learn/nature/jtrees.htm|title=Joshua Trees|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|work=nps.gov|access-date=2013-05-27|archive-date=2015-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225182521/http://www.nps.gov/jotr/naturescience/jtrees.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Joshua is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of snake, [[Joshua's blind snake]] (''Trilepida joshuai''), the [[holotype]] of which was collected at [[Jericó, Antioquia]], [[Colombia]].{{sfn|Beolens|Watkins|Grayson|2011|p=136}}

==Jewish holidays==
{{refimprove section|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Yom HaAliyah Poster.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Israeli poster celebrating Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) from the Yosef Matisyahu Collection]]

===Religious holiday===
The annual commemoration of Joshua's [[Yartzeit|yahrtzeit]] (the anniversary of his death) is marked on the 26th of [[Nisan]] on the [[Hebrew calendar]]. Thousands make the pilgrimage to the [[Tomb of Joshua]] at Kifl Haris near [[Nablus]], [[West Bank]], on the preceding night.

===Israeli Zionist holiday===
[[Yom HaAliyah]] ([[Aliyah]] Day; {{langx|he|יום העלייה}}) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] month of [[Nisan]], as per the opening clause of the Yom HaAliyah Law, as a [[Zionist]] celebration of "Jewish immigration to the [[Land of Israel]] as the basis for the existence of the [[State of Israel]]", and secondarily "to mark the date of entry into the Land of Israel", i.e. to commemorate Joshua having led the Israelites across the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the [[Ark of the Covenant]].

==Tomb of Joshua==
===Samaritan and Jewish traditions===
According to a Samaritan tradition, noted in 1877, the tombs of Joshua and Caleb were in Kifl Haris.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/218/mode/1up 218] - [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/219/mode/1up 219]</ref>

According to {{Bibleverse||Joshua|24:30|HE}}, the [[tomb of Joshua]] is in [[Timnath-heres]], and Jewish tradition also places the tombs of Joshua's father, Nun, and his companion, [[Caleb]], at that site, which is identified by [[Orthodox Jews]] with Kifl Haris. Thousands make the pilgrimage to the tombs on the [[Yahrzeit|annual commemoration of Joshua's death]], 26th of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jews Barred from Visiting Tomb of Biblical Joshua|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/265497#.VOoBKHysV8E}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=Many missing details. See discussion on talk-page of Kifl Haris.|date= August 2022}}

It seems that old Jewish traditions once associated [[Meiron |Meron]] in the [[Upper Galilee]] with the burial site of Joshua.<ref name= HA131>{{cite journal |last1= Berger |first1= Uri |last2= Glick |first2= Alexander |last3= Shemer |first3= Maayan |title= Meron, Rabbi Shim'on Bar Yochai Compound: Final Report |journal=[[Hadashot Arkheologiyot]] |volume= 131 |year= 2019 |via= online ed., posted 02/06/2019 |url= http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=25539 |access-date= 17 April 2024}} Citing Reiner, Elchanan (2012). "Joshua is Simeon Bar Yohai, Hazor is Meron: Towards a Typology of the History of the Establishment of Galilee (Another Chapter in the Religious World of the Galilean Jews)". ''[[Tarbiz]]'' 80(2):1 pp. 79–218 (Hebrew).</ref>

===Islamic sites===
[[File:Joseph Schranz Bosphorus Broken Column Omer M Koc Collection copy 620 436.jpg|thumb|The [[Bosporus]] from [[Joshua's Hill]] (Giant's Grave) with a broken column, by Joseph Schranz (1803–1864/6), courtesy of the Ömer M Koç Collection]]

Joshua is believed by some Muslims to be buried on [[Joshua's Hill]] in the [[Beykoz]] district of [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://culturecityistanbul.blogspot.com//2009/11/yusa-joshua-tomb.html|title=ISTANBUL, Extended On Two Continents|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406162515/http://culturecityistanbul.blogspot.com/2009/11/yusa-joshua-tomb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Alternative traditional sites for his tomb are situated in Israel (the Shia shrine at [[Al-Nabi Yusha']]), [[Jordan]] (An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, a Sunni [[mazar (mausoleum)|shrine]] near the city of [[Al-Salt]]<ref name="ISCC">Mazar Hazrat Yusha’ bin Noon, on the website of the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada [http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/islamic-heritage-tabarrukat/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505055401/http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/islamic-heritage-tabarrukat/|date=2017-05-05}}</ref><ref>Tomb of Prophet Yusha' (photo of the tomb; Islamic view on Prophet Yusha'/Joshua)[http://www.islamiclandmarks.com/jordan/tomb-of-yusha-as] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926200042/http://www.islamiclandmarks.com/jordan/tomb-of-yusha-as|date=2018-09-26}}</ref>), Iran (Historical cemetery of Takht e Foolad in Esfahan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nooraghayee.com/en/?p=107|title=The buried prophets in Iran – Arash Nooraghayee|website=nooraghayee.com|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=2015-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329194051/http://nooraghayee.com/en/?p=107|url-status=live}}</ref>) and Iraq (the [[Tomb of Joshua the High Priest|Nabi Yusha' shrine]] of [[Baghdad]]<ref name="ISCC"/>). A local tradition combining three versions of three different Yushas, including biblical Joshua, places the tomb inside a cave in the Tripoli Mountains, overlooking the coastal town of [[Miniyeh|el-Minyieh]] near [[Tripoli, Lebanon]].<ref>[http://thecenteroflove5.blogspot.com/2011/08/shrine-of-prophet-yushajoshuapbuh.html The Shrine of Prophet Yusha/Joshua (pbuh)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720070751/http://thecenteroflove5.blogspot.com/2011/08/shrine-of-prophet-yushajoshuapbuh.html |date=2019-07-20 }}, Sacred Places in Lebanon - Holy Places in Lebanon</ref><ref>[http://www.destinationlebanon.gov.lb/en/TourismType/details/11/32 El-Nabi Yusha' Mosque and Maqam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720070745/http://www.destinationlebanon.gov.lb/en/TourismType/details/11/32 |date=2019-07-20 }}, at DestinationLebanon.gov.lb, Lebanon Ministry of Tourism</ref>

==See also==
* [[Joshua Roll]]

==References==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=synaxarion|{{in lang|el|cap=yes}} [http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/514/sxsaintinfo.aspx "Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰησοῦς ὁ Δίκαιος"]. ''Megas Synaxaristis''.}}

{{efn|name=BabaBathra|[[Babylonian Talmud]], ''[[Baba Bathra]]'' 56a; ''[[Beitza]]'' 25b, s.v. {{Script/Hebrew|חצובא מקטע רגליהון דרשיעי}}. Quote: "ʻThe sea squill ([[Urginea maritima]]) amputates the leg of the wicked’. Explained by [[Talmudic]] exegete, [[Rashi]], to mean a plant whose roots penetrate and go down deeply, without spreading-out to the sides at all, and they plant it between the boundaries of fields, with which Joshua [formerly] divided the country by designated borders for Israel." ʻAmputates the leg of the wicked’, [meaning], on the [[Day of Judgment]], in the sense that they (the wicked) steal, and covet, and reappropriate the property bounds [of others], without taking a lesson from it" (END QUOTE). Cf. {{Citation |contribution=Hai Gaon's Commentary on Seder Taharot|title=The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon |last=Hai Gaon|author-link=Hai Gaon |volume=1 |publisher=Itzkowski|editor-last=Epstein|editor-first=J.N.|place=Berlin|year=1921 |pages=13–14 |language=he |oclc=13977130 }}, s.v. {{Script/Hebrew|יבלית}} in [[Mishnah]] ''[[Keilim]]'' 3:6.}}

{{efn|name=IbnKathir|Joshua is mentioned as a prophet in [[Ibn Kathir]]'s ''[[Stories of the Prophets (Ibn Kathir)|Stories of the Prophets]]''}}

}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name= oca>{{cite web|url=http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102456|title=Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi)|website=Oca|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114022814/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102456|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Albright|first1=W. F.|date=1939|title=The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=74|issue=74|pages=11–23|doi=10.2307/3218878|jstor=3218878|s2cid=163336577}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Elements &#x202B;ש(ו)ע/שבע/תע{{popdf}} in Biblical Proper Names: A Re-evaluation|journal=Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages|url=https://www.academia.edu/44464154|volume= 44 |issue=1|date=2018|hdl=10520/EJC-ff5bd8a45|publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]]|first=Noga |last=Ayali-Darshan}}
* {{Citation | language= fr | last= Auzou | first= Georges | title= Le Don d'une conquête: étude du livre de Josué | publisher= Édition de l'Orante | year= 1964 | series= Connaissance de la Bible | number= 4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bartlett|first1=John R.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookbi00roge_252/page/n81|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925425-5|editor1-last=Rogerson|editor1-first=J.W.|location=Oxford|chapter=3: Archeology|editor2-last=Lieu|editor2-first=Judith M.|chapter-url-access=limited}}
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC | title= Oxford Bible Commentary | editor1-first= John | editor1-last= Barton | editor2-first= John | editor2-last= Muddiman | publisher= Oxford University Press | year= 2001 | isbn= 9780198755005 | access-date= 2017-05-01 | archive-date= 2020-07-16 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200716000556/https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC | url-status= live}}
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LtD4Xomh4XgC&pg=PA45 | title= The Biblical World | volume= 2 | author-link= John Barton (theologian) | first= John | last= Barton | publisher= Taylor & Francis | year= 2004 | isbn= 9780415350914 | access-date= 2017-05-01 | archive-date= 2017-05-02 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170502004703/https://books.google.com/books?id=LtD4Xomh4XgC&pg=PA45 | url-status= live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Beolens|first1=Bo|last2=Watkins|first2=Michael|last3=Grayson|first3=Michael|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ovZoFyLhzkC&pg=PA136|year=2011|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514071306/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ovZoFyLhzkC&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}
* Brettler, Marc Zvi, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&pg=PA96 How to read the Bible] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&pg=PA96 |date=2017-05-01}}'' (Jewish Publication Society, 2005).
* {{Cite book|last= Bright|first= John|title= A History of Israel|publisher= Westminster John Knox Press|year= 2000|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC|isbn= 978-0-664-22068-6|access-date= 2020-10-04|archive-date= 2020-11-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201102053720/https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC|url-status= live}}
* Coogan, Michael D. (ed), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C The Oxford History of the Biblical World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115173430/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C |date=2020-11-15}}'' (Oxford University Press, 1998)
* {{cite book|first=Michael D. |last=Coogan|title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament|location=Oxford |publisher=University Press|date= 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Coote|first=Robert B.|editor=David Noel Freedman|editor2=Allen C. Myers|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA275|date=31 December 2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-503-2|chapter=Conquest: Biblical narrative}}
* {{Cite book|last=Creach|first=Jerome F.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1V6ca8r3DssC&pg=PR11|title=Joshua|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-664-23738-7|access-date=2021-05-12|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=1V6ca8r3DssC&pg=PR11|url-status=live}}
* Day, John, [http://www.google.com.au/search?q=Yahweh+and+the+gods+and+goddesses+of+Canaan ''Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716060632/https://www.google.com.au/search?q=Yahweh+and+the+gods+and+goddesses+of+Canaan&gws_rd=ssl |date=2021-07-16}} (Sheffield Academic Press, 2002)
* {{Citation |last1=de Pury |first1=Albert |last2=Römer |first2=Thomas |first3=Macchi |last3=Jean-Daniel | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aeIWYGLVoDQC | title= Israël constructs its history: Deuteronomistic historiography in recent research | publisher= Sheffield Academic Press | year= 2000 | isbn= 9781841270999 | access-date= 2017-05-01 | archive-date= 2021-07-16 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210716060709/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeIWYGLVoDQC | url-status= live}}
* Dever, William, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118093308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |date=2021-01-18}}'' (Eerdmans, 2001)
* Dever, William, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421082836/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC |date=2020-04-21}}'' (Eerdmans, 2003, 2006)
* {{cite book|last1=Douglas|first1=James Dixon|last2=Bruce|first2=Frederick Fyvie|title=New Bible Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMsAQAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|isbn=978-0-8423-4667-2|chapter=Joshua}}
* Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC The Quest for the Historical Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603213314/https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC |date=2016-06-03}}'' (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)
* {{cite book|last=Gesenius|first=Wilhelm|editor=Francis Brown|title=A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic|url=https://archive.org/details/ahebrewandengli00briggoog/page/n253/mode/2up?q=joshua|year=1906|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|translator=Edward Robinson}}
* Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703094500/https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC |date=2019-07-03}}'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998)
* {{cite book |title=Joshua |last=Goldingay |first=John |publisher=Baker Books |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4934-4005-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acB8EAAAQBAJ |series=Baker Commentary on the Old Testament: Historical Books}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hawkins|first1=Ralph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QU7GFNe7nsC&pg=PT156|title=How Israel Became a People|year=2013|publisher=Abingdon|isbn=978-1-4267-5487-6|access-date=2021-05-12|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920130843/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QU7GFNe7nsC&pg=PT156|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kenyon|first1=Kathleen M.|date=1967|title=Jericho|journal=Archaeology|volume=20|issue=4|pages=268–275|jstor=41667764}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kenyon|first1=Kathleen M.|date=2013|title=Some Notes on the History of Jericho in the Second Millennium B.C.|journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|volume=83|issue=2|pages=101–38|orig-date=1951|doi=10.1179/peq.1951.83.2.101}}
* {{Citation | last= Killebrew | first= Ann E. | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC | title= Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel | year= 2005 | publisher= Society of Biblical Lit | isbn= 9781589830974 | access-date= 2017-05-01 | archive-date= 2020-07-26 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726160356/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC | url-status= live}}.
* {{Cite book|last1=McConville|first1=Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_8LhXUU6NQC|title=Joshua|last2=Williams|first2=Stephen|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8028-2702-9|access-date=2021-05-12|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215234319/https://books.google.com/books?id=U_8LhXUU6NQC|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last= McNutt|first= Paula|title= Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel|publisher= Westminster John Knox Press|year= 1999|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33|isbn= 978-0-664-22265-9|access-date= 2020-10-04|archive-date= 2019-12-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191214084409/https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33|url-status= live}}
* {{Cite book |last1= Miller |first1= James Maxwell |last2= Hayes |first2= John Haralson |title= A History of Ancient Israel and Judah |publisher= Westminster John Knox Press |year= 1986 |isbn= 0-664-21262-X |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C |access-date= 2020-10-04 |archive-date= 2020-04-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200421110946/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C |url-status= live}}
* {{Cite book |last= Miller |first= Robert D. |title= Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries BC |publisher= Eerdmans |year= 2005 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC |isbn= 978-0-8028-0988-9 |access-date= 2020-10-04 |archive-date= 2020-04-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200421124040/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC |url-status= live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Richard D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwfg_zQHRR4C&pg=PR5|title=Joshua|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-664-22666-4|access-date=2021-05-12|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507051019/https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwfg_zQHRR4C&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Nichols|first=Aidan|author-link=Aidan Nichols|title=Lovely, Like Jerusalem: The Fulfillment of the Old Testament in Christ and the Church|year=2007|publisher=[[Ignatius Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOFRckxTgr8C&pg=PA195|isbn=9781586171681|access-date=2017-05-01|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107083303/https://books.google.com/books?id=IOFRckxTgr8C&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=Digging Up Jericho: Past, Present and Future |last=Nigro |first=Lorenzo |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |year=2020 |isbn=978-1789693522 |editor-last=Sparks |editor-first=Rachel T. |chapter=The Italian-Palestinian Expedition to Tell es-Sultan, Ancient Jericho (1997–2015) |editor-last2=Finlayson |editor-first2=Bill |editor-last3=Wagemakers |editor-first3=Bart |editor-last4=SJ |editor-first4=Josef Mario Briffa|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/41702471}}
* {{cite journal|last=Noort|first= Ed.|date= 1998|title=4QJOSHª and the History of Tradition in the Book of Joshua|journal=Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages|volume=24|issue=2|pages=127–144}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pressler|first=Carolyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W4-RjlzWy4C&pg=PA1|title=Joshua, Judges and Ruth|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-664-25526-8|access-date=2021-05-12|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911132047/http://books.google.com/books?id=7W4-RjlzWy4C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rendsburg|first1=Gary A.|date=1992|title=The Date of the Exodus and the Conquest/Settlement: The Case for the 1100S|journal=Vetus Testamentum|volume=42|issue=4|pages=510–27|doi=10.2307/1518961|jstor=1518961}}
* {{cite journal|jstor=432744|title=The Individual Human Dramatis Personae of the "Divine Comedy"|first=Dorothy Lister|last=Simons|date=8 January 2018|journal=Modern Philology|volume=16|issue=7|pages=371–380|doi=10.1086/387205|s2cid=162391725}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=G. Ernest|date=1955|title=Archaeological News and Views: Hazor and the Conquest of Canaan|journal=The Biblical Archaeologist|volume=18|issue=4|pages=106–8|doi=10.2307/3209136|jstor=3209136|s2cid=165857556}}
* {{cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA174|title= Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|editor= James D.G. Dunn|editor2= John William Rogerson|publisher= Wm B. Eerdmans|date= 2003|isbn= 9780802837110|chapter=Joshua|last=Younger|first=K. Lawson}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Joshua (Biblical figure)}}
{{Wikisource|1=Bible (King James)/Joshua|2=Book of Joshua}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120928043608/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/the-catholic-bible/douay-rheims-version/the-book-of-joshua-josue-catholic-bible-douay-rheims-version-commentary-bishop-challoner-old-testament-stories.html The Book of Joshua, Douay Rheims Bible Version with annotations By Bishop Challoner]
* [http://www.christnotes.org/dictionary.php?dict=sbd&id=2493 ''Smith’s Bible Dictionary'']
* [http://refbible.com/j/joshua.htm ''Easton's Bible Dictionary & Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia'']

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Tribe of Ephraim]]||||}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Moses]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Biblical judges|Judge of Israel]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Othniel Ben Kenaz|Othniel]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Prophets of the Tanakh}}
{{Book of Exodus navbox}}
{{Book of Joshua}}
{{Book of Numbers}}
{{Muslim saints}}
{{Ark of the Covenant}}
{{Ten Commandments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Joshua| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Jews|-14]]
[[Category:14th-century BC people|Jews]]
[[Category:Book of Exodus people]]
[[Category:Book of Numbers people]]
[[Category:Book of Deuteronomy people]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible judges]]