View source for Jubail

{{Distinguish|Dujail|Byblos}}
{{more citations needed|date = September 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Jubail
| native_name             = الجبيل
| native_name_lang        = ar
| settlement_type         = [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia|City]]
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
| border      = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style = 
| perrow      = 1/2/2/2/1/1.jpg
| image1      = مرسى القوارب بالجبيل الصناعية.jpg
| image2      = Minaret of a mosque in the center of jubail town proper. Saudi Arabia.4-23-2010.jpg
| image3      = ജുബൈലിലെ ഒരു സായാഹ്നം.jpg
| image4      = Saudi Navy Desert Sheild.JPEG
| image5      = Jubail petrochem-industrial plants.jpg
}}
| imagesize               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_link               = 
| flag_size               = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_link             = 
| shield_size             = 
| pushpin_map             = Saudi Arabia
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| pushpin_mapsize         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| subdivision_type1       = Province
| subdivision_name1       = [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = [[Monarchy]]
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = Provincial Governor
| leader_name1            = [[Saud bin Nayef]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| population_as_of        = 2022
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_note         = 
| population_total        = 474,679
| population_metro        = 505,162 (Jubail governorate)
| population_density_km2  = 
| population_urban        = 
| population_blank1_title = Nationality&nbsp;<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:80%;">(2011)</span>
| population_blank1       = 73% [[Saudi people|Saudi]] <br /> 17% [[Indian people|Indian]] <br /> 4% [[Filipinos in Saudi Arabia|Filipinos]] <br /> 3% [[Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia|Pakistanis]] <br /> 1% [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Bangladeshis]] <br /> 1% [[Americans]] <br /> 1% [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]]<br /> 2.5% Other countries
| coordinates             = {{coord|27|00|00|N|49|39|16|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| elevation_ft            = 
| timezone                = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset              = +3
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 31961
| area_code               = 
| blank_name              = 
| blank_info              = 
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.aljubail.city}}
| footnotes               = 
| official_name           = 
}}
[[File:ميناء الجبيل التجاري.jpg|thumb|Jubail commercial port]]
'''Jubail''' ({{langx|ar|الجبيل}}, ''Al Jubayl'') is a city in the [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern province]] on the Persian Gulf coast of [[Saudi Arabia]], with a total population of 474,679 as of 2022. It is home to one of the largest industrial cities in the world. It is also home to the Middle East's largest and world's fourth largest petrochemical company [[SABIC]]. It has the world's largest IWPP (Independent Water and Power Project) producing 2743.6 MW of electricity and 800,000 m<sup>3</sup> of water daily. 

Jubail comprises the Old Town of Al Jubail (Jubail Balad), which was a small fishing village until 1975, and the Industrial Area. Jubail Industrial City is the largest [[civil engineering]] project in the world today. In 1975, the Saudi government designated Jubail as the site for a new industrial city, with rapid expansion and [[industrialization]] arising. The new industrial and residential areas were named Madīnat al Jubayl aṣ Ṣinā`īyah (Jubail Industrial City). The 2005 Census Report for Jubail Industrial City estimates the population at 224,430 residents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World's Largest Industrial Areas |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/world-s-largest-industrial-areas.html |access-date=2019-05-05 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Jubail, Saudi Arabia, 1935 26.jpg|thumb|[[Tanning (leather)|Tanning]] in Jubail, 1934]]
The town of Al-Jubail, on the Arabian Gulf coast of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, has ancient roots. Human habitation dates back at least 7,000 years, when the people of [[Dilmun]] — whose civilization radiated up and down the coast of the Arabian Gulf — established a settlement there.
Archaeological place: Crease Tower or [[Al-Tawiya Tower|Tuwayah Tower]] was constructed around 1928. It was key source of water for Jubail.
In September 1933, Jubail gained a measure of fame as the landing site for the first team of geologists to explore for oil in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1962 |title=Vanguard at Jubail |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196209/vanguard.at.jubail.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421184616/https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196209/vanguard.at.jubail.htm |archive-date=2024-04-21 |website=Aramco World Digital Archive}}</ref>

The origins of Jubail date back to the early Islamic period when it was known as 'Aynayn ({{langx|ar|عينين}}), meaning "two springs."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=موقع "عينين" اسم قديم لمدينة "الجبيل" حاليًا |url=https://www.al-madina.com/article/356889/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=جريدة المدينة |language=ar}}</ref> The settlement was known for its sweet water springs, [[date palm]] groves, and its status as a cultural and literary center.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=January 14, 1976 |title=Jubail: Industrial Hub Rising in Ancient Fishing Village |url=https://imgsrv2.aramcoexpats.com/sun_flare/1976/Sun02_01141976.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215232016/https://imgsrv2.aramcoexpats.com/sun_flare/1976/Sun02_01141976.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-15 |work=The Arabian Sun |publisher=The Arabian American Oil Company (now [[Saudi Aramco]]) |location=Dhahran, Saudi Arabia |page=4 |volume=XXXII |issue=2}}</ref> 

At some point, the original settlement of 'Aynayn was abandoned. The modern town of Jubail was established around 1911 and became a center for fishing and pearling. The town came under [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Saudi rule]] in 1913 when King '[[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz]] regained the [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa]] Province.<ref name=":1" />

=== 1930s ===
Jubail experienced economic challenges during the 20th century. The global [[economic depression]] and the rise of Japan’s [[Cultured pearl|cultured pearl industry]] in the 1930s caused a decline in the traditional pearling trade, which had been a key industry for the town. At its peak, Jubail had supported over 200 pearling boats, but this number rapidly dwindled as cultured pearls became dominant.<ref name=":1" />

The arrival of oil exploration teams in the 1930s briefly revitalized the town. Jubail was chosen as a base for early geological surveys due to its harbor, freshwater springs, and favorable terrain. On September 23, 1933, geologists from [[Saudi Aramco|Standard Oil Company of California]], including Robert Miller, Schuyler "Krug" Henry, and [[Karl Twitchell]], arrived in Jubail to conduct exploratory work. However, as oil exploration activities shifted to [[Dhahran]] and [[Khobar]], Jubail reverted to being a minor fishing center.<ref name=":1" />

=== Modern Development ===
Prior to its industrial transformation, Jubail was primarily a fishing community. As of 1972, the town boasted a fishing fleet of approximately 160 boats, with catches including shrimp and small sharks that were renowned as far as [[Kuwait]] and [[Riyadh]].<ref name=":1" />

Jubail’s transformation began in the early 1970s when the Saudi government initiated plans to develop it into a major industrial city. This initiative was part of a broader strategy to diversify the Kingdom's economy and leverage its vast natural gas reserves. Jubail was selected as the site for a massive industrial complex due to its strategic location and existing infrastructure.<ref name=":1" />

The city's redevelopment included the construction of [[Refinery|refineries]], [[Petrochemical industry|petrochemical plants]], [[Steel mill|steel mills]], aluminum facilities, and [[Desalination|desalination plants]]. To support this industrialization, extensive infrastructure was developed, including new ports, roads, pipelines, and an [[Jubail Airport|airport]]. Thousands of workers were relocated to Jubail to operate the facilities, and the city was redesigned to accommodate the growing population.<ref name=":1" />

Today, Jubail is home to the Jubail Industrial City, one of the world's largest petrochemical industrial hubs, managed by the [[Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu]]. It is a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia's industrial and economic strategy, contributing significantly to the country's non-oil exports.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Jubail, Saudi Arabia, 1935 28.jpg|thumb|Sailboat in Jubail, 1935]]


== Jubail Industrial City ==
{{Main|Jubail Industrial City}}
It is the world's largest industrial city established in 1975. It covers 1,016 square kilometers and includes industrial complexes, major harbour and port facilities. It contributes to about 7% of Saudi Arabia's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meed.com/jubail-industrial-city-3/|title=Jubail Industrial City|date=2017-05-01|website=MEED|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref>

[[Bechtel]] began work on the Jubail Industrial City project more than 40&nbsp;years ago and is still working in Jubail now. Bechtel has managed the Jubail project since it began in the mid-1970s, and in 2004 the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu asked the company to manage Jubail&nbsp;II, a $3.8&nbsp;billion expansion of the city's industrial and residential areas.

[[File:Saudi Navy Desert Sheild.JPEG|thumbnail|King Abdul-Aziz Naval Base]]
[[File:al jubail.jpg|thumb|Jubail from space, June 1996]]
[[File:Jubail_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view November 2014]]
[[File:Jubail petrochem-industrial plants.jpg|thumb|Factories in Jubail]]

==Transportation==

===Highway===
Jubail is directly connected with other cities by two major highways; [[Dhahran-Jubail Highway]] and [[Abu Hadriyah Highway]].

One ongoing project is the Jubail-Qassim (Buraidah) Expressway {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}, which will reduce the distance between Jubail and Qassim (Buraidah) to around {{convert|331|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the current {{convert|831|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

===Railway===
A branch of the [[Saudi Landbridge Project]] railway is proposed to connect Jubail to [[Dammam]].

===Seaport===
There are two seaports in Jubail—the Jubail Commercial Seaport and the King Fahd Industrial Seaport. As of 2011, Jubail ranks 92nd in the world in terms of Total Cargo Volume with 44,700 tons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#|title=Ports & World Trade|website=www.aapa-ports.org|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

===Airport===
The city is served by [[King Fahd International Airport]].

[[Jubail Naval Airport]] is an airfield 25 kilometres (16&nbsp;mi) west of Jubail City, near the industrial area. Originally constructed by the Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu as part of Jubail project, it was meant to be used for commercial aviation until it was decided to utilize the large nearby [[King Fahd International Airport]]. Thus, it was handed over to the [[Ministry of Defence (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Defence]] and has been used as a base for the naval aviation group/eastern fleet of the [[Royal Saudi Navy]] since then. The terminal in Dammam Airport is about 60&nbsp;km drive from the suburbs of Jubail, 80&nbsp;km from the city center and 100&nbsp;km from the Royal Commission neighborhoods.

However it was recently announced that the airport will be opened for private aviation operations starting September 2014. A project to renovate the airfield was undertaken since some of the airfield's infrastructure was incomplete, as a result of the previous change for the use of airport from commercial to military. To date, the project and renovations have not been completed.

In addition, two other airfields are located in the city; [[Abu Ali Airport]] is located in the Island of Abu Ali while the other is located in [[King Abdulaziz Naval Base]].

== Main sights ==
[[File:Jubail Church.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Jubail Church]], an ancient (4th-century) [[Nestorian]] church building near Jubail]]
[[File:Jubail Fanateer Mall 194117.jpg|thumb|Fanateer Mall at night, 2013]]
Jubail has a robust market place, known as International Market. It also has several malls, such as [[Fanateer Mall]], [[Galleria Mall, Jubail|Galleria Mall]], [[Jubail Center Mall]], Fanateer Beach, [[City Max]], [[Panda Retail Company|Hyper-Panda]], [[Panda Retail Company|Panda]], Banana Beach, [[Jubail Centre]], Home Center, Red Tag, [[Centrepoint, Jubail|Centrepoint]], Jalmudah Hills, [[Jubail Plaza]], Jubail RTV Riding Arena and Jubail Mall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/103094108271350085026/about?gl=sa&hl=en|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Beaches ===
* Jubail Beach {{coord|27.009401|N|49.667760|E}} 
* Al Jubail Corniche {{coord|27.036733|N|49.637234|E}}
* Youth Beach {{coord|27.086615|N|49.588674|E}}
* Al Nakheel Beach {{coord|27.117686|N|49.572271|E}}
* Fanateer Beach {{coord|27.144392|N|49.567130|E|}}
* Dareen Beach {{coord|27.174105|N|49.569877|E|}}
* Banana Beach


'''The Jubail desalination plant'''

As part of the industrial city, Jubail has a desalination plant called [[Saline Water Conversion Corporation|Saline Water Conversion Corp.]] (SWCC). In 2019, SWCC hit Guinness World Record as the largest producer of desalinated water worldwide. The plant hit the record as it produces 5.6 million cubic meters every day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1455641/saudi-arabia|title=Saline Water corporation receives Guinness World Records|date=2019-02-21|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>

==Education==

=== Schools ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Jubail International School
* Al Abna'a Schools
* Mariya international School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mariyaschools.com/about/about-us/|title=About us – Mariya International schools |date=17 February 2020 }}</ref>
* Dunes International School
* Al Moattasem International School
* Hafeez International School
* International Indian School, Al- Jubail (IIS Jubail)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iisjubail.org/|title=IIS Jubail &#124; Home|website=www.iisjubail.org}}</ref>
* ISG Jubail<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isg-jubail.org/|title=Welcome - ISG Jubail School|date=July 9, 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709090614/http://isg-jubail.org/|archive-date=2015-07-09}}</ref>
* Jubail Academy International School
* King Fahd High School
* Pakistan International School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pisjubail.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716020518/http://pisjubail.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 16, 2013|title=Index of /|website=www.pisjubail.com}}</ref>

* Al Murjan Elementary School
* Al Ahsa Secondary School
* Andalus Elementary School
* Dana Elementary School
* Fanatir Elementary School
* Fayha Elementary School 
* Khaleeg Intermediate School 

* Al Deffi Secondary School
* Najd Secondary School
* Umm Alqurra Secondary School
* Zaid Bin Amr Elementary School
{{div col end}}

===Universities and colleges===
[[File:JIC_LIBRARY_%26_MIT_BUILDINGS.jpg|thumb|[[Jubail Industrial College]]]]

* [[Jubail Industrial College]]
* [[Jubail Technical Institute]]
* Jubail University College<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucj.edu.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx|title=Jubail University College|website=www.ucj.edu.sa}}</ref>


==Hospitals, dispensaries and dental centers==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

* Al Fanateer Hospital
* Mohammed Suleiman Al Khonaini Medical Complex
* Al Khonaini Medical Complex
* Al-Fayadh Medical Clinic
* Al-Hijailan Medical Clinic
* Al-Shabani General Hospital
* Al-Shifa Hospital
* Almana General Hospital
* Almana Medical Center
* Al Naba Medical Complex
* Ar Razi Clinic
* Armed Forces Hospital
* Badr Al Khaleej Medical Center
* Danat Al Sahraa Medical Company (KIMS)
* Dina Dispensary for Medical Services
* Gulf Asian Medical Center
* Huda Younis Dental Complex
* Jubail General Hospital
* Jubail Medical Center (Mutlaq Al Otaibi Medical Service Group)
* Jubail National Dispensary
* KIMS Medical Center
* Kingdom Dental Medical Dispensary
* Lulu Dispensary
* Lulu Hospital
* Mayo Dental Center
* Mouwasat Hospital
* Ram Dental Complex
* Royal Commission Hospital
{{div col end}}

==Distances to nearby places{{Relevance inline|discuss=This is not relevant and removing should be considered.|date=March 2023|reason=Nearby cities are not needed in an encyclopedia.}}==

===Eastern Province===
* [[Safwa city]]: {{convert|56|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Qatif]]: {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Ras Tanura]]: {{convert|71|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Saihat]]: {{convert|76|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Dammam]]: {{convert|96|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Khobar]]: {{convert|104|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Abqaiq]]: {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Al-Ahsa Governorate|Al-Ahsa]]: {{convert|222|km|mi|abbr=on}}

===Other provinces===
* [[Riyadh]]: {{convert|510|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Buraydah]]: {{convert|768|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Arar, Saudi Arabia|Arar]]: {{convert|967|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Ha'il]]: {{convert|938|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Medina]]: {{convert|1,263|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Mecca]]: {{convert|1,333|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Jeddah]]: {{convert|1,418|km|mi|abbr=on}}

===Other cities of [[Eastern Arabia]]===
* {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Manama]]: {{convert|166|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]]: {{convert|342|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Doha]]: {{convert|496|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]]: {{convert|865|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]]: {{convert|977|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]: {{convert|1,374|km|mi|abbr=on}}

==Climate==
Jubail has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'').
{{Weather box|location = Jubail
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y

|Jan high C = 26.0
|Feb high C = 32.0
|Mar high C = 36.0
|Apr high C = 41.0
|May high C = 46.0
|Jun high C = 48.0
|Jul high C = 49.0
|Aug high C = 50.0
|Sep high C = 47.0
|Oct high C = 44.0
|Nov high C = 34.0
|Dec high C = 29.0

|Jan mean C = 15.7
|Feb mean C = 18.5
|Mar mean C = 23.0
|Apr mean C = 26.2
|May mean C = 32.5
|Jun mean C = 35.9
|Jul mean C = 37.6
|Aug mean C = 37.4
|Sep mean C = 34.5
|Oct mean C = 30.4
|Nov mean C = 23.9
|Dec mean C = 19.7

|Jan low C = 8.0
|Feb low C = 9.0
|Mar low C = 13.0
|Apr low C = 13.0
|May low C = 20.0
|Jun low C = 24.0
|Jul low C = 27.0
|Aug low C = 28.0
|Sep low C = 22.0
|Oct low C = 20.0
|Nov low C = 14.0
|Dec low C = 12.0

|source = [https://www.wunderground.com/history/monthly/sa/dammam/OEDF/date/2018 Wunderground King Fahad Airport (2023)]
|date=2024-02-26}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia}}

* [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www..gov.sa/ Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211758/http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ |date=2012-10-16 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208092444/http://jubailcity.com/ Jubail City - Article about master planning the Jubail New Industrial City]}}
* [http://www.abuosama.com/jubaildirectory/ Jubail directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100118/http://www.abuosama.com/jubaildirectory/ |date=2017-12-09 }}
* [https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/world-s-largest-industrial-areas.html www.worldatlas.com]
* [http://zeenews.india.com/photos/news/10-worlds-largest-industrial-areas-1981459/jubail-industrial-city-1981460 zeenews.india.com]

{{Regions of Saudi Arabia}}
{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Saudi cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jubail| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Cities in Saudi Arabia]]